❶ 一些英语的语法知识,快!!!
网络 中考语法完全突破 记忆大纲
第一讲:名词
一、名词的分类
名词 专有名词
普通名词 可数名词 个体名词
集体名词
不可数名词 物质名词
抽象名词
1. 专有名词
表示人物、地方、国家、组织、机构等专有名称的词。
如: Tom, China, Qing University, the Great Wall
特性:
① 与其所表示的事物一一对应。
② 实词的首字母要大写。
2. 普通名词
泛指一类人或事物的名称的词。
如: student, girl, money
分类:可数名词和不可数名词
可数名词:可以直接用数字计数的词。 如: boy, girl
不可数名词:不能直接用数字计数的词。 如: water, money, bread
可数名词包括:个体名词和集体名词
个体名词:表示单个的人或事物的名称的词。
如: book, actor
集体名词:表示由若干人或事物组成的集合体的名称的词。
如:family, class
不可数名词包括:物质名词和抽像名词
物质名词:表示构成世上万物的物质或材料名称的词。
如: water, wood, paper, air
抽像名词:表示性质、行为、状态、情感等抽像概念名称的词。
如:fun, happiness, health, weather, news
二.名词的数
1. 规则名词复数的构成。
(1) 一般情况下直接加-s。在清辅音后读/s/,在元音和浊辅音后读//。
如:cooks, pens, boys
(2) 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的名词,直接加-es,读//。
如:buses, boxes, inches(英寸)
(3) 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,y变成i,再加es,读/z/。
如:lady-ladies, story-stories
注意:以元音字母+y结尾的词,直接加s。
如:boy-boys
(4) 以o结尾的名词。
①一般直接加s读/z/。
如: radio-radios, photo-photos, zoo-zoos, piano-pianos
② 少数加es, 读/z/。
如:hero-heroes, negro-negroes , tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes
③ 两种情况均可。
如:zero-zeros/zeroes
(5) 以f/fe结尾的词。
① 一般将f/fe变为v,再加es,读/vz/。
如:wife, knife, wolf, thief, shelf, self, life, half, leaf
妻子(wife)持刀去宰狼(wolf),
小偷(thief)吓得发了慌;
躲在架(shelf)后保己(self)命(life),
半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮目光。
② 有些直接加s,读/s/。
如:roof(房顶)-roofs, belief(信仰)-beliefs, safe(保险箱)-safes
③ 个别有两种形式。
如:handkerchief(手帕)-handkerchiefs/handkerchieves
(6) 字母、符号、数字等复数的构成通常在其后加’s。
如:There are two t’s in teeth.在teeth这个单词里有两个t。
There are three 8’s in this number. 在这个数字里有3个8。
2. 不规则名词复数的构成。
(1) 变内部元音。
如: man-men, woman-women, tooth-teeth
(2) 单复数同形。
如:fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, jin(斤), yuan(元)
(3) 无规则变化。
如:mouse-mice, child-children
3.复合名词复数的构成
(1) 有中心词(主要名词)时,通常将中心词变为复数。
如:story-teller→story-tellers mother-in-law(岳母)→ mothers-in-law
passer-by→passers-by looker-on→lookers-on
(2) 没有(主要)名词时,在词尾加s。
如: grown-up →grown-ups go-between(中间人) →go-betweens
(3)由man/woman加其他名词构成的复合名词变复数时前后都变。
如:man driver-men drivers, woman writer-women writers
注意:boy/girl student - boy/girl students, German-Germans
(4)表示“某国人”的名词的单、复数变化。
“中日瑞不变英法变,其它国把-s加后面”。
如:
Chinese---Chinese Japanese--Japanese Swiss---Swiss
Englishman---Englishmen Frenchman---Frenchmen
American---Americans Australian---Australians Canadian---Canadians
Korean---Koreans Russian---Russians Indian---Indians
三、名词所有格
名词所有格表示所有关系。
如: Tom’s cat
分类: ’s所有格,of所有格和双重所有格
1. ’s所有格
(1) ’s所有格的构成
通常在名词后加’s,如果词尾已有s,则直接加’。
如:the girl’s books那个女孩的书
the boys’ books那些男孩子们的书
(2)’s所有格的运用
① 多用于表示有生命的人或动物的名词。
如:Jim’s bike, Mary’s skirt
② 也可用于表示时间、空间、距离、价格、重量等无生命的名词。
如: the city’s history, three days’ time, the book’s author, today’s newspaper
比较:
Mary and Jean’s room 两人共有的房间
Mary’s and Jean’s rooms两人各自的房间
(3) ’s所有格后名词的省略
① 前面出现的名词,可以省略。
如:This MP5 is Mary’s.
② 其后的名词表示某人的家、办公场所时可以省略。
如:He stayed at John’s last night.
The boy went to the barber’s.
2. of所有格的运用
① 主要用于无生命的名词。
如:the leg of the table, the top of the mountain
② 也可用于表示人或动物的名词。
如: the pride of her family the daughter of a policeman
3. ’s所有格和of所有格的比较
① 两者很多情况下可以通用。
如:the film’s end=the end of the film
the young people’s ecation =the ecation of the young people
② 表示类别属性时通常用’s。
如: women’s clothes children’s books
③ 名词以“the+形容词/分词”的形式出现时,通常用of所有格。
如:
the problem of the young年青人的问题;the children of the killed被杀害者的孩子
3. 双重所有格
双重所有格是’s所有格和of所有格的结合,通常表示“许多中的一个或一部分”。
如: a friend of Mary’s some books of our teacher’s
四.不可数名词的量化表达
不可数名词不能直接用数字计数,表示不可数名词的量常用以下三种方法:
(1)用some, much, a little, little, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等来表示。
如:
much water;a lot of money; a little milk;plenty of rice; some orange juice
(2). 用容器来表示。
如:
a cup of coffee, two pots of water, ten bags of rice, six boxes of ink
(3)用计量单位来表示。
如:
a loaf/slice of bread(一块/片面包), a grain of rice, a piece of paper
五.名词的语法功能
1. 作主语 如:A teacher must be patient.
2. 作宾语 如:I like English.
3. 作表语 如:He is a student.
4. 作定语 如:These are apple trees.
5. 作宾补 如:We call him Tom.
