A. 老是好寫些中文式英語,怎麼改正英語寫作時最基本的語法規則(如介詞後接動名詞)有哪些
要記得分析句子結構,分得清主謂賓定狀補,記住英文的習慣用法,還有救是要記得幾個結構,主謂結構,動賓結構,系表結構,介賓結構。弄清楚哪及物不及物動詞。弄清哪些詞後面加不定式,哪些加動名詞。語法要全部過關
B. 寫作文用到的英語動詞
be動詞,look,see ,hear等感觀動詞.get,catch,help,think,do,know,dare,satisfied……建議你看看語法動詞那一章節,有很多動內詞.你的課文也行容,裡面很多動詞呀
C. 英語論文寫作要如何避免動詞和主詞搭配錯誤
英語學術論文寫作是很多大學生(特別是海外學生)需要掌握的一個技能,一篇文筆簡潔優雅的論文對於提高被採納發表的成功率會有很大幫助。但目前的情況是,很多人並沒有受過專門的學術論文寫作訓練,在寫論文時經常會出現各種各樣的語言問題。今天的文章主要談一談英文學術論文寫作中的常見錯誤,希望對你有所幫助。
總體來說,學術論文寫作跟其他類型的英文寫作一樣,都要遵循清晰簡潔的原則,這一原則主要有以下體現:
1.主動語態與被動語態
英文中的主動語態特點是簡潔有力,動作發出者明確,而被動語態特點是較為冗長且有時候看不出動作的發出者是誰(比如Measures should be taken to address this issue. 從這個句子裡面我們無法確定應該是誰採取行動)。在學術論文中,很多地方都要明確指出動作的發出主體(比如實驗是誰操作的,數據是誰測量的),且語言要盡可能簡潔。因此,學術論文中應該多使用主動語態。
類似下面的句子:
(1) Consideration of whether countries work well on cross-border issues such as immigration was undertaken by Raul (2007).
(2) Identification of poor food, bad housing, inadequate hygiene, and large families as the major causes of poverty was made by Jones (2005).
應該改為:
(1) Raul (2007) consideredwhether or not countries work well on cross-border issues such as immigration.
(2) Jones (2005)identifiedpoor food, bad housing, inadequate hygiene, and large families as the major causes of poverty.
那麼有沒有需要使用被動語態的情況呢?
有。當我們無法明確動作的發出者,或者需要強調動作本身而不是強調動作發出者的時候,就可以使用被動語態。比如:
(1) Up to 90% of the energy in light bulbs is wasted in the form of heat.
(2) The first edition of Freud』s earliest writings on dreams was published in 1899.
第一個句子裡面waste這個動作的發出者無法明確(也沒必要明確),第二個句子裡面誰出版了Freud的作品並不重要,因此也沒有必要使用主動語態來說明出版商是誰。
2.比較句
我們知道,在英語比較句中有時候可以省略被比較主體後面的動詞,比如:
On average, men are taller than women are.
可以省略為:
On average, men are taller than women.
但這種省略有時候會造成歧義,舉個例子:
Women prefer friendly doctors more than men do.
如果我們將do省略的話,會變成:
Women prefer friendly doctors more than men.
此時句子會產生歧義,因為它可以有兩種不同的理解:
Women prefer friendly doctors more than men prefer friendly doctors. 女人比男人更喜歡友善的醫生。
Women prefer friendly doctors more than they prefer men. 比起喜歡男人,女人更喜歡友善的醫生。
為了避免歧義,我們應該保持比較句型形式上的完整。類似這樣的句子:
(1) The finance department focuses on profits more than the human resources department.
(2) Country A funds high-tech innovation more than Country B.
應該改為:
(1) The finance department focuses on profits more than the human resources department does.
(2) Country A funds high-tech innovation more than Country B does.
3.使用動詞而不是名詞
英語中動詞通常要比名詞要簡潔,因為名詞本身看不出動作,經常需要額外的動詞去修飾它。比如要表達「做出貢獻」,使用名詞形式我們要說make contributions to,但如果用動詞只需要說contribute,在論文寫作中能使用動詞的場合盡量使用動詞,以保持文章的簡潔。類似下面這樣的句子:
(1) Enumeration of three reasons why the English language has become so important was made by Thompson (2006).
