1. 動態評價方法主要針對什麼
動態評價考慮了資金時間價值。
資產階級經濟學在分析方法上相對應的兩個類別。前者研究什麼是均衡狀態及達到均衡狀態所要求具備的條件，但不涉及達到均衡狀態的過程或達到均衡狀態所需要的時間，後者研究各經濟變數隨時間推移而不斷發生的變化，探討各經濟變數調整的「時延」及其對經濟體系變動的影響過程。
分析方法淵源 運用靜態和動態兩種分析方法去研究社會經濟問題,在經濟學發展史上由來已久。例如,人們在D.李嘉圖的著作中，既可看到他在生產技術條件不變的假定下，研究商品價值和價格如何形成以及價格永遠圍繞著價值而升降的靜態分析；也可看到他關於隨著人口增加、農產品漲價，名義工資上漲，而利潤率勢必趨於下降的動態分析。J.S.密爾是第一個在經濟學中區別靜態和動態概念的經濟學家。他的《政治經濟學原理，及其在社會哲學中的若干應用》（1848）一書，就是區分為靜態經濟與動態經濟兩部分來加以論述的。
首先明確提出要用靜態與動態的分析方法來研究經濟學和社會經濟問題的，則是美國經濟學家J.B.克拉克。他在《財富的分配》（1899）一書中提出，靜態經濟學所研究的是一個靜態社會里起作用的經濟規律；在這個靜態社會里，人口、生產技術、資本數量、生產組織和方法乃至消費者的慾望,都被假設為恆定不變,社會處於「靜止狀態」。他認為,只有在這個既有完整的組織而又不受社會進步所干擾的靜態社會里,一切經濟范疇（如價值標准、工資、利息、利潤等）,才是「自然的」或「標準的」。而動態經濟學所研究的，則是現實社會中起作用的經濟規律;在現實社會里,一切事物和現象（如人類的慾望、人口、生產技術與設備、生產組織與方法、所生產的財富種類）都在不斷變化。克拉克認為，靜態的社會只是一種假想，實際上並不存在；動態的社會才是實際的社會。但他強調指出，在靜態社會起作用的各種力量，不但在動態社會中起作用，而且是動態社會中最強大的力量；現實生活中的各種價值范疇（如價格、工資、利息等），實際上是一系列動態勢力與靜態勢力共同作用的結果。例如,在一個盛行著競爭的市場上,雖然總是由動態勢力來決定各種價值范疇（如商品價值、工資、利息等）的升降，但也總是由靜態勢力來驅使著各種價值范疇圍繞著各自的「自然標准」而上下波動，從而使實際生活中的價格、工資、利息經常比較接近於各自的「自然標准」。
J.A.熊彼特更明確規定，靜態經濟學的研究對象是「經濟循環」，動態經濟學的研究對象
2. 靜態評估方法和動態評估方法有哪些
一、靜態評價法就是採用方案評價的靜態指標，在不考慮資金時間價值的前題下，對項目或方案的經濟效益進行計算比較的一種方法。把一個項目的費用和效益數量化，可以使我們把一系列的費用、效益概括成幾個簡單的指標，以便提供對一個項目進行全面的評估和決策的依據。
1、投資回收期法
回收期法又叫返本期法，或叫償還年限法，是以項目的凈收益抵償全部投資（包括固定資產投資和流動資產投資）所需要時間的一種評價方法。對於投資者來講，投資回收期越短越好，它是反映工業項目財務上清償能力的重要指標。投資回收期自建設開始年算起，但也應同時寫明自投產開始年算起的投資回收期。
2、追加投資回收期法（差額投資回收期）
投資回收期只用於一個方案的判斷，追加投資回收期是用於兩個或兩個以上方案比較的一種經濟評價方法。追加回收期是指一個方案比另一個方案多追加的投資，用兩個方案的年成本節約額去補償所需要的年限。若追加投資回收期小於標准投資回收期，則投資大的方案較優；反之，投資小的方案較優。
3、計算費用法
計算費用法又稱最小費用總額法，這種方法就是把參與比較的各方案投資和經營費用這兩項性質不同的費用，利用標准投資回收期（或標准投資效果系數）將經營費用（或投資額）折算成與投資（或經營費用）相類似的費用，然後相加再比較方案的優劣。
4、投資收益率法
投資收益率又稱投資效果系數，是指項目投產後每年的凈收益與總投資額的比率。
投資收益率是評價項目經濟性的正指標，把求得的投資收益率與標準的投資收益率相比較，若大於標準的投資收益率，則方案是一個較優的方案。
二、動態評價方法
技術經濟動態評價方法：年值法、現時價值法、內部收益率法和外部收益率、收益成本比值法。
（一）年值法
在考慮資金時間價值的條件下，計算項目在壽命期內的每年的成本或收益凈值。
1. 年成本：只考慮壽命期內每年的支出成本。只用於擇優（AC成越小越好）
