『壹』 馬克·吐溫寫作語言特點
馬克吐溫寫作特點分為三階段
一:輕松、幽默、愉快（如湯姆索亞歷險記）
二：筆鋒辛辣諷刺
三：悲觀，帶有厭世情緒
『貳』 馬克吐溫的寫作風格
馬克吐溫的寫作風格分為三階段 ：
一:輕松、幽默、愉快
二：筆鋒辛辣諷刺
三：悲觀，帶有厭世情緒
馬克·吐溫是19世紀後期美國批判現實主義文學的代表，在不同時期，其作品風格迥異，從最初的輕松幽默到尖酸諷刺，最後陷入絕望與強烈。美國從自由競爭資本主義向帝國主義的轉變，加上馬克·吐溫個人坎坷的人生路程，都對其寫作風格的變化造成很大影響。
原名薩繆爾·朗赫恩·克萊門斯（SamuelLanghorneClemens），19世紀美國現實主義文學的傑出代表，是美國著名的幽默大師、小說家、作家、亦是著名演說家。因其創作性地將文學創、將文學語言「國有化」，被譽為「真正的美作「美國化」。馬克·吐溫的寫作特點廣泛，融幽默諷刺於國文學之父」一體，既富有獨特的人性思考，又不乏深刻的社會剖析，調侃中帶有辛辣的諷刺與悲天憫人的情感。
一、馬克·吐溫寫作風格的改變
(一)馬克·吐溫早期作品風格
馬克·吐溫在內戰時期開始他的創作生涯，早期的作品一般為浪漫、幽默、輕快的風格。1865年他憑借《卡拉維拉斯縣馳名的跳蛙》一舉成名，贏得了幽默家的稱譽。這部作品講述了一個賭徒的軼事，形象地展示了當時正處於開發時期的美國西部地區的特殊風情，表現出純粹的美，作者扮國氣質。1869年馬克·吐溫發表《傻子出國記》演無知的美國人，嘲笑歐洲的封建殘余和宗教愚昧。從其早期的創作可以看出，這位表面上輕松嬉笑、想像力豐富的幽默作家，其實是一位嚴肅的社會批評家。他的幽默所包含的滑稽詼諧以及他常運用的極度誇張的手法，是一種揭露現實的手段，同時又富於生活氣息，深受讀者喜愛。在這一時期的作品凸顯了馬克·吐溫作為幽默大師的才能。抓住社會黑暗的一面加以尖酸的諷刺和批評，盡管它只是一個笑話，語言輕快、幽默，但他寫作主題還是相當嚴肅的。總之，在吐溫的早期作品中，寫作風格的基調是輕快、積極向上以及幽默的。
(二)馬克·吐溫中期作品風格
在馬克·吐溫創作中期，他作品的寫作風格由早期的幽默、樂觀到辛辣諷刺再到更為尖酸諷刺。他嘗試著研究更為深層次的社會問題，並且他的寫作技巧變得更為成熟：《鍍金時代》及更具魅力。在這個時期，他的作品包括這部作品是與查爾斯·達德萊·華納合寫的，講述的是南北戰爭後的美國資本主義得到迅速發展，但表面上的繁榮；《哈克貝利·費恩歷險記》，這是馬掩蓋不了內部的腐敗。克·吐溫最優秀的作品，通過描述一個男孩哈克貝里·費恩跟逃亡黑奴吉姆結伴在密西西比河流浪的故事，不僅批判封建家庭結仇械鬥的野蠻，揭露私刑的毫無理性，而且諷刺宗教的虛偽愚昧，譴責蓄奴制的罪惡，並歌頌黑奴的優秀品質，宣傳不分種族和地位人人都享有自由權利的進步主張。
(三)馬克·吐溫晚期作品風格
馬克·吐溫後期的作品反映表現出玩世不恭、悲觀絕望的情緒《給坐在黑暗中的人》《敗望的情緒，如《神秘的陌生人壞了哈德萊堡的人》等。
『叄』 馬克吐溫寫作風格
輕松幽默，富於哲理，對諷刺入木三分
『肆』 急求馬克吐溫寫作風格，特點分析，英文的，非常急！！！
The best work that Mark Twain ever proced is, as we noted earlier on, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. It tells a story about the United States before the Civil War, around 1850, when the great Mississippi Valley was still being settled. Here lies an America, with its great national faults, full of violence and even cruelty, yet still retaining the virtues of 『some simplicity, some innocence, and some peace.』 The story takes place along the Mississippi River, on both sides of which there was unpopulated wilderness and a dense forest. It relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and, more important, how Huck Finn, floating along with him and helping him as best he could, changes his mind, his prejudice about black people, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friend as well.
