初二下英语第二单元语法

① 英语书八年级下册书第二单元所有语法内容

Unit 2 What should I do?

重点词汇：play v. 播放
loud adj. 高声的；大声的
argue v. 争论，争吵wrong adj. 错误的；有毛病的；不适合的could v. can的过去式ticket n. 票，入场券 v. 使惊奇；使意外other adj. 其他的；另外的except prep. 除；把……除外fail v. 失败 football n. 足球 until prep. 到……为止
fit v. 适合，适应 include v. 包括；包含send v. 发送，寄 themselves pron. 他们自己（反身代词）freedom n. 自由
重点词组及句型：
1. argue with sb. 与某人争论/辩论
2. have an argument with sb. 与某人发生争论
3. out of style  不时髦的
4. in style  时髦的
5. keep out  不让……进入
6. call sb. up   打电话给……
7. on the phone  用电话交谈
8. pay for  付款
9. part-time job  兼职工作
10. Teen Talk    青少年论坛
11. the same as  与……同样的12. get on  well with... 与……相处地好13. as much as possible  尽可能多14. all kinds of  各种各样的15. on the one hand 一方面 on the other hand  另一方面16. borrow sth. from sb.  向某人借某物17. find out  找出18. be popular at school  在学校受欢迎19. except me  除了我20. have a quick supper  很快地吃晚餐21. not…until  直到……才22. try to do   尽力去做23. complain about doing sth.  抱怨做某事24. seem to do…  好像……25. comparing…with…  把……与……做比较26. think for  为……着想27. find it + adj.+ to do sth.  发现做某事很……28. learn to do  学会做某事 29. have a fight with 与……打架
30. write sb. a letter 给某人写信 31. a ticket to a ball game 一场球赛的票
32. surprise sb. 使……惊讶 33. buy sb. sth. 为某人买某物
34. have no idea 不知道 35. have the same haircut 有同样的发型
36. get a tutor 请家教 37. need to do 需要去做
38. invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人去做某事 39. leave sth. at home 把某物落在家里
40. fail (in) sth. 做某事失败 41. be the same as 与……相同的
42. return sth. 归还某物 43. look up…in a dictionary 在字典中查找……
44. be/feel under (too much) pressure 感觉处于(太多的)压力之下
45. take sb. from 名词 to 名词 把某人从一个地方带到另一个地方
46. fit as much as possible into their kids lives 尽可能多地充实到孩子们的生活中来
47. nothing new 屡见不鲜 48. push sb hard 厉害地强迫某人
49. be always doing 总是在做某事
50. plan to do 计划做某事
51. start from a very young age 从很小的年龄开始

日常用语：学习用于表达建议的句子结构：1. ---What should I do?   ---You could write him a letter.2. --- What should he do?   --- Maybe he should say he's sorry.3. --- What should they do?   --- They shouldn't argue.4. What’s the matter? / What’s wrong?5. Why don’t you talk to him about it?

词组短语详解：
1. Keep out! 禁止入内
祈使句，意为：“不准入内！”指“关在门外，不准入内。”
Keep sth. adj.

2. My brother plays his CDs too loud. 我哥哥把他的唱片声音放得太大。
Play：
播放。 e.g. Please play the tape again. 请再放一边磁带。
演奏，弹奏 e.g. I can play the violin, too. 我也会拉小提琴。
玩，打，踢 e.g. play football/bolleyball…
剧本，n. e.g. TV play 电视剧 watch the play 看戏

3. I don’t have enough money. 我没有足够的钱
Enough修饰n.放在前面 e.g. enough money
Enough修饰adj.放在后面 e.g. good enough

【考例】He is old ______ to go to school. A. much       B. many      C. enough      D. more
【答案与解析】C。本题中old enough 表示年龄足够大。故本题选C。

4. I argue with my best friend. 我与我最好的朋友发生了争执。
Argue v. 争辩，争论，辩论
Argue with sb. 与某人辩论
Argue on/about sth. 争论，辩论某事
e.g. They are arguing about playing computer games.
【拓展】argue about sth. 意为“为某事而争论”。argument 是argue的名词形式，have an argument with sb.相当于argue with sb.。e.g. I don't want to argue about the houtse with you. 我不想和你为房子的事争论。 You shouldn't have an argument with your parents about the bike. 你不应该为了自行车的事和你父母争吵。【考例】I _______my parents about my hairstyle yesterday evening.A. play     B. argue with     C. argued with     D. to argue with 【答案与解析】C。本题中argue with sb.意为“与……争吵，争论”。又因为时间状语是yesterday evening，表示过去的时间，要用一般过去时态，故本题选C。
5. My clothes are out of style. 我的衣服过时了。
Out of style
In style

【考例】I don’t think my clothes are______. A. be out of style    B. out of style    C. out fashion    D. to out of style 【答案与解析】B。本题中be out of style / fashion表示“过时”、“不合乎时尚”。因句中已有are，故本题选B。
6. Maybe you should buy some new clothes. 也许你应当买一些新衣服。
Maybe 与 may be
e.g. Maybe you put it there. 也许你把它放在那里了。
It may be a hat. = May be it is a hat. 它也许是顶帽子。

7. You could write him a letter. 你可以给他写封信。
Write sb. A letter = write to sb. 给某人写一封信
写信给某人：write to sb.
收到某人的来信：hear from sb. = get/receive a letter from sb.

8. Maybe you should call him up. 也许你应当给他打电话。
Call sb. Up = ring sb. Up = make a telephone call to sb. = give sb. A call/ring给某人打电话
【拓展】maybe 不同于 may be。 maybe 是一个词，是副词，may be 是情态动词may加上动词原形be，意为“或许”，后接形容词、名词、代词等。例如：It may be true.      He may be the man we are looking for.（2）call sb. up 打电话给某人可以与名词、代词连用。连接代词时，把代词放在 call 与 up 之间。例如：Please call me up.       Don’t forget to call up your uncle.      I'll call her up this afternoon.【考例】_______you are right. A. Maybe      B. Might      C. May be      D. Might to
【答案与解析】A。本题中maybe不同于may be。 maybe 是一个词，是副词，may be是情态动词may加上动词原形be，意为“或许”，后接形容词、名词、代词等。故本题选A。
9. A ticket to a ball game 一张球赛的票
A key to a door
An answer to a question

