1. 英語報告作文格式(模板)
寫報告,第一點一定要說,報告里的都是FACTS,所以不能有任何個人觀點,反問句,專和縮寫。
比如people don not 一定不能寫成屬people don't
每個小節都必須有TOPIC SENTENCE, SUPPORT SENTENSE, SUMMARY。
一小節不能低於7句話。
文章結構。
第一個篇幅是介紹,簡短,明了,幽默點也行,說清楚下面要談論的是什麼。
第二第三第四篇幅,主要內容,規則不提,上面說清了。報告是關於電影的話,可以先說這部電影講述了什麼,然後寫人們在看這部電影的時候是什麼反映,票房什麼的,都可以,絕對不能寫「我是怎麼想的」
最後一節,總結,三句句子帶過。
報告結束。
2. 英語作文萬能模板
一.用於作文開頭的萬能模板
1、Many people insist that...很多人(堅持)認為……
這句話乍看沒亮點,但將眾人皆知的"think"換為"insist"有沒有覺得高大上了許多?
2、With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that...隨著科技的發展,越來越多的人認為……
3、A lot of people seem to think that...很多人似乎認為……
二.引出不同觀點的萬能模板
1、People's views on... vary from person to person. Some hold that... . However, others believe that....人們對……的觀點因人而異。有些人認為.....然而其他人卻認為……
看這個長度就已然鶴立雞群。其實,也是一個蠻簡單也好記的模板。
2、Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person. 人們對待吸毒的態度因人而異。
乍一看,跟上句的開頭神似,其實就是省略掉了"people's",不僅清爽而且好像高端了一些。
3、People may have different opinions on...人們對……可能會有不同的見解。
又是一個婉轉的句子,展示其客觀性。
4、There are different opinions among people as to...關於……人們的觀點大不相同。
"different"雖拉低了水準,但"as to"又拯救了回來。
5、Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure).對(失敗)人們的態度各不相同。
這句話貌似亮點不多,頂多一個"hold",但也是安全牌,容易理解。
三.得出最終結論的萬能模板
1、Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that...把所有這些因素加以考慮,我們自然會得出結論……
很完全的答法,"take sth into consideration"短語的應用,加分。
2、Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that...考慮所有這些因素,我們可能會得出合理的結論……
"Take into account sth"短語似乎又比上句的"take sth into consideration"提升了一個層次。
3、Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that...因此,自然我們得出以下結論。。。
"Hence"一詞用在文章中大氣吧,但別平時口語中用,否則即使老外也用一種看老古董的眼神看你。。。
再特意提一句:"we'd better"在這里不是「不得不」或「最好」的意思,而是一種自然而然,水到渠成的得出結論。
4、There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits.毫無疑問,跳槽有優點也有缺點。
短語"there is no doubt that"上線,同時運用我們的老朋友"as well as"增加看點。
5、All in all, we cannot live without... But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.總之,我們沒有……是無法生活的。但同時,我們必須尋求新的解決辦法來對付可能出現的新問題。
這句話一般用於作文結尾,屬萬能句式,句式較為簡單,方便操作。
四.提出最終建議的萬能模板
1、It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).該是我們停止這一趨勢的時候了。
"It is high time" 打頭,為該句增色。註:that 後跟虛擬語氣,後跟動詞的一般過去式,表示「是某人做。。。的時候了」或者「是某人不做。。。的時候了」
2、It is time to take the advice of ... and to put special emphasis on the improvement of ...該是採納……的建議,並對……的進展給予非常重視的時候了。
去掉一個"high",畫風完全不一樣,不用過去式,只需用"to do"來替代。
3、There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of ...毫無疑問,對……問題應予以足夠的重視。
"there is no doubt that"+被動還是蠻經典的組合。
4、Obviously,.... If we want to do something... , it is essential that...顯然,如果我們想做某事,我們需要……
這句有些老生常談,稍微不「常」的就是"essential" 替代了"important"。
5、Only in this way can we... 只有這樣,我們才能...
Only+倒裝,經典萬能句式,還能看出點水平呢。
6、It must be realized that... 我們必須意識到...