At the heart of Twain』s achievement is his creation of Huck Finn, who embodies that mythic America, midway between the wilderness and the modern super state.
『伍』 急需關於馬克吐溫的創作風格及其一些作品簡介（只要英文版）
馬克吐溫
（Mark Twain l835～1910）
作者簡介：
美國作家。本名塞謬爾·朗赫恩·克萊門斯。馬克·吐溫是其筆名。出生於密西西比河畔小城漢尼拔的一個鄉村貧窮律師家庭，從小出外拜師學徒。當過排字工人，密西西比河水手、南軍士兵，還經營過木材業、礦業和出版業，但有效的工作是當記者和寫作幽默文學。
馬克·吐溫是美國批判現實主義文學的奠基人，世界著名的短篇小說大師。他經歷了美國從「自由」資本主義到帝國主義的發展過程，其思想和創作也表現為從輕快調笑到辛辣諷刺再到悲觀厭世的發展階段。
他的早期創作，如短篇小說《竟選州長》（1870）、《哥爾斯密的朋友再度出洋》（1870）等，以幽默、詼諧的筆法嘲笑美國「民主選舉」的荒謬和「民主天堂」的本質。
中期作品，如長篇小說《鍍金時代》（1874，與華納合寫）、代表作長篇小說《哈克貝里·費恩歷險記》（1886）及《傻瓜威爾遜》（1893）等，則以深沉、辛辣的筆調諷刺和揭露像瘟疫般盛行於美國的投機、拜金狂熱，及暗無天日的社會現實與慘無人道的種族歧視。《哈克貝里·費恩歷險記》通過白人小孩哈克跟逃亡黑奴吉姆結伴在密西西比河流浪的故事，不僅批判封建家庭結仇械鬥的野蠻，揭露私刑的毫無理性，而且諷刺宗教的虛偽愚昧，譴責蓄奴制的罪惡，並歌頌黑奴的優秀品質，宣傳不分種族地位人人都享有自由權利的進步主張。作品文字清新有力，審視角度自然而獨特，被視為美國文學史上具劃時代意義的現實主義著作。
19世紀末，隨著美國進入帝國主義發展階段，馬克·吐溫一些游記、雜文、政論，如《赤道環行記》（1897）、中篇小說《敗壞了哈德萊堡的人》（1900）、《神秘來客》（1916）等的批判揭露意義也逐漸減弱，而絕望神秘情緒則有所伸長。
馬克·吐溫被譽為「美國文學中的林肯」。他的主要作品已大多有中文譯本。
英語版
Mark Twain (pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835-1910), was an American writer, journalist and humorist, who won a worldwide audience for his stories of the youthful adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.
Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri, of a Virginian family. He was brought up in Hannibal, Missouri. After his father's death in 1847, he was apprenticed to a printer and wrote for his brother's newspaper. He later worked as a licensed Mississippi river-boat pilot. The Civil War put an end to the steamboat traffic and Clemens moved to Virginia City, where he edited the Territorial Enterprise. On February 3, 1863, 'Mark Twain' was born when Clemens signed a humorous travel account with that pseudonym.
In 1864 Twain left for California, and worked in San Francisco as a reporter. He visited Hawaii as a correspondent for The Sacramento Union, publishing letters on his trip and giving lectures. He set out on a world tour, traveling in France and Italy. His experiences were recorded in 1869 in The Innocents Abroad, which gained him wide popularity, and poked fun at both American and European prejudices and manners.
The success as a writer gave Twain enough financial security to marry Olivia Langdon in 1870. They moved next year to Hartford. Twain continued to lecture in the United States and England. Between 1876 and 1884 he published several masterpieces, Tom Sawyer (1881) and The Prince And The Pauper (1881). Life On The Mississippi appeared in 1883 andHuckleberry Finn in 1884.
