安娜卡列尼娜寫作背景英語

1. 安娜卡列尼娜的創作背景是怎樣的

《安娜·卡列尼娜》的構思始於1870年，到1873年才開始動筆。這三年是作者列夫·托爾內斯泰一生容中精神困頓的時期。

最初，托爾斯泰是想寫一個上流社會已婚婦女失足的故事。但隨著寫作的深入，原來的構思不斷被修改。小說的初步創作不過僅用了短短的50天時間便得以完成，然而托爾斯泰很不滿意，他又花費了數十倍的時間來不斷修正，前後經過12次大的改動，遲至4年之後才正式出版。4年間，小說廢棄的手稿竟高達1米多！「全部都應當改寫，再改寫」，這是托爾斯泰經常掛在嘴邊的一句話。顯然，一部《安娜·卡列尼娜》與其說是寫出來的，倒不如說是改出來的。

正是在作者近乎苛刻的追求中，小說的重心有了巨大的轉移，安娜由最初構思中的「失了足的女人」(她趣味惡劣、賣弄風情、品行不端)，變成了一個品格高雅、敢於追求真正的愛情與幸福的「叛女」形象，從而成為世界文學中最具反抗精神的女性之一。

2. 安娜卡列尼娜的社會背景

安娜·卡列尼娜
列夫·托爾斯泰1828—1910是俄國批判現實主義文學最偉大的代表作家，他的創作歷程從19世紀50年代到20世紀初，跨越了俄國的貴族革命、資產階級民主革命和無產階級革命三個歷史時期，他積累了豐富的藝術經驗，對世界文學作出了巨大的貢獻。處於社會變革的時代，托爾斯泰的精神世界也處於不斷地緊張探索之中，他的作品就是精神探索的產物。《戰爭與和平》中，他對於貴族的命運問題、人民的命運問題、俄羅斯人民在歷史進程中所起作用的程度問題都作了藝術性的回答，使之兼有史詩、歷史長篇小說和編年史的特色；《復活》是托爾斯泰幾十年來對政治、經濟、哲學、宗教、道德、美學的探索總結，借一個習見的題材—貴族公子引誘下層女性—對現存的一切制度進行猛烈的抨擊，寫得獨特而新穎；他還以一個不僅為自己而且為本階級的罪孽進行懺悔的貴族人物，表現了一種徹底根究群眾災難的真實原因的大無畏精神。人們稱托爾斯泰為人類良心的體現者是恰切的。
《安娜·卡列尼娜》創作於資本主義在俄國一切生活中橫沖直撞的七十年代，作者在此深刻地反映了這一時期俄國許多重要的社會生活面貌，特別是農奴制度改革後的社會現狀。小說有兩條線索，一條是安娜—渥淪斯基—卡列寧的情節線索，反映七十年代貴族社會的思想、文化和道德生活及其社會關系，一條是列文—吉提的情節線索，反映俄國庄園地主的社會政治經濟生活。小說開頭「奧布朗斯基家一切都混亂了」這句話是理解全書的鑰匙，一切都亂了的不僅是這一家，卡列寧家、列文家、薛傑巴斯基家無不混亂與緊張不安，這反映貴族社會面對資本主義侵入產生的危機，是動盪不安的時代的縮影，這惶亂不安既是小說的總的思想情緒，也決定了作家緊張的精神探索及對筆下人物的復雜而又矛盾的態度。
主人公安娜是個年輕美貌的貴婦，在幾乎是少女時代就嫁給了比她大二十歲的高官顯貴卡列寧，過了八年沒有愛情的夫妻生活。在貴族婦女中，她不只外貌上尤其在精神氣質上遠遠超出她的同伴。安娜是熱烈、真摯而豐富的，其性格是一團火，「有一股壓抑的生氣在她臉上流露」，但這是被死灰壓著的火，又是那刻板冷酷的官僚丈夫撲滅不了的生命之火，渥論斯基的不顧一切的追求，使之無比熱烈地燃燒起來了，她渴望擺脫精神奴役、過獨立平等的生活，然而那個時代那個環境中，婦女根本無法支配自己的命運，她勇敢地離開了卡列寧，卻既被剝奪愛子又無法離婚。安娜蔑視世俗成見和貴族道德，貴族社會就冷酷地棄絕了她，扼殺了她這一點點微小的幸福和自由。與渥淪斯基結合的有限快樂給她帶來了無限的痛苦，激情後的冷淡厭倦是她不幸命運的最後一擊，她寧為玉碎不為瓦全，於是黑暗之中的大火終於永遠地熄滅了。
《安娜·卡列尼娜》的濃烈的藝術感染力，除了它感人的主題和生動的人物形象外，也由於它在藝術上非常完美，技巧上頗多獨創之處。在塑造安娜的形象上，作家溶入了自己的審美評價，始終注意顯示安娜的美，寫她的肖像美、動作美、服飾美、從容的風度、豐富的內心世界，既從正面刻劃也從側面描寫，把她與另一少女吉提對比襯托，更讓她與枯燥冷漠的卡列寧形成鮮明的對照；心理描寫的生動貼切達到了「辯證法」的程度，安娜的常態心理、變態心理通過人物的內心獨白和作家對人物內心世界的剖析而淋漓盡致地表現出來；結構上也獨具匠心，兩條線索形成對照，在對比中對兩種生活方式和道德原則作了評價。
周揚等在1956年翻譯了這部巨著，由人民文學出版社出版並於1978年再版；上海譯文出版社在1982年出版了草嬰翻譯的版本。