( 2) Discussion of the challenges and strategies for facilitation and promotion of ERP was performed by Smith (2007).
需要改為:
(1) Thompson (2006) enumeratedthree reasons why the English language has become so important.
(2) Smith (2007) discussedthe challenges and strategies forfacilitatingand promotingERP.
4.減少there be句型以及it的使用
There be句型可能是中國學生最熟悉的句型之一,但大部分there be句型都不夠簡潔,可以使用其他形式來替換。比如:
There is a necessity for a semi-structured approach to be chosen.
可以改為更加簡潔的版本:
A semi-structured approach must be chosen.
又比如:
There is a need for implementation of the policy on a larger scale by the president of the association.
可以改為:
The association president must implement the policy on a larger scale.
對於形式主語it,我們也可以進行精簡,比如:
(1) It is essential that the model be revised.
(2) It was important for the government to intervene.
可以改為:
(1) The model must be revised.
(2) The government must intervene.
5.Misplaced modifiers
Misplaced modifiers是指將修飾語放在錯誤的地方,從而產生歧義的現象。舉個例子:
I was told that I would be awarded the scholarship by my professor.
這句話因為by my professor這一修飾語放置不當而產生了歧義。它可以理解為「我被我的教授告知我會獲得獎學金」,也可以理解為「我被告知我的教授會授予我獎學金」。避免歧義的方法是調整by my professor的位置,比如:
I was told by my professor that I would be awarded the scholarship.
類似的例子還有:
A team led by Dr. Craig Smith from the University of Hawaii at Manoa found the crabs using a remotely operated submersible.
這句話同樣有歧義,因為using a remotely operated submersible可以理解為螃蟹發出的動作,也可以理解為研究團隊發出的動作。為了避免歧義,句子可以改為:
A team led by Dr. Craig Smith from the University of Hawaii at Manoa used a remotely operated submersible to find the crabs.
6.慎用代名詞
我們有時候會用代名詞來指代前面提到的名詞或是句子成分,但它有個缺點:讀者有時候很難確定代名詞究竟指代哪一部分。學術論文寫作要求清晰嚴謹,因此使用代名詞時一定要謹慎,必要時可以對代名詞進行替換。比如:
A case study approach was chosen; thisallowed a closer observation of a single specimen.
句子中this可能指代a case study approach,也可能指代a case study approach was chosen這一整句話,為了使句意清晰,我們可以將句子改為:
A case study approach was chosen to allow a closer observation of a single specimen.
又比如:
X substantially alters Y. Thissuggests that Y can be modified using the proposed model.
句子可以改為更清晰的版本:
X substantially alters Y. This findingsuggests that Y can be modified using the proposed model.
7.避免使用可能會造成性別歧視的代名詞
在使用he, she, his, her, him這類代名詞時,應避免出現只偏袒一方情況,舉個例子:
When a politician campaigns for office, hemust spend considerable funds to compete with his opponents.
這里代名詞只提及到了男性一方,為了避免出現性別歧視,我們可以使用名詞和代詞的復數形式:
When politicians campaign for office, theymust spend considerable funds to compete with theiropponents.
或者將句子中的代名詞去掉:
A politician whocampaigns for office must spend considerable funds to compete with opponents.
同時,在使用一些名詞的時候也要注意性別問題,比如要表達「人類」,用humankind會比用mankind好一點,因為mankind帶有一定的性別色彩,一些人會質疑為什麼只有mankind而沒有womankind,而使用humankind會顯得公平很多。
希望能幫助到你,望採納!