2.凈年值：考慮項目壽命期內全部現金流。既可判別可行又可擇優
（二）現時價值法
1.現值成本法(PW法)：考慮壽命期內的全部費用支出的現值。只用於擇優。
2.凈現值法(NPV法)：考慮到收入和支出的總現值，即凈現值。 既可判斷可行性，又可擇優。
3.凈現值指數（凈現值率）
注意：凈將來值，凈年度等值，費用年值。
4、現值法評價（優缺點）
（1）優點：直觀，「量」明確．
（2）缺點：容易忽視投資的「質」的方面,多方案決策時，有利於高投資的方案．期望收益率的選取帶有主觀因素，選擇不當，則影響決策的正確性。擇優需要與其他指標（NPVI）配合。
（三）內部收益率法和外部收益率
（即資本的邊際效率）指在項目壽命期內凈現值為零時的貼現率。
（四）收益成本比值法
是指項目在整個壽命期內收益的等價值（年值）與成本的等價值（年值）之比．
三、靜態分析和動態分析，作為進行時點分析和時期分析或過程分析的兩種既有區別又有聯系的分析方法，是有用的分析工具。它們可以在不同的理論指導下加以運用。在馬克思主義經濟理論的指導下運用靜態分析和動態分析方法，有助於改進經濟分析的質量。西方靜態經濟學和動態經濟學是靜態分析方法和動態分析方法分別與資產階級庸俗經濟理論相結合的產物。馬歇爾的均衡價格論，作為一種靜態經濟理論，則是靜態分析方法與邊際效用論，生產費用論等庸俗理論相結合的產物；而哈羅德的動態經濟學，則是動態分析方法與凱恩斯理論相結合的產物。對待這類靜態經濟學和動態經濟學的理論，應該進行有批判的分析。
3. 英語寫作評價標準是什麼
五種判分標准，大家來了解下，評估評估自己的水平。
20～17分：
內容切題，包內括提綱的容全部要點;表達清楚，文字連貫;句式有變化，句子結構和用詞正確。文章長度符合要求。
16～13分：
內容切題，包括提綱的全部要點;表達比較清楚，文字基本連貫;句式有一定變化，句子結構和用詞無重大錯誤。文章長度符合要求。
12～10分：
內容切題，基本包括提綱的要點;表達基本清楚;句子結構和用詞有少量錯誤。文章長度符合要求。
9～5分：
錯誤。文章長度基本符合要求。
4. 誰能幫我找一片英語作文叫how to appreciate(評估) the value of money
Money is not omnipotent
I was always wondered why I love money so much though I never lacking money since I was a teenager. Considered the value of society, we donnot express our desires on money no matter we are poor or wealthy. But I am keen on making money which is really hard for me to conceal.
Money is surely not omnipotent, but it must be the only one similar to omnipotent rather than others.Have you ever thought about this? The money doesn't means several notes ,but the FREEDOM.The freedom of choice, the freedom of practising your dream no matter it is crazy or unbelievable, the freedom of being your own master not the slave. Actually, I don't care how much money I own now. What caused me exciting is the process of earning money.I turst the standard to test my ability and power as IELTS can test my poor English. Money cannot buy everthing just like I cannot own everthing by myself.