把人人都會的"I realized"升格為被動語態,省略了主語,監考老師絕對會眼前一亮的!
五.英語四級作文預示後果萬能模板
1、Obviously, if we don't control the problem, the chances are that... will lead us in danger.很明顯,如果我們不能控制這一問題,很有可能我們會陷入危險。
"the chances are that"替代了"may",果然說話拐彎的生物不止是中國人。
2、No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that...毫無疑問,除非我們採取有效措施,否則很可能會……
作文結尾萬用句,毫無破綻。
3、It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.應立即採取措施阻止這一事態的發展。
"It is urgent that"+被動,效果不錯滴。
3. 高考英語作文類型模板
英語書信的常見寫作模板
開頭部分:
How nice to hear from you again.
Let me tell you something about the activity.
I』m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th.
I』m pleased to hear that you』re coming to China for a visit.
I』m writing to thank you for your help ring my stay in America.
結尾部分:
With best wishes.
I』m looking forward to your reply.
I』d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.
口頭通知常見寫作模板
呼語及開場白部分:
Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.
正文部分:
All the teachers and students are required to attend it.
Please take your notebooks and make notes.
Please listen carefully and we』ll have a discussion in groups.
Please come on time and don』t be late.
結束語部分:
Please come and join in it.
Everybody is welcome to attend it.
I hope you』ll have a nice time here.
That』s all. Thank you.
議論文模板
1.正反觀點式議論文模板
導入:
第1段:Recently we』ve had a discussion about whether we should... (導入話題)
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(觀點有分歧)
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方觀點)
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3個贊成的理由)
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方觀點)
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What』s more... In addition...(列出2~3個反對的理由)
結論:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(個人觀點) オ
2.「A或者B」類議論文模板:
導入:
第1段: Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(贊同A的原因)
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2個B的優勢)
結論:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出結論) オ
3.觀點論述類議論文模板:
導入:
第1段:提出一種現象或某個決定作為議論的話題
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的觀點是贊成還是反對)
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (過渡句,承上啟下)
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3個贊成或反對的理由)
結論:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照應第1段,構成"總—分—總"結構)
4."How to"類議論文模板:
導入:
第1段:提出一種現象或某種困難作為議論的話題
正文:
第2段: Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3個解決此類問題的辦法)
結論:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(強調解決此類問題的根本方法)
圖表作文寫作模板
The chart gives us an overall picture of the 圖表主題.
The first thing we notice is that 圖表最大特點 .
This means that as (進一步說明).
We can see from the statistics given that 圖表細節一 .
After 動詞-ing 細節一中的第一個變化,
the動詞-ed+幅度+時間(緊跟著的變化) .
The figures also tell us that圖表細節二 .
In the column, we can see that accounts for (進一步描述).
Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that (結論).
The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that (給出原因).
It is high time that we (發出倡議).
圖畫類寫作模板:
1.開頭
Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...
2.銜接句
As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.
3.結尾句
In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...
4. 英語作文萬能模板有哪些
一、開頭句型5. 誰有各種類型的 英語作文模板
希望我收集的下面的資料能幫上你。
高考英語作文常用寫作句式句型匯總
一.開頭用語:
良好的開端等於成功的一半.在寫作文時,通常以最簡單也最常用的方式---開門見山法。也就是說, 直截了當地提出你對這個問題的看法或要求,點出文章的中心思想。
1.議論論文:
A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.
B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.
C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...
D. Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.
E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.
F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.
2. 書信:
A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.
B. I read an advertisement in today』s China Daily and I apply for the job...
C. Thank you for your letter of May 5.
D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.
E. How nice to hear from you again.
3. 口頭通知或介紹情況:
A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please. I have an announcement to make.
B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.
C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introce Mr. Wang to you.
4. 演講稿:
A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balance Diet and Health.
B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.
二.並列用語:
as well as, not only…but (also), including,
A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.
B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.
C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French.
D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.
三.對比用語:
on one hand ,on the other hand, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing ;for another, nevertheless
A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures.
B. It is hard work; I enjoy it though.
C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.
