① 人教版必修二英语语法知识点
高一英语必修一语法要点
一． 一般现在时
1. 表示主语现在所处的状态及其所具备的特征、性格、能力等
例如：I am a girl.
2. 表示习惯性、经常性的动作
例如：I usually go to bed at 9:00.
3. 标志性的词语
Always often sometimes now and then
4. 若助于为第三人称单数（he she it）则动词要用单三现
二． 现在进行时
1． 说话时正在进行的动作
例如：I am reading.
2.表示即将发生的动作，多用于go come start leave return arrive stay fly等词语之中，句子中常常有时间状语
例如：The plane is going to Beijing.
3.当句子中出现了always 、forever 、constantly 、continually 、
All the time等
例如：I am always thinking of you.
三． 倍数比较
1.A+系动词+倍数词+as+ adj \adv的原型+as+B
例如：The class is twice as big as that one.
2.A+系动词+倍数词+adj\adv的比较级+than+B
例如：The class is twice bigger than that class.
3.A+系动词+倍数词+the size\amount(数量)\ength\width\height
\depth\+of+B
例如：The class is twice the size of that class.
四． With的复合结构
1． With+宾语+宾语补足语
宾语补足语根据逻辑意义的不同可以是不同的词语，如形容词、现在分词、过去分词、副词、介词短语、不定式等，with在复合结构中常作状语
2.常用结构
○1with+宾语+doing
表主动与进行
例如：Tom was quite safe with Lucy standing behind him.
○2with+宾语+done
表被动与完成
例如：With all things she need bought,she went home.
○3with+宾语+to do
表将来
例如：With so many thing to deal with.
五． 现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时
1．基本表达式（I have been doing ）
I/ we/ you/ they have been doing sth.
he/ she/ it has been doing sth.
2．表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）
I have been learning English since three years ago.
自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去）
3．表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等)
4．有些现在完成进行时的句子等同的句子。
例如：They have been living in this city for ten years.
They have lived in this city for ten years.
他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。
I have been working here for five years.
I have worked here for five years.
我在这里已经工作五年了。
5．大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。
例如：I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）
我一直在写一本书。
I have written a book.（动作已经完成）
我已经写了一本书。
They have been building a bridge.
他们一直在造一座桥。
They have built a bridge.
他们造了一座桥。
6．表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。
例如：I have known him for years.
我认识他已经好几年了。
I have been knowing...
这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢， hate讨厌，等。
注意：比较过去时与现在完成时
1．过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2．过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语
3．现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
例如： I saw this film yesterday.
（强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film.
（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?
（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
She has returned from Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
六．过去完成时
1． 概念：表示过去的过去
其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2． 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3．过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
例如：He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
七．现在完成进行时
1．其构成形式如下：
I / we / they have been + 动词的现在分词
He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词 功用如下：
2． 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动，如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
3．表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动，如：
It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
4． 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
5． 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身，如：
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
注意：
现在完成时有否定结构、而现在完成进行时没有否定结构。 现在完成时态可表示做完的时期以及已有的经验、但现在完成进行时不可以 现在完成进行时的否定结构 现在完成进行时有时也可用否定结构。
如： Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自从上周发生了那次不幸事故之后，我一直睡得很不好.
He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much contact with him. 他并没有给我工作过，我和他没有过那许多接触。
6．否定句构成：
主语+has/have+not+been+现在分词
7．一般疑问句构成:
Have/has+主语+been+现在分词+其他好好努力吧！
② 人教版英语必修二第二单元课后comprehending部分的答案
书后的练习是辅助学习前面的文章的，所以建议您还是独立完成比较好。如果有困难可以像自己的英语老师求助。这样才能得到真正的提高。
③ 高一英语必修二人教版重点知识语法
学好五种基本句型 注：英语中绝大多数句子归根到底是由基本句子变化而来的。所以，熟练掌专握它们是很属有必要的
还有三大从句：名词从句、定语从句、状语从句。这三大从句基本囊括了高中时期你要认识和读懂的句子的句子。
其次就是每天除了要学习课堂上老师讲的单词之外，自己再坚持背另外一些，哪怕只有五个。坚持下来，日后你会觉得，他们对你受益匪浅。
④ 高一英语必修二的一二单元的知识点总结 帮帮忙……
必修1 mole 3
1, Match the verbs with the means of transport in activity 1. some of the verbs can refer to
more than one means of transport.