Yesterday, I attend a lecture hold by Longer inistituion.I heard that if I could get 7.0 in IELTS I can rewared a scholarship for 500 RMB. I know that become another force to my second struggle. If you feel disappointed to such a snob(maybe this word is not very proper),.I am sorry and I promise I will not hurt anyone while I am kissing money.
help the poor people
Poverty, unemployment, poor sleep, seems to be running sore, and the length of the body in the United States, the rich countries are the United States of shame. At the same time, we must realize that the Americans living in poverty line is not in utter despair. I stay in the home where John is a guest Veterans. 54, no fixed. Summer time, he did in the local scenery and play a small role in the theatre. He has a pair of dexterous hands, can do carpentry, bricklayer, plumbing. I have nothing bad at home, I need not worry that John went to live in huts and told him that he would recover, he would Gu Well. I always say : "John, why do not you find? You so capable? "John always suspire :" can not find a job. After the closure of the timber instry, many workers as labour, food crafts like me who rely on such things, I can not compete. " Said to be temporary, John stayed in my home, I have lived in 1945. He often said : "You can not buy a house, otherwise I had no place to live. "I said :" No, we retired here in the future. I am here to build a communal illusion future, mutual care to. "John .... Small when their parents divorce, he early to the soldiers when no continuing school. After the soldiers returned, because people look Meanwhile, as do actors. The world may lack anything, but the lack of performers. However, John's in some local drama, live with the Dayton, Dayton did not stray artists life. One before, half a lifetime later. Now, the government money every month to his 300 pieces of food. In addition, he has no other money. Live in my house guest rooms, free of charge. As such, the poor living below the poverty line, according to the U.S. Census Bureau released this week reported that 12.7% of the total U.S. population. Poverty is living in the United States, you have to see that part. Poverty, unemployment, poor sleep, seems to be running sore, and the length of the body in the United States, the rich countries are the United States of shame. At the same time, we must realize that the Americans living in poverty line is not in utter despair. The real meaning of poverty in the United States is no quick hands, not weight, not drinking, not living. America does not have the money to go to school e to poverty or suicide cases, I am afraid, is no. American poor starvation small. On the contrary, many poor are potbellied because they eat too much popular goods of dependable quality food. Those foods are cheaper cheaper, but less health. In the United States, many government projects, non-government organizations, volunteer organizations to help poor people. In these cases, the first is a national social security system. If you are disabled, 65 years or older, who have no income or income less than 2,000 pieces of indivials, 3,000 pieces of couples, the U.S. federal government will give indivials up to 579 pounds per month, a couple 869 pounds life. In addition, the state governments have different benefits, and therefore a poor end of the grant than this number high. High degree are different, because everyone is different. If children, the federal government will also grant to each child. Therefore, many poor children to live by. Health more children, more money to the government, some people do not want to work more to the point. In the United States, children in public schools is free of charge. Free, not only free tuition and for those living below the poverty line families children, the school also provides a free lunch, free books. So, the children can go to school. In the United States, the obligation of free ecation is welcome. There are thousands of non-government organizations the United States, a variety of volunteer organizations to help the poor. This summer I came back from China, I lived on the reservation in the small city volunteer to help those in poverty or inability to cook the elderly. I participated in this project in various towns in the United States are called "wheel of rice." This is a private non-profit organizations, mainly to help those frail elderly. Any elderly can call home meal delivery to the requesting organization. Some of these meals to the local money, some places these meal is free. This summer, my specific job is to drive twice each week to deliver meals. Each week, the local newspaper will be published this week issued food menus. Encourage people to drive elderly home meal delivery all. The project in the town I live, from the collection of donations to purchase food, the preparation of food to food is the obligation of staff to do. Our small city, some 100 elderly people rely on the project along. They have no money or no ability to cook, "wheel of rice," the rice to their doorstep. Like organizations in the United States without a few of its various parts. Help those people who did not find meaningful who is the basic principle of American social life, very ordinary things.