四. 遞進用語:
even, besides, what』s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse
A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what』s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.
五. 例證用語:
in one』s opinion, that is to say, for example, for instance, as a matter of fact, in fact, namely
A. As a matter of fact, advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life.
B. There is one more topic to discuss, namely/that is ( to say ), the question of ecation.
六. 時序用語:
first/firstly, meanwhile, before long, ever since, while, at the same time, in the meantime, shortly after, nowadays,
A. They will be here soon. Meanwhile, let』s have coffee.
B. Firstly, let me deal with the most important difficulty.
七. 強調用語:
especially, indeed, at least, at the most, What in the world/on earth.. , not at all ,
A. Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep.
B What in the world/on earth are you doing?
八. 因果用語:
thanks to, because, as a result, because of/as a result of , without, with the help of..., owe ...to...
A. The company has a successful year, thanks mainly to the improvement in export sales.
B. As a result, many of us succeeded in passing the College Entrance Examinations.
九. 總結用語:
in short; briefly/ in brief ; generally speaking, in a word, as you know, as is known to all
A. Generally speaking, sending an e-mail is more convenient than sending letters.
B. In short, measures must be taken to prevent the environment being polluted.
常用句型
(一)段首句
1. 關於……人們有不同的觀點。一些人認為……
There are different opinions among people as to……Some people suggest that
……
2. 俗話說(常言道)……,它是我們前輩的經歷,但是,即使在今天,它在許多場合仍然適用。
There is an old saying……It's the experience of our forefathers,however,it
is correct in many cases even today.
3. 現在,……,它們給我們的日常生活帶來了許多危害。首先,……;其次,……。更為糟糕的是……。
Today, …… which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ……
Second,……What makes things worse is that…….
4. 現在,……很普遍,許多人喜歡……,因為……,另外(而且)……。
Nowadays,it is common to ……. Many people like …… because ……
Besides,……
5. 任何事物都是有兩面性,……也不例外。它既有有利的一面,也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and …… is not an exception,it has both advantages
and disadvantages.
6. 關於……人們的觀點各不相同,一些人認為(說)……,在他們看來,……
People』s opinions about …… vary from person to person. Some people say
that ……To them,……
7. 人類正面臨著一個嚴重的問題……,這個問題變得越來越嚴重。
Man is now facing a big problem …… which is becoming more and more serious.
8. ……已成為人的關注的熱門話題,特別是在年青人當中,將引發激烈的辯論。
……has become a hot topic among people,especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
9. ……在我們的日常生活中起著越來越重要的作用,它給我們帶來了許多好處,但同時也引發一些嚴重的問題。
……has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it
has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
10. 根據圖表/數字/統計數字/表格中的百分比/圖表/條形圖/成形圖可以看出……。很顯然……,但是為什麼呢?
According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph,it
can be seen that……while. Obviously,……but why?
(二)中間段落句
1. 相反,有一些人贊成……,他們相信……,而且,他們認為……。
On the contrary,there are some people in favor of……t the same time,they
say……
2. 但是,我認為這不是解決……的好方法,比如……。最糟糕的是……。
But I don't think it is a very good way to solve …….For example,……Worst
of all,…….
3. ……對我們國家的發展和建設是必不可少的,(也是)非常重要的。首先,……。而且……,最重要的是……
……is necessary and important to our country's development and construction. First,……What's
more, ……Most important of all,……
4. 有幾個可供我們採納的方法。首先,我們可以……。
There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can……
5. 面臨……,我們應該採取一系列行之有效的方法來……。一方面……,另一方面,
Confronted with……we should take a series of effective measures to…….
For one thing,For another,
6. 早就應該拿出行動了。比如說……,另外……。所有這些方法肯定會……。
It is high time that something was done about it. For example. ……In addition.……All
these measures will certainly…….
7. 為什麼……?第一個原因是……;第二個原因是……;第三個原因是……。總的來說,……的主要原因是由於……
Why…… The first reason is that ……The second reason is ……The
third is…….For all this, the main cause of ……use to …….