,match 使…和…相配， 协调。
match +n. + to / with +n. 把…和.. 调和起来/ 搭配起来
A match B 和B匹配
match, suit , fit 辨析
match, 多指大小， 色调， 形状， 性质等方面的搭配
suit 多指合乎需要，口味，性格，条件，地位等 No dish suits all tastes. 众口难调。
fit 多指尺寸，形状合适，引申为“吻合，协调” My new evening dress fits me quite well.
– How about eight o’clock outside the cinema?
-- That ____ me fine. A, fits B, meets C, satisfies D, suits
2, means 其含义为“手段”或“工具”
by all means 务必 by no means 决不， 并没有 the means of
3，more than 超过，多于 = over， less than （反义词）
不仅仅。= not only no more than 仅仅，只有 (反义词）= only
more…than … 与其说… 倒不如说…
no more…than … 与… 同样不… 表示两者都否定
not more …than…. 不及… 那样… 表示两者都肯定
4, refer to 提及，说起。 Don’t refer to that matter again.
refer to … as …将… 称为
5, take off , (飞机）起飞，脱掉（衣服）等
6, What do you think the central part of the country is like?
特殊疑问词+ do you think + 陈述句。Do you think 在句子作插入语。
Where do most of the people live? Do you think? =
where do you think most of the people live
7, abandoned adj. 被抛弃的， 放纵的。
There was an abandoned house by the riverside
8, proct 产品 proce v, 生产， 制造 proction 产量，生产，【U】
9，scenery 【U】风景，景色，指某地总的自然风景或景色，尤指美丽的乡间景色。
scene 指戏剧的一幕。事件发生的地点，现场。指景色时， 可以是scenery 的一部分，多包括景物中的人及活动在内。
view 指从一固定位置所望见的景色。
10, And, what a ride! what 感叹句的基本句型
What + a/ an + adj. + 可数名词单数（主语+谓语）！
What (+adj.) + 复数名词 /不可数名词 （ 主语+谓语）！
how 感叹句基本句型
How +adj./ adv. (主语+谓语）！ How + adj. + a/ an +可数名词单数（主语+谓语）！
How + 主语+谓语！
11，We get on in Sydney…
get , 1, get sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事. ig. I’ll get him to go instead of me.
2, get sb. /sth. done/ doing 让某事被做./ 让某人一直做
ig. He asked me to get the work finished by noon
12, need 做情态动词和实义动词的用法区别。
情态动词 实义动词
肯定式 You need to be careful.
否定式 You needn’t be so worried. You don’t need to be so worried.
肯定疑问式 Need I say my number again? Do I need to say my number again?
13, a way to do sth. = a way of doing sth. 做…方法，途径
14，try to do sth .尽力做某事 You must try to write the letter in English.
try doing sth. 尝试做某事 You must try writing the letter in English.
16, Camels were much better than horses.
much 修饰形容词的比较级。下列几种形式都可用来修饰形容词，副词的比较级。
even, far, much, a lot, any, still , a great deal. 等。
17, supply 供应，供应品 vt. 供应，提供，补充
For many years, trained camels carried food and other supplies, and returned with wood and other procts.
supply sb. with sth. = supply sth to sb.
18,The Afghans and their camels did this until the 1920s.
在…世纪， 在…年代 （必须加 the )
in the 1940s 在某人十几岁，二十几岁，三十几岁…
in one’s teens/ in one’s twenties….
19, Then the government built a new railway line, so they didn’t need the camels any more.
not …. any more = no more 表示动作的不再重复出现。
not …. any longer = no longer 表示动作不再延续
ig. They didn’t live here any longer. = They no longer lived here.
20, they passed a law which allowed people …
which 引导一个定语从句
allow: allow doing sth Ig. They do not allow smoking here.
. allow sb. to do sth. ig. They do not allow people to smoke here
21, Could I possibly see your ticket?
could 表示委婉的语气，而不是can 的过去式
肯定回答， sure. / of course. / certainly. / definitely 等
否定回答， sorry, but… / I’m afraid…. 以委婉地拒绝
※ Could I … 的回答不能用 You could, 而要用You can 或其他。
Could you…? 的回答常用 With pleasure 表示同意。
22, Would you mind if 主语+ 动词过去式？ 都表示询问是否介意…？
Do you mind if 主语 + 动词用一般现在式？
Would you mind doing …? 可否请你做…？/ 劳驾您做…？
Do you mind
表示允许回答 No, I don’t mind. 不，我不介意。 No, go ahead. 我不介意，请吧。
Of course not. 自然不介意。 No, not at all. 不， 完全不介意。
表示不允许的回答， I’m sorry, but it’s not allowed. 对不起， 那可不行。
I’m sorry, you can’t. 对不起， 你不能。
I’m afraid I can’t let you. 恐怕我不能允许。
I’m afraid, but…. 我恐怕…， 但是…
23, out of date 过时 in order that + 句子 = in order to + v原 为了…
out of order 乱， 有故障， 不合规则。
25, I remember the day my father tried to teach me how to ride a bicycle.
how to ride a bicycle. 是 “疑问词+ to do” 结构， 在句子作宾语，还可作主语。
He showed us how to do the work.