5. 怎樣才能提高英語寫作水平，還有標點符號的應用呢
就寫作而言，英語語言基本功具體表現在哪些方面？准備應考的學生在復習過程中，應該做好哪些工作？
第一，正確對待詞彙學習語音、語法和詞彙既是語言的三大要素，又是表達功能的手段，也是進行交際和思維的最重要的手段。詞彙是語言體系中結構和意義的統一體，是語言的主要的基本單位。沒有建築材料就不能蓋房子，同樣，沒有詞彙的交際也是不可想像的。我國英語學習者，尤其是大學英語學習者，雖然非常重視英語詞彙學習，但詞彙一直是他們的難項和弱項。在英語寫作方面，有的習作表現是用詞過於簡單、平淡、用詞面窄；有的習作中出現了不少晦澀的偏詞，但這些詞本身可能出現搭配、貼切性等問題。因此，在學習生詞時，要認真掌握詞的確切含義及其用法。比如，tough一詞在下面不同的搭配里，含義都有所不同。She was having a tough time with that difficult task．（艱難的時刻）He is known as a tough teacher，（嚴厲的老師）My boss is a tough man to convince．（頑固的人） The competiion is really tough．（激烈的）Cooperatingwith himis a tough matter．（棘手的）另外，同學們在閱讀文章時，不要一味地去死記硬背艱深的生詞，片面追求晦澀、偏僻詞彙，應該學會欣賞「小詞大意」的寫法。比如，下面這些句子語言優美，意義深遠，但所用的詞彙幾乎都是初中接觸過的。If winter comes，can Spring be far behind？Government of the people，by the people，for the people．Ask not what your country can do for you，ask what you can do for your Country．當然，考研高分評分標准之一就是作文的用詞面較寬。同學們平時練習寫作時，要加強基本功訓練，習作中語言及思想水平要盡量與自己的閱讀材料相當。開始練習寫作的同學，可以強行要求自己習作中有5至8處使用新學的語言點，而且在使用時要爭取核對原文或字典，做到正確使用。久而久之「學以致用」的意識會越來越強，學的動力也會更強大些，寫的興趣也會更濃厚。
第二，注意通過閱讀提高篇章寫作水平 閱讀與寫作兩者之間存在相互依賴、相互促進的關系。閱讀應該是學習寫作的基礎和源泉。通過閱讀，我們可以比較全面地了解和掌握詞語、句型和篇章結構等知識，從而提高寫作的技巧和技能。另一方面，寫作要求學生用詞准確、造句規范、文字連貫，表達思想清楚，因此，寫作體現閱讀效果，也是提高閱讀效果的最好途徑。語言閱讀「輸入」（input）量的不斷擴大，必然意味著語言「輸出」（outPut） 即寫的能力的提高。同學們在進行讀與寫練習時，要注意篇章結構。一篇好的文章應該是詞彙、語法、內容的完美結合。不少同學在閱讀中出現「只見樹木、不見森林」的現象，即通過查找字典，文章中所有單詞的意思都明白了，但文章的中心大意還是不知所雲。這就說明同學們缺乏篇章學習的訓練。因此，同學們在閱讀時，一定要注意把握文章語義整體的統一性。寫作過程中，要注意選擇具有表達力的主題句(topic sentence）。主題句的好壞，直接關繫到文章的條理性、連貫性，甚至文章的邏輯性。主題句即表達段落大意的句子。主題句的作用就是將段落各句有機地結合在一起，保證一個段落所有細節的統一性。如果對主題句的處理欠妥，文章的結構和條理就會變得模糊不清，段落的統一性就會遭到破壞。
第三，打好語言基本功，避免「粗心語言錯」眾所周知，在聽、說、讀、寫四種技能中，寫最能反映一個人的語言功底。習作者的構思、論點、論據，到單詞的拼寫、書寫、文章的結構、修辭等，都能比較全面地反映習作者的語言運用能力。但是，學生習作中卻大量存在基本的語法錯誤。這些語法錯誤，如果被挑出來，拿給習作者看，他們很快知道錯在哪裡。如果將這些語法錯誤編寫成正誤判斷題，那些習作者本人也能作出正確的判斷。
「粗心語法錯誤」的存在，說明大學生平時雖然花在英語學習上的時間比較多，但缺乏足夠的筆頭練習，而且對語言形式的敏感性（senstiVity to lngulfor forms）不夠。請看下組錯誤例句，均屬於典型的「粗心語法錯誤」
（選自2002年碩土研究生入學考試作文8分答卷）
誤：A beautiful American girl is in traditional Chinese costume Is smiling．
正：A beautiful American girl in traditional Chinese costume is smiling．