8. 然而,正如任何事物都有好壞兩個方面一樣,……也有它的不利的一面,象……。
However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ……also has
its own disadvantages, such as ……
9. 盡管如此,我相信……更有利。
Nonetheless, I believe that ……is more advantageous.
10. 完全同意……這種觀點(陳述),主要理由如下:
I fully agree with the statement that ……because…….
(三)結尾句
1. 至於我,在某種程度上我同意後面的觀點,我認為……
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I
think that ……
2. 總而言之,整個社會應該密切關注……這個問題。只有這樣,我們才能在將來……。
In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ……Only in this way can ……in the future.
3. 但是,……和……都有它們各自的優勢(好處)。例如,……,而……。然而,把這兩者相比較,我更傾向於(喜歡)……
But ……and……have heir own advantages. For example, …… while……
Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to……
4. 就我個人而言,我相信……,因此,我堅信美好的未來正等著我們。因為……
Personally, I believe that…… Consequently, I』m confident that a bright
future is awaiting us because……
5. 隨著社會的發展,……。因此,迫切需要……。如果每個人都願為社會貢獻自己的一份力量,這個社會將要變得越來越好。
With the development of society, ……So it's urgent and necessary to ……If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better
and better.
6. 至於我(對我來說,就我而言),我認為……更合理。只有這樣,我們才能……
For my part, I think it reasonable to…… Only in this way can you……
7. 對我來說,我認為有必要……。原因如下:第一,……; 第二,……;最後……但同樣重要的是……
In my opinion, I think it necessary to……The reasons are as follows. First
……second …… Last but not least,……
8. 在總體上很難說……是好還是壞,因為它在很大程度上取決於……的形勢。然而,就我個人而言,我發現……。
It is difficult to say whether ……is good or not in general as it depends
very much on the situation of…….however, from a personal point of view
find……
9. 綜上所述,我們可以清楚地得出結論……
From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion
that……
10. 如果我們不採取有效的方法,就可能控制不了這種趨勢,就會出現一些意想不到的不良後果,所以,我們應該做的是……
If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable
result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is
常用句型:
開頭:
When it comes to ..., some think ...
There is a public debate today that ...
A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?
Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.
提出觀點:
Now there is a growing awareness that...
It is time we explore the truth of ...
Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.
進一步提出觀點:
... but that is only part of the history.
Another equally important aspect is ...
A is but one of the many effects. Another is ...
Besides, other reasons are...
提出假想例子的方式:
Suppose that...
Just imagine what would be like if...
It is reasonable to expect...
It is not surprising that...
舉普通例子:
For example(instance),...
... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)
A good case in point is...
A particular example for this is...
引用:
One of the greatest early writers said ...
"Knowledge is power", such is the reward of ...
"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).
"......". How often we hear such words like there.
講故事
(先說故事主體),this story is not rare.
..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.
..., the story still has a realistic significance.
提出原因:
There are many reasons for ...
Why .... , for one thing,...
The answer to this problem involves many factors.
Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...
The first reason can be obiviously seen.
Most people would agree that...
Some people may neglect that in fact ...
Others suggest that...
Part of the explanation is ...
進行對比:
The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...
Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...
Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.
A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...
承上啟下:
To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...
A study of ... will make this point clear
讓步:
Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...
I do not deny that A has its own merits.
結尾:
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw
the conclusion that ...
In summary, it is wiser ...
In short...
6. 英語作文類型及模板高職2015
表示強調的連接詞
, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly.
表示比較的連接詞
like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.
表示對比的連接詞
by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast.
表示列舉的連接詞
for example, for instance, such as, take ...for example. Except (for), to illustrate.
表示時間的連接詞
later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, ring, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while.
( http://www.3venglish.com整理收集)
表示順序的連接詞
first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important.
表示可能的連接詞
presumably, probably, perhaps.
用於解釋的連接詞
in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms.
表示遞進的連接詞
What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again.
表示讓步的連接詞
although, after all, in spite of..., despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen.
表示轉折的連接詞
however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on theother hand, unfortunately. whereas
表示原因的連接詞
for this reason, e to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to.
表示結果的連接詞
(3V英語學習網收集整理)
as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence.