10. I don’t want to surprise him. 我不想使他吃惊。
Surprise v. 使惊奇；使差异；使感到意外。其后可接名词或代词作宾语。
e.g. You surprise me! 你吓了我一跳！
His words surprised my mother a lot. 他的话使我母亲大吃一惊。
Be surprised at… 对……感到吃惊
e.g. We are very surprised at the news. 听到这个消息，我们非常吃惊。
【拓展】surprised adj. 惊讶的           surprising adj. 令人惊讶的例如：I'm surprised to hear the news.      It's a surprising gift, and I love it.【考例】I was__________ when I saw her.A. surprising     B. surprised     C. surprise     D. to surprise
【答案与解析】B。本题中surprised adj.惊讶的；surprising adj.令人惊讶的。故本题选B。
11. I need to get some money to pay for summer camp. 我需要得到一些钱以支付夏令营的费用。
（1）need是个情态动词，也可以是行为动词。▲当它是情态动词时，后边直接加行为动词，表示“需要”，但need作情态动词时一般不用于肯定句。它一般用于否定句和疑问句中，例如：① You need repeat it. 你需要重复它。② Need I repeat it?   我有必要重复它吗？简略回答为：Yes, you need. No, you needn't.
（2）【拓展】（sb.）pay（money）for sth.   为……而付款（sb.）spend（money）on sth.  在……上花多少钱（sth.）cost sb.（money）  ……值……钱这三个短语都是表示付款。但pay, spend指的是“人”，主语为人，而cost指的是“物”，主语为“物”。例如说“他昨天花20元买了一本书”。用以上三个短语分别为：① He paid 20 yuan for the book yesterday.  他昨天为这本书付了20元钱。② He spent 20 yuan on the book yesterday.  他昨天花了20元钱（买）这本书。③ The book cost him 20 yuan yesterday.  这本书花了他20元钱。注意以上三个动词的动词过去式为：pay - paid； spend - spent； cost - cost【考例】--- I’ve got a new book.        --- How much did you _______it? A. buy     B. spend     C. pay for    D. cost 【答案与解析】C。(sb.）pay（money）for sth.   为……而付款，（sb.）spend（money）on sth.  在……上花多少钱，（sth.）cost sb.（money） ……值多少钱 故本题选C。
12. I have an idea. You could borrow some money from your brother. 我有一个主意，你可以像你哥哥借一些钱。
Idea n. 主意，念头
e.g. He has a good idea. 他有个好主意。
注意：
I have no idea. = I don’t know. 我不知道

Borrow与lend
borrow sth from sb. 从谁那里借什么东西。
Lend sth. to sb. = lend sb. Sth.
borrow 与 lend 的区别：  borrow  借来      lend 借给【考例】Han Mei _________ a book from the library a week ago. A. lent B. returned C. borrowedD. wanted
【答案与解析】C。本题考查borrow 与lend 的区别。borrow 借来；lend 借给。本题的意思是从图书馆借书。故本题选C。

13. No, he doesn’t have any money, either. 不，他也没有钱。
Either adv. 用于否定句中，表示“也”
e.g. You haven’t read that book. I haven’t read it, either.
Either, too, also
e.g. My mother hasn’t been to Beijing. My father hasn’t been there, either.
That woman is a teacher, too.
I, too, have been to London.
We also play football.

【考例】He doesn't like swimming, and he doesn't like boating,_____. A. neither     B. too     C. another     D. either
【答案与解析】D。本题中either作副词，用在否定句或否定词组后加强语气，表示“也，而且”。而neither用于肯定句中。too用于三者或三者以上。故本题选D。
14. I think you should ask your parents for some money. 我想你应当向你的父母要一些钱。
Ask… for… 向……要……；
Ask for… 索要，要求得到……
e.g. He asked for time to thind all this over. 他要求给他时间把这一切好好想想。
He asked me for some money. 他想我要了些钱。
Ask sb. (not) to do sth. 要求/请求某人（不要）做某事
Ask for leave 请假

15. Have a bake sale. 卖烧烤

16. I need some money to buy gifts for my family. 我需要一些钱为我的家人买礼物
Buy sb. Sth. = buy sth. to sb.

17. They are original. 它们很新颖
Original adj. 新颖的，独创的，原始的，最早的
e.g. original ideas 新思想
an original edition 原版
the original plan 原计划
He is an original composer. 他是一位富有独创力的作曲家。

18. They are inexpensive. 它们不贵。
Cheap 与 inexpensive
Cheap往往意味着质量差，指价钱便宜的或因质量差而价格低的。
Inexpensive指物美价廉的，价值与价格相比而便宜的，表示“价格公道的，不贵的”

19. But I just found out that my friends were planning a birthday party for my best friend, and they didn’t invite me. 可是我刚刚发现我的朋友们正计划给我最好的朋友举办生日聚会，而他们没有邀请我。
Just adv.
刚才，刚刚
e.g. They have just left there. 他们刚刚离开这。
仅仅，只是
e.g. Don’t scold him. He is just a child. 别责备他，他只是个孩子。
后接名词，名词短语或句子，意为“正好，恰好”
e.g. It was just four o’clock when we got home. 我们到家时刚好4点钟。
注：
just now 刚才，不久以前
e.g. I saw our teacher just now. 刚才我看到我们的老师了。
Just then 正（就）在那时
e.g. Just then he came out of the room. 就在那是他从房间走了出来。

20. Find out 找出，发现，查处（真相等）
e.g. Please find out where they live. 请查处他们住在哪儿。
Find ，look for ，find out
Find 意为“找到，发现”，通常指找到或发现具体的东西，也可指偶然发现某物或某种情况，强调的是“找的结果”
e.g. He didn’t find his bike. 他没找到他的自行车。
Look for 意为“寻找”，是有目的地找，强调“寻找”这一动作
e.g. I can’t find my pen. I’m looking for it everywhere.我的钢笔不见了，我正在到处找。
He is looking for his shoes. 他在找他的鞋子。
Find out 意为“找出，发现，查明”，多指通过调查、询问、打听、研究之后“搞清楚，弄明白”，通常含有“经过困难曲折”的含义，指找出较难找到的、无形的、抽象的东西。
e.g. Please find out when the train leaves. 请查一下火车什么时候离站。
Read this passage, and find out the answer to this question. 读这篇短文，找出这个问题的答案。

21. Everyone else in my class was invited except me. 除了我以外，我们班其他人都被邀请了。
except 是介词，表示“除了……之外”；besides 强调“除了，还有……”例如：Except Lily, there are 42 students in our classroom.除丽丽外我们教室里还有42个人。Besides Lily, there are 42 students in our classroom.表示丽丽也在教室，教室里有42个人。【考例】I looked for my pen everywhere _______ there． A. except     B. but     C. except for     D. besides【答案与解析】A。本题考查 except 与 besides 的区别。except 是介词，表示“除了……”；besides 强调“除了，还有……”。故本题选A。

22. You left your homework at home. 你把作业忘在家里了。
leave  遗忘，留下，忘带 例如：The old man left his pocket on the bus. 那位老人把钱包忘在了公交车上。【考例】I ______ my pen in my classroom. A. left      B. leave      C. forget      D. forgot
【答案与解析】A。本题考查leave sth.+ 地点。这一结构。故本题选A。

23. My cousin is the same age as me. She’s really nice, and we get on well, but she always borrows my things. 我的表妹与我同岁。她确实很好，并且我们相处得很好，可她总是借我的东西。
The same age as…
Get on well 相处得好
Get on well with … 与……相处融洽、相处得好
e.g. We get on well with each other. 我们彼此相处融洽。
How do you get on with your new classmates? 你和你的新同学相处得怎么样？
注：Get on with 还可以表示“在某方面的进展情况”
e.g. How are you getting on with your English studies? 你的英语学习情况如何？

【考例】He wears the same clothes_____I do. A. like      B. as      C. on      D. in
【答案与解析】B。本题考查the same as…… 意思是“与……一样”。这一结构。故本题选B。
【考例】I get on well______ my cousin. A. on       B. with      C. in      D. at
【答案与解析】B。本题考查固定搭配get on well with sb. 与某人相处融洽。故本题选B。

24. I don’t want to have a fight with my cousin, because she is my best friend.
Havea fight with sb. = fight with sb. = fight against sb.
e.g. We can’t have a fight with each other at school. 在学校我们不能相互打架

25. Could you give some advice?
Give sb. Some advice
A piece of advice
e.g. The teacher gave me some advice on how to learn English well.