D. 關於英語寫作(句子的語法)
句子的開頭就是主語吧,主語當然不能用動詞,只能用名詞性質的單詞或者短語,這不單單是寫作里的語法,而是滲透在英語各個方面中的語法。其實個人認為,學好語法最大的優勢就是英語寫作,幫助作文整體的嚴密工整,所以如果要學好語法的話,還是建議買一本好的語法書,每天多看多練,還有就是模仿優秀英語作文中的語句和寫作技巧,會有很大幫助的哦~
E. 英語問題 寫作時first和firstly後面的句子有什麼不同嗎動詞要注意什麽之類的
firstly可以單獨使用表示首先 就等於at first
first加逗號與後面句子隔開表示第一點 一般寫作時為避版免單權調 不這樣使用
另外在寫作中副詞的作用 非常重要 應多進行積累好的副詞 如occasionally等等 並應用於寫作中
F. 英語寫作中的動詞名詞化短語
所謂復用「名詞短語」代替「動制詞」,其實可以看成是「同義詞、近義詞」。
例:
1、借錢:
Borrow sb's money = take a loan from sb.
= take a credit from sb.
2、感謝:
Thank sb.= Show gratefulness to sb.
= express appreciation to sb.
= express gratitude to sb.
3、拒絕:
Refuse sb.= give sb. a refusal.
= give sb. a denial.
= say no to sb.
= reply sb. in negative.
很多很多的呀。
建議你買一本英語同義詞典(dictionary of synonym)
G. 寫作的動詞ing形式
composing 或者writing
composing 指寫一篇作文、信函、講稿,詩歌,writing 寫作的目的可以說論文,也可以是小說,散文,各式各樣的文章。
H. 如何在英語寫作中做到用詞生動,簡潔,多樣,具
1. 如何做到用詞生動
中國同學寫作喜歡濫用兩個詞:is 和make。make sb do sth, 這個結構廣泛收到中國學生們的歡迎。
這兩個詞語的問題在於是靜態的, there be 句型也是如此。只有盡可能在英語表達中選用短小有力的動詞,比如action verb,才能使文章更有活力。
要盡量避免be/make的系動詞形式表達,盡可能選擇表示強有力的行為動詞,寫出生動、簡潔、有力、耐讀和連貫的文章。
例如,如果你想表達「讓某事變得更快」,在考場的緊張心情下可能直接會寫出「make it faster」,為了讓這個片語更生動地表達,我們可以用動詞accelerate(v.加速)來取代make片語。Accelerate就是一個「行為動詞」。
舉例
1.
His criminal record made him unable to be admitted to the university.
His criminal record disqualified him from being admitted to the university.
原句中用了make sb unable to…這個片語,我們可以用disqualify(使失去資格)一詞來取代。
2.
Ecological imbalances is the biggest threat to the survival of wild animals and plants.
Ecological imbalances threaten the survival of wild animals and plants, even human beings.
要表達「某事物是一種威脅」,很多學生會直覺地用漢英直接翻譯的思維寫出sth is a threat to…, 然而,threat其實可以直接做動詞,它使得修改後的句子更加的生動。
在日常寫作訓練中,我們需要擺脫習慣性思維的束縛,直接以英語來思維和表達,而不是先用漢語思維,再翻譯成英語。
想要學習更全面的英文行為動詞,來改善你貧乏的寫作用詞?
關注新俊傑微信公眾號 (ID: nextleaders),在後台直接留言回復「行為動詞」和你的電子郵件,我們會發給你action verb list,內含500個托福常用行為動詞。
2. 如何做到用詞簡潔
善用分詞短語
例如
他猛然倒在一把椅子上,椅子被壓得吱吱作響。
He crashed down on a chair which proced a protesting sound.
He crashed down on a protesting chair.
有的定語從句可以直接簡化為一個分詞形式作為定語,修飾名詞成分。
善用形容詞短語
例如
當我的工作很忙時,不得不經常搬家,我女兒只得轉學。
My daughter had to change schools when my work schele was busy and this made it necessary for me to move houses.
My daughter had to change schools when my busy schele made it necessary for me to move houses.
某些單獨的形容詞就表示復雜的意思
例如
這份雜志內容有趣,文字淺顯,立即受到大家的喜歡。
The magazine is immediately popular as its content is interesting and its language is easy.
The magazine has gained immediate popularity at once as it is interesting and easy.
路面結冰,又很滑,加上能見度很低,因為導致了這場交通事故。
The road was frozen and slippery and one could hardly see clearly, so the road accident was caused.
Icy road and poor visibility led to the accident.