Whether to go or stay hasn’t been decided yet.
26, for the first time 第一次(在句子做时间状语）
When I was six years old, I saw a lion for the first time
27, The screen seemed so big!
seem + (to be) adj. 似乎… ig, He seemed to be satisfied with the new job.
seem to do 似乎做… ig. The little girl seems to understand quite well.
seem to be doing 似乎正在做…. Ig. Someone seems to be singing nextdoor.
seem to have done 似乎已经做了… ig. I seem to have seen him somewhere .
It seems / seemed (to sb.) + that 从句
It seems / seemed as if / as though…从句
There seems / seemed to be
28, Travelling at a speed of over 400 kilometers per hour.
travelling 为现在分词作状语。它表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或几乎
同时发生，它往往表示主动。和修饰的人或物构成主动关系。
at the / a speed of … 以…的速度
The car is running at the / a speed of 100 km/h
Grammar, 1, The –ed form
a, 及物动词的ed分词表示被动或完成 respected leader.
b，ed分词作形容词，表示状态 surprised look
c, 不及物动词的ed分词表示完成 the retired manager
Grammar 2, Past tense time expressions
a, 一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或情况（包括习惯性动作）。 常用的时间状语
just now, at that time, last night, a week ago, in the old days, the other day, then,
ring his middle school years 等表示过去的时间。
b, 有些情况发生的时间不清楚， 但实际上是过去发生的， 应当用过去时态。
ig. I didn’t know you were so busy. / I didn’t expect to meet you here.
c, 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中表示过去将来的行为。
ig. What would you think of him if he failed again?
d, 用于非真实条件句中，表示与现在事实相反。
If I were you, I would let him know.
⑤ 人教版新课标英语必修二的语法短语有哪些
,,,,,......
⑥ 必修二第二单元英语的语法，xxx to do/xxx doing 有汉译
Mole 4 Grammar
–ing form and the infinitive
作主语
(1) -ing形式和不定式都可在句中用作主语。一般情况下可以互换。
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
=Learning a foreign language is not easy. 学习外语是不容易的。
(2) 表示具体的, 特定情况下的或有待于完成的动作时, 常用不定式。
① To finish such a novel will take me several days.
读完这本小说需要花去我几天的时间。
② It’s impossible to get to Beijing in three hours this time, because there is something wrong with our car. 看来这次三个小时是到不了北京了, 因为我们的车出问题了。
在 “It is + 形容词(如necessary) + for/ of sb. ”的结构后, 通常用不定式作真正的主语。而 “It is no use/no good/a waste of time”后通常接ing形式。
It’s quite impossible to finish the work with so little money.
用这么少的钱想完成这项工作是不可能的。
② It’s no use asking him for help.
向他求助是没有用的。
There is no 结构后只能接ing形式。There is no knowing whether he is dead or alive. 无从得知他是死是活。
作表语
(1) 两者都可用作表语, 而且一般情况下可以互换。
His work is to paint houses. = His work is painting houses.
他的工作就是粉刷房屋。
表示具体的, 特定情况下的, 将来的动作, 通常用动词不定式。
Our homework today is to finish the exercises 2 and 3 on page 10.
我们今天的作业就是完成第10页的练习2和3。
(3) 主语与表语通常要保持形式一致。
To see is to believe. =Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
作宾语
(1) 有些动词后面只能用不定式作宾语，常见此类动词有：
ask, agree, beg, decide, determine, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, set out, want, wish, expect, demand
① She decided to help him.