26. The tired children don’t get home until 7 p.m. 疲惫的孩子们知道晚上7点才到家。
Not … until …

27. The Taylors are like many American and British parents. 泰勒夫妇像许多美国和英国的父母一样。
The taylors泰勒夫妇，泰勒一家人。姓的附属前加定冠词the，表示“***一家人”或“***夫妇二人”
e.g. The Smiths are having dinner. 史密斯一家正在吃饭

28. Linda Miller, a mother of three in London, knows all about such pressure.
Know about… 了解，知道……的情况
e.g. I happened to know about him.

② 初二英语上册第二单元语法聚焦翻译

人教版的吗
你周末通常做什么？我总是运动
他们周末做什么？他们一般帮助做家务
她周末做什么？她有时去购物
你多久看一次电影？我大概一月一次
他多久看一次电视？他从不看电视
你购物吗？不，我从不购物

③ 八下英语书第二单元的2d和语法框翻译

2d 分角色表演对话。
海伦:你好，汤姆。我在制订计划,今年夏天要在养老工作。
汤姆：真的吗？我去年夏天在那里工作了！
海伦:哦，他们叫你帮忙做什么了？
汤姆：嗯……像为老人读报纸，或只是跟他们谈话之类的事情。他们给我讲一些有关过去的故事和以前的情况。
海伦：那听起来很有趣。
汤姆：是的，很多老人很孤独。我们应该倾听他们并关心他们。
海伦：你说得对。我的意思是，有一天我们也都会变老的。

语法聚焦
我想帮助无家可归的人。
你可以请求医院让你去看望孩子们，让他们振作起来。
她自愿一去周去那里一次帮助孩子们学习阅读。
她决定尝试参加一个志愿者课外阅读项目。
马里奥认为，这可以帮助他得到未来梦想的工作。
我在制作-些标牌 张贴在学校周围。

④ 初二下册英语（人教版）的语法

一、被动语态概述

语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等词来表示被动意义。

如：

Heopenedthedoor.他打开了这扇门。（主动语态）

Thedoorwasopened.这扇门被打开了。（被动语态）

二、被动语态的构成

被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。

1、被动语态的时态较常见的八种，现以动词clean为例列表说明：

2、被动语态的句式变化：

以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化：

3、含有情态动词的被动语态

情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词；其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，"be+过去分词"部分不变。如：

Tablescanbemadeofstone.桌子可由石头制造。

.那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时）

Cantablesbemadeofstone?桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句）

三、主动语态变为被动语态

转换图示：

1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：

（1）将主动句的宾语变为主语：

注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。如：

Tomkilledhim.→HewaskilledbyTom.

（2）将动词改为"be+过去分词"。

注意：Theyheldameetingyesterday.→.他们昨天开会了。

（3）将主动语态的主语改为be…放在谓语动词后。

注意：如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。

Hesangasong.→Asongwassungbyhim.

2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项：

含有双宾语，即直接宾语（常指事物）和间接宾语（常指人）的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。

Jacktolsthetruth.杰克告诉了我们真相。

WeweretoldthetruthbyJack.

Thetruthwastold(to)usbyJack.

四、动词的主动形式表示被动之意

系动词无被动语态：以主动形式表示被动之意

常见的系动词有：

①be动词

②……起来（7个）：look/seem/appear,feel(感觉，摸起来),sound,smell,taste

e.g.Sheseems/appearshappy.Itsmellsterrible.

③(逐渐)变得/变成：become,grow,get,turn,come,go

e.g.Hiswishhascometrue.

.

Thetreeisgrowingtall.

④保持：keep,stay

e.g..

五、下列动词（词组）没有被动式：

1、happen,takeplace,breakout,belongto,cost,take

2、不及物动词sell,wash,read,write,open,close,shut,lock,wear等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。

○1、.（×）昨天发生了一起事故。

Anaccidenthappenedyesterday.

○2、Theflowersmellssweet.这花闻起来很香。

○3、Thewatchlooksgood.这表看起来很好。

○4、Thisbooksellswell.这本书畅销。

○5、Thekindofclothwasheswell.这种布很容易洗。

○6、Thearticlereadswell.这篇文章读起来很好。

○7、Thesupermarketopensat8:00inthemorning.超市在早上八点钟营业。

○8、Thedoorwon'tclose/shut.这门关不上。

○9、Thedoorlockseasily.这门容易锁。

○10、Thismaterialwearswell(won'twear).这种材料耐久（不耐久）

望采纳！！谢谢！！！

⑤ 初二英语下册重点语法、句型归纳总结

下册主要就是被动语态啦被动语态的主要用法
一．定义
语态是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。
■当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。
The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天，教室的前窗被打破了。(不知谁打破的)
They have been poorly paid. 他们的工资太低。(没必要指出工资是谁付的)
■突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。
The time-table has been changed. 时间表已变动了。(要突出的是“时间”)
These books are written especially for children. 这些书是专门为孩子们写的。(强调的是“”这些书)
■为了使语言得体或圆滑等不愿意说出动作的执行者。如：
You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 请您在下次会议上作个发言。
It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 据说她要嫁给一个外国人。
■出于修辞的原因，或是说为了更好地安排句子。如：
The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 这个提议特别遭到了那些在本地区投资很大的人的反对。(因those的定语太长了，若用它作主语，主语与谓语就相距太远而显得句子松散。)

8种常用时态的被动语态

由“助动词be + 动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有时态、人称和数的变化。
(1) 一般现在时：am/is/are +过去分词。如：
Rice is grown in south China. 华南种植水稻。
(2) 一般过去时：was/were+过去分词。如：
The glass was broken yesterday. 这块玻璃是昨天打烂的。
(3) 现在进行时：am/is/are being +过去分词。如：
The project is being carried out. 这个计划正在执行中。
(4) 过去进行时：was/were/being +过去分词。如：
This road was being built this time last year. 这条路去年这个时候还在修建。
(5) 一般将来时：will be +过去分词。如：
The cars will be sent abroad by sea. 这些汽车将由水路运往国外。
(6) 过去将来时：would be +过去分词。如：
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. 经理说这个工程在年底前将会完成。
(7) 现在完成时：have/has been +过去分词。如：
This novel has been translated into several languages. 这本小说已被译成了几种语言。
(8) 过去完在时：had been +过去分词。如：
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. 我到达剧院时，发现票已卖完了。

使用被动语态“六注意”