名词作定语的注意事项:
(1)名词作定语时通常用单数
如: shoe factory, flower shop
(2) “数词-名词”结构作定语时,名词也要用单数。
如:an eight-hour sleep
a nine-year-old girl
(3) 少数名词习惯上用复数。
如:sports car, parents meeting
❷ 英语所有语法知识
可以在搜索引擎中搜索“英语语法网”,那里有很丰富的语法内容。
❸ 请谁帮我讲一下英语的所有语法知识
网络英语语法回!答http://ke..com/link?url=_Gq-2Fdb_xQ5viA-NZbE-m3iLby5-rVH
❹ 英语方面的语法知识~
跟老师请教一下,整理一下笔记,这个主要靠平时积累和练习。而且考的多为书本上的要点。
名 词
在中考单项选择试题中,除了时态,名词的考查频率也较高。一般考查以下几点:
一、 可数名词与不可数名词
在可数名词与不可数名词上一般出现这样几类,(1)分辨是哪一类名词,并根据结论做选择。(2)可数名词复数的不规则变化。(3)不可数名词的量化表达。所以,考生首先要能够明确哪些是可数名词,哪些是不可数名词。其次,还要知道可数名词的复数的变化规则。可数名词的变化规则一般是在单词后面加-s 或-es,如:
1desk---desks bed---beds piano---pianos
hat---hats bag---bags photo---photos
2bus---buses box---boxes
watch---watches brush---brushes
3tomato---tomatoes potato---potatoes
hero---heroes Negro---Negroes
4 leaf---leaves knife---knives
5baby---babies family---families
另外,还要记住一些特殊的名词的变化形式,如:
Chinese---Chinese Japanese---Japanese
Englishman---Englishmen Frenchman---Frenchmen
Russian---Russians American---Americans
German --- Germans
child---children foot---feet
man---men woman---women
tooth---teeth goose --- geese
deer---deer sheep---sheep
还要掌握不可数名词的量化表达有: a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of
另外,大家应注意:单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数的”变化:单数集合名词如class, police, family, school, group, team等。尽管形式上是单数,意义上都是复数,因此,一般要与复数谓语动词连用,例如:
Class Five have a foreign friend.
五班有一位外国朋友。(这里的五班指五班的同学的。)
His family are good to me. 他的家人对我很好。(很显然,这里的family指家庭成员。)当上述集合名词着重指“整体”时, 意义上则是单数,因此,要与单数谓语动词连用。例如,
Our school team often plays well in our city.
我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好。(这里的team 指整个队,但意义上仍为单数,故谓语动词用plays.
二、 名词所有格
名词所有格有两种形式:一是加’s,一种是用of来表示。一般情况下,指某人的某物用’s表示,而指某物的什么用of 短语来表示。另外,要注意凡是以s结尾的名词或规则名词的复数,不能直接加’s,而应该加-’即可。例如,boys’ clothes girls’ dresses。 不过,注意例外情况,例如, the boss’s handwriting,其中the boss’s 的-’s不可省略。因为在英语中,如果以-s 或-ss 结尾的名词不是复数复数形式,那么其名词所有格仍加-‘s。那么你会说“琼斯的小汽车”吗?对,Jones’s car。
下面我们来做一部分习题。
1. June 1st is ___ Day.
A. Child’s B. Childs’ C. Childrens’ D. Children’s
答案:D
2. I need ___ paper, Mum. I want to write ___ letter to my English teacher.
A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some,any
答案:B
3. There are two ___ and three ___ on the table.
A. knifes, forks B. knifes, fork C. knives, forkes D. knives, forks
答案:D
4. We have got a lot of___ today.
A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to do
D. book to read
答案:B
5. We could see __ children and hear ___ noise in the park.
A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, many
答案:C
6. Will you pass me ___?
A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks
D. some chalks
答案:A
7. ___ has been invited to the dancing party.
A. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers
D. Friends of her
答案:B
下面请大家自己练习一下。
1. September 10th is ___ Day.
A. the Teacher B. Teachers’ C. Teacher D. Teacher’s
答案:B
2. ---Can I help you, sir?
---I’d like to have 100___. I want the students to draw pictures on them.
A. piece of paper B. pieces of paper C. papers D. paper
答案:B
3. ---Would you like ___ milk, please?
---No, thank you. I still have some.
A. some more B. an C. a little of D. all
答案:A
4. ___ the old woman is in!
A. What good health B. How a good health C. What a good health D. How good health
答案:A
① What + a(n) + 形容词 + 单数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
② What + 形容词 + 复数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
③ What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
④ How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语!
⑤ How + 形容词 + a(n) + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
⑥ How + 主语 + 谓语!
5. I’m going to help ___ with ___ English.
A. a friend of Nancy, hers B. a friend of Nancy’s, her
C. a friend of Nancy’s, hers D. a friend of Nancy, her
答案:B
6. The two desks here are ___. You may use the desk over there.
A. Mary and Jane B. Marys and Janes C. Mary and Jane’s
D. Mary’s and Jane’s
答案:D
形容词和副词
在中考单项选择中形容词也占一定比例,一般考查有关形容词或副词的一些搭配,但绝大部分考查形容词与副词的比较级和最高级。
一、 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
①一般的比较级和最高级在形容词或副词后加-er或-est,如:small --- smaller --- smallest
② 以不发音-e结尾的形容词或副词直接加 –r或 –st,如
large --- largest --- largest
③ 重读闭音节词尾是一个辅音字母的,需双写该辅音字母,再加-er或-est。
④ 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词和副词,把“y”变“i”,再加 –er或-est.
busy---busier---busiest
happy---happier---happiest
但一些双音节及多音节形容词或副词前要加more和most,如:
slowly --- more slowly --- most slowly
difficult---more difficult---most difficult
beautiful---more beautiful---most beautiful
但还有一些不规则的变化:
good / well---better---best
many---more---most
bad / ill / badly ---worse---worst
little---less---least
far --- farther / further --- farther / furthest
二、 形容词和副词的等比句型
①as…as… 和……一样
I’m as tall as you.
② not as(so)…as 不和…… 一样(在否定句中常用so 来代替as)如,
I can’t run so fast as you.
另外as…as possible 为固定结构,如,as soon as possible, as quickly as possible 等。
在以上两个句型中形容词或副词一定要用原级。
三、形容词和副词的其它句型还有:
① 形容词/ 副词 比较级 + than 句型 ,在than 后面的人称代词 用主语和宾语均可。
He is older than I / me.
但是如果人称代词后有动词时,则只能用主格形式。如,
Tom found more red leaves than I did.
② “the + 比较级, the + 比较级” 结构表示两个变化一起发生。如, The more you learn, the more you’ll know.
