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⑵ 英语中的所有语法知识点
1.
各类词性,如:冠词、名词、数词、代词、形容词、副词、连词、动内词容、助动词、情态动词等等;
2.
句子的分类:简单句;复合句,包括并列复合句和主从复合句,其中后者包括含有下列从句:名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句);定语从句(形容词性从句);状语从句(副词性从句)
3.
句子的基本结构:主语+谓语;主语+谓语+宾语;主语+谓语+双宾语;主语+谓语+复合宾语;主语+连系动词+表语
4.
句子的语气:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句
5.
虚拟语气
6.
倒装语序
7.
省略
8.
it的用法
⑶ 初中英语语法归纳一、名词的可数和不可数
各数名词,有复数,不可数名词没有复数,只能用于单数的句子中,表示它的数量要加上相应的明基和间期of
名词的复数变化规则分为规则变化和不规则变化
⑷ 初中英语知识点,语法总结
play+the+乐器 弹奏某种乐器,注意需要加不定冠词the; play+球类(棋牌类) 注意中间不加任何冠词
speak+语言 说某种语言,注意动词用的是speak
say+sth+in+语言 用某种语言说什么东西(事情),注意用某种语言用介词in,say后面加所说的内容
join+the+俱乐部种类+俱乐部 注意这里的俱乐部种类是名词单数,除“运动”用sports的形式外,讲故事俱乐部用story-telling club
对俱乐部的名字进行提问用what club 如I want to join the art club.对划线部分进行提问是:What club do you want to join?
join+sb+in+doing+sth 加入某人一起做某事
be(am,is,are)+good+with+sb 和某人相处得好
be(am,is,are)+good+for+sth(sb) 对......有益处
be(am,is,are)+good+at+(doing)sth 擅长(做)某事 同义短语:do+well+in+(doing)+sth
call+sb+at+电话号码 给某人打电话拨打......
What’s your address? 你的地址在哪里? 注意:问“你的地址在哪里?”疑问词是what而不是where.
play the guitar well 弹吉他弹得好 注意:well是副词,修饰动词play。即副词用来修饰动词。
show+sth+to+sb = show +sb +sth 把某物给某人看 如:Show your photo to me.= Show me your photo
Help+sb+ with+sth=help+sb+do+sth 帮助某人做某事 如:help kids with swimming=help kids swim帮助孩子们游泳
write+to+sb 给某人写信
a+little+不可数名词 a+few+可数名词复数 一点儿:如:a little water一点水 a few vegetables 一点蔬菜
much+不可数名词 many+可数名词复数 许多:如:much water许多水 many vegetables 许多蔬菜
too+much+不可数名词 too+many+可数名词复数 太多的:如:too much water许多水 too many vegetables 许多蔬菜
practice+(in)+doing+sth 练习做某事 注意:in可以省略
do+one’s+homework做作业 注意:one’s是表示物主代词或者名词所有格形式 如:my(物主代词)或WangFang’s(名词所有格)
by+交通工具 注意交通工具之前不加任何冠词 且交通工具用单数形式 如:by plane
乘机动车类交通工具可用take+冠词+交通工具 如:take a bus但要注意乘地铁冠词只能用the,不用a,写成take the subway
比较特殊的乘坐交通工具的写法1,ride a bike骑自行车2,on foot 步行=walk
leave+sw离开某地;leave+sw1+for+sw2离开某地1去某地2如:leave home for school从家离开去学校for后面表示要去的地方
sb+spend+时间+doing+sth=it+takes+sb+时间+to+do+sth某人花费时间做某事
sb+spend+金钱+on+sth=sth+cost+sb+金钱 某人花多少钱买......东西,如:I spend 5 yuan on the pen=The pen cost me 5 yuan
see+sb+do+sth 看见某人做某事;see+sb+doing+sth 看见某人正在做某事
remember+to+do+sth记得做某事(还没做);remember+doing+sth记得做过某事(已经做)
forget+to+do+sth忘记做某事(还没做);forget+doing+sth忘记做过某事(已经做)
I’m+形容词+to+do+sth我很...做某事:如I’m sorry to hear that(很遗憾听到这事)I’m happy to play with you(很开心和你一起玩)
