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英语非谓语的语法

发布时间:2020-12-28 19:04:41

Ⅰ 需要英语非谓语语法整理。

1.不定式
)l)作主语
To go to the palace without jewellery is to say “I’m poor.”
不戴珠宝去宫廷就是说:“我很穷。”
To learn a foreingn language is not easy.
学习外语不是一件容易的事。
通常情况下,我们用it代替不定式作形式主语,而把不定式放到句子后边。其句型为:
It is /was +形容词(或名词)+ of /for sb.to do…
It is difficult for the students to read the book.
学生们读这本书有点难。
It is careless of him to break the cup.
他太粗心,把杯子打破了。
此句型中不定式的逻辑主语是由for引导
还是由of引 导,取决于of或for前的形容词。如果形容词可修饰人则用of,如果形容词不能修饰人,则用for; 名词后只能用for。
(2)作宾语
They hope to find new resources for mankind.
他们希望为人类找到新资源。
I didn’t dare to stop, so I ran quickly toward the school.
我不敢停下来,所以就飞快地朝学校跑去。
不定式作宾语,只能跟在某些动词后,常见的动词有:agree, arrange, ask, choose, dare, learn, demand, expect, hope, wish, manage, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse,decide等。
(3)作宾语补足语
1)可以用带to的不定式作宾补的动词有:ask, tell, order, invite, beg, force, forbid,get, allow, permit, wish, want, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, command, warn, cause 等。如:
He persuaded all the world-famous pop stars to come and sing at one of these concerts for free.
他说服了所有世界著名的歌星免费参加这些音乐会中的一场演出。
Marx was forced to leave his homeland for some political reasons. 由于一些政治原因,马克思被迫离开自己的祖国。
2)think, consider ,believe, suppose, know, feel, find, understand, declare, take这类动词的复合宾语,不定式多由“to be+形容词”构成。如:
He doesn’t consider that to be important.
他认为那不重要。
They find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful. 他们发现中国人幸福快乐。
3)能用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的
动词有:两听,五看,一感觉。即:hear, listen to, see, watch, look, at, notice, observe, feel等。如:
I often hear them sing this song.
我经常听到他们唱这首歌。
Did you notice anyone take the book away?
你有没有注意到谁拿走了那本书?
4)使役动词make,let,have后,用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。如:
The teacher makes us read English every day.
老师让我们每天读英语。
The soldiers had him stand with his back to his father. 士兵们让他背对他父亲站着。
(4)作定语
1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰的名词或代词之后。如:
Do you have anything more to say?
你还有什么要说的吗?
I have a lot of work to do today.
今天我有很多事要做。
2)作定语用的不定式为不及物动词时,不定式后应有必要的介词。如:
There is nothing to worry about.
没有什么可担心的。
She has many important things to attend to.
她有很多重要的事情要处理。
(5)作状语
不定式作状语,可表示目的、结果或原因。