③ “more and more”结构(指两个形容词比较级用and 连接)表示持续不断的变化。 如: I’m getting thinner and thinner.
四、修饰形容词和副词的比较级的副词要用much, a lot, a little, a bit, far等,very不能和比较级连用。如:
The blouse I bought yesterday is a little less expensive.
昨天我买的衬衣比较便宜。
To play basketball is far more enjoyable to the boy.
打篮球对于男孩子来说要有趣得多。
五、形容词的一些搭配,如:
be glad / happy/ pleased to do 很高兴做某事
be sorry to do 很抱歉,很遗憾做某事
be sure to do 一定/相信会做某事
be ready to do 准备好做某事,乐于做某事
get ready to do 为……做好准备 等等。
下面我们来看一些例题。
1. The Yellow River is one of ___ in China.
A. the longest rivers B. the longer river C. the longest river
D. the long river
答案:A
2. Does he speak Chinese ___ his brother?
A. as better as B. as good as C. as well as D. best than
答案:C
3. Which shirt do you like ___, the white one or the blue one?
A. better B. good C. best D. much
答案:A
4. I don’t feel ___ to go to work today. I’m ill.
A. good enough B. well enough C. enough well D. enough good
答案:B
5. Mary would like to spend ___ days on her research.
A. a little more B. a little C. a few more D. much more
答案:C
下面请大家自己做以下练习。
1. Be quiet, class! I have ___ to tell you.
A. important anything B. important something
C. anything important D. something important
答案:D
2. This picture book is not ___ that one.
A. so interesting as B. so interesting than C. as interesting than
D. interesting as
答案:A
3. This article is ___ than that one.
A. much easier B. more easier c. much more easier D. more easy
答案:A
4. The Changjiang River is ___ river in China.
A. long B. longest C. the longest D. longer
答案:C
5. You must keep your room ___ and tidy.
A. to clean B. cleaning C. clean D. cleaned
答案:C
上面我们已经讲了动词、名词、形容词和副词的用法。
中考中当然也会涉及到其他诸如代词、数词、介词、和连词等的用法。
下面我就简单提醒大家每类词需注意的地方。
1. 代词
同学们需掌握以下不定代词:
all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no以及由some, any, no, every构成的合成词如 nobody等,并注意不定代词的定语后置,如something English
2. 数词
同学们需要记住一些特殊拼写的序数词。
如:第1--- first 第2--- second 第3--- third 第5--- fifth 第9--- ninth
第12--- twelfth 第20--- twentieth
另外需要记住以下短语:
hundreds of 数以百计
thousands of 数以千计
tens of thousands of 数以万计
several millions of好几百万
但表示确切的百或千时不能用复数形式,如:
ten thousand
three million
3. 介词的考察内容主要是介词短语,特别是那些有固定搭配和固定用法的介词短语。这类短语比较多,这里我不再一一赘述,大家可以看《初中英语复习指导》第204页至208页上的词组。但我要特别提几个以前旧教材所没有的短语,请大家注意。
如, speak highly of高度赞扬
regard… as …视为,把……看做……
make a contribution to doing sth 为……做贡献
4. 连词
同学们需要特别记忆以下连词或连词短语:
neither…nor…
either…or…
not only…but also…
both…and…
前三个短语引导主语时,谓语动词需遵循就近原则。
如, Neither you nor I am right. 你和我都不正确。
Either Lucy or Lily is going there. 不是Lucy就是Lily要去那儿。
那么both…and…连接主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式。
如, Both Lucy and Lily are going there.
句子的种类
1.应特别注意掌握的简单句
有介词的特殊疑问句
在特殊问句中,作为介词宾语的疑问代词可以与介词分离,放在句首,而把介词放在句尾。如,
Whom do you travel with?
当然,也可以把介词放在句首。总之,不要把介词丢掉。
有插入语的特殊疑问句
在特殊问句中,经常可以看到这样的句子:
Where do you think they may go?
其中,do you think 是疑问式插入语,其余部分是think的宾语从句。注意,疑问式插入语同句子的其余部分不用逗号分开。疑问式插入语还有do you hope, do you guess 等。
在肯定句中也有插入语。如:
That man, I guess, is neither a policeman nor a soldier.
在肯定句的插入语要用逗号与句子的其他部分分开。去掉插入语,该句子仍然是个完整的句子。
You’d better (not)… (do sth.) 这个说法常用于提出“劝告,建议,告戒”。 比较委婉的有礼貌的说法是 Would you like …? 或 What about (doing)…?。 如,
It’s too dark. You’d better leave at once.
I’m afraid (that) …
I’m afraid (that) I can’t go with you today.
常用来委婉地表示自己的看法或预料一件令人不悦的事情。
2.并列句
并列句的考查重点是并列连词。并列连词有and, or, but, both… and, neither… nor, either… or, not only… but also…等。
3.复合句
复合句考查的主要内容是宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句。
① 宾语从句
宾语从句的考查要点是:时态的呼应、人称的一致、词序等。
A.宾语从句的连接词:
宾语从句本身是叙述句是,用that 引导。
He said (that) he would leave on March 12 next weeek.
宾语从句本身是特殊疑问句时,用疑问词引导。
Do you know where we can find our teacher?
宾语从句本身是一般疑问句时,用if 或whether引导。
I don’t know if / whether he has done that.
B. 宾语从句与主句时态的呼应。
主句谓语是现在时和将来时的时候,宾语从句的动词时态不受影响。如,It is said that the panda was sent to America last month.
主句是过去时态,从句谓语要做适当调整:
a) 由现在时调整为过去时。
I didn’t know you were also here.
b) 由将来时调整为过去将来时
He said that he would go to Beijing the next week.
c) 过去时态多数不受影响,但“一般过去时”常调整为“过去完成时”,尤其是从句中有before, since 一类的时间状语时,多调整为“过去完成时”如:
She said she had worked at this school before her father came to this city.
