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談英語寫作中句子表達的多樣性

發布時間:2021-03-15 21:14:19

⑴ 雅思寫作有哪些句子多樣性的方法,這里看

1、句首狀語提前
雅思寫作中狀語提前是一種相當拿分的句式,遺憾的是很多同學沒有意識到這點。所謂的狀語提前就是把一個由副詞、介詞、現在分詞或動詞不定式形成的小短語放在句首。這種句式最大的好處就是在一堆長句子里突然出現一個短語,讓句子產生一種長短結合的節奏感。例句:
Because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little
opportunity for children to stay in their own home up to that age. Instead, they
will probably go to a nursery school when they are much younger.
2、句中插入短語
同理,在雅思寫作中,句子中間也經常可以引入一個小短語,讓長句子顯得更加靈活。下面大家看看這幾個例句:
A、This will affect the job market, which, after all, is a key target in any
economic plan.
B、Feelings about one's job must reflect how an indivial feels about his
or her life, and because of this, job satisfaction is indeed very important.
C、Sport stars and pop stars, for example, are soon replaced by the next
younger, more energetic generation.
3、句尾用短語結
雅思寫作中,在一句話的結尾處寫一個小短語,可以給冗長繁雜的句子增添一點「親和力」。例句:
A person needs to feel that they are doing valued and valuable work, so
positive feedback from superiors is very important in this
respect.(請注意respect在這里不是「尊敬」的意思,而是指「某方面」,也可以用in this regard 來表達)。
4、善於使用副詞
提起副詞,大多數同學的第一反應就是修飾動詞,其實副詞的作用不僅如此,它還可以用來修飾形容詞甚至全句。由於其用法的靈活性,雅思寫作中大家可以使用副詞來豐富自己的句式。例句:
A、A proct's success cannot be solely(僅僅) attributed to its
advertising.
B、t often seems that the amount of money they are able to earn in a short
time cannot possibly be justified(站得住腳的) by the amount of work they do .
5、倒裝句
這種語法現象很多同學都學過,但卻往往忘記在雅思作文中使用。例句:
A、Only in this way can this problem be effectively solved.
B、We can see that not only are there very large differences between these
economies, but that these gaps are widening.
6、強調句
用it is…that…或者it is…Who…這兩種強調句式,類似於中文的「正是…導致…」的意思。例句:
A、It is the interaction(相互影響) of the two that shapes a person's personality
and dictates how that personality develops. However, it is only those who reach
the very top of their profession who can get these huge salaries.
(請注意這個例句里的those who中的這個who並不是強調句的標志詞,後一個who才是。)
7、虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣是一個比較高級的寫作手法,但其實說白了就是用過去的時態表示現在或者將來的事情,表示語氣弱化。在雅思寫作中,遇到提建議的句子,虛擬語氣相當適用。例句:
Without the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive
nor proctive, and without the training, the child would not learn how to
exploit and develop their talent.
8、長短句結合
如果你的作文中全篇都是句式長又復雜且難讀的句子,可能讓考官的心情變得十分沉重。但你換種方式,長短句結合反而會讓大家享受閱讀你的文章。例句:
There have to be fixed punishments for all crimes. However, criminal laws
have to provide certain cases of exemptions.
9、主被動交替
在國外大學里,個別教師會非常反對在學術文章中使用被動語態。但對雅思寫作這種比較短小的文章來說,被動語態仍然是實現句式多樣化的好方法之一。例句:
Satisfaction is also increased by a sense of responsibility for and loyalty
to a team.
10、of + 抽象名詞
of+抽象名詞」的意思相當於其中的那個名詞所對應的形容詞,用來說明某種特徵或屬性。常跟的抽象名詞有importance/help/calue/use/interest/quality/impact等等。例句:
Of crucial importance is, in my view, how we define 「responsible for
bringing the children up」.
11、通過比較製造出變化
經典範文中還經常通過比較不同事物來調動一些特殊句型,比如too…to…(太…而不能…);The + 比較級, the +比較級等。例句:
The more relaxed the learners, the better their language acquisition.
12、the + 形容詞
在現實英語使用中,人們還習慣使用the + 形容詞,來泛指某一類人。比如the rich, the wealthy, the poor, the
needy, the elderly。例句:
One of the most effective ways to teach children about responsibilities is
to encourage them to care for the poor and the needy.