她决定帮他。
admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, consider(考虑), delay, deny, enre, enjoy, excuse, escape, face, fancy, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, keep, keep on, mind, miss, mention, pardon, permit, practise, put off, risk, resist, suggest, understand等。
① The doctor advised taking more exercise. 医生建议多做运动。
② I suggest doing it in this way. 我建议这样做。
注意: 一些动词短语中含有介词to, 不要和不定式中的to混淆。常见此类短语:
be used to, come to, devote to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, pay attention to, refer to, stick to等。
①I really must get down to considering it seriously. 我真的必须认真考虑一下这事了。
② We are looking forward to seeing you again. 我们盼望着再次见到你。
有些动词后既可接ing形式, 也可接不定式, 而且意义上没有差别。常见此类动词: can’t stand, prefer, learn, continue等。
① I can’t stand seeing/to see good food going to waste. 我无法忍受看到好好的粮食被浪费掉。
② She continue to work/working after having a baby. 有了孩子后她仍然继续工作。
(4) begin, start后跟不定式或动名词皆可, 通常可以互换, 但在下列情况下, 只用不定式。
1) start, begin本身为时行时时。
The boy noticed his father was beginning to get angry, so he ran away. 那个小男孩注意到他的父亲开始生气了, 所以就跑开了。
2) 当主语为非生物名词或it时。
A strong wind started to blow.
一阵强风开始刮起来。
3) 当其后接表示心理活动的词时, 如understand, realize, know, see等。
He began to realize the importance of foreign languages.
他开始意识到外语的重要性。
4) 在hate, like, love后, 表示经常性, 习惯性的动词时, 通常用动名词; 表示特定的、具体的某次行为则用不定式。
I don’t like bothering him when he is busy. 我不喜欢在他忙得时候打扰他。
② I usually like staying with him, but I even hate to see him that night. 我通常喜欢和他在一起，但是那天晚上我甚至不想见到他。
(5) 在remember, forget, try, go on, regret, mean, stop, want, need, require等动词后既可接ing, 也可接不定式, 但含义不同。
1) remember to do记着去做(还没有做的事)
remember doing记得做过某事
2) forget to do 忘记要去做某事
forget doing 忘记了做的事
3) go on to do 继续做另一件事
go on doing 继续做(原来做的)同一件事
4) regret to do 遗憾将要做某事
regret doing 后悔做过某事
5) mean to do 打算做某事
mean doing 意味着做某事
6) stop to do 停止(正在做的事)去做另一件
stop doing 停止正在做的事
7) try to do 努力做某事
try doing 偿试着做某事
8) want to do 想要做某事
want doing 需要被
9) need/require to do 需要做某事
need/require doing 需要被
① Please remember to turn off the light when you leave.
离开时请记着关灯。
② Certainly I posted your letter—I remember posting it.
我当然给你寄信了, 我记得寄过它。
③ The machine needs cleaning.( needs to be cleaned).
这台机器需要清洁了。
作宾补
(1) 常见用不定式作宾补的动词。
allow, help, warn, ask, force, tell, expect, promise, wish, want
① We expected him to win an Olympic gold medal. 我们期盼他赢一枚奥运金牌。
② Tell him to come early.
告诉他早点来。
(2) 不定式(不带to)和动词ing形式都可在感官动词和使役动词(feel, make, let, see, hear, watch, listen to, look at, notice, observe)后作宾补。不定式强调动作发生了, 完成了; ing形式则强调动作正在进行。
① I saw a man walk into the garden and pick some flowers. 我看到一个男的进入花园, 摘了一些花。(进园摘花的动作已完成)
② I saw a man walking into the garden. 我看到一个男的正在进入花园。(walk这个动作在“我看的时候”正在进行)
③ We heard him sing a song at the party.我们在晚会上听他唱了一首歌。(他唱了一首, 我们完整的听了一首。)
④ I heard him singing a song when passing his window.
经过他的窗户时，我听到他正在唱歌。(我只听了一部分, 没有听完, 我过去后他可能还在唱）
(3) 不定式在感官动词和使役动词后作宾补时，在主动语态时，不能带to, 而变为被动语态时，要加上to。
① They saw him steal Tom’s money. 他们看到他偷了汤姆的钱。
② He was seen to steal Tom’s money. 他被看到偷了汤姆的钱。
作状语
不定式作状语, 通常表示目的, 结果, 有时也放在形容词、过去分词后表示原因; ing形式作状语时通常表示时间、原因、条件或伴随等。
① I’ve taken some money out of the bank to buy a laptop. (目的)
为了买手提电脑, 我从银行了取了钱。
② He hurried to the school (only) to find nobody there.(结果) 他匆忙赶到学校, 却发现那儿没人。
③ I’m glad to hear that.(原因) 听到那件事我很高兴。
④ Seeing the picture, he couldn’t help
thinking of those memorable days.(时间) 看到这张照片(的时候), 他情不自禁地想起了那些难忘的日了。
⑤ Not knowing his address, we couldn’t get in touch with him. (原因) 不知道他的地址, 我们无法和他取得 联系。
⑥ Working hard, you will get what you want. (条件) 努力工作, 你会得到你想要的东西的。
⑦ The baby was lying in bed crying. (伴随) 婴儿在床上哭泣。
⑦ 英语 必修二 语法
Mole 1 Grammar
I. be going to 的用法
be going to结构表示按计划、打算去做某事，表示人的主管意图，有时还可表示预测有迹象要发生某事。如：
. How long is your aunt going to stay in China for a visit?