3. 安娜。卡列尼娜的時代背景怎樣

《安娜·卡列尼娜》創作於資本主義在俄國一切生活中橫沖直撞的七十年代，作者在此深刻地反映了這一時期俄國許多重要的社會生活面貌，特別是農奴制度改革後的社會現狀。小說有兩條線索，一條是安娜—渥淪斯基—卡列寧的情節線索，反映七十年代貴族社會的思想、文化和道德生活及其社會關系，一條是列文—吉提的情節線索，反映俄國庄園地主的社會政治經濟生活。小說開頭「奧布朗斯基家一切都混亂了」這句話是理解全書的鑰匙，一切都亂了的不僅是這一家，卡列寧家、列文家、薛傑巴斯基家無不混亂與緊張不安，這反映貴族社會面對資本主義侵入產生的危機，是動盪不安的時代的縮影，這惶亂不安既是小說的總的思想情緒，也決定了作家緊張的精神探索及對筆下人物的復雜而又矛盾的態度。
主人公安娜是個年輕美貌的貴婦，在幾乎是少女時代就嫁給了比她大二十歲的高官顯貴卡列寧，過了八年沒有愛情的夫妻生活。在貴族婦女中，她不只外貌上尤其在精神氣質上遠遠超出她的同伴。安娜是熱烈、真摯而豐富的，其性格是一團火，「有一股壓抑的生氣在她臉上流露」，但這是被死灰壓著的火，又是那刻板冷酷的官僚丈夫撲滅不了的生命之火，渥論斯基的不顧一切的追求，使之無比熱烈地燃燒起來了，她渴望擺脫精神奴役、過獨立平等的生活，然而那個時代那個環境中，婦女根本無法支配自己的命運，她勇敢地離開了卡列寧，卻既被剝奪愛子又無法離婚。安娜蔑視世俗成見和貴族道德，貴族社會就冷酷地棄絕了她，扼殺了她這一點點微小的幸福和自由。與渥淪斯基結合的有限快樂給她帶來了無限的痛苦，激情後的冷淡厭倦是她不幸命運的最後一擊，她寧為玉碎不為瓦全，於是黑暗之中的大火終於永遠地熄滅了。

4. 安娜卡列尼娜英文簡介,200字左右

Anna Karenina (Анна Каренина) is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy first published in periodical instalments from 1873 to 1877. The novel first appeared as a serial in the periodical Ruskii Vestnik (Russian: "Русский Вестник", "Russian Messenger") -- but Tolstoy clashed with its editor Mikhail Katkov over issues that arose in the final instalment. Therefore, the novel's first complete appearance was in book form.

Widely regarded as a pinnacle in realist fiction, Tolstoy considered this book his first true novel. The character of Anna was likely inspired, in part, by Maria Hartung (1832–1919), the elder daughter of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. Soon after meeting her at dinner, Tolstoy started reading Pushkin's prose and once had a fleeting daydream of "a bare exquisite aristocratic elbow", which proved to be the first intimation of Anna's character.

Although most Russian critics panned the novel on its publication as a "trifling romance of high life", Fyodor Dostoevsky declared it to be "flawless as a work of art". His opinion is seconded by Vladimir Nabokov, who especially admired "the flawless magic of Tolstoy's style" and the motif of the moving train, which is subtly introced in the first chapters (the children playing with a toy train) and inexorably developed in subsequent chapters (Anna's nightmare), thus heralding the novel's majestic finale.