Thanks+for+doing+sth感谢做某事 thanks也可写成thank you
like+to+do+sth喜欢做某事(强调这件事刚开始喜欢);like+doing+sth喜欢做某事(强调已经喜欢很久甚至已经变成一种习惯)
stop+to+do+sth停止做某事(强调停下来开始做另一件事);stop+doing+sth(强调停止做一直在做的事情)
tell+sb+(not)+to+do+sth告诉某人(不要)做某事
对路程、距离提问用how far,如:10 kilometres
对“for+一段时间” 或“一段时间”提问用how long,如:for 2 days
对频率提问用how often,如:twice a week. three times a day
对“in+时间段”提问用how soon,如:in two days
对可数名词多少提问用how many,如:5 apples
对不可数名词多少或价钱提问用how much,如:some water或5 yuan
It+is+形容词+(for+sb) +to+do+sth.(对某人来说)干某事…It is interesting for me to play computer games.对我来说玩电脑游戏很趣
42.between+sth+and+sth在...和...之间 如:There is a very big river between their school and the village.在他们学校和乡村之间有条大河
43.break the rules(违反规章制度);follow(keep)the rules(遵守规章制度);make the rules(制定规则)
44.on time(按时);in time(及时)
45.arrive+at+小地点;arrive+at+大地点;reach+地点;get+to+地点 注意如果后面地点是副词home要省略之前的一切介词46.be(am,is,are)+strict+with+sb 对某人要求严格
47.be(am,is,are)+strict+in+sth 对某事要求严格
48.be(am,is,are)+strict+in+doing+sth 对做某事要求严格
49.fight for(为...而战);fight against(与...单方斗);fight with(双方互斗)
50.bring+sth+to+sb=bring+sb+sth把某物给某人带来
51.take+sth+to+sb=take+sb+sth把某物给某人带去
52.have+to+do+sth不得不做某事 否定形式:don’t(doesn’t)+to+do+sth不用不得不做某事
一般现在时:主语是第三人称单数时用has to,其它时候用have to(过去时:无论人称和单复数都用had to.)
一般现在时否定形式:主语(单三)+doesn’t+have to+动词原形+其他;主语(非单三)+don’t+have to+动词原形+其他
疑问句:Do 、Does或Did+主语+have to +动词原形+其他
53.ask+sb+(not)+to+do+sth让某人(不要)做某事
54.make+sb+(not)+do+sth让某人(不要)做某事
55.want+(sb)+to+do+sth=would+like+(sb)+to+do+sth想要(让某人)做某事
56.let+sb+(not)+do+sth让某人(不要)做某事
57.be+made+of+sth能看得出制作材料The kite is made of paper;be+made+from+sth看不出制作材料The paper is made from wood
58.a kind of+名词,a kind of animal一种动物;kinds of+名词,kinds of animals多种动物;kind of+形容词,kind of hungry有点儿饿
59.形容词放在连系动词(be/look/feel/sound/smell等)之后做表语,构成系表结构。如:They’re cute.;He looks very happy
60.how is it going(最近怎么样)not bad(还不错)pretty good(非常好)
61.问天气怎么样的两种表达1,what’s the weather like2,how is the weather
62.one...the other...一个怎么样,另一个怎么样,谓语动词都是单数
63.some...others...一些怎么样,另一些怎么样,可数名词是谓语动词复数,不可数名词时谓语动词单数
64.have+a+good+time=enjoy+oneself注意前面的time是时光的意思,是可数名词,需要定冠词a。
65.in+this+heat在这种热度之下
66.hope+to+do+sth希望做某事,注意没有hope+sb+to+do+sth这个句型。还有一个句型是hope+句子。只有这两个句型
67.in front of在...前面,There is a car in front of the house;in the front of在...(内部)前面,There is a table in the front of the classroom.