Ⅱ 高中英语中的非谓语动词的语法有

高中英语之难点 ---非谓语动词的复习
语法教学材料:非谓语动词
动词的非谓语形式有三种:不定式、动名词和分词. (一)不定式
不定式由“ to十动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“ not to do”.不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语.不定式的逻辑主语有时用“ for十名词或代词宾格”构成.
1.不定式的用法:
l)作主语.不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用 it作形式主语.例如:
To see is to believe.
It is right to give up smoking.
2)作宾语.不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语。往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后,而用 it作形式宾语.例如:
He wanted to go.
I find it interesting to study work with him.
3)作宾语补足语.例如:
He asked me to do the work with him.
注意 :在 feel,hear,listen to,look at,notice, observe,see,watch,have,let,make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带 to.但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带 to.例如
I often hear him sing the song.
He is often heard to sing the song.
注意:不定式动词在介词 but,except,besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带 to,否则要带 to.如:
She could do nothing but cry.
What do you like to do besides swim?
I have no choice but to go.
4)作定语.例如:
I have some books for you to read. 注①作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词.例如:
He is looking for a room to live in.
There is nothing to worry about.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是 time,place或 way,不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去.例如:
He had no money and no place to live.
注②当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同.试比较:
A) Have you anything to send?
你有什么东西要寄吗?
(不走式 to send的动作执行者是 you)
B) Have you anything to be sent?
你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式 to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的 me或 someone else)
5)作状语,表示目的、原因、结果或条件.例如:
I came here to see you.(目的)
We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)
He hurried to the school to find nobody there.(结果)
To look at him, you would like him.(条件)
目的状语还可以用 in order to或 so as to来表示.如:
In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard.
We ran all the way so as not to be late.
不定式也可在作表语用的形容词后面作状语.例如:
I am very glad to hear it.
The question is difficult to answer.
“ too十形容词或副词十不定式”作状语.例如:
He is too old to do that.
另外句子中有 enough这个词时,常用不定式作状语.例如:
The room is big enough to hold us.
6)作表语.例如:
My job is to help the patient.
7)作独立成分.例如:
To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you.
8)不定式与疑问词 who,which,when,where,how,what等连用,在句中起名词作用,可充当主语、表语、宾语等.例如:
He didn’t know what to say.(宾语)
How to solve the problem is very important.(主语)
My question is when to start. (表语)
注意:在与 why连用时,只用于 why或 why not开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带 to.例如:
Why not have a rest?
9)不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式。多数情况下是容易判别的,但有时的确比较复杂,请注意以-下几点:
A)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式.
Have you got a key to unlock the door?
(A key unlocks the door.)
B)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式.
I have got a letter to write.( I write letter.)
He needs a room to live in.( He lives in a room.)
I know what to do.( I do what.)但这句如改为下列形式,不定式就得用被动形式: I know what is to be done.
这是因为 what is to be done是宾语从句,从句中的主语 what是动词 do的动作对象
C)不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后者去了 for one或 for people.例如:
He is hard to talk to.( to talk to him.)
The book is difficult to understand.( to understand the book.)
但如果强调句中的受事者时,亦可用不定式被动式,例如:
The handwriting is very difficult to be read.
The box is too heavy to be lifted.
D)在 there十 be的结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式,如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成,则用被动形式.
There is a lot of work to do.( Somebody has to do the work.)
There is a lot of work to be done. ( The work has to be done.)
请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的:
There is nothing to do.意为无事可做,感到十分乏味.
There is nothing to be done.意为某东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常.
2.不定式的时态
l)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.例如:
I saw him go out.
2)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时不定式就要用进行式.例如:
I am very glad to be working with you.
3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,就要用完成式.例如:
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
3.不定式的语态
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。例如: He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. It is possible for our hopes to be realized. (二)动名词
1.动名词由动词十 ing构成;具有动词和名词的性质;在句中起名词作用,可作主语、宾语、表语和定语.
1)作主语.例如:
Seeing is believing.
Laying eggs is the ant queen’s full- time job.
It is no use arguing with him.
注意:动名词和不定式都可以作主语,动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为,不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作.例如:
Playing with fire is dangerous.(泛指玩火)
To play with fire will be dangerous.(指一具体动作)
但在 It is no use/ good,not any use/ good,useless等后必需用动名词。
2)作表语.例如:
Her job is teaching.
3)作宾语.例如:
He is fond of playing football.
I like swimming.
注① admit,appreciate,avoid,consider, delay, dislike,enjoy,escape, excuse,face,feel. like,finish,forgive,give up, imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,put off,resist, risk,suggest,can’t help,can’t stand(无法忍受)等动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式.
注② forget,go on,like,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等动词可带动名词或不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别。