5. 安娜·卡列尼娜的創作背景

時代背景
十九世紀後半期的沙皇俄國，當時正值1861年俄國農奴制改革，整個社會處於由古老、守舊的封建社會向新興的資本主義社會急劇轉變的特殊時期。一方面在世界資本主義尤其是西歐資本主義國家資產階級革命的強力沖擊下，俄國封建農奴制度迅速崩潰，封建貴族地主日趨腐化墮落的思想與新興資產階級人文思想發生了激烈的對撞，其政治、經濟制度，思想、道德觀念也在急劇變化之中，歐洲資產階級人文思想的啟蒙、人性的自覺不自覺地覺醒，使人們要求人性解放、戀愛自由、婚姻自主的呼聲越來越高，要求擺脫封建思想道德的羈絆;另一方面，反動腐朽的封建農奴制對資產階級人文思想仍具強大的阻力。眾所周知，俄國的農奴制改革是自上而下的轉變過程，它不像法國大革命是自下而上的徹底革命，其新興的資產階級思想載體不是從平民階層、小生產者階層中產生的，而是由一批把持政權的封建官僚、大貴族地主階層轉變而來的。在轉變過程中所殘留下來的封建傳統、觀念在社會、人們的頭腦中仍然根深蒂固，誠如文中列文所說：「一切都是混亂的，一切都正在建立。」
個人背景
從19世紀70年代起，俄國鄉村遭到資本主義勢力的人侵，「到民間」去等活動的開展，使托爾斯泰開始了新的思想危機和新的探索時期。他惶惶不安，懷疑生存的目的和意義，因為自己所處的貴族寄生生活的「可怕地位」，深感苦惱，不知道「該怎麼辦」。他研讀各種哲學和宗教書籍，不能找到答案。他甚至藏起繩子、不帶獵槍，生怕自己為了求得解脫而自殺。此後，他訪問神父、主教、修道士和隱修士，並結識了農民、獨立教徒康。修斯塔夫。終於完全否定了官辦教會，接受了宗法制農民的信仰。這是托爾斯泰復雜的探索時期，也正是在這個時期產生了《安娜·卡列尼娜》（1873-1877）。
創作過程
1870年托爾斯泰便打算寫一部出身高等社會的有夫之婦失足的小說，並打算把這個女人寫得可憐而無罪。1872年，離托爾斯泰的農庄五俄里的地方，一個叫安娜茲科娃的婦女，發現她的情人另有新歡，向自己兒子的家庭女教師求婚，於是一氣之下取了一些換洗衣服到圖拉去，後來又返回村子，投身在貨車車輪下而死。托爾斯泰目睹了這出悲劇，深受觸動。托爾斯泰1873年動筆，1877年完成，小說先後用過《年輕太太》《兩段婚姻》《兩對夫妻》等書名，最後才用了明確而簡單的現名。

6. 求《anna》（安娜·卡列尼娜）英文簡介

The book begins with a crisis at home. Anna's brother Stiva has been caught cheating on his wife, Dolly. Anna manages to convince Dolly to forgive him. Quickly, Anna is understood as a generous person, interested only in benevolence. She is married to the high-ranking, upper class Karenin. Their marriage seems stable and united from the start.

Shortly, though, Anna meets and falls in love with the dashing Count Vronsky. She tries hard to escape his stares, to avoid meeting him, but he is persistent and she is smitten. They have an affair that rips at the threads of their social lives when Anna becomes pregnant. She must, obviously, tell Karenin the news. He demands that his social pride and honor be preserved throughout the whole matter, and he and Anna pretend nothing is happening. He fears the ridicule of society far more than the destruction of his own marriage. Yet Anna cannot let go of Vronsky--she continues to see him quite often. Karenin discovers the extent of the affair when he sees Vronsky leaving his house, and helooks into divorce. Anna, meanwhile, runs off with Vronsky.

After having Vronsky's baby, Anna becomes seriously ill. Karenin thinks she is going to die, so he forgives her for everything she did. Anna swears that is all she wants out of her remaining life. Yet Anna recovers and forgets quickly about Karenin, once again taking up her torrid affair with the count. While Anna was sick and Karenin was present at her side, Vronsky was humiliated by what he had done. He tried to commit suicide by shooting himself, but he, like Anna, did not die. Now he and Anna leave for Italy. Karenin refuses a divorce with Anna, in order that he might deepen her guilt.

Anna's life becomes terrible. Her friends abandon her, ashamed of her behavior. She cannot go out in public with Vronsky, to the theater or the opera, because they would be subjecting themselves to the rumor mill. Vronsky, however, goes out without Anna; he is free to do so. Anna becomes horribly insecure, thinking that Vronsky goes out so much because he is in love with someone else. He is only in love with Anna, however, and the two fight often because of the unspoken tension that exists between them.

Anna is in a tough position. She isn't Vronsky's wife, but she is more than just his mistress. She depends entirely on him for internal peace and love. But what she finally realizes is that no one has the power to satisfy her emotional desires, not Vronsky nor anyone else. She has woven a complex web for herself, one she feels she can only escape by killing herself. This is what she does, jumping in front of a train. She reconsiders briefly before the train hits her, but has no time to dodge.

Running side by side with Anna's story is Levin's, one that mimics the life and interests of the novelist himself. Levin, a landowner and country man, comes to the city to propose to Kitty, a pretty young lady who is mesmerized instead by Vronsky. She rejects Levin's proposal and keeps her eye on the count. Vronsky, however, is smitten with Anna.