誤：With the wide pace of globalization，cultures differences are shrinking．
正：With the globalization，differences between cultures are shrinking．
誤：In the Past we are stranged to see a person In other countries' costume．
正：In the past we would feel strange to see a person in other countries' costume．
誤：The result is brought up by the shrinkage of cultures differences between national
and international．
正：The phenomenon occurs，because the differences between national and international cultures are diminishing．
誤：With the development of economy，people in all over the world interact deeply．
正：With the economic globalization，people all over the world interact with each other more widely．
第四，注意學習掌握一些英語修辭手法許多同學平時閱讀習慣只注重字詞的學習，忽略學習積累一些修辭手法，並認為英語修辭在考試作文中沒有用武之地。殊不知，只要我們留心，英語修辭在平日的閱讀材料里還是俯拾皆是的。如下面的句子看似簡單，但都使用了排比結構。
Before Christmas，I made fruitcakes, decorated the house and wrapped dozens of toys. We enourage our children to be competitive，to get ahead，to make money，to acquire possessions, The human being longs for a sense of being accomPlished，of being able to do things，with his hand， with his mind，with his will．
而且，要在考試中拿高分，也要注意恰當地使用修辭手段。如下面一段文章的作者通過三次使用介詞in引出的補語短語，構成一系列排比結構，句式結構有變化（作文高分標准之一），而且達到很好的修辭效果，語言地道、優雅，行文流暢。
So when you see someone in difficulty of in distress and in need of help，don't hesitate to give your love to him.
I believe then the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in．
第五，學會對自己的習作進行正確、動態的評估 不少學生反映平時在進行寫作練習，因為沒有老師批閱，不知寫作水平是否有提高，因此缺乏學習成就感和自信心。我們認為，學生應該逐步提高給自己習作打分的能力。具體做法是將自己的習作，參照評分標准，與有關參考書中幾個分數段樣卷做對比分析。首先，對自己目前的英語寫作水平作一個客觀的評估，然後，找出自己目前作文與更高一個分數段作文的之間的不足，在今後的寫作中，注意用更高的標准要求自己。
當然，沒有經過輔導班訓練的同學可能無法敏銳地察覺出自己的問題。但只要同學們對自己的習作經常提出各種各樣的問題，並勤查字典，對語言的判斷力，一定會不斷提高。記住：字典是我們英語學習過程中，最權威、最耐心的老師。
6. 如何開展初中英語寫作評價與反饋的課堂教學敘事研究
一直以來,有關初中英語寫作教學的研究源源不斷,但對於版寫作評價與反饋的課堂教學的研究並不多。本文權通過一課例對寫作評價與反饋的課堂教學進行敘事研究,旨在探索初中英語寫作評價與反饋的課堂教學設計思路。分析發現,重視寫作內容的發掘、寫作過程的指導、寫作結果的評價以及寫作課堂交際策略的使用有助於明確寫作評價與反饋的課堂教學設計思路。
7. 什麼是動態評估
動態評估是一種關注個體未來發展水平的互動式測量模式。它通過教學和干預等把個體的學習過程和學習結果結合起來,考察個體的未來發展水平或學習潛能。
8. 英語作文的寫作方法及技巧
您好!