⑵ 如何讓英語寫作句式多樣化

句式就是句子的結構方式,也就是句子的式樣或格式.不同的思想內容要用不同的句式來表達;而同一思想內容也可以用不同的句式來表達.句式不同,表達效果也就不同.只有句式多樣化,文章才會生動有趣,充滿活力.可是,在實際寫作中,初學寫作的學生往往一篇文章都是千篇一律的簡單句,文章單調乏味,毫無生氣.筆者認為,恰當地使用某些方法或手段有助於實際表達形式的多樣化,增強表達效果.茲將常用方法簡單介紹如下.
一、改變句子開頭許多學生在寫作中傾向於用與人有關系的詞性,用名詞和代詞作為句子的開頭,如 People,We,I,He,They,She等.但這種開頭見多了,難免讓人厭倦.試比較:
A.People throughout the country have greatly demanded all kinds of nutritious food.B.There is a great demand across the country for all kinds of nutritious food.第一句改用非人稱名詞作為主語開頭,第二句則用there +be句型開頭.這樣既改變了主語+謂語+賓語單調句型,又把想強調的意思突出出來.實際上,為了把文章寫得生動活潑,除了用主語開頭外,還可以用句子的其他成分開頭.
1.用副詞開頭Too often,students stray into the habit of cheating on tests.2.用同位語開頭Air,water and oxygen,everything that is necessary for life.3.用狀語開頭Dark and empty,the house looked very different from the way I remembered it.4.用表語開頭Equally essential to the highest success in learning a language are intense interest plus persistent effort.5.用賓語開頭My advice you would not listen to;my helps you laughed at.Now you will have what you asked for.6.以短語修飾語開頭1)以介詞短語開頭To me the news was very interesting,but to my wife very boring.2)以分詞短語開頭Disturbed by the discord of American life in recent decades,Manchester四十三 took flight for the pacific islands.3)以不定式短語開頭To pass the exam,you should work very hard.二、巧用連接詞有的學生在作文中使用過多簡單句,成了簡單句堆砌;有的寫復雜句時,動輒用so, and,then,but,or,however,yet等非但達不到豐富表達方式的目的,反而使句子結構鬆散、呆板.為了避免這種現象,可以通過使用連接詞,尤其是一些表示從屬關系的連接詞,如 who,which,that,because,since,although,after,as,before,when,whenever,if,unless,as if等,不僅能夠豐富句型,而且還能夠把思想表達得更清楚,意義更連貫.例如:
Natural resources are very limited.They will be exhausted in the near future.It is not true.But it becomes a major concern around the world.This is a widely accepted fact.這段文字用簡單句表達,它們之間內在的邏輯關系含糊不清,意思支離破碎.如果使用連接詞,將單句與其前後合並,形成主次關系,就把一個比較復雜的內容和關系表達得層次清楚、結構嚴謹.例如:
It is a widely accepted fact that there is a major concern around the world for the exhaustion of limited natural resources in the near future,though it is unlikely to be true.再如:
The Mississippi River is one of the longest rivers in the world,and in spring time it often overflows its banks,and the lives of many people are endangered.此句用and把三個分句一貫到底,既乏味又可笑.如果使用了關系代詞which,語義就會更連貫,語言也會更流暢:
The Mississippi River,which is one of the longest rivers in the world,often overflows its banks in the spring time,endangering the lives of many people.三、長短句交插長句和短句是就句子的字數多少、形體長短而言的.長句和短句各有其優點和缺點.長句,因為使用的定語、狀語較多,限制了概念的外延,增大了概念的內涵,所以比較精確、嚴密,但使用起來不夠活潑簡便.短句,由於字數少,直截了當,一般比較簡潔、明快、有力,但不利於表達復雜的語義內容.在具體語言活動中,最好長短句交替使用.這既體現了節奏上的要求,也是意義上的需要.例如:
(1)We can imagine the beautiful surroundings.(2)There are many trees along the streets.(3)There is a clean river in the city.(4) There are many fishes in the river.(5)There are willow trees on the one side.(6)There are some pieces of grassland on the other side.(7)There are many flowers on them.文中七個句子都是簡單句,句型結構單一,而且句子長短同一,都在七、八詞左右,十分單調.下面是修改後的段落:
(1)Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we make our cities greener.(2)Green trees line the streets.(3)A clean river winds through the city,in which a lot of fishes abound.(4)On the one side stand rows of willow trees.(5)On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers.改寫後的這段文字,有長句(1)、(3)、(5),也有短句(2)和(4),一長一短,抑揚頓挫的節奏感就出來了.不僅句子長短交插,而且句型結構變化也很大,使文章流暢自然,生動活潑.
四、利用倒裝結構英語的基本句型是S+V+O,如果偶爾打破常規,改變某一成分的位置,不僅可以豐富句型,而且能強調、突出被倒裝的部分,收到意想不到的表達效果.例如:
1)In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games.2)Faith in the Chinese economic reforms the majority of people will never lose.總之,英語的句式是多種多樣的,只要從要表達的內容出發合理選用,文章的句式就會富於變化.同時,在學習寫作的過程中,學生應不斷練習構造各種各樣句式,以提高語言表達能力.