用於總結的連接詞
on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in short.
其他類型連接詞
Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case,
居里夫婦
比埃爾·居里(Pierre Curie)1859年5月15日生於巴黎一個醫生家庭里。在他的兒童和少年時期,性格上好個人沉思,不易改變思路,沉默寡言,反應緩慢,不適應普通學校的灌注式知識訓練,不能跟班學習,人們都說他心靈遲鈍,所以從小沒有進過小學和中學。父親常帶他到鄉間採集動、植、礦物標本,培養了他對自然的濃厚興趣,學到了如何觀察事物和如何解釋它們的初步方法。居里14歲時,父母為他請了一位數理教師,他的數理進步極快,16歲便考得理學學士學位,進入巴黎大學後兩年,又取得物理學碩士學位。1880年,他21歲時,和他哥哥雅克·居里一起研究晶體的特性,發現了晶體的壓電效應。1891年,他研究物質的磁性與溫度的關系,建立了居里定律:順磁質的磁化系數與絕對溫度成反比。他在進行科學研究中,還自己創造和改進了許多新儀器,例如壓電水晶秤、居里天平、居里靜電計等。1895年7月25日比埃爾·居里與瑪麗·居里結婚。
瑪麗·居里(Marie Curie)1867年11月7日生於沙皇俄國統治下的華沙,父親是中學教員。16歲她以金質獎章畢業於華沙中學,因家庭無力供她繼續讀書,而不得不去擔任家庭教師達六年之久。後來靠自己的一點積蓄和姐姐的幫助,於1891年去巴黎求學。在巴黎大學,她在極為艱苦的條件下勤奮地學習,經過四年,獲得了物理和數學兩個碩士學位。
居里夫婦結婚後次年,即1896年,貝可勒耳發現了鈾鹽的放射性現象,引起這對青年夫婦的極大興趣,居里夫人決心研究這一不尋常現象的實質。她先檢驗了當時已知的所有化學元素,發現了釷和釷的化合物也具有放射性。她進一步檢驗了各種復雜的礦物的放射性,意外地發現瀝青鈾礦的放射性比純粹的氧化鈾強四倍多。她斷定,鈾礦石除了鈾之外,顯然還含有一種放射性更強的元素。
居里以他作為物理學家的經驗,立即意識到這一研究成果的重要性,放下自己正在從事的晶體研究,和居里夫人一起投入到尋找新元素的工作中。不久之後,他們就確定,在鈾礦石里不是含有一種,而是含有兩種未被發現的元素。1898年7月,他們先把其中一種元素命名為釙,以紀念居里夫人的祖國波蘭。沒過多久,1898年12月,他們又把另一種元素命名為鐳。為了得到純凈的釙和鐳,他們進行了艱苦的勞動。在一個破棚子里,日以繼夜地工作了四年。自己用鐵棍攪拌鍋里沸騰的瀝青鈾礦渣,眼睛和喉嚨忍受著鍋里冒出的煙氣的刺激,經過一次又一次的提煉,才從幾噸瀝青鈾礦渣中得到十分之一克的鐳。由於發現放射性,居里夫婦和貝可勒耳共同獲得了1903年諾貝爾物理學獎。
1906年,比埃爾·居里因車禍不幸逝世,年僅47歲。比埃爾·居里去世後,居里夫人忍受著巨大的悲痛,接任了她丈夫在巴黎大學的物理學教授職位,成為該校第一位女教授。她繼續放射性的研究工作。1910年,她和法國化學家德別愛爾諾一起分析出純鐳元素,確定了鐳的原子量和在元素周期表中的位置。她還測出了氡和其他一些放射性元素的半衰期,整理出放射性元素衰變的系統關系。由於這些重大成就,又榮獲1911年諾貝爾化學獎,成為歷史上僅有的兩次獲得諾貝爾獎的科學家。
居里夫婦親自體驗了鐳的生理效應,他們曾不止一次地被鐳射線燙傷。他們與醫生一起研究將鐳用於治療癌症,開創了放射性療法。第一次世界大戰期間,她為了自己的祖國波蘭和第二祖國法國,參加了戰地衛生服務工作,組織X光汽車和X光照相室為傷兵服務,還用鐳來治療傷兵,起了很大的作用。