② 状语从句。
状语从句有时间状语从句(常由when, while, before, after, until, as soon as等词引导)、地点状语从句(常有where 引导)、原因状语从句(常有because, since, as 引导,这三词所表达的语气由because到as逐渐减弱,由why提出的问题必须用because 来回答), 条件状语从句(常由if引导)、结果状语从句(常由such … that…, so…that…, so that等引导 )、让步状语从句(常由though, although引导)。
③另外,今年新加了一个定语从句,其考查内容主要是正确使用关系代词{who(指人)、that(指人或物)、which(指物)} , etc. 定语从句一般紧跟在修饰词的后面,如:
She is the person who I want to see. 她就是我想见到的人。
有时,为了使句子平衡,也可把定语从句与所修饰词分开。同学们还记得这样一句话吗?Then a screen came up that read, “Congratulations!” 这是第三册第54课中的一个句子。
下面我们来看一些例子:
1. The traveller was ___ tired that she couldn’t walk on.
A. so B. very C. too D. quite
答案:A
2. Do you know ___ ten years ago?
A. where does he live B. where he lives C. where did he live
D. where he lived
答案:D
3. He didn’t go home ___ he finished the work.
A. since B. if C. because D. until
答案:D
4. I was reading the newspaper ___ I heard a loud shout outside.
A. while B. when C. though D. as
答案:B
5. I don’t know the man ___ is cleaning the door.
A. that B. where C. what D. who
答案:D
好,接下来大家自己做以下练习。
1. I didn’t remember ___ the woman before.
A. where I had seen B. where I have seen C. where had I seen
D. where have I seen
答案:A
2. It was raining heavily ___ we got to Paris.
A. while B. if C. when D. because
答案:C
3. The plane hasn’t arrived. Can you tell me ___?
A. what time is the plane late B. why is the plane late
C. why the plane is late D. what time the plane is late
答案:C
4. I don’t know if ___tomorrow?
A. it doesn’t rain B. the rain will stops C. the rains won’t stop
D. it won’t rain
答案:D
❺ 语法梳理全部英语
《高中英语语法通霸》对英语知识的梳理很到位。网上能下载电子文档。学英语就要下决心把英语学好,一点一点地学,还要反复复习。如果只为应付作业那就没意义了,
有语言学家说过:“语言是语法化的词汇。”也就是说,语言是按照语法规则组织起来的词汇。一句话表达得是否正确,主要是看它是否符合语法规则;任何一个错句,都能从语法上找到原因。因此,学好语法是学好一门语言的基础。
在当前的英语教学中,上面倡导要淡化语法教学,要重视学生综合应用能力的培养。实施这么多年来,老师们普遍感到学生准确应用英语的能力下降了很多,特别是“写”的能力。大部分学生写的英语作文“惨不忍睹”。这实际上是淡化语法教学所产生的严重后果。
学习母语不学语法只要“浸泡”得多就能学好,但在我国英语毕竟是一门外语,连第二语言都不是,只靠“浸泡”而不通过学习语法知识来帮助理清规律,至少对于相当多的学生是不适用的。一些没有学好语法的学生去美国上学,他们整天“浸泡”在英语环境中,“听”、“说”的能力提高了不少,但很多人“写”的能力却鲜有提高。
语法差的学生,总是感到自己的英语一塌糊涂。许多学生英语从“差”中逆转过来,就是从学好语法开始的。只有学好了语法,才能写出语法正确、句式灵活的句子来;只有学好了语法,才能读懂文章中的长难句;只有学好了语法,才能快速提高自己的“听”、“说”能力。语法是什么?语法是帮助你解决“写”、“读”、“说”、“听”中遇到的困难的知识的总称,语法是指导你正确使用英语的精华知识。
但现在许多人都害怕英语语法。一方面是因为现在盛行的教学理论在作怪,学校教学过于淡化语法教学,过于强调语言的“习得”,导致学生的语法基础较差。另一方面,是因为没有合适的语法资料。教材上的语法讲解,“千呼万唤始出来,犹抱琵琶半遮面”,总是放不下架子,就是讲一点,其深度比考试的难度要低得多,根本靠不住。书店里的语法资料,一类是语法大家们编的,旨在解释一些语法现象,本来就不是给高中学生看的,有些知识学生看了没有用,有些知识学生根本看不懂。再一类就是一些名校编的资料,由于编写有时间有限、稿酬是按编的页数给的,这类资料大部分粗制滥造,总是先笼统地讲解一下,再弄点题一凑就好了。结果是,考点没讲清,练习针对性又不强,学生前学后忘,印象不深。
本书由有二十多年教学经验的一线教师所编,原是编者在平时教学备课中精细编写的教学讲义,经过多年修改完善,日臻系统、成熟。发到网上后,成为热门资料,在热心读者的推荐下,获得出版社的正式出版。在编排上,本书有以下特点:
一、针对性强。在编写时,用的是“归纳”法。先下载近十几年的高考真题,按考点逐题归类,归类时特别注意了学生学习过程中的难点和易混点。最后再在需要的地方加上必要的讲解,因此重点、难点突出,详略得当,针对性强。
二、选题经典。书中绝大部分练习题都是经过精挑细选的高考真题。在选择练习题时,主要是从其典型性、思维容量和所含语言点是否丰富,写作是否能用,里面是否含有完形填空可能出的词等多个方面考虑。因此也有相当多的题是保留了十几年前的题而舍弃了近几年的高考题。
三、题量科学。我们发现,针对每个考点的练习量如果过大的话,效果也不好。练习量少的话,譬如两三个,我们就可以轻松自如地在脑中翻动、回味这些题,效果反而更好。因此,就忍痛删去了许多来之不易的好题。
四、重视习题排序。有人说,像这样把同类型的题编排在一起,学生容易猜到答案,而不去思考。于是我们就做了一个实验,我们把不同类型的题混在一起,但再看时,发觉做后效果反而不好了,做后印象不深、规律在脑中不清晰。然后又把题按类型编排,同类型的题列在一起,再看一下,感觉真好!学知识同如向某个空间放东西一样,有条理了就好放也好找,杂乱了就不好放,用时也不容易找到。科学家对大脑的研究也表明,信息在脑中存放、排列是有规律的。
五、考点目录化。本书编了详细的目录,分为“章”、“讲”和“考点”三个级别。老师想讲解某个知识点或者学生想查看某个知识点的讲解时,可以借助目录轻松找到。
六、练习题型多样化,适用于多个题型的备考。本书每一节分为两部分。“考点精讲精练”先按考点进行简明讲解,然后以单选题的形式强化所学考点知识。“综合技能提升”以单句改错、语法填空、汉译英三种形式对所学的重点语法知识再进一步巩固。这部分的练习题,大部分来自高考真题,但又不拘泥于高考真题,可以从根本上来提高学生做短文改错、语法填空、书面表达的能力。“长难句分析技巧”一章介绍的“七字秘诀”是破解长难句的钥匙,有利于提高学生的阅读能力。
本书的这种编排,适合全国各省考生的使用。学生一看就懂,一做就会,有效地解决了语法学习中费时低效的问题。老师利用这本资料,可以使语法课不再空洞乏味。学生利用这本书,可以使语法学习变得有趣高效,优生可以利用此书来巩固自己的学科优势,待优生可以利用此书来实现英语上的彻底逆转。