一要注意被动语态的不同时态
被动语态由“be+过去分词”，其中的助动词 be 根据情况可使用各种不同时态。如：
She is respected by everyone. 她受到大家的尊重。(一般现在时)
The book will be reprinted soon. 这本书很快会重印。(一般将来时)
The road is being repaired. 路正在修整。(现在进行时)
They have been given a warning. 他们受到警告。(现在完成时)
二要注意带情态动词的被动语态
该结构的基本形式为“情态动词+be(或be的适当形式)+过去分词”。这类结构非常有可能作为语境题出现在考卷中。如：
The rules must be obeyed. 这些规章制度必须遵守。
They shouldn’t have been told about it. 这事是不应当告诉他们的。
三要注意非谓语动词的被动语态
1. 不定式一般式的被动语态。由“to be+过去分词”构成。如：
She asked to be given some work to do. 她要求给她一些工作做。
2. 不定式完成式的被动语态。由“to have been+过去分词”构成。如：
I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我的。
3. 现在分词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：
I saw him being taken away. 我看见有人把他带走了。
4. 现在分词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如：
Having been invited to speak, I’ll start making preparations tomorrow. 因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。
5. 动名词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：

He hates being made a fool of. 他讨厌被别人愚弄。
6. 动名词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如：
Jenny’s not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。
After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence. 在接到把车开出城的指令后，我开始信心十足了。
注：过去分词没有被动式，因为它本身可以表示被动意义。如：
The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。
四要注意“get+过去分词”构成的被动语态
英语被动语态通常由“助动词be+过去分词”构成，有时也可用“get+过去分词”构成。如：
James got beaten last night. 詹姆斯昨晚被打了。
但总的说来，用get构成的被动语态不如用be构成的被动语态常见，尤其是在含有施动者的by短语时，用get构成被动语态更是少见。不过有时用be+过去分词构成被动语态构成误解时，人们可能会选get+过去分词来避免这种误解：
The window was broken. 窗户破了(表状态)。/ 窗户被打破了(表动作)
The window got broken. 窗户被打破了(表动作)
五要注意哪些动词不用于被动语态
1. 不及物动词没有被动语态。因为不及物动词没有宾语，所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语，故不能用于被动语态。但是值得注意的是，有些英语中的不及物动词，译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的，很容易出错，这类动词如：take place(发生)，happen(发生)，come about(发生)，break out(爆发)，appear(出现)，disappear(消失)，last(持续)，arise(出现，发生)等：
Influenza usually breaks out in winter. 流感通常发生在冬季。
2. 英语中的静态动词(如have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble 等)通常不用于被动语态：
The young man lacks experience. 这个年轻人缺乏经验。
英语不用被动语态几种的情形
1.谓语为连系动词时，不用被动语态。如：He looked fine. 他气色好。The food tastes delicious. 这食物味道很好。
2. 谓语为不及物动词(短语)时，不用被动语态。如：The war broke out in the end. 战争终于爆发了。
3. 宾语为不定式、动词的-ing 形式或从句，表示主语的一些想法、爱好或愿望时，一般不用被动语态。如：
He decided to go with us. 他决定跟我们一起去。4. 宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同源宾语等时，一般不用被动语态。如：
We should help each other. 我们应该相互帮助。He thinks of himself too much. 他对自己想得太多。
5. 宾语是处所、地点时，一般不用被动语态。如：
We will reach the station in two hours. 我们再过两个小时就会到站了。
6. 谓语部分(动词与宾语) 是一个不可分割的动词短语时，一般不用被动语态。如：
The ship set sail this morning. 这艘轮船今天早晨起航了。
通常不用于被动语态的静态动词
那里的人缺乏食物。正：People there lack food. 误：Food is lacked by people there.
从形式上看，第2句是第1句的相应的被动形式，既然第1句为正句，那么第2句从理论上说应该是成立的。而事实上第2句却是个错句。
在英语中，并不是所有的及物动词都可以用于被动语态的，有些动词(尤其是那些静态动词)尽管它们可以带宾语，但却不用于被动语态，这种动词考生容易弄错，其中主要的有：have，lack，fit，suit，cost，let，like等：
他有一台电脑。正：He has a computer.误：A computer is had by him.
他当时正在洗澡。正：He was taking a bath. 误：A bath was being had by him.
我的鞋不适合。正：My shoes don’t fit me. 误：I am not fitted by my shoes.
这架钢琴花了她6000美元。正：The piano cost her 6000 dollars.
六要注意两类被动句型的相互转换
英语中有一种主动句可以转换成两种被动句型，它们通常是一些表示客观说明的句子。如：
People believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。
It’s believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。
She is believed to be honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。
比较上面两类被动句型可以发现，一类是“it+be+过去分词+that从句”，另一类则是“主语+be+过去分词+不定式”(其中的“主语”为前一类句型中that从句中的主语)，通常可用于这两类被动句型的动词有assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, suppose, think, understand等，比较(同时注意其中时态和动词形式的变化)：
It’s known that he was a good singer. / He is known to have been a good singer. 大家知道他曾是位优秀的歌手。
表示“据说”的三类被动句型

⑥ 初二下册英语知识归纳（语法，短语。。。）

need to do sth需要做某事(人做主语)
need doing sth需要做某事(物做主语)
hear sb do sth听到某人做过某事
hear sb doing sth听到某人正在做某事
hear of +sb/sth听到或知道某人某物
hear about +sth听到关于某事物的消息
hear from sb 收到某人来信
stop to do sth停下来去做某事
stop doing sth停止做某事
go on to do sth接着去做某事
go on doing sth继续做某事
remember to do sth记住去做某事
remember doing sth记住做过某事
forget to do sth忘记去做某事
forget doing sth忘记做过某事
be angry with sb对某人生气
be angry at sth对某事很生气
like to do sth喜欢做某事(强调一次性的动作)
like doing sth喜欢做某事(泛指长期性习惯性地)
hate to do sth讨厌做某事(强调一次性的动作)
hate doing sth讨厌做某事(泛指长期性习惯性地)
refuse to do sth拒绝做某事
try to do sth设法或努力去做某事
try doing sth尝试着做某事
be afraid to do sth害怕做某事
be afraid of (doing) sth害怕(做)某事
warn sb of/about sth警告某人
warn sb (not)to do sth警告某人(不要)做某事
learn to do sth学习做某事
agree to do sth同意做某事
hope/wish to do sth希望做某事
decide to do sth决定做某事
begin/start to do sth开始做某事
in the end=at last=finally最后
sth happen to sb某事发生在某人身上
give an interview接受采访
make sb+adj\do sth使某人……\让某人做某事
be\become interested in sth/doing sth对……感兴趣
win取胜(比赛)
beat打败(人)
interested 有趣的(修饰人)
interesting有趣的(修饰物)
exciting激动人心的(修饰物)
excited激动人心的(修饰人)
relaxing放松的(修饰物)
relaxed放松的(修饰人)
surpised惊奇的(修饰人)
surpising惊奇的(修饰物)
be made from由…制成(看不出原材料)
be made of由…制成(看得出原材料)
see/hear sb do sth 看到/听见某人做某事
want to do sth=would like to do sth想要做某事
would like sth想要某物
would like sb to do sth想要/愿意某人做某事
too much太多
much too非常
be dangerous ……是危险的
be in danger ……处于危险中
in the dangerous陷入困境
in dangerous濒危灭绝
take up占据时间或空间
tidy up收拾 整理
look after=take care of照顾
help sb(to) do/with sth帮助某人做某事
spend…on/doing sth花时间/金钱干某事
as a result of= because of因为 由于
come out出版 发行 发芽 开花 出来
hold the line=hold on for a moment=wait for a moment稍等,别挂电
right now=at the moment=now 现在
right now=right away=at once立刻,马上
invite sb to do sth邀请某人做某事
invite sb to sw 邀请某人去某地
good luck with sth祝某事物好运
good luck to sb 祝某人好运
a couple of 几个两个 表示同类的物体但不是成对的
a pair of 表示成双成对的
in fact=actually事实上
by the way 顺便说一声
far away 遥远的
far(away)from 离……远
alone独自一人的(表状态)
lonely寂寞的(表感觉)
after all 毕竟
be afraid to do sth=be afraid of (doing)sth害怕(做)某事
make friends with 与某人交朋友
worry about=be worried about担心 担忧
don't mention it=you're welcome=That'okay=That'all right=Not at all 不客气
look out=be carefully=look out for小心