(计划、打算)
. Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain.
(有迹象要发生)
. George is putting on weight. He is going to be quite fat.
(预测)
II. be going to与will的区别
. will表示说话人认为、相信要发生的事, 不含具体时间, 可以指遥远的将来; be going to 表示按计划、打算即将发生的事。
. 二者都可以表示“意图” 。但是表示事先考虑的事情用be going to, 否则用will。如:
I am not going to / won’t tell him about it.
--This is a very heavy box.
--I’ll help you to carry it.
. be going to 可以用在条件句中表示 将来, will则不行。 如:
If you are going to attend the party, you’d better leave now.
Mole 2 Grammar
不定式作状语
不定式作目的状语
He broke into the house to steal something.
Many drug addicts are now in treatment centers to stop taking drugs.
He’s saving up to buy a new car.
He uses a computer to send emails.
2)有时候在不定式前面加上in order to或 so as to, 否定式为 in order not to 和so as not to:
Let’s hurry so as to go to school in time.
Let’s hurry so as not to be late for school.
She studied very hard in order to catch up with others.
She studied very hard in order not to lag behind.
3) 不定式表示目的时,通常它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,但如果不是的话,就要用for… 结构表示逻辑主语,如：
Mom opened the door for Jane and Betty to come in.
Mole 3 Grammar
I. 时间状语从句
II. 过去完成时
时间状语从句
. 常见的连接时间状语从句的连接词有:
when, while, as, before, after, until/till, since, ever since, whenever, as soon as, no sooner… than,
hardly / scarcely… when 等
When
When 还有意义为‘这时’，(at this time)‘那时’(at that time) 常用于下列句型：
Somebody was doing something when……某人正在做 ……突然 ……
Somebody was about to do something when…….某人正要做 ……突然 ……
Somebody had just done something when……某人刚刚干了……这时……
1, I was reading English when my teacher came in.
2, I was about to talk in the classroom when the teacher came in.
3, I had just made the mistake when the teacher came in .
While
观察：
While they were doing homework, someone broke into the house.
While he was still a teenager, he was a big star.
分析：while引导的从句表示“在……过程中”，强调某一段时间内主句和从句的动作在同一时期发生。从句的动作表示较长时间，因此常用延续性动词。
While 表示强烈的对比关系，可译成“然而”
She is tall while I am short.
While I was studying English, he was playing football.
As
试观察：
1) As they were picking tea, the girls were singing happily.
强调两个动作同时进行
2) As he grew older, he found it difficult to compose good music.
两种情况一起发展变化
分析：as引导的从句表示“当……时；一边……一边……”，主句和从句的动作同时发生，强调伴随。有时可译为“随着”。
过去完成时
1过去完成时的构成:
“助动词had+过去分词”
The public wondered why the president hadn’t attended the top conference.
2. 过去完成时的用法:
1). 过去完成时主要用来表明在某个时间或动作之前已经发生的动作, 它表示时间是“过去的过去”。如:
The patient had died when the doctor arrived.
Up until then they had just finished half the work.
He had pressed the button before we could stop him.
When I had finished my everyday work, I did some gardening.
2). 如果发生的动作很短暂, 或两个动作紧接着发生, 则常用一般过去时代替过去完成时。尤其是在含有before, after, as soon as的复合句中, 因为它们本身的词义就可以表示出先后顺序。如:
Just before I left New York, I sent an e-mail to Mr White, my teacher in the university.
3). 过去完成时还可以表示未能实现的希望、愿望等, 常用的动词有except, hope, mean, suppose, think 等。如:
I had hoped to send him a telegram to congratulate him on his marriage, but didn’t manage it.
Mother had expected me to come to her birthday party, but I really had a lot of important work to do.
Note:
当动作紧接着发生, 次序明显时, 只需用一般过去时。
When he got home from work, he was very tired. He opened the door, turned on the light, washed his face and went to bed without taking off his clothes.