I remember doing the exercise. (我记得做过练习.)
I must remember to do it. (我必须记着做这事.)
I tried not to go there.(我没法不去那里.)
I tried doing it again. (我试着又干了一次.)
Stop speaking. (不要讲话。)
He stopped to talk. (他停下来讲话.)
I mean to come early today. (我打算今早些来.)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
(误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时.)
注③在 allow,advise,forbid,permit等动词后直接跟动词作宾语时,要用动名词形式,如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,然后再跟动词作宾语补足语时,其宾语补足语用带 to的不定式.例如:
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don' t allow students to smoke.
注④动词 need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,必须用动名词,或不定式的被动式.这时,动名词的主动式表示被动意义.例如:
The window needs( requires,wants) cleaning( to be cleaned)
注⑤在短语 devote to,look forward to,stick to,to be used to,object to,thank you for,excuse me for,be( kept) busy,be worth,have difficulty/ trouble/ problem (in),have a good/ wonderful/ hard time(in),there’s no use/good/ need,feel/ look/seem/ like/get down to等后的动词也必须用动名词形式.例如:
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
注⑥在 love,hate,prefer等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。
但说话人有所指的时候,通常用不定式。
注⑦start,begin,continue在书面语中多后接动名词,在口语中多后接不定式。
注⑧在 should(would) like/ love等后须用不定式。
4)作定语.例如:
He has a reading room.
2.动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格,名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成.在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词.例如:
His coming made me very happy.
Mary’s crying annoyed him.
She didn’t mind his crying.
Is there any hope fo Xiao Wang’s winning.
3.动名词的时态和语态.
l)动名词的时态
动名词的时态分一般式和完成式两种,如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动词同时发生或在谓语动作以前发生,用动名词的一般式.例如:
We are interested in playing chess.
His coming will be of great help to us.
如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,通常用动名词的完成时态。例如:
I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.
但是在某些动词或词组后,常用动名词的一般形式,尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.例如:主语是这个动名词表示的动作的对象时,动名词用被动语态.被动语态由“ being十过去分词”或“ having been十过去分词”构成。后一种一般避免使用.例如:
He likes being helped.
注:在 to be worth doing句型中,动名词 doing表示的是被动意义.例如:
The book is worth reading.(三)分词
1.分词的时态和语态
l)分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词有一般式和完成式.一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为;完成式(having十过去分词)表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作.例如:
Being a student,he was interested in books.
2)现在分词有一般式和完成式,且有主动语态和被动语态,当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时,分词用被动语态,如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语动作,就用分词完成式的被动形式.例如:
The question being discussed is important:
过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作,本身有被动的含义,所以只有一般式没有完成式.
2.分词的用法
l)作定语
分词短语做定语时,放在被修饰的名词之后;单个分词做定语时,放在被修饰的名词之前.例如:
The man standing by the window is our teacher.
注意:现在分词作定语时,它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生,如果两个动作有先有后,一般不能用现在分词作定语,而要用定语从句。例如:
The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.
现在分词作定语的差异:
现在分词在句中作定语时,不仅存在前置与后置的区别,而且存在状态、时间与形式上的差异。为了帮助大家分清这些差异,更好地掌握现在分词的用法,现在分别论述如下。
一、状态差异
现在分词作定语明显存在状态差异。一般来讲,前置的现在分词静感强。而后置现在分词动感强。学习时要注意体会这一点。
例:The labouring people are the wisest.
例:The farmers labouring here are not afraid of snakes.
能前置的现在分词为数不太多,常见的大都是已被形容词化了的现在分词。这一点主要表现在有些现在分词前常有程度副词,有些现在分词甚至还有比较等级。
例: I have brought very exciting news to you.
例:This is the most exciting story that I have ever read.
二、时间差异
时间差异指现在分词表示的动作发生的时间差异。有些现在分词作定语时表示正在的动作。这些现在分词若改为定语从句宜用进行时态。
例:Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise?
noise?
例:The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.
有些现在分词作定语时则表示经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态。此类现在分词若改为定语从句宜用一般时态,而不宜用进行时态。若译成汉语也应注意体现这一点。
例:They stayed at a hotel standing by the lake.
三、形式差异
从形式来看,前置现在分词多为单个分词,而后置现在分词多为短语。换句话说,若用现在分词作定语,单个分词要前置,分词短语要后置。但也不能绝对如此,要视情况而定。要是强调动感,即使是单个分词也应后置。
例:Look! The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary.
从内容来讲,前置现在分词多为不及物动词,没有自己的宾语或状语。后置现在分词可带宾语或状语。有时前置现在分词也可有自己的宾语或状语,不过要置于分词前,且中间要有连词符号。当然,带比较级时除外。
例Barking dogs seldom bite.
例 The person translating the songs can speak seven languages.
值得说明的是,现在分词的完成式与被动式一般都不能用作前置定语,只能作后置定语,使用时应慎重。
例 We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
2)作状语
分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。例如:
Being a student, I must study hard.(原因)
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.(时间)
The teacher stood there surrounded by the students.(方式) 注:①分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致.
注:②表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词 while或 when引出.
注:③有时“with( without)十名词(或代词宾格)十分词”的结构,表示伴随状况.例如:
He lay half dead,with all his ribs broken. 注:④当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时:分词必须有自己的主语.例如:
Time permitting, I will finish another lesson.
3)作表语.例如:
The news is inspiring.
4)作宾语补足语.例如: We saw the teacher making the experiement. 注意:在 see,hear,watch,feel,observe,have,listen to,notice等动词后,既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语,也可以用不定式构成复合宾语,但两者的含义是有差别的,用现在分词,表示动作正在发生,(即处于发生的过程中,还没有结束),用不定式表示动作发生了,(即动作全过程结束了)。例如:
I saw the girl getting on the tractor.
He had his clothes washed. (他叫别人洗了衣服)
注意:“ have十宾语十现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事;“ have十宾语十过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关