本书使用方法:
与其看好多书,前看后忘,还不如反复把一本书看熟。因此,在心中要树立“我要把这本书上所有的题都做熟”这个目标,要有“只要把这本书学好,我的语法就是最棒的”这种信念。本书的使用方法:认真做、反复看。
做:如果时间允许的话,可以从前到后按顺序全做;如果时间不允许的话,可以挑自己不太懂的专题或重点专题有针对性地做。
查:在做别的资料上的练习遇到难题时,可以借助本书前面的目录方便地找到相应的考点,里面有讲解、有针对性的练习,从而有效地解决学生遇到的问题。
读:还有同学花费大量时间来“读”这本书,效果也非常好。“读”并不是死记硬背,因为“读”可以使“看题”的速度慢下来,从而可以使学生有更多的时间去思考、去理解掌握语法规律。本书所选习题大都语言点丰富,读熟后对提高写作能力和做完形能力的帮助也很大。
使用此书的注意事项:
速度要慢:要读完每个选项,既要知道为什么要选这个,也要知道为什么不选那几个。
标记难题:对做错的题或一些好题,要做上标记,以便随后复习。
及时复习:对标记过的题,还有用粉红底纹标记出的概念及要点,都要及时复习,这样才能提高学习效率;要反复复习,这样才能确保学习效果。
要“有效”学习:一章完全学会弄熟后再学下一章,这样才有成就感。学习最忌讳半生不熟,前学后忘。
❻ 英语语法知识
英语介词全攻略
(一)、ABOUT
1.动词+about+sth.。about在此表示“论及,谈起,涉及,着手”等意思:
arrange about安排,argue about辩论, ask about询问,bring about带来,chat about闲聊,care about在意,complain about报怨,go about着手,hear about听说, inquire about打听,know about了解, quarrel about争论,read about读到, see about负责处理,set about开始, speak about谈起, talk about谈论, think about考虑, trouble about担心,tell about讲述,worry about着急。现举例说明其中一些短语的用法:
She inquired about my brother. 她向我打听有关我兄弟的情况。
I must set about my packing. 我必须开始收拾行装。
What are you chatting about 你们在聊什么呢?
2. be +形容词+about+sth.。about在此意思是“为…,对…”,接表原因的词:
be anxious about为…着急, be bad about对…感到不舒服,be busy about忙于…,
be careful about小心…, be certain about对…有把握, be concerned about关心…, be crazy about为…发狂,be excited about为…感到激动, be happy about为…而高兴, be mad about为…发疯,be nervous about对…感到紧张, be particular about挑剔…, be pleased about为…兴奋,be strict about对…严格,be thoughtful about对…考虑周到的,be uneasy about为…感受到不安。请看例句:
What have you been busy about today 今天在忙些什么?
You are certainly very thoughtful about others. 你为别人想得太周到了。
I’m strict about such things. 对这些事我是很严格的。
注:come about发生,get about(疾病、谣言)流行,turn about转身,leave about到处乱放,lie about随便堆放,put about打扰;传播,put oneself about使…发愁。这些词组中about作副词,此时about不能接宾语。
(二)、AFTER
1.动词+ after。介词after有“追赶,问候,效仿”之意:ask after问候, be
after寻求,
do(sth.)after学着做,go after设法得到, inquire after问候, look after寻找,
run after追求, seek after追逐, take after长得像。例如:
Every afternoon he called to ask after his girl friend.
他每天下午都打电话问候他的女朋友。
The boy takes after his father. 这男孩长得像他父亲。
The dogs went after the wounded deer. 一群狗在追赶那只受伤的鹿。
2.after构成的其它短语。after在不同的短语中意思各异:
after a littlemomentwhile过了一会,after all毕竟,after dark天黑以后,
after one’s heart合…的心, after school放学后, after service售后服务,
after the fashion勉强, day after day日复一日,
one after another一个接一个,year after year年复一年。例如:
Don’t be too strict with him. After all he is still a child.
不要太苛刻了,毕竟他还是个孩子。
He can speak and write English after a fashion.
他多少会说和写一点英语,但不太好。
(三)、AT
1.动词+ at。at表示“指向某一目标,到达某地”:arrive at抵达,
call at访问某地, catch at(it)当场抓住, come at攻击, fire at向…开火,
glance at瞟一眼, glare at怒目而视, grieve at忧伤,knock at敲,
laugh at嘲笑, look at看一眼, pull at拉扯, rejoice at对…高兴,
smile at向某人微笑, shoot at朝…射击, stare at怒目而视,
thrust at刺向, tear at撕, tremble at颤抖,wonder at吃惊,work at工作。例如:
Don’t let me catch you again at it.不要再让我当场逮住你。
We must “shoot the arrow at the target”. 我们必须有的放矢。
They trembled at the sight of the peasant’s spears.
看到农民的梭标,他们阵阵发抖。
2. be +形容词过去分词+ at。其中at表示“情绪、情感的原因,
或对某物具有某种感情”:be angry at恼怒于, be alarmed at对…保持警觉,
be astonished at对…吃惊, be bad at不擅长, be clever at对某事很灵巧,
be delighted at高兴,be disgusted at厌恶, be disappointed at对…失望,
be good at擅长, be impatient at对…不够耐心, be mad at狂热于,
be pleased at对…感到高兴, be present at出席, be satisfied at满意,
be surprised at吃惊, be shocked at对…非常震惊,be terrified at受到…的恐
吓, be quick at对…很机敏。例如:
They were overjoyed at his return to work. 他们对他重返工作感到欣喜。
They are alarmed at the growth of the liberation movement in the colonies.