運用單個副詞
例如
然而,近年來關於該問題的警告引起了公眾的廣泛關注,這是可以理解的。
Nevertheless, recent alarms about this problem caused wide public concern. This is understandable.
à Nevertheless, recent alarms about this problem have understandably caused wide public concern.
運用抽象名詞
例如
他每天花三小時看體育節目。他把心思都放在體育上,這對他的學習是妨礙的。
He spends nearly 3 hours on watching sports events. The fact that he was completely absorbed in sport interfered with his studies.
He spends nearly 3 hours on watching sports events. His complete absorptioninterfered with his studies.
他有才能,人品好,辦事效率高,他肯定會提升的。
He is capable, easygoing and works efficiently. He will surely be promoted.
His aptitude, personality and efficiency guarantee his promotion.
運用介詞短語
例如
醫生給了她一些治療感冒的葯。
The doctor have her some medicine for her cold.
For 就是治療的意思,寫成give her some medicine for curing her cold 就是不了解介詞的意思。
英語中at, with, over, out of 等這些介詞在表示感情列致使行為時,往往替代動詞。如:I am surprised at the news. / He is pleased with your progress.等
3. 如何做到用詞多樣
「Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity.」
英語中的意思接近,場合接近的同義詞種類非常多,但是漢語的同義詞主要集中在形容詞上。
中文是意合型語言,不是靠連詞,代詞等語言手段,而主要是靠句子內在的意思來連接的。這就給句子的表達提出了更高的要求。也就是說句子的意思必須清楚明了,歧視性和模糊性要低,句子才能行文通暢。英語則可以大量變換用詞,不會引起歧義。
豐富的詞彙變換手段包括——
同義詞
例如
I first heard this tale shortly after the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). Later someone told me that the story appeared in a travel magazine.
同義詞還可以擴展到結構
例如
One great ignorance about the distant past also makes it difficult to identify great men. For example, no one knows who invented the wheel or discovered he proctive use of fire. Little is known about the invention of writing and of numbers.
近義詞
近義詞和同義詞只是程度上有差異而已。有些詞孤立起來看完全沒有聯系。但是在上下文里指的是同一間事。它們就構成了同義關系。
例如
The Second World War in some ways gave birth to less novelty and genius than the First. It was, of course, a greater cataclysm, fought over a wider area, and altered the social and political contour of the world at least as radically as its predecessor.
籠統詞
指的是那些范圍更大,意思更含糊的詞,比如thing, task等。
例如
Perhaps is will suffice to mention the nuclear bomb. Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thingto be constructed.
4 如何做到用詞具體
用詞具體忌籠統是使文章具體生動的又一方法。
例如
She had straight A』s and scholarship offers from some of the most prestigious universities in the country.
She had straight A』s and scholarship offers from some of Stanford and Cornell.
在第二句話中,「prestigious universities」被具體地改為「斯坦福」與「康耐爾」
在寫作時,要有意識的注意具體詞的用法,表示人可以具體地用稱謂來表達,如babysitter, colonel, teacher, doctor等;表達「說」,除了「say」或者「speak」還有很多表達方式,如exclaim (大聲說)、 blurt (脫口而出)、stammer (結結巴巴說)等。
I. 英語中有的動詞作名詞是不需要加ing的,那有哪些呢我寫作文有時都不敢用如help,study等
應該說明的是,動復詞作名詞 與動名制詞是兩個完全不同的概念。動名詞通常用在各類的從句里。
但動詞作名詞的概念就不一樣了,你所問的只涉及單詞而不是從句。
動詞作名詞需不需要加ing? 有的要加,有的不需加。有沒有規律技巧,沒有。只能靠長期使用中的積累。
需要加ing的幾個例子: begin beginning (開始), belong belonging (屬於/屬於物)
不需加ing的幾個例子: take a (look), (look) at that, have a nice (travel), (travel) to somewhere.
希望對你有幫助。
J. 求助英語動詞分詞作定語的問題,比如翻譯」所觀察到事實「,英語寫作observed fact好,還是fact observed
a retired teacher 一位退休的教師 和 A teacher retired 有個教師退休了。 你覺得哪個好?
看語境,自己選擇就是了。