In the 1890s Twain lost most of his earnings in financial speculations and in the failure of his own publishing firm. To recover from the bankruptcy, he started a world lecture tour, ring which one of his daughters died. Twain toured New Zealand, Australia, India, and South Africa. He wrote such books as The Tragedy Of Pudd'head Wilson (1884), Personal Recollections Of Joan Of Arc (1885), A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) and the travel book Following The Equator (1897). During his long writing career, Twain also proced a considerable number of essays.
The death of his wife and his second daughter darkened the author's later years, which is seen in his posthumously published autobiography (1924). Twain died on April 21, 1910.
『陸』 馬克吐溫的寫作特點
1、馬克·吐溫的作品有三個特色：
第一，他在西部幽默傳統的基礎上，發揮極度誇張的藝術想像。
第二個特點是：作品常常以第一人稱「我」為主人公，這個「我」像中國相聲里的主人公一樣，扮演各種喜劇性人物。他們大都天真、老實、無知，思想單純，什麼事都一廂情願，結果常常事與願違。 馬克·吐溫用天真老實人做主人公是有意識的。主人公總是懷著某種理想或某種單純的想法，但在現實中處處碰壁，說明他這個理想是不現實的，行不通的，而他越不明白這一點，就越現出理想與現實之間的差距。
第三個特點是幽默里含有諷刺。他在《自傳》里總結他寫幽默小說的經驗，說「為幽默而幽默是不可能經久的。幽默只是一股香味兒和花絮。我老是訓誡人家，這就是為什麼我能夠堅持三十年」。「三十年」，是指從他開始寫作至寫自傳時為止。他所謂「訓誡人家」是說他寫小說含有抑惡揚善的嚴肅的創作目標。
2、馬克·吐溫（Mark Twain），美國著名作家和演說家，真實姓名是薩繆爾·蘭亨·克萊門（Samuel Langhorne Clemens）。「馬克·吐溫」是他的筆名，原是密西西比河水手使用的表示在航道上所測水的深度的術語。
馬克·吐溫一生寫了大量作品，題材涉及小說、劇本、散文、詩歌等各方面。從內容上說，他的作品批判了不合理現象或人性的丑惡之處，表達了這位當過排字工人和水手的作家強烈的正義感和對普通人民的關心；從風格上說，專家們和一般讀者都認為，幽默和諷刺是他的寫作特點。
馬克·吐溫是美國批判現實主義文學的奠基人，他的主要作品已大多有中文譯本。他經歷了美國從初期資本主義到帝國主義的發展過程，其思想和創作也表現為從輕快調笑到辛辣諷刺再到悲觀厭世的發展階段，前期以辛辣的諷刺見長，到了後期語言更為暴露激烈。被譽為「美國文學史上的林肯」。他於1910年4月21日去世，享年七十五歲，安葬於紐約州艾瑪拉。
3、人物評價：
馬克·吐溫作為美國批判現實主義文學的代表人物，其創作的觸角紮根於社會現實的方方面面。隨著生活閱歷加深，馬克·吐溫對美國表面繁榮掩蓋下的社會現實有了更清醒的認識，他開始在作品中探討一些深刻的社會問題，這個時期是馬克·吐溫創作的黃金時代，也是他在繼續觀察社會的基礎上加深對美國的政治制度、生活方式、思想情操的思考和探索時期，尖銳的諷刺和無情的揭露是這一時期作品的主要特點。其作品的基調也由早期的幽默樂觀轉為無情的揭露和辛辣的諷刺，筆鋒更加犀利，諷刺更加激烈，幽默諷刺中批判的成分增強了。作品生活畫面的廣闊和人物形象的確立，反映了作者藝術技巧的更加成熟，更具有魅力，更為豐富多彩。
『柒』 有關馬克吐溫的事跡以及寫作風格作品等，要英語的。
Mark Twain - A Brief Assessment
As one of America's first and foremost realists a humorists, Mark Twain, the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens usually wrote about his own personal experiences and and things he knew about from firsthand experience. His life spanned the two Americas, the frontier America that proced so much of national mythology and the emerging urban, instrial giant of the 20th century. At the heart of Twain's achievement is his creation of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn, who embody the mythic America, midway between the wilderness and the model state.
The Gilded Age, came in 1873. It was one of the first novels, which tried to describe the new morality (or immorality) of post-Civil War America. One of the new elements of this novel is that it creates a picture of the entire nation, rather than of just one region. Although it has a number of Twain's typically humorous characters, the real theme is America's loss of its old idealism. The book describes how a group of young people is morally destroyed by the dream of becoming rich.