他们对殖民地日益壮大的解放运动警觉起来。
3.at+名词构成的词组:at a distance在一定距离,at a loss不知所措,
at a time一次,at all一点也不,at any cost不惜一切代价,at best最好也只是,
at first起初,at hand手头,at heart在内心里,at home在家;
无拘束,at last最后,at least至少,at most最多,at once马上,at present目前,
at sea不知所措,at times有时,at will任意地,at work起作用,at worst最坏。
4.其它含有at的短语:work hard at勤奋工作,drop in at顺路拜访。
(四)、FOR
1.动词+for
a)动词+for。for表原因、目的:account for解释;说明, answer for对…负责, apply for申请;请求, apologize for为…而道歉, beg for请求, call for要求, care for在意, enter for报名参加, fight for为…而战, hope for希望, inquire for查询;求见, leave for离开某地到另一地, look for寻找, long for盼望, mistake for误认为, plan for计划做某事, prepare for为…作准备, provide for为…提供, reach for伸手去拿, run for竞选, stand for象征, search for搜寻, send for派人去请, speak for陈述意见、愿望, take for当作, wish for希望, wait for等待。例如:
His illness accounts for his absence. 他因病缺席。
The baby reached for the apple but couldn’t reach it.
那婴儿伸手去苹果,但够不着。
He who would search for pearls must dive below.
要想找到珍珠,必须潜到海底。
b)动词+sb.+ for +sth.。for表示原因或目的:ask for要求得到,
blame for因…责备, excuse for宽恕, forgive for谅解, pardon for原谅,
pay for花钱买, praise for称赞, punish for对…进行惩罚,
push for催逼,reward for酬谢, thank for对…表示谢意。例如:
Please excuse me for my being late. 请原谅我的迟到。
Forgive me for my keeping you waiting. 请见谅,让你久等了。
2. be +形容词+for。for表作用、目的、对人或物有某种情绪等:
be anxious for急于做, be eager for渴望, be bad for有害于,
be convenient for便于, be good for利于, be famous for以…出名,
be fit for适合于, be grateful for对…心存感激, be impatient for对…不耐烦,
be late for迟到, be necessary for有必要, be ready for作好准备,
be sorry for为…而后悔, be responsible for对…负责,
be suitable for适合于, be unfit for不适合, be useful for对…有作用。例如:
He is eager for success. 他渴望成功。
The government is responsible for the nation’s welfare.
政府负责民众的福利。
3.for+名词构成的词组:for all尽管,for a song非常便宜地,
for certain确切地,for company陪着,for ever永远,for example例如,for fear以免,for fair肯定地,for free免费,for fun为了好玩,
for good永远,for instance比方,for luck祝福,for life终身,for long长久,for nothing白白地,for once有生第一次,for oneself替自己,
for pleasure为了消遣,for reason因为…理由,for sale供出售,
for shame真不害臊,for short简称,for sport好玩,for sure确切地。
4.动词+副词名词+for构成的短语:be in for将遇到,make up for弥补,go in for从事,l o ok out for提防,take sth. for granted把…当作理所当然, have an ear for音感好, have a gift for有某方面的天赋。
(五)、FROM
1.动词+from
a)动词+ from。from表示“来源、原因、起始”等:come from来自,
date from追溯, depart from违背, die from死于, escape from逃出,
fall from自…跌落, hang from垂挂, hear from收到来信,
learn from向某人学习, return from自某地返回,
rise from自…冒出, result from起因于, suffer from忍受。例如:
All the characters in the book are drawn from real life.
书中所有的人物都来自于真实的生活。
Any damage resulting from negligence must be paid for by the borrower.
因疏忽引起的任何损坏都应由借用者负责赔偿。
He has recovered from his surprise. 他好不容易回过神来。
b)动词+ sth.sb. +from + sth. sb. a place。from表示“来源、免于”等:
borrow from向…借, choose from选自, excuse from免除, keep from阻止做,
prevent from不准做, protect from不受…之害, receive from收到,
remove from移动;除去, save from保全;拯救, separate from分离开来, stop
from阻止。例如:
He was excused from attendance at the lecture. 他获准可不去听课。
Stop the child from spoiling the book. 不要让孩子弄坏了书。
2. be +形容词+ from。此时from含义众多:be absent from缺席,
be different from与众不同, be far from更不用说, be hidden from躲避,
be made from用…制成, be tired from因…而疲倦。例如:
The boy can’t walk and is far from running.那男孩不会走路,更不用说跑了。
3.from…to…。本短语表示从一种状态到另一状态的变化或从…到…:
from bad to worse每况愈下,from beginning to end自始至终,
from cover to cover从头到尾,from China to Peru到处,
from day to day一天一天地,from door to door挨家挨户,
from end to end从头至尾,from first to last自始至终,
from hand to mouth勉强糊口,from head to foot从头到脚,
from mouth to mouth广泛流传,from sun to sun从日出到日落,
from start to finish从头开始,from top to toe从头到脚,
from time to time不时地,from top to bottom彻底地。
二.按概数的构成分类
1.以容器量化的方式表达概数: a bag of, two baskets of,
a mouthful of, a plate of, a pot of, a mug of, a pack of ( 一包 ),
a pail of( 一桶 ),a bowl of, a basin of, three cups of
We bought three bags of groceries.我们买了三袋食品。
They ate a basket of plums.他们吃了一篮李子。
If there’s only a mouthful of food left in the bowl,
I will give it to you.如果有我一口饭,我都让给你。
On the table was a plate of beef and vegetables.
桌上有一盘牛肉和青菜。
Father is a heavy smoker. He smoked a pack of cigarettes a day.
爸爸烟瘾大,一天一包烟。
Two pots of jam were used in cooking.做饭用了两瓶果酱。
I have a mug of milk and some bread for my breakfast.
我喝一大杯牛奶吃一点面包作为早餐。
2.用介词结构表达概数: in large quantities, in great numbers,
in large amounts, , in pairs, in groups, in pieces, in dozens,
in scores, in one’s thousands, in one’s thirties, in bulk,
in multitude, in plenty, in the 1990’s, in quantity, in pack,
by ones and twos, by twos and threes , over..., around…, about…,
below…, more than…, without numbers
Pack them in dozens.论打包装。
He is a young man in his thirties.他是一位30多岁的年轻人。
People came in scores.大家结队而来。
Activities are coming forward in great numbers.活动积极分子纷纷涌向前来。
They wandered off in pairs and chatted about their own affairs.
他们成双成对结伴而行,聊着家常小事。
Things are usually cheaper if they are bought in bulk.
批量采购会便宜一些。
Resources in plenty can be found in this territory.
本地能找到丰富的资源。
The farms have water in plenty to last through the dry season.
农场水源充足,可供旱季使用。
Heroic fighters emerged in multitude.
英勇的战士大量涌现。
It is often less expensive to buy goods in quantity.
批量购物要便宜不少。
Some people are standing about in small groups under the tree.
人们站在树下,三五成群。
People began to leave the meeting by ones and twos.