大戰結束後,居里夫人回到巴黎她創建的鐳學研究所,繼續自己的研究工作並培養青年學者。晚年完成了釙和錒的提煉。居里夫人在無任何防護設施的情況下從事了35年的鐳元素研究,加上大戰期間四年建立X射線室的工作,射線嚴重地損害了她的健康,引起她嚴重貧血。1934年5月她不得不離開自己心愛的實驗室,並於1934年7月4日與世長辭。
居里夫婦一生淡泊、謙虛,不喜歡世俗的恭維與贊揚,不關心個人的名利與地位。在發現鐳和提煉成功以後,他們不請求專利,也不保留任何權利。他們認為,鐳是一種元素,應該屬於全人類。他們向全世界公開他們的提鐳方法。對他們花費十幾年制備出來的、約值十萬美元的一克多鐳,全部交給了鐳學研究所,不取分文。對美國婦女界捐贈給她的一克鐳,也不據為私有,一半給了法國鐳學研究所,一半給了華沙的鐳學研究所。在將鐳用於治療癌症時,他們本可以一夜之間成為百萬富翁,但是他們商定,不要他們的發明帶來的一切物質利益。他們辛勤勞動的目的,是為人類從新發現中獲得幸福。
門捷列夫與元素周期表
宇宙萬物是由什麼組成的?古希臘人以為是水、土、火、氣四種元素,古代中國則相信金、木、水、火、土五種元素之說。到了近代,人們才漸漸明白:元素多種多樣,決不止於四五種。18世紀,科學家已探知的元素有30多種,如金、銀、鐵、氧、磷、硫等,到19世紀,已發現的元素已達54種。
人們自然會問,沒有發現的元素還有多少種?元素之間是孤零零地存在,還是彼此間有著某種聯系呢?
門捷列夫發現元素周期律,揭開了這個奧秘。
原來,元素不是一群烏合之眾,而是像一支訓練有素的軍隊,按照嚴格的命令井然有序地排列著,怎麼排列的呢?門捷列夫發現:元素的原子量相等或相近的,性質相似相近;而且,元素的性質和它們的原子量呈周期性的變化。
門捷列夫激動不已。他把當時已發現的60多種元素按其原子量和性質排列成一張表,結果發現,從任何一種元素算起,每數到8個就和第一個元素的性質相近,他把這個規律稱為「八音律」。
門捷列夫是怎樣發現元素周期律的呢?
1834年2月7日,伊萬諾維奇·門捷列夫誕生於西伯利亞的托波爾斯克,父親是中學校長。16歲時,進入聖彼得堡師范學院自然科學教育系學習。畢業後,門捷列夫去德國深造,集中精力研究物理化學。1861年回國,任聖彼得堡大學教授。
在編寫無機化學講義時,門捷列夫發現這門學科的俄語教材都已陳舊,外文教科書也無法適應新的教學要求,因而迫切需要有一本新的、能夠反映當代化學發展水平的無機化學教科書。
這種想法激勵著年輕的門捷列夫。當門捷列夫編寫有關化學元素及其化合物性質的章節時,他遇到了難題。按照什麼次序排列它們的位置呢?當時化學界發現的化學元索已達63種。為了尋找元素的科學分類方法,他不得不研究有關元素之間的內在聯系。
研究某一學科的歷史,是把握該學科發展進程的最好方法。門捷列夫深刻地了解這一點,他邁進了聖彼得堡大學的圖書館,在數不盡的卷帙中逐一整理以往人們研究化學元素分類的原始資料……
門捷列夫抓住了化學家研究元素分類的歷史脈絡,夜以繼日地分析思考,簡直著了迷。夜深人靜,聖彼得堡大學主樓左側的的門捷列夫的居室仍然亮著燈光,僕人為了安全起見,推開了門捷列夫書房的門。
「安東!」門捷列夫站起來對僕人說:「到實驗室去找幾張厚紙,把筐也一起拿來。」
安東是門捷列夫教授家的忠實僕人。他走出房門,莫名其妙地聳聳肩膀,很快就拿來一卷厚紙。
「幫我把它剪開。」
門捷列夫一邊吩咐僕人,一邊動手在厚紙上畫出格子。
「所有的卡片都要像這個格於一樣大小。開始剪吧,我要在上面寫字。」
門捷列大不知疲倦地工作著。他在每一張卡片上都寫上了元素名稱、原於量、化合物的化學式和主要性質。筐里逐漸裝滿了卡片。門捷列夫把它們分成幾類,然後擺放在一個寬大的實驗台上。