⑶ 大學英語寫作中如何避免句子單一化 如何使句子開頭多樣化 如何寫出生動活潑的句子

最好的方法就來是多背誦一些自英語作文範文.裡面的句子都很漂亮.
再者,個人以為,在自己寫作時候,有意識的告訴自己不要用一些大家都用的句型,可以使用同意的句型,當一個句型你用過幾次之後,自己就會不由自主的用它了.
希望對你有些幫助.

⑷ 雅思寫作如何增加句子的多樣性

你好,關於雅思寫作如何增加句子的多樣性
1、做好詞彙短語的積累工作內。很多考生有這容樣一個誤區,他們認為只要背了某些參考書上所謂的模板,再積累些論據,寫作的問題就迎刃而解了,殊不知,卻得到了本文開始的結果。
2、多看高分範文,並對其中的詞彙句型多樣性進行總結。考生在備考過程中看範文時往往只是從整體上學習了其論據的安排,而忽略了細節的詞彙句型的運用,學生最好准備一本筆記本專門用做記錄好詞好句和其轉換形式。
3、加強練習。這里所指的加強練習是在一定的基礎之上的,即學生已經基本掌握了雅思寫作的各項要求。這樣練習才能有的放矢。通過幾次的練習,能檢查出學生多樣性的掌握情況,並對症下葯,了解不足處,在真正考試中能突圍而出。