68.next to挨着、邻近,与near可替换。从空间讲near只表示“在…附近”;而next to有“紧挨着”之意;next to比near靠的更近。
69. across from意为“在…对面”如The bank is across from our school; across作介词,意为“横过”。如Can you swim across the river?
70. there be (is,are) +名词+地点状语,否定There isn’t / aren’t,疑问句Is/ Are +主语,肯答Yes, there is/are.否答No, there isn’t/aren’t.
71.far from和far away from,当说离...有多远的时候,一定要加from;当前面有具体的数字距离时,一定要加away;far是虚指。
72.on+one’s+left(right)在某人的左边;在某人的右边。
73.turn+left(right)向左转;向右转
74.物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词
人称 意义 数量 人称代词 物主代词
主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性
第一人称 我 单数 I me my mine
我们 复数 we us our ours
第二人称 你 单数 you you your yours
你们 复数 you you your yours
第三人称 他 单数 he him his his
她 she her her hers
它 It It its its
他/她/它们 复数 they them their theirs
look like表示“看起来像…”如What does he look like他看上去什么样;be like是指 “品德,相貌”等What is he like他是个怎样的人
wake+sb+up把某人叫醒,如He wakes me up at 6:00 every day
every day“每天”,作状语,如I go to school every day.我每天上学;everyday“每天的, 日常的”形容词,做定语使用。
shout+at+sb多指因为生气等而非善意地对某人吼叫;shout+to+sb多指因距离远而不得不大声叫喊(否则对方无法听见)
感叹句what:1.What+a(an)+(形容词)+单数可数名词+主语+谓语 2.What+(形容词)+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语
How:1.How+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语
英语时间表达:(1)整点时间可表示为“钟点数+o’clock”或直接读钟点数省去o’clock如It’s ten o’clock a. m. 现在是上午十点整。
(2)非整点时间可直接采取读数法 如:It’s eight-thirty. 是八点三十分。
(3)非整点时间的分钟数不超过30分钟,也可用介词“past”。 如6:10→ten past six,注意past后说整点时间
(4)非整点时间的分钟数超过30分钟,用介词to,如11:50→ten to twelve,注意to后接“整点时间+1”
对时间提问用: 1.What is the time? 几点了?2.What time is it by your watch? 你的手表几点了?注意问你的手表几点了用介词by
what time“几点”问的是具体的时间,一般回答要具体到小时;用when提问,回答既可以是具体时间,也可以是不具体时间
一般现在时(1)肯定陈述句:当主语是第一、二和第三人称复数时,谓语动词用原形;
当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
(2)否定句:当主语是第一、二及第三人称复数时,否定句借助助动词do+not;
当主语是第三人称单数时,否定句借用does+not,并将动词第三人称单数还原。
(3)疑问句:当主语是第一、第二及第三人称复数时,疑问句在句首加Do;
当主语是第三人称单数时,疑问句在句首加Does,并把谓语第三人称单数还原。
(4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+当主语是第一、第二及第三人称复数时,疑问句在句首加Do;
特殊疑问词+当主语是第三人称单数时,疑问句在句首加Does,并把谓语第三人称单数还原。
must=have to不得不、必须。以must开头的一般疑问句,它的否定回答用needn’t(不必要),不用mustn’t(不允许、禁止)
can=be(am,is,are)+able+to+do能够做某事
祈使句因对象(即主语)是第二人称,所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时,句末则使用句号或感叹号来表示结束。
(1)祈使句的肯定句:行为动词原形+其他
(2) 以Let开头的祈使句,Let后宾语是是第一人称时,否定形式是在宾语后加not,如Let’s not do that again.我们别再那样做了。
(3)如果Let 后面宾语是第三人称,否定形式是在Let前加助动词Don’t,如Don’t let them come in.别让他们进来。
(4)祈使句的否定通常使用“Don't …”,Don't+动词原形(行为动词/be动词)+其他
反义疑问句:(1)有系动词be 的把系动词be变成否定并提前+主语代词。
(2)there be句型把be变否定提前+there
(3)一般疑问句主语第三人称单数用doesn’t+单三代词;主语非单三用don’t+非单三代词
(4)let’s开头的祈使句反义疑问句是shall we;let us开头的反义疑问句是will you,其他祈使句均为will you
现在进行时,由 “be+动词ing形式” 构成
主语 I he she it 名(单) you we they 名(复)
be am is are
(1)现在进行时的否定形式直接在be后面加not即可。
(2)现在进行时的一般疑问形式将be提前,后面+主语+其他
(3)现在进行时的特殊疑问形式用特殊疑问词+be提前,后面+主语+其他
put on、wear与in。put on主要强调穿的动作,表示时间短;wear强调穿的状态,表示时间长;in通常加衣服的颜色,表状态
一般过去时,表示过去发生的动作或出现的状态,以动词的过去式表达。
be动词过去式的句式。
①否定句是在was/were后面加not, was not (wasn't)/were not (weren't)。 ②一般疑问句是把was / were提前并放到句首,要求首字母要大写。(2)实义动词过去式的句式。①肯定式:主语+动词过去式+其它。如:They had a good time yesterday. ②否定式:主语+did not(didn't)+动词原形+其它。如:They didn't watch TV last night. ③一般疑问句:Did+主语+动词原形+其它。肯定回答:Yes,主语+did.;否定回答:No,主语+didn't. ④特殊疑问句=特殊疑问词+一般疑问句:即特殊疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其它
如:What time did you finish your homework?
at the beginning of在...的开始;at the end of在...的最后;in the end在最后。
sometimes有时;some time一段时间;some times一些次;sometime某个时刻
interesting,relaxing,interested,relaxed等形容词以ing结尾都是物做主语,以ed结尾都是人做主语。
come from=be from来自...,对于疑问句,前者提前助动词,之后用陈述语序;后者提前系动词be,之后用陈述语序。
the way to...去...的路;the answer to... ...的答案;the key to... ...的钥匙。注意这三个短语中表“的”词都用介词to
talk+to+sb和...谈话(单方面);talk+with+sb和...谈话(双方互相);talk+about+sb(sth)谈论某人(某物)
⑸ 英语语法点归纳,详细的,
