A. 初中英語寫作教學目標是什麼
眾所周知，寫作是初中英語教學中的重要部分之一，它不僅能夠考驗學生們的英語知識點的積累程度，更是學生們英語綜合運用能力的一個體現。此外，作為一門語言性的學科，英語對學生們的語言綜合應用能力的培養要求極高，故而，抓好學生們的英語作文教學是每一位初中英語教師不容推卸的責任，也是初中初中英語教學的趨勢所在。
【關鍵詞】初中英語；寫作教學；高效性；綜合能力
新課標課程改革對初中英語教學提出了更高的教學要求，即要求學生們必須掌握英語聽、說、讀、寫四項基本技能。寫作教學作為四項基本技能教學之一，於初中英語教學而言，其重要性可見一斑。英語寫作，即將相應的詞彙、句子以及段落有機組合成一篇文章，可見，在英語寫作過程中，學生們詞彙的積累、句型的掌握以及一定的邏輯組織能力都至關重要。在本文中，筆者將結合自身的英語寫作教學經驗，從學生們寫作語感的培養、學生寫作熟練度的訓練以及教師對學生英語寫作的評價這三個方面對初中英語寫作教學策略作以下簡要分析。
一、背誦範文，提升學生的英語寫作語感
眾所周知，背誦範文是學生們英語寫作語感培養的關鍵所在，它能夠潛移默化地影響著學生們的寫作風格，同時還能擴大學生們的英語知識點的累積，從而達到寫作時一氣呵成的效果。那麼，教師該如何引導學生們背誦英語範文呢？就筆者而言，首先，教師應當對範文中的相應句式以及高頻詞彙進行講解，讓學生們在對範文有一定理解的基礎之上增強對範文的記憶，從而達到良好的背誦效果，其次，教師可以固定抽查學生們對英語範文的背誦情況，逐步培養學生們良好的英語作文學習態度。例如，在教學人教版初中英語七年級下冊unit8《Isthereapostofficenearhear?》時，鑒於本單元重點講解問路時所運用的相關知識點，筆者便讓學生們在學習完本單元知識點之後寫一篇介紹某標志性建築的地理位置的作文。其中，有位學生們寫了一篇以自己家為中心的郵局、銀行以及便利店等地點的地理位置介紹作文，並很好地運用了「first……then……finaly……」等過渡詞，使得整篇文章變得連貫得體，此外，該生還運用了不少的連接詞以完善文章的連貫性。於是筆者將該生的作文作進一步修改之後便將其作為範文，並要求其他學生們對其加以背誦記憶。如此一來，學生們便可以在背誦範文的過程中逐漸取長補短，進而提升自身的英語寫作能力。
二、強化訓練，促使達到熟能生巧的目標
寫作訓練是提升學生們的英語寫作能力的核心步驟，正所謂熟能生巧。在初中英語寫作教學中，不少學生們由於剛剛接觸英語，對英語這一語言的掌握程度不夠便怯於寫作，從而導致學生們的寫作能力難以得到鍛煉，進而陷入惡性循環之中。為了打破這一惡性循環，教師們除了要鼓勵學生們敢於寫作之外，還應當為學生們制定相應的英語寫作訓練計劃，進而實現「質的飛躍」。那麼，教師應當如何制定寫作訓練計劃呢？筆者在此將學生們的英語寫作過程分為三個階段———初級階段、中級階段以及高級階段。在初級階段，教師們應當可以讓學生們每周背誦一篇範文並模仿範文寫一篇英語文章；在中級階段，教師則應當每周給學生們一個話題，讓學生們依照話題自主寫作，數量維持在1-2篇；在高級階段，教師則應當讓學生們做到「每天一練，一周一寫」，即每天用英語寫一篇隨筆練練筆，每周寫一篇正規英語文章。如此循序漸進，學生們英語寫作能力的提升便指日可待。例如，在教學人教版七年級英語時，鑒於學生們大多都是剛剛接觸英語，對英語這門語言的掌握不多，其綜合運用能力不足，即上文所述的英語學習的初級階段，於是筆者在教學學生們英語習作時便採取了如下訓練措施：首先，筆者讓學生們每日晨讀的時候大聲朗讀英語教材的精選文章，並背誦其中的重點段落，同時，筆者每周還會挑選一篇優秀範文讓學生們在課余時間進行背誦，接著筆者每周抽查部分學生課文與範文的背誦情況，除此之外，筆者還要求學生們每周都要模仿教材課文或者範文寫一篇文章並上交。一來可以檢查學生們一周時間以來的作文及文章的學習情況，二來也能督促學生們堅持訓練英語寫作，一舉二得。
三、多元評價，增強學生們的英語寫作信心
教師評價是英語寫作教學中必不可少的環節之一，一方面，教師的評價能夠及時將學生們的寫作情況反饋給學生們，幫助學生們進一步修改自己所寫作文；另一方面，教師對學生們所寫作文及時評價還能幫助提高學生們在英語寫作方面的積極性，從而促使學生們認真對待英語寫作。故而，教師要充分重視對學生作文的評價，幫助學生們在充分認識自己寫作方面的不足之後加以改進，進而提升自身的習作能力。例如，筆者在教學人教版八年級上冊unit6《I′mmoreoutgoingthanmysister》這一單元時，曾給學生們部置過這樣一個寫作任務：寫一篇描寫自己某一家庭成員的英語作文，並適當運用本單元所學知識點。其中一位學生描寫了自己的弟弟，她的文章中用了本單元所學的一些關於性格描寫、外貌描寫的詞彙來形容自己的弟弟，並適當地運用了比較級來比較自己和弟弟的一些性格特點。但是文章中卻又一些小錯誤，例如「Iverylovemybrother.」這一句子便是典型的中文式英語，於是筆者在評價該生文章的時候，首先指出了文章中的一些亮點並給予了一定的表揚，同時也對文章中的一些小錯誤及時指出並引導其進行糾正。總之，一篇優秀的英語作文不僅是學生們英語知識點的累積與薈萃，更是學生們的語言綜合運用能力的一種體現。在初中英語寫作教學中，教師應當從學生們寫作語感的培養、學生寫作熟練度的訓練以及對學生英語寫作的評價這三個方面全面做好學生們的英語寫作教學工作，唯有如此，才能從真正意義上提升學生們的英語水平。
B. 高一英語寫作課教案中的教學目標怎麼寫
Teaching Aims
1.To get the students to appreciating remarks on friendship or friends.
2.To enable the students to write a short story about friends or friendships.
Teaching Proceres
Step 1 Discussion
Now, I found 500 pounds in Roy』s pocket. Did Roy steal the money from the charity? Someone says 『yes』, someone says 『no』. If Roy did steal the money from the charity, shall I tell the teacher or call the police? If Roy didn』t steal the money, what should I do?
Discuss it in groups of four .
Collect answers from students. Draw a conclusion; whether Roy stole the money or not, we help him all the same. Because we』re friends. Friends are the ones we can get help from and we can trust.