2.与某个时间段或时间点连用时, 一般过去时表示动作在这个时间发生, 而过去完成时表示动作在这个时间之前就已经完成。如:
He learned Russian ring his stay in Russia.
He had already learned Russian ring his stay in Russia.
3. 在间接引语中，与过去完成时连用的时间状语从句常用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如：
He told me somebody had phoned when I was out.
John said the film had been on five minutes when he got to the cinema.
Mole 4 Grammar
–ing form and the infinitive
作主语
(1) -ing形式和不定式都可在句中用作主语。一般情况下可以互换。
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
=Learning a foreign language is not easy. 学习外语是不容易的。
(2) 表示具体的, 特定情况下的或有待于完成的动作时, 常用不定式。
① To finish such a novel will take me several days.
读完这本小说需要花去我几天的时间。
② It’s impossible to get to Beijing in three hours this time, because there is something wrong with our car. 看来这次三个小时是到不了北京了, 因为我们的车出问题了。
在 “It is + 形容词(如necessary) + for/ of sb. ”的结构后, 通常用不定式作真正的主语。而 “It is no use/no good/a waste of time”后通常接ing形式。
It’s quite impossible to finish the work with so little money.
用这么少的钱想完成这项工作是不可能的。
② It’s no use asking him for help.
向他求助是没有用的。
There is no 结构后只能接ing形式。There is no knowing whether he is dead or alive. 无从得知他是死是活。
作表语
(1) 两者都可用作表语, 而且一般情况下可以互换。
His work is to paint houses. = His work is painting houses.
他的工作就是粉刷房屋。
表示具体的, 特定情况下的, 将来的动作, 通常用动词不定式。
Our homework today is to finish the exercises 2 and 3 on page 10.
我们今天的作业就是完成第10页的练习2和3。
(3) 主语与表语通常要保持形式一致。
To see is to believe. =Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
作宾语
(1) 有些动词后面只能用不定式作宾语，常见此类动词有：
ask, agree, beg, decide, determine, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, set out, want, wish, expect, demand
① She decided to help him.
她决定帮他。
admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, consider(考虑), delay, deny, enre, enjoy, excuse, escape, face, fancy, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, keep, keep on, mind, miss, mention, pardon, permit, practise, put off, risk, resist, suggest, understand等。
① The doctor advised taking more exercise. 医生建议多做运动。
② I suggest doing it in this way. 我建议这样做。
注意: 一些动词短语中含有介词to, 不要和不定式中的to混淆。常见此类短语:
be used to, come to, devote to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, pay attention to, refer to, stick to等。
①I really must get down to considering it seriously. 我真的必须认真考虑一下这事了。
② We are looking forward to seeing you again. 我们盼望着再次见到你。
有些动词后既可接ing形式, 也可接不定式, 而且意义上没有差别。常见此类动词: can’t stand, prefer, learn, continue等。
① I can’t stand seeing/to see good food going to waste. 我无法忍受看到好好的粮食被浪费掉。
② She continue to work/working after having a baby. 有了孩子后她仍然继续工作。
(4) begin, start后跟不定式或动名词皆可, 通常可以互换, 但在下列情况下, 只用不定式。
1) start, begin本身为时行时时。
The boy noticed his father was beginning to get angry, so he ran away. 那个小男孩注意到他的父亲开始生气了, 所以就跑开了。
2) 当主语为非生物名词或it时。
A strong wind started to blow.
一阵强风开始刮起来。
3) 当其后接表示心理活动的词时, 如understand, realize, know, see等。
He began to realize the importance of foreign languages.
他开始意识到外语的重要性。
4) 在hate, like, love后, 表示经常性, 习惯性的动词时, 通常用动名词; 表示特定的、具体的某次行为则用不定式。
I don’t like bothering him when he is busy. 我不喜欢在他忙得时候打扰他。
② I usually like staying with him, but I even hate to see him that night. 我通常喜欢和他在一起，但是那天晚上我甚至不想见到他。
(5) 在remember, forget, try, go on, regret, mean, stop, want, need, require等动词后既可接ing, 也可接不定式, 但含义不同。
1) remember to do记着去做(还没有做的事)
remember doing记得做过某事
2) forget to do 忘记要去做某事
forget doing 忘记了做的事
3) go on to do 继续做另一件事
go on doing 继续做(原来做的)同一件事
4) regret to do 遗憾将要做某事
regret doing 后悔做过某事
5) mean to do 打算做某事
mean doing 意味着做某事
6) stop to do 停止(正在做的事)去做另一件
stop doing 停止正在做的事
7) try to do 努力做某事
try doing 偿试着做某事
8) want to do 想要做某事
want doing 需要被
9) need/require to do 需要做某事
need/require doing 需要被
① Please remember to turn off the light when you leave.