look out of朝……外看
look for寻找
look like看上去像
look forward to 盼望
look up查找
look after=take care of照顾
look over检查身体
look through浏览
look down on(upon)轻视 看不起
look around/round四处看看
look like …看起来像…(比较的人或物分别放在前后作主语和宾语)
look the same …看起来像(比较的人或物都放在前面作主语)
as if好像(后面接句子)
be on上演
thank you for……=thanks for因…而感谢

ask for job 求职
once a week一周一次
use…for… 用…来做…
take off卸下、起飞、脱下、休假
land in降落
put on穿上
turn off/out 关上
turn on 打开
turn up开大一点
turn down开大一点
pick up 拿起
动词+宾语+身体部位 攻击某人身体部位
stay cool保持冷静
stop talking 停止谈话
be business 出差
rather…than… 宁可…也不…
steal one's sth偷某人某物
steal sth from sb偷某人某物
on one's way to在……路上
take sb around=show sb around带领某人参观某地
join=take part in参加
decide to do sth决定干某事
come this way 这边走
the latest news最新消息
introce …to… 把……介绍给…
too …to… 太…而不能
prefer A to B AB之间更喜欢A
connect A to/with B 把A与B连接
so that为了 表目的
so…that…如此…以至于
neither…or…两者都不
either…or…两者都
not only …but also不但……而且
both …and…不但…而且…
appear出现
disappear消失
weather…or not是否
the end of ……末
the beginning of ……的开头
at the end of 在……结尾
at the beginning of 在……开始
in the end of=at last=finally 最后
pocket momney零花钱
whatever无论什么
whoever无论谁
whichever无论哪个
whenever无论何时
wherever无论何地
动名词表达的是:状态 性质 心境 抽象 经常性 已发生的
不定式表达的是:目的 结果 原因 具体 一次性 将发生的
may引导的疑问句当否定回答时may要变must
must引导的疑问句当否定回答时must要变need
it seem that 好像
an interesting place名胜
all together一起
rather A than B 不是 B而是A
keep doing sth坚持做某事
as a result of=because of 因为 由于
at the age of在……岁时
be late for干…迟到
keep(on) +动词ing
enjoy+动词ing
miss+动词ing
finish+动词ing
consider+动词ing
suggest+动词ing
practice+动词ing
agree with同意
in person亲自
talk about 谈论
be proud of 以…自豪
in the background 在幕后
be able to do能够、会做某事
among 在…中间(三者以上)
between在…中间(两者之间)
in front of 在…前面(物体外)
in the front of在…前面(物体内)
think of sb/sth想起觉得
think about sb/sth考虑
take place发生 (非偶然或有计划的)
happen发生 (偶然或突然性)
awake醒着的--asleep睡着的
have to不得不
hurry up赶快
in a hurry匆忙
hurry to +地点 赶往某地
break up 使粉碎 解散
make a mistake犯错
make sure确认 确保 查明
except 除…以外(表示从整体中减去一部分)
except for 除…以外(把某一点除外)
besides 除…以外(表示并非真正排除)
true to life很逼真
face to face面对面
in one's opinion以某人的观点
come on (灯)亮起来 加油
play a joke on sb 开玩笑在某人身上
play a joke with sb 和某人开玩笑
at the moment用于现在时表示"片刻"的意思,
用于过去时表示"那时"的意思
for a moment常与连续性动词连用表示"一会儿,片刻"
for the moment常用于现在时意味"暂时、目前"
as…as you can尽可能…
find out找到…(通过探索观察而发现事实的真相)
discover找到…(发现的对象本来是存在的只是以前不知道)
not at all一点儿也不
bring sth带来某物
get virus中病毒
go wrong出毛病、坏掉.
climb out of爬出
take medicine吃药
make sure确信、有把握
worry about担心(表动作)
be worried=worry about
be worried about担心(表状态)
be worried about sb/sth担心某人或某物
although虽然----but 但是(两者不能连用)
because因为 ----so所以(两者同样不能连用)
pull sth off 成功做了某事(难事等)
pull down拆毁(建筑)
pull through克服困难、共度难关
pull together控制(自己)感情
pull out 取出、(火车)离站
…day(s) of …天假
whole day整天
put away把……收起来
put out把火熄灭,把灯关上
put off推辞
put on穿上
put up with容忍,忍受

⑦ 八年级下册英语2单元的单元总结（注：重点语法，归纳总结等）

Unit 2 What should I do?

1. argue with sb. 与某人争吵
about/over sth. 为某事争吵
2.out of style/danger 过时/脱离险境
in style/danger 时尚/处于危险之中
3.call up sb. （代词放中间）给某人打电话
4.keep out 不让…进入
5.What’s wrong? 怎么啦？
6.be surprised at … 对…感到吃惊
7.borrow sth. from sb. 从某人那里借入某物
8. needto do sth. （某人）需要做某事
doing sth. （某物）需要做某事
9.pay … for sth. 为某物付…（钱）
10.the same + n. + as… 与…一样的n.
11 get on well with sb. 与某人相处融洽
12 have a fight with sb. 与某人争吵
13.take part in 加入
14 plan sth. for sb. 为某人计划某事
15.as much as possible 尽可能多的…

KP.
1. Sb. pay …for sth. 某人为某物花了…钱。
Sth. cost sb. … 某物花了某人…钱。
Sb. spend … on sth. 某人花了…（时间、金钱）在某事上。
(in) doing sth. 某人花了…（时间、金钱）做某事。
It takes/took sb. … to do sth. 花了某人…（时间、金钱）做某事。
2. not … until 直到…才… （主句动词是短暂性动词）
until 一直到… （主句中使用延续性动词）
3. leave

GF
情态动词
1.情态动词没有人称和数的变化；
2 情态动词不能直接做谓语，必须和一个动词原形同时使用；
3.大多数情态动词没有时态的变化；
情态动词加上be，通常表示猜测的语气。

祝你学习进步，更上一层楼！请记得采纳，谢谢！(*^__^*)

⑧ 八年级下册英语Unit2语法

1. 简单句、并列句和复合句
句子类型(Types of sentences)可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句三种。
（1） 简单句（The Simple Sentence）:由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。
e.g. ①I often get up at six in the morning. (一个主语、一个谓语)
② My mother and I often go shopping. （并列主语、一个谓语）
③Some students walk or ride bikes to school. （一个主语、并列谓语）
（2） 并列句（The Compound Sentence）:由并列连词（and, so, but, or等）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。
e.g. ①She doesn’t like science, and she thinks it’s boring.
②Ed has a great sports collection, but he doesn’t play sports.
③School starts at eight, so I get up at six thirty.
④Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
（3） 复合句(The Complex Sentence)：由一个主语和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。包括宾语从句、状语从句等。
e.g. ①Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.(when引导的时间状语从句)
② I think (that) Screen City has the most comfortable seats. （ that引导的宾语从句）