⑸ 如何在雅思寫作中體現多樣性

如何在雅思寫作中體現多樣性
眾所周知考官在評判雅思寫作作文時,除了看文章的結構和語言之外,還很重視文章的主題內容,在論證完整充分的情況下如何使我們的雅思寫作作文中體現多樣性呢?
在雅思的教學中,常常會聽到學生抱怨不知該如何寫好一篇作文。過去半年,雅思的大作文話題相對集中,一些考生在考試時信心十足,認為自己字數足夠、思路清晰、論據完整充分,應該能拿到高分。但成績一出來,卻不盡如人意,沒有預期中好。於是他們產生了疑問,到底怎麼樣才能讓考官給高分?經過對評分標准所提的要求的分析後,才發現原來自己的不足是在多樣性上。眾所周知,雅思寫作的四個評分標准中Grammatical Ranges and Accuracy, Lexical Resources充分體現了雅思寫作的基礎點也是加分點為詞彙和語法的多樣性。本文將對此進行討論並提出關於如何做到雅思寫作多樣性的一些建議。
1. 詞彙語法多樣性的體現
1). 詞性的多樣性。
有調查指出,中國學生在作文中最常出現的詞性為動詞,因為我們腦中時刻緊記著以前語文老師要求的只有用動詞才能寫出生動的文章,才能體現我們的博覽群書。然而英語(論壇)中卻不盡然。通過對大多高分範文的分析,不難發現,除了動詞片語的運用,各種的名詞的使用更得考官的青睞,更能體現外國人的文風。拿小作文的發展趨勢做例子,大家都知道增加、降低等動詞的表達,如increase steadily, decrease sharply等,但轉換一種方式用名詞的形式表達,就更顯得多樣了,如experience a steady increase, undergo a sharp decrease。而如"surface"一詞,學生經常只會用它的名詞用法「......的表面」,卻從來不用它的動詞形式。如果你留心原版雜志和閱讀材料,它的動詞用法無處不在。例如"The fact of his plan surfaced"這里的"surface"就相當於 "appear"。所以不管什麼詞性,只要用了不能的表達方法,其結果都是不同的。當然是指正確的表達方法。
2). 同義詞多樣性。
在寫作中,如果一個相同的詞在250字的文中出現了不下三次,那麼作為學生自己,也會覺得自己的文章沒有可看性,更別提考官,可見此學生語言功底一般,又怎麼拿得到高分。而如果一篇文章,關於同個詞卻有三四中表達方法,無疑給這篇文章加分不少。其實同義詞也是展現一個學生英語水平的一個媒介。中國學生最常用的形容詞就是good, 不管是修飾什麼名詞,用上再說,殊不知這已經給這篇文章打了個相對低的起評分,所以如何來表達不同的「好」呢?我們就可以用excellent, marvellous, gorgeous, splendid, wonderful等。再如不要一想到「越來越多」就用 「more and more」 嘗試用 「an increasing number」 這樣不同的詞來表達,勢必會給平淡的文章增添亮點。
3). 句式結構的多樣性
用豐富多彩的句型,也是雅思寫作能得高分的標准之一。例如有這樣一個句型:"If we don't recognize the..."我們是否可以替換為:"Failure to recognize...",再如 「sth. happened in 1998.」 我們也可以替換為 「1998 saw sth happening.」 這樣顯得更加的地道。此處還推薦學生能用不同的從句寫出漂亮的句子,為文章加分。當然,這並不是意味著整篇文章都是復合句或並列句,如果能很好的做到長短句結合,使文章通順連貫,也是能得到考官喜歡的。2. 幾點建議
在簡單介紹了詞彙語法多樣性的體現後,我將提出幾點建議,促進考生在備考中做好准備。
1). 做好詞彙短語的積累工作。很多考生有這樣一個誤區,他們認為只要背了某些參考書上所謂的模板,再積累些論據,寫作的問題就迎刃而解了,殊不知,卻得到了本文開始的結果。當然這里的積累並非死記硬背,而是通過將一個單詞的不同形式,以及其同義表達等放在一起記憶就事半功倍。若遇到一個新詞,就要在腦中搜尋它的相關信息,這樣一來,就能在考試這么短的時間中馬上浮現了。但是一次的記憶是遠遠不夠的,所以適時的重復記憶也非常重要。
2). 多看高分範文,並對其中的詞彙句型多樣性進行總結。考生在備考過程中看範文時往往只是從整體上學習了其論據的安排,而忽略了細節的詞彙句型的運用,所以教師在上課時也要合理安排時間,將一部分用在對其的講解上。學生最好准備一本筆記本專門用做記錄好詞好句和其轉換形式。
3). 加強練習。經常有學生問,作文提高是不是只要多寫幾篇就可以了,其實答案是否定的。我這里所指的加強練習是在一定的基礎之上的,即學生已經基本掌握了雅思寫作的各項要求。那麼這樣練習才能有的放矢。通過幾次的練習,能檢查出學生多樣性的掌握情況,並對症下葯,了解不足處,在真正考試中能突圍而出。
雅思寫作向來是雅思考試四項中最難的,最能體現考生語言功底的,而詞彙與句型的多樣性正是它具體的體現。寫作和閱讀戚戚相關,也建議學生能多閱讀外文雜志報紙,原著等,在閱讀時,要注意外國人是如何遣詞造句的,尤其是詞性用法的多樣性。希望教師和考生們共同努力,將寫作水平拉上一個檔次。
以上即是雅思寫作作文中如何使文章具有多樣性的內容介紹,大家備考雅思寫作是可以根據以上所描述的內容進行適當的備考,以便更好的應對雅思考試。