一般應做到
內容切題:不能走題、偏題
表達清楚:要讓別人知道你想說什麼，不要用你認為能看懂的漢語式英文句子
意義連貫:中英文化差異造成思維方式和文字表述方式的不同，英文表述更注重事實，所以寫英語作文不要過多的進行心理、環境描寫，120個字的作文結構要縝密，理由和例子要簡潔有力，說明問題，不要東拉西扯。
句法多變:為避免文章平淡、呆板，可使用不同的句式:強調句、倒裝句、否定句等等
語言正確:不要犯低級的語法錯誤
英語作文其實不難，如果你的英語底子不好，不太擅長使用比較復雜的語法，詞彙量也比較有限的話。建議用最簡單的句子表達意思，句式越簡單越好，能表達意思就好，一些生辟的單詞如果不會不需要直譯，可以用些片語。能表達意思就好，如果不會用用多了反而容易出錯，平時作業時可以慢慢積累，可以試著用些當作練習，考試時就不必了，原因就不多說了。我覺得要寫好英語作文還是平時多積累些，加上一些練習，比如平時可以多看些英語美文，如果有時間也可以刻意記些，時間長了語感自然就出來了，考試時有可能不知不覺的就閃出了平時的記憶。
多用連接詞!
遞進型:besides
;what's
more
;let
alone解釋型:that
is
(to
say);in
other
words轉折型:however;but;yet;otherwise列舉型:for
example;such
as
;on
the
other
hand因果型:since;therefore;as
a
result並列型:and;or;also;as
well
as總結型:in
a
word
;in
short;
on
the
whole;in
conclusion見解型:in
my
opinion;speaking;as
far
as
I
am
concerned
祝您成功
9. 老師要求寫一篇英語作文，要求對一個網站的可信度進行評估，請教各位應該怎麼寫，有資料也可以
您好，這里是關於網站信用度的一些essays，
What Makes Web Sites Credible? A Report on a Large Quantitative Study BJ Fogg, Jonathan Marshall, Othman Laraki, Alex Osipovich, Chris Varma, Nicholas Fang, Jyoti Paul, Akshay Rangnekar, John Shon, Preeti Swani, Marissa Treinen Persuasive Technology Lab Stanford University Corra Hall, Stanford, CA 94309 USA [email protected], www.webcredibility.org ABSTRACT The credibility of web sites is becoming an increasingly important area to understand. To expand knowledge in this domain, we concted an online study that investigated how different elements of Web sites affect people』s perception of credibility. Over 1400 people participated in this study, both from the U.S. and Europe, evaluating 51 different Web site elements. The data showed which elements boost and which elements hurt perceptions of Web credibility. Through analysis we found these elements fell into one of seven factors. In order of impact, the five types of elements that increased credibility perceptions were 「-world feel,」 「ease of use,」 「expertise,」 「trustworthiness,」 and 「tailoring.」 The two types of elements that hurt credibility were 「commercial implications」 and 「amateurism.」 This large-scale study lays the groundwork for further research into the elements that affect Web credibility. The results also suggest implications for designing credible Web sites. Keywords Credibility, World Wide Web, trustworthiness, expertise, captology, usability, online research, Web design. INTRODUCTION In the last few years we have seen a proliferation of Web sites with low-quality information, as well as sites that are outright misleading. Anecdotal evidence suggests that Web users are becoming more skeptical of the information they find online and may be wary of Web-based experiences. As a result, Web designers now face increasing pressure to enhance the credibility of their sites [6, 8]. But to this point, designing for Web credibility has been more art than science, leaving many Web designers to rely on intuition alone, without any support from quantitative research. Given the importance of Web credibility, it is remarkable that so few quantitative studies exist. Although some private companies have created proprietary knowledge about designing for maximum Web credibility, only a handful of studies in this area are public.
感謝您的支持，謝謝，希望我的回答對您有幫助！
10. 英語中的動態有哪些呢
進行時，過去式，將來時，