2. 关于语序
（1） 所谓语序就是指语言表达顺序。英语语序可分陈述语序和疑问语序。
（2） 所谓陈述语序，又称主谓语序，就是按“主语+谓语+其他”的先后顺序表达的语序。
（3） 所谓疑问语序，就是一般疑问句、特殊疑问句的表达顺序。通常在主语前有助动词、情态动词等。
e.g. What does Mary do on weekends? (疑问语序)
→I don’t know what Mary does on weekends. (陈述语序，去掉了原句的助动词does,谓语动词do还原成一般现在时三人称单数does.)
(4)主从复合句常要用陈述语序。
I don’t know what did I do wrong? ( ×)
→I don’t know what I did wrong. (√ )

3. 关于后缀“ful”
（1）很多名词后加后缀ful就成了形容词。 e.g. care→ careful; beauty → beautiful; color → colorful; use → useful; help → helpful; 等。
（2）有后缀ful的形容词的反义词通常是以less为后缀的形容词。
e.g. Careful → careless; useful → useless等。
4. 关于表示“关联，联系”的介词“to”
（1）英语中表示“A 的B”含义，除了名词所有格和 “B of A” 外，还可以用 “B to A”。
（2）在“B to A”结构中，B常是以下词：answer, key, bridge, way, entrance, exit, ticket等。
（3）可用顺口溜记住这些单词：答案钥匙桥和路，入出口连着介词to。
e.g. ①the answer to the question 这个问题的答案 ;
②the way to the park 去公园的路 ;
③the entrance to the museum 博物馆的入口
④the key to our classroom 我们教室门的钥匙
⑤a ticket to a ball game 一张比赛球票

5. 关于疑问词连用动词不定式
(1)疑问词when, where, what, how等可以和动词不定式连用，构成特殊结构。
（2）此结构常与含情态动词can/could, should, be able to， will/would等的宾语从句转换。
e.g. ①I don’t know what I should do next. →I don’t know what to do next.
我不知道接下来该做什么。
②Could you please tell me where you will do on vacation?
→Could you please tell me where to go on vacation?
能告诉我你讲去哪儿度假吗？
③He forgot when they would start. →He forgot when to start.
他忘了何时要出发。
④Please let us know how we can do it well. →Please let us know how to do it well.
请告诉我们怎样才能把它做得更好。

⑨ 初二下学期英语语法

1 、宾语从句：

如果一个句子作为动词或介词的宾语，称为宾语从句。

（1） 如果一个特殊疑问句作某个动词或介词的宾语，一定要用其陈述的语序。如： they often ask him where he is from.. 不能说成： they often ask him where is he from.

（2） 某些特殊疑问句作宾语可以简写成“特殊疑问句 +to do” 的形式。例如： i am thinking about what to say < what i should say.> 我正在考虑我该说点儿什么。

练习：

一， 选择题；

( )1,thanks a lot for---------me about it. a.to tell b.tell c.telling d.told

( )2.best wishes-------your birthday. a. for b.to c.on d.in

( )3.in england, people usually call james jim-------. a.shortly

b.for short c.easy d.easily

( )4. mother with her three children-----------going shopping.

a.are b.is c.will d.were

( )5. march 8 th is-----------.a.the womens day b.the womans day

c.womens day d.women day

二， 改错题：

（ ） 1.every here like english very much.

a b c d

( )2.mr wu is going to want me to give a talk.

a b c d

( )3.in england, you never cant put their family name first.

a b c d

( )4.i dont know why do people call me jim.

a b c d

( )5.id like to buy something for mr wu in teachersday.

a b c d

三、 单项选择：

（ ） 1.best wishes---------teachersday. a.to b.for c.of d.with

( )2.thank you for english fun. a.make b.to make c.makes d.making

( )3.in england , people never use the first name their family name.

a.before. b.in front of c.with d.after

( )4.the teacher didnt teach us in the last lesson.

a.new anything b,new something c.anything new d.something new

( )5.everyone is here. nobody is-----------

a.not away b,away c.not out d.go

( )6.his friends call jim short. a.he, for b.him, for c.him,in d.her,for

( )7.would you like to give us a-----------?

a.talking b.talk c.to talk d.talks

( )8.come to my office after school, tom. lets a talk about your

lessons.

( )9.----hi, tom. how is your father? -----oh,----------------

a.he is not tall b. he doesnt feel well c.he is old d.he is a teacher

( )10.david william lewis is called when we meet him for

the first time.

a.dave b.david c.mr lewis d.mr willian

( )11.rober thomas brow is my very good friend, so i usually call

him-------

a.mr brown b.rober browm c.bob d.mr robert

( )12. something about your family, ok?

a.say b.tell c.speak d.talk

( )13.you can call me bob, you should never call me mr bob.

a.but b.or c.and d./

( )14.in china, the first name is name.thats different english name.

a .family, with b.given, from c.family, from d.given ,with

( )15,im very glad the news.

a.hear b.to hear c.listen dlistening

( ) 16.what about to the great wall hotel ?

a.go b.to go c.goes d.goin 语法 :

2. 一般将来时 : be going to 结构的用法 :

(1) 用 be going to+ 动词原形表示 ” 将要发生的事情或主观上打算 , 计划 , 决定要做的事 . 其后的时间状语通常为表示短期或近期含义的短语或表示固定时间的从句 . 如 :tomorrow morning,/tomorrow afternoon /tomorrow evening, next month /next week /next year /next saturday, this week /year/afternoon/saturday. 或者 when you grow up---------? 等等

(2) be going to 结构中 ,be 是助动词 , 要按句中主语的人称和数的变化而变化 . 其后要接动词的原形 . 该句的否定式是在 be 后面加 not, 其疑问式将 be 提到句首 . 如 :she is going to help her mother clean the house this sunday./we are going to watch tv tomorrow evening. /are they going to have a sports meeting next month.? /there is going to be

an english call tomorrow afternoon..

(3), 在英语中 , 表示位置转移的动词 , 如 :come, go, fly, drive, leave, stay, 等 , 可用现在进行时表示按计划或安排即将发生的事 , 不必用 be going to 结构 . 如 :she is flying to nanjing herself. 明天她一个人飞往南京 . are you driving home ? 你开车回家吗 ?