Twain, the third of five children, was born on Novel 1835, in the village of Florida, Missouri, and grew up in t river town of Hannibal, that mixture of idyll and nigh and around which Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn live i adventure-filled summers. Hannibal was sty and quit large forests nearby which Twain knew as a child and uses in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)w kidnaps Huck and hides out in the great forest. The sit which passed daily were the fascination of the town am the subject matter of Twain's Life on the Mississippi (1?town of Hannibal is immortalized as St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876). Twain's father was an ambitious and respected mildly successful country lawyer and storekeeper. He v ever, a highly intelligent man who was a stern disci? Twain's mother, a southern belle in her youth, had ; ley Warner,
In 1870, Twain married Olivia Langdon. They finished their Hartford mansion and moved into it in 1871. Their infant son Langdon died in 1872, the year Susy, their first daughter, was born. Her sisters, Clara and Jean, followed in 1874 and 1880. Twain's most proctive years as a novelist came in this period, when his daughters were young and he was prospering. His The Adventures of Tom Sawyer was a story about "bad boys? a popular theme in American literature. The two young heroes, Tom and Huck Finn, are "bad" only because they fight against the stupidity of the alt world. In the end they win. Twain creates a highly realistic background for the story. We get to know the village very well with its many colorful characters, its graveyards and the house in which a ghost is supposed to exist. Although there are many similarities between Tom and Huck, there are also important differences. Twain studies the psychology of his characters carefully. Tom is very romantic. His view of life comes from books about knights in the Middle Ages. A whistle from Huck outside Tom's window calls him out for a night of adventures. Afterwards, Tom can always return to his Aunt Polly's house. Huck has no real home. By the end of the novel, We can see Tom growing up. Soon, he will also be a part of the alt world. Huck, however, is a real outsider.
Some critics complain that Twain wrote well only when he was writing about young people. They say that his psychology was really only child psychology. This may be true. But in his greatest novel. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain gives the national heart. Most agree , however, that it』s from even deeper currents. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is Twain's best book because, for whatever reasons, he brought together in it, with the highest degree of artistic balance, those most fundamental alities running through his work and life from start to finish.
In his later novels, Twain seems less hopeful about democracy. In A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889), the hero is the boss of a factory. He is hit on the head and wakes up in sixth-century England. Because he is a nineteenth-century inventor, he begins to modernize this world, and because he knows so much, he becomes a kind of dictator, called "the Boss". In many ways, Twain seems to be praising both the technology and the leadership of the bosses of American business ring the "Gilded Age". Like Twain Twain's hero, these bosses thought they knew more than the ordinary people of society.
By 1890, Twain's financial fortunes were crumbling, mostly owing to bad investment in a publishing firm and in the Paige typesetter. In 1891,Twain closed the Hartford mansion, sold the furniture, and went to Europe to economize. While he was lecturing in Europe, his daughter Susy died, and his wife, Livy, shortly afterward suffered a nervous collapse from which she never recovered. Twain blamed him for bringing on his beloved family the circumstances that led to both tragedies. Twain's pessimism grew deeper and deeper. His abiding skepticism about human natrue deepened to cynicism and found expression in those dark stories of his last years, "The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg" and "The Mysterious Stranger". In the former, Twain describes a town that had been famous for its honesty". In the end, everybody in town has lied in order to get a big bag of gold. In the latter, published in 1916 after Twain's death, an angel visits three boys in an English village in the Middle Ages. He becomes their friend and shows them evil of mankind. After destroying their innocent happiness, he finally announces that he is Satan. Twain saw human nature as a kind of machine; "I see no great difference between a man and a watch, except that a man is conscious and a watch is not. "Human evil comes from something being wrong with that machine. Throughout all of Twain's writing, we see the conflict between the ideals of Americans and their desire for money. But Twain never tried to solve the conflict. He is like a newspaperman who reports what he sees. His humor was often rather childish. This may bespeak why the critic P. Abel said: "Twain was ably and an old man, but never was he a man. "
His literature explored questions of freedom, independence, and identity. In a steady evolution, lie moved from the confidence and self-reliance of the brash westerner to the questioning and contradictory stance of the agnostic, until he could write in his notebook in the last years of the century, "The human race consists of the damned and the ought-to-be-damned." It could be argued that, almost single-handedly, he liberated American fiction from the rigid conventions of the mid nineteenth century-its stilted dialogue, its stereotyped characters, its didactic impulse, its optimistic impetus. At the same time, lie lowered 'American literature to the plane of the mass audience and elevated it to a distinct, in digamous height which no one else has reached.