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名词和主谓一致 I. 名词的种类 专有名词 普通名词 国名地名人名,团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 特别注意名词类别的相互转换 个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换 例 句 意 义 名词性质 ①She held some flowers in her hand. ②The trees are now in flower 花儿 个体名词 开花 抽象名词 ①Youth is beautiful. ②He is a youth of twenty 青春 抽象名词 年轻人 个体名词 ①They have achieved remarkable success in their work. ②—How about the Christmas evening party? —I should say it was a success. 成功 抽象名词 成功的事 个体名词 物质名词与个体名词的相互转换 例 句 意 义 名词性质 ①Iron is a kind of metal. ②Please lend me your iron. 铁 物质名词 熨斗 个体名词 ①He broke a piece of glass. ②He broke a glass. 玻璃 物质名词 玻璃杯 个体名词 ①I bought a chicken this morning ②Please help yourself to some chicken 小鸡 个体名词 鸡肉 物质名词 抽象名词与个体名词的转换 具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词(如:have等)连 用,表示某一次短暂的动作 ①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please. —Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a ②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 (抽象名词) A.a B.an C./ D.the ③Could we have word before you go to the meeting? 话(个体名词) A.a B.an C./ D.the 类例:have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发) /make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) /give a try 表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示 其中的一部分 ①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today. A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况) give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识) have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识) ②If there were no examination, we should have______at school. A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time ③ is money. A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times 抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结 果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰 ①Oh, John. _____you gave me! A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise ②She looked up when I shouted. A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise 其它例子:The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it. A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusual II. 名词的数 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es(参看有关语法书)。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,请看下表 规 则 例 词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员) audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) 7 表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III. 主谓一致 规则 情 况 举 例 语 法 一 致 原 则 以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语,动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词 用复数形式。 His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。 what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you. 由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物 时,它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。. Lucy and Lily are twins The writer and artist has come. Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it. No boy and no girl likes it. Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today? Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter 若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。 None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America. 在定语从句里,关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。 Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard. He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard. 在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致 It is I who am going to the cinema tonight. It is we who are going to the cinema tonight. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数形式; 如果它指的集体的成员,其谓语动词用复数形式 The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field. His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.(他的家人) Class four is on the third floor.(四班) Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.(四班的学生) 由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 50 percent of the students in our class are girls. 此外,还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法(用复数),但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定(用单数)。 A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples. The number of pages in this book is three hundred. 在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures. Such is the result. Such are the facts. Between the two hills stands a monument. 逻 辑 意 义 一 致 原 则 What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数,也可是复数, 主要靠意思来决定。 Which is your bag? Which are your bags? Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen? All can be done has been done. All is going well. All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing. 表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式,这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。 