练习：

单项选择题：

（ ） 1.what are you going to do friday evening ? a.in b.on c.at d.of

( )2.do you have to do every day ?

a..much work b.many work c.much works d.many works

( )3.what about meat for supper ?

a.to buy some b.to buy any c.buying some d.buying any

( )4. ann her hair this saturday .

a.wash b.washes c. to wash d.is going to wash

( )5.my school is near. i like walking there.

a.too b.quite c.quiet d.so

( )6. these new shoes are for .

a.you and i b.i and you c.you and me d.me and you

( )7. would you like boating ?

a.go b.to go c.going d.to go to

( )8. why not there by bus ?

a.to go b.goes c. go d .going

( )9. are you free next saturday ? ------------------.

a.sure b.i think so c .nothing much d.why

( )10.i s li ming good singing ?

a.at b.in c.on d. for

( )11.i have some books .

a.read b.reading c.to read d.to reading

( )12.a.re you going to stay at school on may day ? no, im not. .

a.im going to home b.im home c.im going home d. i go to home

( )13. kate has good friends at school.

a.a quite lot of b,quite a lot of c.quite a lot d.a quite of

( )14. its five miles the farm the bus stop .

a.from , to b.to, from c.from , with d.from ,by

( )15. our teacher likes us english in the morning .

a.to read b.reading c.read d.reads

( )16. they are going to play football next friday.

a.on b./ c.in d.at

( )17. lets now .

a.going to the park b.to play games c.are singing d.have a rest

3 . 形容词的比较级和最高级的用法：

(1) 表示两者之间的比较时用比较级，常用于“比较级 +than ”结构。如：

this box is heavier than that one . 这个盒子比那个重。

he is much taller than i < am > ,< 口语一般用 me >. 他比我高很多。通常可用 much, a little , a lot , still , even 等词修饰比较级。还可以用“数词 + 名词”构成的名词短语表示确定的度量，来修饰比较级。如：

i am ten years older than my little brother. 我比我的小弟弟大了十岁。

(2) 表示三者或三者以上的比较时用最高级，常用于“最 -----“.

最高级的前面一般要加定冠词 the, 后面可带 of<in> 短语来说明比较的范围。如： the one with nuts is the nicest of all . 里面夹果仁的月饼是所有月饼中最好吃的。 li lei is the best at english in his class. 李雷在他们班英语学得最好。

此外，最高级还可以被序数词所修饰。如：

the yellow river is the second longest in china. 黄河是中国第二大长河。

一， 根据句意填入适当的词：

1,they are having tea the open air .

2,thank you very much your help.

3,would you like to come supper?

4,wu xia is the at chinese in her class.

5,this is a book many colour picture

6,our classroom is clean .it is cleaner yours.

7,this bottle is empty .may i have a one ?

8,what is the with your pen ? it is broken.

9, is the third season of a year.

二， 句子改写：

ma li lis ruler is longer than kates.( 变为一般疑问句 )

—— ma li lis ruler____,_____kates?

2,jims box is the heaviest of all.( 变为否定句 )

jims box _____the heaviest of all.

3,the black bag is the oldest of the four .( 对划线部分提问 )

_____ _____is the oldest of the four ?

4,li lei is thirteen. zhang hong is twelve.( 连成一句 )

li lei is one year____ _____zhang hong.

5,tom is the tallest boy in the class.( 同义句改写 )

tom is ____ than____ _____boy in the class.

6,he watches tv every evning.( 用 this evening 替换 every evening)

he _____ _____ _____ ______tv this evening.

三， 用所给的词的适当形式填空：

1,i have nothing_____(do) today.

2,is lucy running_____(slow) than lili ?

3,what kind of _____(ck) are you feeding now?

4,his hobby is____(is)an artist.

5,which do you think is______(beauty), the city or the country?

6can you hear something_______(sing) in the next room?

7,stop_____(play). now lets have our lesson.

8what _____(grow)on this farm?

9,now my brother is learning more about ______(draw).

10,riding a bike is much ______(easy).

四， 根据句意填上一个最恰当的词，使句子通顺，语法正确：

1,do you all agree____her? 2, the corn_____slowly.

3,i pick more pears than he_____. 4,why____come with us ?

5,which ____faster , a taxi or a bus ? 6,today she____to stay at

home. 7,my little dog is hungry. i must _____it.

8,my mother likes ____me some stories at weekend.

9,what are you going to do after you _____school?

10,i think the trees in shenyang is much fewer than____in dalia. 五，句型转换：

1,please walk guickly, or you will miss the train.

______ ______ _____walk guickly,you will miss the train.

2,do you have time this weekend? ____ you___this weekend?

3, lets have a rest ? ____ ____ ____a rest? ____ ____have a rest.

4, which is the way to the station, please ?

______ _____the station, please?

5,i dont know. i have _____ ______.

6,the post office is not inside the station.

the post office is______the station.

7,jim sits in front of bill. bill sits_____jim.

8,today some countries dont use animals to do farm work any more. today some countries____ _____use animals to do farm

work.

9,this pen is cheaper than any other one in the shop.

this pen is_____ ______in the shop.

五， 动词的适当形式填空：

1． listen! who______(sing) in the classroom?

2,may i_____(come)in? im sorry im late.

it_____(not, matter). come in ,please.

3.jim usually____(do) his homework at school,but he______

(do) it at home now .

4,we____(see)uncle wang tomorrow. would you like______

(go) with us ? 5,why not______(go) boating?

6.what about _______(go) on a picnic?

4 ．提建议的表达方法：

ⅰ、 shall i / we do( 动词原形 )------ ？表示“我 / 我们 ----- 好吗？” 例： shall we go to the zoo? 我们去动物园好吗？

ⅱ、 lets do( 动词原形 )------ 。表示“让我们做 ----- 吧”

例： lets make it half past one. 让我们定在一点半吧。

iii 、 why not do( 动词原形 )------ 表示“为什么不做 ----- 呢？”

例： why not give her some flowers? 为什么不送给她一些花呢？

5 ．怎样“表示需要”、“询问方向”和“指点方向”

i ．表示需要： 1.he needs some help . 2.you need a number 16 bus.

3.which number do i need ?

ii. 怎样“问路（询问方向）”：

1.e xcuse me. which is the way to the post office?

2.excuse me. can(could) you tell me the way to the park?

3.excuse me. can(could) you show me the way to the bookshop?

4.excuse me. do you know the way to the bank?

5.excuse me. how can i get to the farm ?

6.excuse me.can(could) you tell me how i can get to the hospital?

7.excuse me,can(could) you tell me where the theatre is?

8.excuse me.where is the nearest hospital, please?

iii. 怎样“指点道路”（指点方向）：

1 、 its over there on the right /left.

2 、 its next to /in front of /behind /outside the school.

3 、 walk along /do down this road.

4 、 take the first turning on the left /right.==turn left /right at the

first turning.

5、 ts about two hundred metres along on the left /right .

6、 ts about five kilometers away.

a) its about ten minutes ‘ walk from here.

b) the nearest is about three kilometers away. you need a no.1 bus.

c) take a no.3 bus on the right and get off at the sixth stop.