⑹ 英語寫作在英語學習中的重要性

別急 會把英語寫作能力提高的
談談如何提高英語寫作能力

關鍵詞:英語寫作能力 原則 方法
引言:英語寫作能力是英語聽、說、讀、寫四種基本能力之一,英語寫作能有效地促進語言知識的內化。Swain(1985)提出「可理解輸出」假設,認為包括寫在內的語言產生性運用有助於學習者檢驗目的語句法結構和詞語的使用,促進語言運用的自動化,有效地達到了語言習得的目的。通過寫作,英語知識不斷得到鞏固並內在化,有利於英語技能的全面發展。但是,英語寫作又是廣大英語學習者最感頭痛的問題之一,且容易被教師忽視,筆者以為如何提高英語寫作能力值得我們認真研究。本文就此談談初淺的看法。
一、提高英語寫作能力的原則
(一)漸進性原則。要堅持「句—段—篇」的訓練程序,由易到難,循序漸進。在英語寫作的初始階段,要始終注意培養學生良好的寫作習慣,狠抓基本功訓練。在學生掌握了基本句型並能寫出簡單句子後,再要求學生根據一些體例寫出小段的文章。在段落寫作中要引導學生分析段落的結構、段落的中心句、句與句之間的邏輯關系、寫作手法等,這樣有利於下一步一篇文章的寫作。在文章寫作中要教會學生如何構思文章、如何運用正確的寫作技巧等。
(二)多樣性原則。要堅持訓練形式的多樣化及寫作文體的多樣性。從形式上而言,可以用回答提問的口頭作文,也可以用續寫故事;可以改寫課文,也可以仿寫課文;可以寫提綱訓練謀篇布局,也可以寫拓展段訓練發散思維……。從文體上而言,可以寫說明文、議論文、記敘文,也可以寫書信、便條、通知等實用文體。
(三)結合性原則。要堅持聽說讀訓練和寫訓練相結合。根據語言習得理論,學習者在學習時常先通過聽和讀吸取語言知識,從而了解別人的思想,再通過說和寫來表達自己的思想,讓別人了解自己。大量的聽說訓練能促進讀寫能力的提高。因此,寫與聽說讀緊密結合,進行多元化的能力訓練,可使學生的各項能力互相影響、互相滲透、互相促進。
(四)控制性原則。要堅持寫作前的指導,控制學生的漢語語言思維,發展英語語言思維。語言學習在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非隨心所欲地自由表達。教師要加強寫作前的指導,可給出範文讓學生模仿,以熟悉其語篇結構。同時要控制其漢語語言思維,盡可能讓學生習慣英語語言思維,以便於學生學習和掌握地道、正確的英語。
(五)持久性原則。要堅持長期、正確的寫作訓練。英語寫作能力的提高並非一朝一夕之事,而是一個長期的、艱巨的、漸進的過程。這就要求教師、學生都要有充分的思想准備,要有堅韌不拔的意志和必勝的信心。
二、提高英語寫作能力的方法。
(一)通過積累詞彙量,提高英語寫作能力。猶如土木磚石是建築的材料一樣,詞彙是說話寫作的必需材料,也是制約寫作能力提高的瓶頸。可以想像,如果要寫一個句子,10個單詞有8個單詞拼寫錯誤或拼寫不出,有2
個單詞用法不當,又怎麼能清楚地表達自己的思想呢?因此,在平時的教學中要強調學生記憶單詞,記住單詞的拼讀、用法、意思等。記憶單詞的方法有很多,各人有各人的記憶方法和習慣,可因人而異。教師可通過要求學生朗讀單詞、聽寫單詞、默寫單詞、遣詞造句、詞彙競賽等多種方法促進學生記單詞。記憶單詞是一個長期的反復的過程,要長期地堅持下去,才能不斷積累大量的詞彙,為英語寫作打下堅實的基礎。