Ⅲ 英语语法,非谓语

不定式的一个习惯用法。见下图。

Ⅳ 英语语法 非谓语

非谓语动词由动词不定式,分词(现在、过去)和动名词构成,它们的逻辑主语是与它们在句子中所作成分有关:1,作状语时,其逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。如:Finishing his homework, he went out to play with his friends. ( Finishing... 作状语,其逻辑主语是句子的主语he);Attracted by the interesting story, the students are all listening attentively. ( Attracted ... 作状语,其逻辑主语是句子的主语the students) 。 2, 作定语时,其逻辑主语是被修饰的词。如: The house to be built next year is our library. (to be built... 作定语,修饰the house, the house 是它逻辑主语。) 3, 作宾语补足语,宾语是其逻辑主语。如:The teacher made us do a lot of homework. ( do... 作宾语us的补足语,逻辑主语是宾语us)

Ⅳ 英语非谓语语法中having been done 与done的区别

1.两者的确很难区分,主要区别有以下两点.
1)having
been
done一般强调被动的动作,而且该动作必须版和主句动作之权间有着明显的时间/逻辑上的先后/因果关系,且隐含having
been
done的动作不会再进行的意味.
2)done做状语时更多时候强调的是一个可以延续的状态,而且它所表示的情况可以和主句动作同时存在.
2.例如:
1)Having
been
kept
in
the
fridge
for
two
hours,the
food
has
gone
bad.
此题强调先有“be
kept
in
the
fridge”,才导致了后面的“go
bad”.
前后动词有明显的先后/因果关系,且隐含了“这食物不会再放在冰箱里保存”的含义了.
2)Frightened
by
the
news,he
felt
dizzy.
其实frighteded
by
the
news是由“he
was
frightened
by
the
news”变化而来的,强调的更多是一种状态.
其实在“他感到眩晕”的同时,他还在“感到害怕”.

Ⅵ 英语语法之非谓语动词

当主语就行了

Ⅶ 高中英语语法,非谓语动词

帮忙分析一下这个句子的成分(比如说being made to do做什么成分,it指代什么,so that是什么词性之专类),书上说这是强属调句型,(但我有点疑问)因为不是说假如是强调句式的话去掉it was和that句子仍然成立么……这显然不是么……
It was him being made to do so that made Jim very angry.
答:原句是His being made to do so made Jim very angry.
译:他(的)被迫这样做事(这事)使得吉姆很生气。
析:这是人工考句,不仅翻译成汉语意思难懂,英语句子本身也不是一个什么好句子。纯为出题而编,加上你又打错了字。动名词的逻辑主语用物主代词引出,只有少数句型中可以用宾格代替如:Do you mind his/ him opening the door?
这句话我再用主动句来翻译一下:强迫他这样做,吉姆很生气。
对此句的主语-动名词短语进行强调,就是:
It was his being made to do so that made jim very angry.

Ⅷ 英语语法非谓语

完整的一个句子必须有谓语动词。但是分句就不一定了。
I like him.
HelloKitty is cute.
If time permitting, I will go shopping.
动词后面可以跟专副词和名词,只是意属义不同。

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