6. 序数词的用法：表示事物的顺序叫序数词。序数词往往与定冠词 the 连用。

（ 1 ）， 1----3 ，没有规律，要逐个记忆。

one first ; two second ; three third ;

(2). 4-----12. 有规律，其中 four, six , seven ,ten , eleven 是在基数词的后面加上 th, 而 five fifth , eight eighth , nine ninth , twelve twelfth 是没有规律，要逐个记忆。

(3). 13------20 有规律，是在基数词的后面加上 th 就行。

（ 4 ）。第二十至第九十的整十的倍数都是在基数词后将词尾的 -y 改为 i, 再加 -eth 构成的。

（ 5 ），十位以上的基数词变成序数词时，把个位数变成序数词即可，十位数不变。第一百、第一千、第一百万都是在基数词的后面直接加上 -th 构成。

（ 6 ），序数词的缩写形式是由阿拉伯数字加上序数词的最后两个字母构成。

附： 基数词变为序数词的口诀：

基变序，有规律，词尾加上 th ；

一、二、三，特殊记，词尾字母 t,d,d ;

八减 t , 九减 e, f 来把 ve 替；

单词 ty 作结尾， ty 变成 tie;

若是碰到几十几，只变个位就可以。

练习题：

一．听力： 20 分。 （四个类型）略。

二．笔试： 80 分。

《一》。 词汇：

a． 根据句子的意思及首字母提示，用适当的词填空：

1． w______back to school. 2.october comes after s_______.

3.there are many b______flowers in the park.

4.e______is the biggest animal on the land.

5.walk along this road, and take the fourth t_____on the right.

6.shall we meet o_____the school gate?

7.dont swim in the river. its d_______.

8.tigers usually live in the f______and the mountains.

9.its far from here.you had better c_____a bus .

d) thank you all the s______.

e) do you n____any help , miss black?

f) lets make it half past nine .no p_____.

g) this big box is too h______.i cant carry it .

h) jim often goes the w_____way .

i) i am very t______. shall i have a rest?

b. 按要求写出下列各词：

1. busy( 比较级 )______ 2.big( 最高级 )_______3.early( 比较级 )____4.nice( 最高级 )______5.beautiful( 比较级 )___________

6.good( 比较级 )______7.many( 最高级 )______8.slowly( 比较级 )_____9.five( 序数词 )_____10.one( 序数词 )_____11.two( 序数词 )_______12.three( 序数词 )______13.nine( 序数词 )______

14. twelve( 序数词 )_____15 .twenty( 序数词 )_____16. swim( 现在分词 )_____17. close( 形容词 )_____18. friend( 形容词 )______

19. wish( 复数 )______20. full( 反义词 )_____21. before( 反义词 )_____22. right( 同音词 )_____23. alse( 同义词 )______24. free( 反义词 )_____25. strong( 比较级 )______26.foot( 复数 )______27. run( 名词 )_____28. zoo( 复数 )_____29. play( 名词 )______30. quick( 副词 )______

c. 根据汉语提示，用单词的适当形式填空：

1． lucy is feeling much ______( 更好 )now.

2． this turkey ________( 尝起来 )fine.

2. miss li is __________( 讲 )children a story.

3. at night ,there are many ______( 星星 )in the sky.

4. he jumps_______( 最高 )at the sports meeting.

二．选择填空： 20 分。略。

三．改写句子：根据要求完成下列各句：

1. he is washing his clothes now.( 用 tomorrow 改写 )

he is _______ ______wash his clothes tomorrow.

2. he is taller than any other student in his class.( 变为同义句 )

he is______ _______in his class.

3. you had better go there on foot .( 改为否定句 )

you had ______ ______go there on foot.

4. they are going to leave on monday.( 划线部分提问 )

_______ _______they going to leave?

5. you usually come to school by bike.( 改为否定疑问句 )

_______you usually______to school by bike?

四．口语运用：从 b 栏中找出能与 a 栏配对的答语：

a b

( )1.what are you going to do next sunday? a.some bread.

( )2.shall we go to the zoo? b.some bread ,please.

( )3.when shall we meet? c.sorry ,im busy .

( )4.what about a quarter past ten ? d.nothing much.

( )5.what can you see on the table / e.at a quarter past ten.

( )6.what would you like ? f. no . lets make it a little earlier.

( )7.are you free tomorrow ? g.i think so.

( )8.could you go there with me tomorrow ? h.good idea.

( )9.what does it say ? i.dont feed the animals.

( )10. would you like to go to the cinema? j. yes, id love to.

五．动词填空：用所给的动词的适当形式填空：

1._______jim usually______(walk) to school ?

2.everyone _____( be) here. let the teacher ______(start) his lesson.

3.i have much homework________(do) and i must finish________(do)it first .

5. she usually ______(play) football on sundays,but now she _____(swim).

6. what ____he_________(do) tomorrow ?

六．补全对话：

a ; excuse me,______ _______a fruit shop near here ?

b; i am______i_______know. i am new here. you had better______that policeman_______there.

a; thank you ______the_____.

b:excuse me , ______the nearest fruit shop ,please?

c;sorry ,there isnt.

a:then ______ _______is the nearest one from here?

c: its_______seven kilometers________. you had better catch a bus.

a: which bus shall i take ,please ?

c: the no.105 bus. it will take you______there .

a; where is the bus stop ,please ?

c: go along this road , and then take the first turning on the right. you can see______in front of you .

a; thank you very much.

c: not at all.

七．看图完成对话：

kate: excuse me! _____can i

____ _____the nearest market ,please?

jill:_____ ______this street, and

______the third______on the ____.

then take the second turning on the _______.

its about _______ _____ _____along on the right.

kate: oh, i see. thanks a lot .

jill:its my pleasure.

八． 书面表达：

根据要求写一段对话：（看图写，不少与 50 个词）

henry is going to buy a dictionary.

he doesntknow the way to the bookshop .

so he asks sam to go with him .

but sam says he is busy. he shows henry

on the map .look at the map,and make a dialogue.

⑩ 初二英语下册语法重点

下册主要就是被动语态啦被动语态的主要用法
一．定义
语态是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。
■当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。
The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天，教室的前窗被打破了。(不知谁打破的)
They have been poorly paid. 他们的工资太低。(没必要指出工资是谁付的)
■突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。
The time-table has been changed. 时间表已变动了。(要突出的是“时间”)
These books are written especially for children. 这些书是专门为孩子们写的。(强调的是“”这些书)
■为了使语言得体或圆滑等不愿意说出动作的执行者。如：
You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 请您在下次会议上作个发言。
It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 据说她要嫁给一个外国人。
■出于修辞的原因，或是说为了更好地安排句子。如：
The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 这个提议特别遭到了那些在本地区投资很大的人的反对。(因those的定语太长了，若用它作主语，主语与谓语就相距太远而显得句子松散。)

8种常用时态的被动语态

由“助动词be + 动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有时态、人称和数的变化。
(1) 一般现在时：am/is/are +过去分词。如：
Rice is grown in south China. 华南种植水稻。
(2) 一般过去时：was/were+过去分词。如：
The glass was broken yesterday. 这块玻璃是昨天打烂的。
(3) 现在进行时：am/is/are being +过去分词。如：
The project is being carried out. 这个计划正在执行中。
(4) 过去进行时：was/were/being +过去分词。如：
This road was being built this time last year. 这条路去年这个时候还在修建。
(5) 一般将来时：will be +过去分词。如：
The cars will be sent abroad by sea. 这些汽车将由水路运往国外。
(6) 过去将来时：would be +过去分词。如：
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. 经理说这个工程在年底前将会完成。
(7) 现在完成时：have/has been +过去分词。如：
This novel has been translated into several languages. 这本小说已被译成了几种语言。
(8) 过去完在时：had been +过去分词。如：
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. 我到达剧院时，发现票已卖完了。