(二)通過擴大閱讀量,提高英語寫作能力。古人雲「熟讀唐詩三百首,不會作詩也會吟」,這是漢語的一種學習方法,同樣可借鑒於英語寫作。多閱讀是學生增加接觸英語語言材料、接受信息、活躍思維、增長智力的一種途徑,同時也是培養學生英語思維能力、提高理解力、增強語感、鞏固和擴大詞彙量的一種好方法,有利於促進英語寫作能力的提高。在閱讀訓練中,教師要注意以下問題:一是指導閱讀方法,分析文章結構、中心思想、段落中心句、寫作方法等,幫助學生掌握各類文章的結構及寫作方法。二要精讀與泛讀相結合,通過推敲優秀的文章來學會寫作方法和選詞用詞;通過大量的泛讀來吸取信息量,擴大詞彙量。三要擴大閱讀量。提供閱讀的材料涉及面要廣,才能不斷擴大學生的知識面,使學生適應各種題材的寫作。
(三)通過提高聽說能力,提高英語寫作能力。英語聽說讀寫四種能力是相互影響、相互促進的,提高聽說能力必定會促進寫作能力的提高。要提高聽說能力關鍵在於創設一個良好的英語環境。教師要盡可能地用英語授課,多開展專門的聽說訓練,同時開展豐富多彩的課外英語活動,讓學生沉浸在英語海洋中去領略、去體會、去使用英語,久而久之,學生自然能使用正確的、地道的英語進行交談與寫作。
(四)通過重視寫作過程,提高英語寫作能力。長期以來,英語寫作成果教學法(THE PRODUCT
APPROACH)在我國居於主導地位,教師根據寫作的終成品來判斷寫作的成敗,重視寫作的技術性細節(如格式、拼寫、語法等),忽視寫作過程的指導。根據D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的連通論(Connectionism)理論,寫作包括寫前階段、具體寫作、文章修改三個基本過程,這三個過程並非是線性排列,而是循環往復,穿插進行的。教師只有重視加強對寫作三個過程的指導,才能更好地提高英語寫作能力。在寫作前階段,教師重在指導學生如何挖掘題材,訓練發散性思維,以及如何選擇材料、謀篇布局等。在具體寫作中,教師重在指導學生如何緊扣主題、運用正確的寫作方法等。在文章修改中,教師重在指導學生如何修改語法及用詞的錯誤。
(五)通過多寫英語摘要,提高英語寫作能力。英語摘要是把一篇文章的要點摘錄出來,用自己的語言使之獨立成一篇短文,這不是簡單的摘錄,而是忠於原文意思的再創作。寫英語摘要有利於學生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章結構,從而提高學生的邏輯思維能力和謀篇布局能力。
(六)通過發展英語語言思維能力,提高英語寫作能力。英語寫作是運用已掌握的內在化語言知識和表達方法,通過思維進行外在化輸出的創作,因此英語語言思維能力在英語寫作中作用非凡。對於我國學生而言,在英語寫作中易受漢語語言思維的影響,難以直接用英語語言進行思維,不利於英語寫作能力的提高,因此發展其英語語言思維能力尤為重要。教師要注意對學生的英語語言思維進行多方位、多角度的訓練:要採取各種方法訓練學生英語語言思維的廣闊性、深刻性、發散性和創造性;要教會學生用英語思考問題、回答問題;要從訓練形象思維開始,逐步過渡到抽象思維訓練;在課文講解中要盡可能不用漢語翻譯而用英語解釋,消除漢語思維的影響;要努力創設良好的英語環境,在英語交際中發展英語思維能力。