One of the great writers of American literature, Twain is admired for capturing typical American experiences in a language which is realistic and charming. Howells was one of Twain's early admirers, and he wrote the following on Twain's style: "So far as I know, Mr. Clemens is the first writer to use in extended writing the fashion we all use in thinking, and to set down the thing that comes into his mind without fear or favor of the thing that went before or the thing that may be about to follow." Most of the critical attention has been given to Huck Finn, Clemens' greatest achievement. This book concerns itself with a number of themes, among them the quest for freedom, the transition from adolescence into althood, alienation and initiation, criticism of pre-Civil War southern life. A remarkable achievement of the book is Clemens' use of American humor, folklore, slang, and dialects. There is critical debate, however, concerning the ending of the book - some call it weak and ineffective, others feel it is appropriate and effective.
原文地址:http://www.zhupao.com/content/369/370/18920.htm
『捌』 馬克·吐溫的寫作風格
分為三階段
一:輕松、幽默、愉快（如湯姆索亞歷險記）
二：筆鋒辛辣諷刺
三：悲觀，帶有厭世情緒
『玖』 跪求美國作家馬克 吐溫的英文介紹
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[1] better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American humorist, satirist, lecturer and writer. Twain is most noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which has since been called the Great American Novel,[2] and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. He is also known for his quotations.[3][4] During his lifetime, Clemens became a friend to presidents, artists, leading instrialists and European royalty.
Clemens enjoyed immense public popularity, and his keen wit and incisive satire earned him praise from both critics and peers. American author William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature."[5]
Mark Twain』s first important work, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, was first published in the New York Saturday Press on November 18, 1865. The only reason it was published there was because his story arrived too late to be included in a book Artemus Ward was compiling featuring sketches of the wild American West.
After this burst of popularity, Twain was commissioned by the Sacramento Union to write letters about his travel experiences for publication in the newspaper, his first of which was to ride the steamer Ajax in its maiden voyage to Hawaii, referred to at the time as the Sandwich Islands. These humorous letters proved the genesis to his work with the San Francisco Alta California newspaper, which designated him a traveling correspondent for a trip from San Francisco to New York City via the Panama isthmus. All the while Twain was writing letters meant for publishing back and forth, chronicling his experiences with his burlesque humor. On June 8, 1867, Twain set sail on the pleasure cruiser Quaker City for five months. This trip resulted in The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress.
「 This book is a record of a pleasure trip. If it were a record of a solemn scientific expedition it would have about it the gravity, that profundity, and that impressive incomprehensibility which are so proper to works of that kind, and withal so attractive. Yet not withstanding it is only a record of a picnic, it has a purpose, which is, to suggest to the reader how he would be likely to see Europe and the East if he looked at them with his own eyes instead of the eyes of those who traveled in those countries before him. I make small pretense of showing anyone how he ought to look at objects of interest beyond the sea – other books do that, and therefore, even if I were competent to do it, there is no need. 」
In 1872, Twain published a second piece of travel literature, Roughing It, as a semi-sequel to Innocents. Roughing It is a semi-autobiographical account of Twain's journey to Nevada and his subsequent life in the American West. The book lampoons American and Western society in the same way that Innocents critiqued the various countries of Europe and the Middle East. Twain's next work would kept Roughing It's focus on American society but focused more on the events of the day. Entitled The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, it was not a travel piece, as his previous two books had been, and it was his first attempt at writing a novel. The book is also notable because it is Twain's only collaboration; it was written with his neighbor Charles Dudley Warner.
Clemens' next two works drew on his experiences on the Mississippi River. Old Times on the Mississippi, a series of sketches published in the Atlantic Monthly in 1875, featured Twain』s disillusionment with Romanticism. Old Times eventually became the starting point for Life on the Mississippi.