接下來的日子,門捷列夫把元素卡片進行系統地整理。門捷列夫的家人看到一向珍惜時間的教授突然熱衷於「紙牌」感到奇怪。門捷列夫旁若無人,每天手拿元素卡片像玩紙牌那樣,收起、擺開,再收起、再擺開,皺著眉頭地玩「牌」……
冬去春來。門捷列夫沒有在雜亂無章的元素卡片中找到內在的規律。有一大,他又坐到桌前擺弄起「紙牌」來了,擺著,擺著,門捷列夫像觸電似的站了起
來,在他面前出現了完全沒有料到的現象,每一行元素的性質都是按照原子量的增大而從上到下地逐漸變化著。
門捷列夫激動得雙手不斷顫抖著。「這就是說,元素的性質與它們的原子量呈周期性有關系。」門捷列夫興奮地在室內踱著步子,然後,迅速地抓起記事簿在上面寫道:「根據元素原子量及其化學性質的近似性試排元素表。」
1869年2月底,門捷列夫終於在化學元素符號的排列中,發現了元素具有周期性變化的規律。同年,德國化學家邁爾根據元素的物理性質及其他性質,也制出了一個元素周期表。到了1869年底,門捷列夫已經積累了關於元素化學組成和性質的足夠材料。
無影周期表有什麼用呢?它可非同一般。
一是可以據此有計劃、有目的的去探尋新元素,既然元素是按原子量的大小有規律地排列,那麼,兩個原子量懸殊的元素之間,一定有未被發現的元素,門捷列夫據此預付了類硼、類鋁、類硅、類鋯4個新元素的存在,不久,預言得到證實。以後,別的科學家又發現了鎵、鈧、鍺等元素。迄今,人們發現的新元素已經遠遠超過上個世紀的數量。歸根到底,都得利於門氏的元素周期表。相信在廣大青少年朋友中,一定會涌現出許多新的化學家,進一步打開微觀世界之謎。
二是可以矯正以前測得的原子量,門捷列夫在編元素周期表時,重新修定了一大批元素的原於量(至少有17個)。因為根據元素周期律,以前測定的原於量許多顯然不準確。以銦為例,原以為它和鋅一樣是二價時,所以測定其原子量為75,根據周期表發現鋼和鋁都是二價的,斷定其原子量應為113。它正好在鈣和錫之間的空位上,性質也合適。後來的科學實驗,證實門氏的猜想完全正確。最令人驚異的是,1875年法國化學家布瓦博德朗宣布發現了新元素鎵,它的比重為4.7,原子量是59點幾.門捷列夫根據周期表,斷定鎵的性質與鋁相似,比重應為5.9,原子量應為68,而且估計鎵是由鈉還原而得.一個根本沒有見過鎵的人,竟然對它的第一個發現者測定的數據加以糾正,布氏感到非常驚訝,實驗的結果,果然和門氏判斷極為接近,比重為5.94,原子量為69.9,按門氏提供的方法,布氏新提純了鎵,原來不準確的數據是由於稱中含有鈉,大大減少了它本身的原子量和比重。
三是有了周期表,人類在認識物質世界的思維方面有了新飛躍。例如,通過周期表,有力地證實了量變引起質變的定律,原子量變化,引起了元素的質變。再如,從周期表可以看出,對立元素(金屬和非金屬)之間在對立的同時,明顯存在統一和過渡的關系。現在哲學上有一個定律,說事物總是從簡單到復雜螺旋
式上升。元素周期表正是如此,它把已發現的元素分成8個家族,每族劃分5個周期,每個周期、每一類中的元素,都按原子量由小到大排列,周而復始。
元素周期律一舉連中三元,使人類認識到化學元素性質發生變化是由量變到質變的過程,把原來認為各種元素之間彼此孤立、互不相關的觀點徹底打破了,使化學研究從只限於對無數個別的零星事實作無規律的羅列中擺脫出來,從而奠定了現代化學的基礎。
航天精英錢學森
中國航天事業的發展是與錢學森的名字聯系在一起的。 錢學森1911年12月11日出生於上海,1934年畢業於上海
交大。1935年赴美留學,1938年在加利福尼亞理工學院著名專家馮卡門指導下獲博士學位。1943年,他與馬林納合作完成的研究報告《遠程火箭的評論與初步分析》,為美國40年代研製成功地對地導彈和探空火箭奠定了理論基礎。其設計思想被用於「女兵下士」探空火箭和「二等兵A」導彈的實際設計中,所獲經驗直接導致了美國「中士」地對地導彈的研製成功,並成為後來美國採用復合推進劑火箭發動機的『北極星」、「民兵」、「海神」導彈和反彈道導彈的先驅。