寫好英語段落的三個標准

首先,一個段落必須有一個中心即主題思想,該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來表達。整個段落必須緊扣這個主題(stick or hold to the topic),這就是段落的統一性(unity)。其次,一個段落必須有若干推展句,使主題思想得到充分展開,從而給讀者一個完整的感覺,這就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者,一個段落不是雜亂無章的,而是有機的組合,句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯,從一個句子到另一個句子的過渡必須流暢(smooth),這就是連貫性(coherence)。下面我們就對這三個標准分別加以說明。
1、統一性
一個段落內的各個句子必須從屬於一個中心,任何游離於中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主題句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出現兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,這一段是講的是Joe and I ,中間出現一個Bella是不合適的。還有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關。考生在四級統考的作文卷上常常因為造出irrelevant sentences(不相關語句)而丟分,值得引起注意。再看一個例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一個是My mother was a premature baby.
從上面兩個例子可以看出,native speakers同樣會造出來irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果這種句子多了,造成偏題或離題,那問題就更嚴重了。
2、完整性
正象我們前面說得那樣,一個段落的主題思想靠推展句來實現,如果只有主題句而沒有推展句來進一步交待和充實,就不能構成一個完整的段落。同樣,雖然有推展句,但主題思想沒有得到相對圓滿的交待,給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問題。什麼是「a mind in turmoil」(心境不平靜)Physical work又如何能改變這種情況?為什麼它能起therapy的作用?讀者得不到明確的答案。由於四級統考的作文部分只要求寫一篇100~120個詞的三段式短文,每一段只有大約40個詞左右,因此,要達到完整就必須盡可能地簡明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表達的主題思想是一種看法,必須有具體事例加以驗證。上述兩個推展句只是在文字上對主題作些解釋,整個段落內容空洞,簡而不明。如果用一兩個具體的例子的話,就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming 「Help」?
3、連貫性(coherence)
連貫性包括意連和形連兩個方面,前者指的是內在的邏輯性,後者指的是使用轉換詞語。當然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒有意連,句子之間就沒有內在的有機的聯系;反之,只有意連而沒有形連,有時行文就不夠流暢。
1)、意連
段落中句子的排列應遵循一定的次序,不能想到什麼就寫什麼。如果在下筆之前沒有構思,邊寫邊想,寫寫停停,那就寫不出一氣呵成的好文章來。下面介紹幾種常見的排列方式。
A.按時間先後排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段從「rose」(起床)寫起,然後是吃早餐(「not to miss breakfast」, 「closing at nine o'clock」),然後是「close to noon」,一直寫到這一天結束(「By nine——」)。
B. 按位置遠近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的寫法是由遠及近,從遠處(「from a distance」)寫起,然後「get closer」,再到(「ten feet away」),最後是「inside the pagoda」……當然,按位置遠近來寫不等於都是由遠及近。根據需要,也可以由近及遠,由表及裡等等。
C. 按邏輯關系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性順序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
這一段談的是表達能力,它的重要性與職業,身份有關,從「not need much skill」或「of little importance」到「more important」,最後是「most important」。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that 「sanguine」 and 「sanguinary」 mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
這一段談的是a writer's carelessness,先給出一個general statement作為主題句,然後通過5個 」perhaps」加以例證。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主題句是段首句,它僅提出一個問題:為什麼兩只貓會被搞混。然後對兩者進行比較,末句才下結論。
2)、形連
行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當的轉換詞語及其他手段來實現。請讀下面這一段文字並找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上啟下的詞語有兩種,一種是轉換詞語(transitional words or phrases),另一種是起轉換作用的其他連接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.後者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有詞彙105個,所使用的轉換詞語及其他連接用語共26個詞,約占該段總詞彙量的四分之一。由此可見,掌握好transitions不僅對行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且對於學生在半個小時內寫足四級短文所要求的120個詞也是不無好處的。
一個段落里如果沒有transitions也就很難有coherence了。我們看下面一個例子:Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句開頭出現一個起過渡作用的」it」之外,沒有使用其他的過渡詞語。這樣,文中出現許多重復的詞語,全段讀起來也顯得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的過渡詞語來修飾的話,這一段就成了下面一個流暢連貫的段落:
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有損連貫性的幾種情況:
考生在寫作中經常出現下面幾種錯誤:
1、不必要的改變時態,比如:
In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改變單復數,比如:
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改變人稱,比如:
Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此寫作中,一定要注意時態,人稱以及數的變化是否正確,要注意保持一致。

⑺ 雅思寫作有哪些句子多樣性的方法

1、句首狀語提前

雅思寫作中狀語提前是一種相當拿分的句式,遺憾的是很多同學沒有意識到這點。所謂的狀語提前就是把一個由副詞、介詞、現在分詞或動詞不定式形成的小短語放在句首。這種句式最大的好處就是在一堆長句子里突然出現一個短語,讓句子產生一種長短結合的節奏感。例句:

Because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunity for children to stay in their own home up to that age. Instead, they will probably go to a nursery school when they are much younger.

2、句中插入短語

同理,在雅思寫作中,句子中間也經常可以引入一個小短語,讓長句子顯得更加靈活。下面大家看看這幾個例句:

A、This will affect the job market, which, after all, is a key target in any economic plan.

B、Feelings about one's job must reflect how an indivial feels about his or her life, and because of this, job satisfaction is indeed very important.

C、Sport stars and pop stars, for example, are soon replaced by the next younger, more energetic generation.