Clemens' next major publication was The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, which drew on his youth in Hannibal. The character of Tom Sawyer was modeled on Samuel as a child, with traces of two schoolmates, John Briggs and Will Bowen. The book also introced in a supporting role the character of Huckleberry Finn, based on Clemens' boyhood friend Tom Blankenship.
The Prince and the Pauper, despite a storyline that is omnipresent in film and literature today, was not as well received. Pauper was Twain』s first attempt at fiction, and blame for its shortcomings are usually put on Twain having not been experienced enough in English society and the fact that it was proced after such a massive hit. In between the writing of Pauper, Twain had started Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (which he consistently had problems completing[citation needed]) and started and completed another travel book, A Tramp Abroad. A Tramp Abroad follows Twain as he travels through central and southern Europe.
Twain』s next major published work, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, solidified him as a noteworthy American writer. Some have called it the first Great American Novel. Finn was an offshoot from Tom Sawyer and proved to have a more serious tone than its predecessor. The main premise behind Huckleberry Finn is the young boy』s belief in the right thing to do even though the majority of society believes that it was wrong. The book has become required reading in many schools throughout the United States because Huck ignores the rules and mores of the age to follow what he thinks is just (the story takes place in the 1850s where slavery is present). Four hundred manuscript pages of Huckleberry Finn were written in the summer of 1876, right after the publication of Tom Sawyer. Some accounts have Twain taking seven years off after his first burst of creativity, eventually finishing the book in 1883. Other accounts have Twain working on Finn in tandem with The Prince and the Pauper and other works in 1880 and other years. The last fifth of Finn is subject to much controversy. Some say that Twain experiences—as critic Leo Marx puts it—a "failure of nerve." Ernest Hemingway once said of Huckleberry Finn: 「If you read it, you must stop where the Nigger Jim is stolen from the boys. That is the real end. The rest is just cheating.」
Near the end of Huckleberry Finn, Twain had written Life on the Mississippi, which is said to have heavily influenced the former book. The work recounts Twain』s memories and new experiences after a 22 year absence from the Mississippi. The book is of note because Twain introces the real meaning of his pseudonym.
After his great work, Twain began turning to his business endeavors to keep them afloat and to stave off the increasing difficulties he had been having from his writing projects. Twain focused on the writing of President Ulysses S. Grant's Memoirs for his fledgling publishing company, finding time in between to write The Private History of a Campaign That Failed for The Century Magazine.
Twain next focused on A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, which featured him making his first big pronouncement of disappointment with politics. The tone become cynical to the point of almost being a rant against the established political system of the day (which would have been in King Arthur』s time), and eventually devolved into madness for the main character. The book was started in December 1885, then shelved a few months later until the summer of 1887, and eventually finished in the spring of 1889.
Some say that this work marked the beginning of the end for Twain as he fell into financial trouble and eschewed his humor vein. Twain had begun to furiously write articles and commentary with diminishing returns to pay the bills and keep his business intentions afloat, but it was not enough because he filed for bankruptcy in 1894. His next large scale work, The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson (aka Those Extraordinary Twins), brought about Twain』s sense of irony, though it has been misconstrued. There were parallels between this work and Twain』s financial failings, notably his desire to escape his current constraints and become a different person.
Twain』s next venture was straight fiction called Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc and dedicated it to his wife. Twain had long said that this was the work he was most proud of despite the criticism he received for it. The book had been a dream of Twain』s for a very long time, and he eventually thought it to be the work to save his publishing company. His financial adviser, Henry Huttleston Rogers, squashed that idea and got Twain out of that business all together, but the book was published nonetheless.
Twain』s wife died in 1904, and after the appropriate time Twain was allowed to publish some works that his wife, a de facto editor and censor throughout his life, had looked down upon. Of these works, The Mysterious Stranger, which pits the presence of Satan, aka 「No. 44,」 in various situations where the moral sense of human kind. This particular work was not published in Twain』s life, so there were three versions found in his manuscripts made between 1897 and 1905: the Hannibal version, the Eseldorf version, and the Print Shop version. Confusion between the versions led to an extensive publication of a jumbled version, and only recently have the original versions as Twain wrote them become available.
Twain』s last work was his autobiography, which he dictated and thought would be most entertaining if he went off on whims and tangents in non-sequential order. Some archivists and compilers had a problem with this and rearranged the biography into a more conventional form, thereby eliminating some of Twain』s humor and the flow of the book.