Thirty minutes is enough for the work.. Twenty pounds is too dear. 如强调这类词的复数意义,则谓语动词要用复数形式 Forty kilos of water are used every day. 若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 The United States is smaller than China. “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。 One and a half apples is left on the table. 一些学科名词是以-ics结尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词, 实际意义为单数名词, 它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。 The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。 I don’t think physics is easy to study. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时(clothes被a suit of 修饰)谓语动词用单数。 My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his. “定冠词the+形容词或分词”,表示某一类人动词用复数;若表示某一类东西时,动词用单数。 The old are taken good care of there. The beautiful gives pleasure to all. 就 近 /远 一 致 原 则 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。 Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither he nor they are wholly right. Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right? there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语,则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致,即就近一致。 There are two chairs and a desk in the room. There is a desk and two chairs in the room. 主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语, 谓语动词要跟主语一致,即就远一致。 Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. A woman with a baby was on the bus. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. She, like you and Tom, is very tall. The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese. No one except my teachers knows anything about it.
⑹ 介绍一些简单的英语语法知识.
一、英语语句基本结构分析:
主谓宾结构:
主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),动词不定式,动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!
谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:We come.
宾语:宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如:me,him,them等
例:The boy needs a pen.主语the boy,谓语needs(need的第三人称单数形式),宾语a pen.
主系表结构:
主语:同‘主谓宾’结构。
联系动词(Link verb):be动词(am,is,are,was,were,have been);其他联系动词如:become成为,turn变成,go变。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系,表语多为形容词或副词,既,不可能是宾语。
表语:说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。当联系动词不是be,而其后是名词和代词时,多表达‘转变为’之意,注意与动宾关系的区别。
感官动词多可用作联系动词:look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好,smell bad/难闻
例:Tom is a boy.(Tom是个男孩)/主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is,表语为a boy
There be 结构:
There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。
此结构后跟名词,表示‘(存在)有某事物’
试比较:There is a boy there.(那儿有一个男孩。)/前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词‘那里’。
二、定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
形容词作定语:
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.)/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。
Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。
There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。
数词作定语相当于形容词:
Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。
There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。
代词或名词所有格作定语:
His boy needs Tom's pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。
There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
介词短语作定语:
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩。
名词作定语:
The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语:
The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。
不定式作定语:
The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。
There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。
分词(短语)作定语:
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。
There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。
定语从句:
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。
There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。
协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。
助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
a. 表示时态,例如:
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态,例如:
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句,例如:
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气,例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3) 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would