此後,錢學森又在超高速及跨音速空氣動力學、薄殼穩定理論方面對航空工程理論有許多開創性的貢獻。他和卡門一起提出的高速音速流動理論,為飛行器克服音障和熱障提供了依據,以他和卡門名字命名的卡門一錢學森公式成為空氣動力計算上的權威公式,並被用於高亞音速飛機的氣動設計。
由於他對火箭技術理論卓有建樹,並於1949年提出核火箭的功能設想,因而在當時被公認為火箭技術方面的權威學者。
1955年,錢學森沖破美國當局的層層阻撓回到了祖國,投身於創建中國航天事業當中。1956年2月17日,他向國務院提交了一份《建立我國國防工業意見書》,最光為我國火箭技術的發展提出了極為重要的實施方案。同年10月,他又受命組建我國第一個火箭研究院——國防部第五研究院,並擔任第一任院長。
接著,他長期擔任航天研製的技術領導。在他的參與下,1960年11月我國發射成功第一枚仿製火箭,1964年6
月29日我國第一枚自行設計的中近程火箭飛行試驗取得成功。1965年錢學森建議制訂人造衛星研製計劃並列人國家任務,最終使我國第一顆衛星於1970年到太空邀游。
在50年代初,錢學森把控制論發展為一門技術科學——工程式控制制論,為飛行器的制導理論提供了基礎。他還創立了系統工程理論,並廣泛應用。
由於錢學森在中國航天科技方面的卓越成就,1989年6月,國際理工研究所向他頒發了小羅克韋爾獎章;1991年
10月,我國政府授予他「傑出貢獻科學家」的稱號
7. 英語作文書信格式範文
一,英語作文書信格式:
1,最上面頂格寫你要把信寫給誰。
2,第二段寫你要對這個朋友要說的話。
3,寫完後最後的一行寫上你自己的名字。
二,範文:
Dear Mike,I am glad to introce my family to you. My family is a warm and happy family.There are 5 people in my family, my grandpa, my grandma, my father, my motherand I. My grandparents are both teachers, they are still teaching in a university.Grandpa is for maths, and Grandma is for English, sometimes their students cometo our home to send their greetings to them. My father is working in an American factory,he is very busy. Every evening he is doing his work in the midnight. At weekend he alwaysgoes to factory for his work. My mother is a nurse. Her hospital is near my home. I am a student in Junior high school. I hope you will introce your family to meyours
sincerely
Tom
拓展資料:英語寫作文的注意事項:
避免使用漢語式英語。
避免使用漢語式英語。
時態、語態要准確無誤。
主謂語要一致。主謂語要完整。
注意冠詞用法、名詞單復數、標點符號和大小寫等。
注意語序 (感嘆句,疑問句,賓語從句。
書寫規范, 卷面整潔,以避免不必要的失分。