3、句尾用短語結

雅思寫作中,在一句話的結尾處寫一個小短語,可以給冗長繁雜的句子增添一點「親和力」。例句:

A person needs to feel that they are doing valued and valuable work, so positive feedback from superiors is very important in this respect.(請注意respect在這里不是「尊敬」的意思,而是指「某方面」,也可以用in this regard 來表達)。

4、善於使用副詞

提起副詞,大多數同學的第一反應就是修飾動詞,其實副詞的作用不僅如此,它還可以用來修飾形容詞甚至全句。由於其用法的靈活性,雅思寫作中大家可以使用副詞來豐富自己的句式。例句:

A、A proct's success cannot be solely(僅僅) attributed to its advertising.

B、t often seems that the amount of money they are able to earn in a short time cannot possibly be justified(站得住腳的) by the amount of work they do .

5、倒裝句

這種語法現象很多同學都學過,但卻往往忘記在雅思作文中使用。例句:

A、Only in this way can this problem be effectively solved.

B、We can see that not only are there very large differences between these economies, but that these gaps are widening.

6、強調句

用it is…that…或者it is…Who…這兩種強調句式,類似於中文的「正是…導致…」的意思。例句:

A、It is the interaction(相互影響) of the two that shapes a person's personality and dictates how that personality develops. However, it is only those who reach the very top of their profession who can get these huge salaries. (請注意這個例句里的those who中的這個who並不是強調句的標志詞,後一個who才是。)

7、虛擬語氣

虛擬語氣是一個比較高級的寫作手法,但其實說白了就是用過去的時態表示現在或者將來的事情,表示語氣弱化。在雅思寫作中,遇到提建議的句子,虛擬語氣相當適用。例句:

Without the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor proctive, and without the training, the child would not learn how to exploit and develop their talent.

8、長短句結合

如果你的作文中全篇都是句式長又復雜且難讀的句子,可能讓考官的心情變得十分沉重。但你換種方式,長短句結合反而會讓大家享受閱讀你的文章。例句:

There have to be fixed punishments for all crimes. However, criminal laws have to provide certain cases of exemptions.

9、主被動交替

在國外大學里,個別教師會非常反對在學術文章中使用被動語態。但對雅思寫作這種比較短小的文章來說,被動語態仍然是實現句式多樣化的好方法之一。例句:

Satisfaction is also increased by a sense of responsibility for and loyalty to a team.

10、of + 抽象名詞

of+抽象名詞」的意思相當於其中的那個名詞所對應的形容詞,用來說明某種特徵或屬性。常跟的抽象名詞有importance/help/calue/use/interest/quality/impact等等。例句:

Of crucial importance is, in my view, how we define 「responsible for bringing the children up」.

11、通過比較製造出變化

經典範文中還經常通過比較不同事物來調動一些特殊句型,比如too…to…(太…而不能…);The + 比較級, the +比較級等。例句:

The more relaxed the learners, the better their language acquisition.

12、the + 形容詞

在現實英語使用中,人們還習慣使用the + 形容詞,來泛指某一類人。比如the rich, the wealthy, the poor, the needy, the elderly。例句:

One of the most effective ways to teach children about responsibilities is to encourage them to care for the poor and the needy.

⑻ 雅思英語寫作技巧:怎樣使句子多樣化

在雅思(課程)寫作學習當中,最好的方法是以簡單句為基礎,配合適當的並列句和復雜版句。簡單句權可長可短,通常要加些附屬成分,如分詞短語、介詞短語、副詞短語、不定式動詞短語,以及節縮成分。總之,雅思寫作技巧作者可根據情況,使句子多樣化,使文章靈活多姿。

⑼ 英語專業寫作

第一,我建議你找些英抄語專業4級作文和8級作文的範文來背!!!先讀,弄清楚文章的結構,把例子記下來!找一個本子,專門記錄經典的句子,名言,和列子,並且背下來!

這樣你寫作文的時候才有東西寫!

第二,多看些名家的故事和名言,還有新聞!特別是有數據的新聞哈!

第三,先學會寫句子,再寫段落,再寫整個文章!個人經驗是,不要寫太多次了,2周寫一篇文章就可以了啊。寫了要讀幾遍哦!老師改過的文章也要讀幾遍哦!

加油!

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