Levin is crushed. He goes home to the country and immerses himself totally in his relationship with the land. He writes a book about farming practices in Russia, revealing his belief that landowners should split the land with their peasants so the peasants have an incentive to work harder. This is a controversial plan as Russia becomes more instrialized.

Kitty, too, is crushed by Vronsky's disinterest. She becomes ill, and her family take her to a spa in Germany, where she recovers and realizes that she has truly loved Levin all along. The meet again shortly, and Kitty accepts Levin's second proposal. They marry happily and have a boy named Mitya.

Kitty is a huge force in Levin's life, helping him to come to grips with his lifelong struggle with faith and religion. She also helps Levin cope with the death of his brother Nicholas. In Tolstoy's eyes, the two have the ideal marriage and love.

Though Anna and Levin's plotlines connect at times, Tolstoy dares only the briefest encounter betwen the two, near the end of the book. Levin is temporarily swept into Anna's world, proving to Tolstoy how dangerous a character like Anna is to Levin's (and his own) world.

As Anna and Levin's stories are contrasted, Tolstoy makes a thematic case, through Levin, for pre-instrial societies as the major source of happiness, wealth and sustenance. He advocates the idea of caring for the land as if it were the wealth of the world, and he labels the land as the only mutual association which can bind societies and families together. Tolstoy shows us the valuable role of rural society in preserving the family. Through Anna, Tolstoy associates city life with vice. That Anna is a creature of the social, urban world makes her character revolve less around virtue, and more around romance, sex, and societal affirmation.

7. 求《安娜 卡列尼娜》英文介紹

Anna Karenina (Анна Каренина) is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, published in serial installments from 1873 to 1877 in the periodical Ruskii Vestnik (Russian: Русский Вестник, "Russian Messenger"). Tolstoy clashed with its editor Mikhail Katkov over issues that arose in the final installment. Therefore, the novel's first complete appearance was in book form.

Widely regarded as a pinnacle in realist fiction, Tolstoy considered this book his first true novel. The character of Anna was likely inspired, in part, by Maria Hartung (1832–1919), the elder daughter of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. Soon after meeting her at dinner, Tolstoy started reading Pushkin's prose and once had a fleeting daydream of "a bare exquisite aristocratic elbow", which proved to be the first intimation of Anna's character.

Although most Russian critics panned the novel on its publication as a "trifling romance of high life", Fyodor Dostoevsky declared it to be "flawless as a work of art". His opinion is seconded by Vladimir Nabokov, who especially admired "the flawless magic of Tolstoy's style" and the motif of the moving train, which is subtly introced in the first chapters (the children playing with a toy train) and inexorably developed in subsequent chapters (Anna's nightmare), thus heralding the novel's majestic finale.

Anna Karenina is Number 1 in the Top Ten List of 125 authors' Top Ten books.[1]

8. ANNA KARENINA 英文簡介

"Anna karenina" is a famous Russian writer Leo Tolstoy's representative works.This book through the heroineAnnaThe pursuit of love tragedy, and levene in rural face crisis of reform and explore the two clues, described the Russian from Moscow to provincial rural vast and rich and colorful picture, has described the more than 150 people, is a social encyclopedia type work.
《安娜來·卡源列尼娜》是俄國著名作家列夫·托爾斯泰的代表作品。本書通過女主人公安娜的追求愛情悲劇，和列文在農村面臨危機而進行的改革與探索這兩條線索，描繪了俄國從莫斯科到外省鄉村廣闊而豐富多彩的圖景，先後描寫了150多個人物，是一部社會網路全書式的作品。

9. 安娜 卡列尼娜英語簡介

Anna Karenina (Анна Каренина) is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy first published in periodical instalments from 1873 to 1877. The novel first appeared as a serial in the periodical Ruskii Vestnik (Russian: "Русский Вестник", "Russian Messenger") -- but Tolstoy clashed with its editor Mikhail Katkov over issues that arose in the final instalment. Therefore, the novel's first complete appearance was in book form.

Widely regarded as a pinnacle in realist fiction, Tolstoy considered this book his first true novel. The character of Anna was likely inspired, in part, by Maria Hartung (1832–1919), the elder daughter of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. Soon after meeting her at dinner, Tolstoy started reading Pushkin's prose and once had a fleeting daydream of "a bare exquisite aristocratic elbow", which proved to be the first intimation of Anna's character.

Although most Russian critics panned the novel on its publication as a "trifling romance of high life", Fyodor Dostoevsky declared it to be "flawless as a work of art". His opinion is seconded by Vladimir Nabokov, who especially admired "the flawless magic of Tolstoy's style" and the motif of the moving train, which is subtly introced in the first chapters (the children playing with a toy train) and inexorably developed in subsequent chapters (Anna's nightmare), thus heralding the novel's majestic finale.

more information:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Karenina