大家三三两两地离开会场。
Wolves hunt in packs.狼成群捕食。
3.借比喻或引申表达概数: a mountain of, an ocean of, oceans of,
bags of( 很多 ), a dose of( 大量 ),a stream of,
a suggestion of ( 一点点 ), a suspicion of( 少许 )
He has a mountain of dirty clothes to wash.
他有一大堆脏衣服要洗。
A mountain of letters arrived just after the report.
报告之后信件纷至沓来。
Oceans of time and money were/ An ocean of time
and money was spent on the project.大量时间和大批资金都投入到这项工程。
No need to be hurried. We have bags of time.
不必着急,我们有充足的时间。
There were bags of opportunities, but they lost them all.
机会众多,但他们都错过了。
In the accident, the workers received a heavy dose of radiation.
工人在事故中受到严重幅射。
Streams of cars were passing by.一串串汽车急驰而过。
There was a suggestion of boredom in his tone.在他声音里有一丝疲乏。
She added a suspicion of garlic to the stew.他在?肉里加了一点蒜。
There was a suspicion of tears in her eyes.他的眼中有一丝泪痕。
三.谈谈介词的否定意义
介词在英语中属于“小词”,事实上介词在英语中发挥的效力可不小。
介词在英语中起着”螺丝钉”的作用,它随处可见,且功能强大。
其功能之一就是,它可以和介词宾语一起构成许多否定意义的成语或词组。
介词否定表达简捷明意义深刻,其译文多采用译。
1.Above
The text is above me.(无法理解)
She thinks she is above criticism. (不容批评)
The child is above all nervousness. (一点也不紧张)
His conct has always been above suspicion. (无可怀疑)
I think a gentleman like him is above doing such a thing. (不屑于)
Don’t depend on me. It’s above my bend. (力不所及)
He is above the weather now. (无病的)
2.Against
Almost everything was against him. (不利于)
He’s always doing his best, against all odds. (不计成败)
3.At
The point is to win at any cost. (不惜一切代价)
At any rate, we’ve done something for you now. (不管怎样)
On the spot he was completely at sea. (不知所措)
4.Behind
The train is running behind time. (不准时)
Your ideas are all behind the times. (跟不上时代)
5.Between
The secret is between ourselves. (不得外传)
6.Before
Before long he realized that he was wrong. (不久)
I slipped out before the lecture began. (不等)
The guerrillas (游击队员) would fight to death before they surrendered. (
决不)
7.Beneath
Lying is beneath him. (不合身分)
Such a fellow as that is beneath my notice. (不值一理)
8.Beside
What you said is quite beside the point. (不关正题)
9.Beyond
The news is beyond belief. (难以置信)
The stars are beyond number. (数不清)
The scene was beyond description. (无法形容)
Good advice is beyond price. (无价)
The facts are beyond dispute. (毋庸置疑)
My happiness was beyond words. (难以言表)
Doing such a thing is quite beyond my power. (无能为力)
与beyond 构成的短语还有:beyond all doubt毫无疑问;
beyond all praise赞美不完;
beyond comparison无与伦比;beyond control无法控制;
beyond count不计其数;beyond example没有先例;
beyond expression无法表达;beyond hope无望;beyond question无可争辩。
10.But
He was anything but pleased when he heard this. (才不)
11.By
What he said took me completely by surprise. (无思想准备)
12.For
For all I care, you can throw it away. (我才不在乎哩)
But for your help I would not have finished the job. (要不是)
He passed the test for a certainty. (无疑)
13.From
The child can’t walk, far from running. (更不用谈)
So far from taking my advice, he went and did just what I warned him
against. (不仅没有)
She kept herself from laughing. (使之不)
I knew he did it from his teeth. (毫无诚意)
14.In
I don’t know what John intends to do; I’m in the dark
about his plans. (不知道)
The people lifted the big stone in a breeze. (毫不费力)
Nothing can stop us .We all decide to start our journey
in all weathers. (风雨无阻)
类似的短语还有in the clear不受妨碍; in the cloud心不在焉;
in the egg未成熟;in the log未经加工;in the rough未完成。
15.In spite of
At the sight he laughed in spite of himself. (不由自主地)
The girl still wanted to marry the poor young man in
spite of her parents’ teeth. (不顾父母的反对)
16.Off
Keep off the grass. (不靠近)
I’m right off love stories for some reason. (不感兴趣)
He is off smoking now. (不再)
She was off ty yesterday. (不值班)
相似的词组还有off chance不会有机会;off color精神不好;
off guard不警惕;off hand无准备;off one’s feet不能
控制自己;off sb’s hand不再由某人负责;off one’s mind
不再挂念; off time不合时宜;off work没上工;off time不合时宜。
17.On
I’m sorry. You’re down on your luck. (运气不佳)
I knew you were on the cross about it. (不老实)
18.Out of
Out of sight, out of mind. (眼不见,心不烦)
It is quite out of fashion. (不时髦)
The book is out of print. (不再印发)
The man is quite out of humor. (不幽默)
Rest was now out of the question. (不可能)
还有相同的搭配ut of all reason无理;out of condition健康状况不好;
out of control失控;out of count不计其数;out of date不合时日;
out of line不成直线;out of luck运气不好;out of place不合时;
out of question毫无疑问;out of time不合时宜。
19.Past
The old man is past work. (无力工作)
Those trousers are past mending. (无法修补)
The situation is past hope. (没有希望)
His poetry is past comprehension. (难以理解)
It’s past question. (毫无疑问)
20.To
To a man John’s friends stood by him in his trouble. (毫不例外)
He carried out his orders to the letter. (不折不扣)
The old man had a good memory. He remembered
the past things to a hair. (细毫不差)
To a miracle he recited these poems in a breath. (不可思议)
21.Under
I know very well you’re under thirty. (不满)
This packet of butter is under weight. (分量不足)
The boy can’t go to school because he is under age. (年龄不够)
22.With
I’m through with him. (不再来往)
He was through with the job, and he wanted to find something interesting.