离开时请记着关灯。
② Certainly I posted your letter—I remember posting it.
我当然给你寄信了, 我记得寄过它。
③ The machine needs cleaning.( needs to be cleaned).
这台机器需要清洁了。
作宾补
(1) 常见用不定式作宾补的动词。
allow, help, warn, ask, force, tell, expect, promise, wish, want
① We expected him to win an Olympic gold medal. 我们期盼他赢一枚奥运金牌。
② Tell him to come early.
告诉他早点来。
(2) 不定式(不带to)和动词ing形式都可在感官动词和使役动词(feel, make, let, see, hear, watch, listen to, look at, notice, observe)后作宾补。不定式强调动作发生了, 完成了; ing形式则强调动作正在进行。
① I saw a man walk into the garden and pick some flowers. 我看到一个男的进入花园, 摘了一些花。(进园摘花的动作已完成)
② I saw a man walking into the garden. 我看到一个男的正在进入花园。(walk这个动作在“我看的时候”正在进行)
③ We heard him sing a song at the party.我们在晚会上听他唱了一首歌。(他唱了一首, 我们完整的听了一首。)
④ I heard him singing a song when passing his window.
经过他的窗户时，我听到他正在唱歌。(我只听了一部分, 没有听完, 我过去后他可能还在唱）
(3) 不定式在感官动词和使役动词后作宾补时，在主动语态时，不能带to, 而变为被动语态时，要加上to。
① They saw him steal Tom’s money. 他们看到他偷了汤姆的钱。
② He was seen to steal Tom’s money. 他被看到偷了汤姆的钱。
作状语
不定式作状语, 通常表示目的, 结果, 有时也放在形容词、过去分词后表示原因; ing形式作状语时通常表示时间、原因、条件或伴随等。
① I’ve taken some money out of the bank to buy a laptop. (目的)
为了买手提电脑, 我从银行了取了钱。
② He hurried to the school (only) to find nobody there.(结果) 他匆忙赶到学校, 却发现那儿没人。
③ I’m glad to hear that.(原因) 听到那件事我很高兴。
④ Seeing the picture, he couldn’t help
thinking of those memorable days.(时间) 看到这张照片(的时候), 他情不自禁地想起了那些难忘的日了。
⑤ Not knowing his address, we couldn’t get in touch with him. (原因) 不知道他的地址, 我们无法和他取得 联系。
⑥ Working hard, you will get what you want. (条件) 努力工作, 你会得到你想要的东西的。
⑦ The baby was lying in bed crying. (伴随) 婴儿在床上哭泣。
Mole 5 Grammmar
状语从句
原因状语从句
结果状语从句
时间状语从句
地点状语从句
条件状语从句
让步状语从句
时间状语从句
1. 由when, whenever, as , while, after, before, until, till, since, once, as soon as, 等引导的时间状语从句。
1> When the bell rang, the guard was waiting in his seat.
2> While ants grow they change their forms three times.
3> Three months went by before Aqiao knew it.
2. 由the minute, the moment, the instant, the day, the week, the year, the first time, any time, every time, each time, the last time, all the time, from the time, by the time, immediately, instantly, directly 等引导的时间状语从句。
1> 我一见到你就认出了你。
I recognized you the minute I saw you.
3. 其中the minute, the moment, the instant, the second, 以及immediately, instantly, directly 表达的意思一样, 都是 “一…就…” 可以相互替换。
Eg: You must show the gentleman in immediately he comes.
You must show the gentleman in the minute /the moment/instantly he comes.
另外还要注意 hardly …when… ,scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…的意义和用法。
这三者的意思都是 “一…就…”. 通常都是hardly, scarcely, no sooner 位于句首,他们后面的主句用had done,且倒装.而when, than 后面的从句用一般过去时。
Eg: Hardly/scarcely had I got home when it started to rain.
when, while, as 引导的时间状语从句的区别。
1> 作为 “当…时”讲,when可以和延续性动词连用,也可以和短暂性动词连用,而while 和as 只能和延续性动词连用。
2> when 从句的谓语动词可以在主句动词之前或之后发生或同时发生.而while 和as 从句的动词必须是和主句的动词同时发生。
When he had finished his homework, he took a rest.
When I got to the airport, the guests had left.
也就是说当主从句动作同时发生,切从句动作为延续性动词时, 三者可互换。
When/While/As she was making a phone call, I was writing a letter.
3> when 还有 “在那时” 通常用在以下句型中。
be about to do …when…
had done…when…
be doing…when…
be on the point of doing…when…
4> as 还有 “因为” “作为” “随着” “一边….一边”
As the time went on, the weather got worse.
The little girl sang as she went.
5> 在将来时的从句中常用when, 且从句必须用一般现在时。
You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it.
6> when还用在表示 “一…就…”的句型中。
Hardly/Scarcely had I entered my room when the telephone rang.
7> while 还做并列连词 “然而” 表对比。和从属连词 “尽管” 的意思, 相当与though/although。
While he is a little boy, he knows a lot.
I’m working while my wife is watching TV.
⑧ 人教版英语必修2语法
一. 直接引语和间接引语
（一）直接引述别人的原话，叫做直接引语；用自己话转述别人的话，叫做间接引语。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语必须放在引号内，间接引语则不用引号。直接引语改为间接引语时，除将引语部分变成宾语从句外，还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。
1. 时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，通常受转述动词said, asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态，即把原来的时态向过去推，也就是一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变为过去进行时，等等。例如：
Tom said to me,“My brother is doing his homework.”
→Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework.
2. 人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化： 根据意义进行相应的变化，例如：
She asked Jack,“Where have you been?”
→She asked Jack where he had been.
He said,“These books are mine.”
→He said that those books were his.
（二）直接引语改为间接引语时，都使用陈述语序，但是因为原句的句式不同，所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同。直接引语如果是一般疑问句，用连接词whether或if；如果是特殊疑问句，则用疑问词引导间接引语。转述的动词一般用asked，可以在其后加上一个间接宾语me, him, her, us等。如：
She said,“Is your father at home?”
→She asked me if/whether my father was at home.
“What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me.
→My friend asked me what I did every Sunday.
直接引语如果是祈使句，改为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据原句的语气（即请求或命令）加上ask, tell, order等动词，如果祈使句为否定式，则在不定式前加not。其句型为：ask / tell / order someone (not) to do something. 例如：
She said to us,“Please sit down.”
→She asked us to sit down.
He said to him,“Go away!”
→He ordered him to go away.
He said, “Don’t make so much noise, boys.”
→He told the boys not to make so much noise.
二. 各种时态的被动语态
被动语态概述
被动语态的概念：它是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的执行或被执行关系。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，例如：They saw the little boy crying by the river. 被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，例如：The little boy was seen crying by the river.
被动语态的构成
被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态等的不同而变化。几种常见时态的被动语态形式如下：
1. 一般现在时 am/is/are + 过去分词
例如：Rice is planted in the south of China.
2. 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
例如：These trees were planted the year before last.
3. 一般将来时 will/shall + be + 过去分词
例如：A sports meeting will be held next week in our school.
4. 现在进行时 am/is/are + being + 过去分词
例如：Your radio is being repaired now.
5. 过去进行时 was/were + being + 过去分词
When he got there, the problem was being discussed.
6. 现在完成时 have/has + been + 过去分词
His work has been finished.
Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.
7. 过去完成时 had + been + 过去分词
注意：
1．除了be之外的其它系动词如get, stay等也可以和过去分词构成被动语态。例如：Their questions haven’t got answered.
2. 含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态使用“情态动词+ be + 过去分词”结构。例如：
More attention should be paid to the old in this country.
This work can’t be done until Mr. Black comes.
3. 含有“be going to”, “be to”等结构的谓语，其被动语态分别用“be going to + be + 过去分词”和“be to + be + 过去分词”。例如：
The problem is going to be discussed at the next meeting.
All these books are to be taken to the library.
4. 被动语态与系表结构的区别：“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”构成的系表结构，与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以应注意它们的区别。被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用by 引出动作的执行者，而后者则不可以。例如：
The map was changed by someone.（被动结构）
That custom remained unchanged for many centuries.（系表结构）
系表结构中的过去分词通常可被very修饰，被动语态中的过去分词往往要用much修饰。
例如：
He was very excited.（系表结构）
He was much excited by her words.（被动结构）
5. 主动形式表被动意义。有些动词的主动形式有被动意味，如 open, read, sell, shut, wash, wear, write等。此时句子的主语一般是物。例如：
These books sell well. 这些书很畅销。
The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。
The clothes wash well. 这些衣服很好洗。