(不想干)
The whole project was completed with a wet finger. (毫不费力)
23.Without
It was all done without necessary permit. (未经)
You can’t do without money. (没有)
He often goes to school without his breakfast. (不吃)
I have helped him times without number. (无数)
without后还可引导这样一些短语:without a doubt无疑;without a moment’s
thought不加考虑;without day无期限;without end 无穷;without example 没有先例。
(六)、IN
1.动词+in
a)动词+ in。in在短语中的含义异常丰富:believe in信任, break in碎成,
bring in引起;产生;带来, call in下令收回, fill in填充,get in收获,
hand in上缴, involve in涉及, lie in在于, result in导致, share in共享,
succeed in成功, take in卷起;订阅, turn in归还当局。例如:
He was so short of money that he had to call
in the loans that he had made. 他很缺乏资金,不得不收回所有的款子。
Your failure lies in your laziness. 你失败的原因在于懒惰。
Orders are given to take in sail.已发布收帆的命令。
b)动词+sb./time/money+ in。介词in后接(doing)sth.:help sb. in
帮助某人做某事, spare time/money in匀出时间或钱做某事,
spend time/money in花时间或钱做某事,
waste time/money in浪费时间或钱做某事。例如:
She offered to help him in the housekeeping when I am not here.
她提出,我不在家时她可以帮助他料理家务。
2. be +形容词+ in。in表示“在某些方面或穿着”:be active in活跃于,
be absorbed in专心致志, be busy in忙碌, be born in出生于,
be concerned in牵涉, be clothed in穿着, be disappointed in对…失望,
be diligent in勤于, be experienced in在…有经验, be employed in任职于,
be engaged in忙碌, be expert in某方面的专家, be excellent in在…优秀,
be interested in对…有兴趣, be lacking in缺乏, be rich in富有,
be slow in迟缓, be successful in在某方面成功, be skilled in精于,
be strict in严于, be weak in弱于。例如:
She was completely absorbed in her own affairs. 她完全专注于自己的事务。
More than one person has been concerned in this. 不只一人牵涉到这件事。
3. in +名词。 in表示“处于某种状态或在某些方面”等意思:in advance提前,
in all总共,in balance总而言之,in bed卧床,in body亲自,in brief简明扼要
,
in case万一, in charge主管,in danger有危险, in debt负债, in despair失望,
in force大量地;有效,in full全部地, in flower开花,in general一般说来,
in itself本身, in love恋爱, in order井然有序, in person亲自,
in public公开地, in progress有进展, in practice从实践上看,
in rags穿着破衣, in research探索, in return作为报答,in ruins一片废墟,
in short总之,in theory从理论上看, in trouble有麻烦, in tears眼泪汪汪,
in time及时, in turn按顺序, in vain白白地,in view看得见。
注意下列几个词组中的in为副词:check in到达登记,cut in插嘴,count in包括,
draw in时间接近, drop in顺路拜访, give in屈服, pour in源源而来。
(七)、OF
1.动词+of
a)动词+of。of意为“有关,由于”: beg of(sb.)请求某人,complain of抱怨,
consist of由…构成, die of死于, dream of梦想, hear of听说, know of了解,
speak of谈及, tell of讲到, think of想起, talk of论及。例如:
Never has one of them complained of all the trouble we give.
从来没有人抱怨我们带来这么多麻烦。
Carbon dioxide consists of carbon and oxygen.
二氧化碳由碳、氧两种元素组成。
b)动词+sb.+of+sth.。其中of有“剥夺,有关”之意:
accuse
❼ 7年纪英语的所有语法知识~~
满意请采纳
英语的语法,`主要包括下面有:
1.主语
2.定语
3.谓语
4.其他
5.常用语用法
6.名词
7.冠词
8.代词
9.数词
10.动词时态
11.形容词与副词
12.情态动词
13.非限定动词
14.虚拟语气
15.介词
16.基本句型结构
http://ke.soso.com/v335225.htm?sp=SST%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95
基本句型一: S V (主+谓)
基本句型二: S V P (主+谓+表)
基本句型三: S V O (主+谓+宾)
基本句型四: S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
基本句型五; S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
八大时态
一、 一般现在时:
1.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
2.时间状语: always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,
3.基本结构:动词 原形 (如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要加(e)S)
4.否定形式:am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。
6.例句:. It seldom snows here.
He is always ready to help others.
Action speaks louder than words.
二、 一般过去时:
1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本结构:be动词;行为动词
4.否定形式:was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。
6.例句:She often came to help us in those days.
I didn't know you were so busy.
三、 现在进行时:
1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc.
3.基本结构:am/is/are+doing
4.否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.
5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。
6.例句: How are you feeling today?
He is doing well in his lessons.
四、 过去进行时:
1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构:was/were+doing
4.否定形式:was/were + not + doing.
5.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。
6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.
When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
五、 现在完成时:
1.概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构:have/has + done
4.否定形式:have/has + not +d one.
5.一般疑问句:have或has。
6.例句:I've written an article.
It has been raining these days.
六、 过去完成时:
1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
3.基本结构:had + done.
4.否定形式:had + not + done.
5.一般疑问句:had放于句首。
6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books
七、 一般将来时:
1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本结构:am/is/are/going to + do;will/shall + do.
4.否定形式:was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。
6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies.
It is going to rain.
八、 过去将来时:
1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
3.基本结构:was/were/going to + do;would/should + do.
4.否定形式:was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。
6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day .
补充:
1.主+谓
birds fly.
2.主+系+定
一般都是主系表的结构
there are birds.
3.主+谓+宾
the early bird catches the worm.
4.主+谓+间宾+直宾
she bought the bird a cage.
5.主+谓+宾+宾补
my mather bought a bag from supermarket
句子的主语可以是人也可以是物
2.的谓语动词是系动词 像be动词
4.5.的谓语动词是实意动词 像 eat buy see
4和5 的区别是
直接宾语cage 是实意动词 bought 的承接者
买的是笼子而不是鸟
间接宾语 the bird 修饰 限制 直接宾语 cage
表示 笼子是给鸟用的 而不是给 兔子啊猫啊用的
5句
宾语a bag 是谓语 (实意动词)bought 的承接者
宾补 from supermarket修饰 限制 补充宾语是从超市买的
如果用in the supermarket 这部分就是地点状语
表示动作发生的地点`
❽ 英语中的所有语法知识点
1.
各类词性,如:冠词、名词、数词、代词、形容词、副词、连词、动内词容、助动词、情态动词等等;
2.
句子的分类:简单句;复合句,包括并列复合句和主从复合句,其中后者包括含有下列从句:名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句);定语从句(形容词性从句);状语从句(副词性从句)
3.
句子的基本结构:主语+谓语;主语+谓语+宾语;主语+谓语+双宾语;主语+谓语+复合宾语;主语+连系动词+表语
4.
句子的语气:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句
5.
虚拟语气
6.
倒装语序
7.
省略
8.
it的用法