In this unit, we have talked a lot about friends and friendship, knowing the importance of friends. And what do you think of a friend or friendship?
How to keep friendship?List good qualities and bad qualities a friend may have.
Suggested answers:
Good qualities:
outgoing hospitable considerate enthusiastic friendly kind polite honest loyal brave positive optimistic smart intelligent modest generous determined responsible mature
Bad qualities:
dishonest unfriendly dishonest rude impolite selfish lazy careless pessimistic Brainstorming:
Step 2 Writing
Describe a problem you had with a friend and give advice on how to keep friends.
Suggested expressions:
close, trust, chat, be on good terms, get on very well, keep in touch, get to know, personal matters, be similar to , considerate, warm hearted, honest,
一些有關友誼的名言警句如：
On friends and friendship:
A true friend is one soul in two bodies. (---Aristotle)
A friend in need is a friend indeed. (---Ray)
Be slow in choosing a friend; slower in changing.(---Benjamin Franklin)
A friend is a present which you give yourself. (---Robert Louis Stevenson)
Fate chooses your relatives, you choose your friends. (---Abbe Jacques Deille)
A faithful friend is the medicine of life. (---William Shakespeare)
The bird a nest, the spider a web, man friendship.(---William Blake)
We choose our friend by instinct, but we keep them by judgment. (---Alfred Capus)
Friendship is love without his wings. (---George Gordon Byron)
True friendship is a plant of slow growth.(---George Washington)
Sample:
Friendship is one of the most valuable relationship in our lives, it may even last through you whole life. I have a good friend. Sometimes I argue with my friend. For example, once we discussed a problem of our homework, as we held different ideas and wanted to persuade each other, we argued a lot. However, after we found the correct answer, the one that was wrong apologized at once. No matter how often we quarreled and what we quarreled for, we are good friends for ever.
My favourite proverb says ' friend are like stars, you don』t always see them, but you know they re always there.' Thats true, indeed friends are willing to help you all the time. When you are down ,friends raise you up with their hearts .When you lose your way, friends guide you and pull you to the right way. When you have sorrow to complain of, friends are always the best ears for you.
So please cherish your friends, because everyone of them is unique and precious. Getting along with friends is just like growing plants. We must use patience, trust, and honesty as fertilizer to make friendship stonger. And never forget ,plants need sunshine, so do friends. Often give them some warm and you will find your hearts are getting closer.
Friendship stands on both sides , so the more you give and the more you will get . Remember, the key is your sincere heart.
Step 3 Promotion and Homework
1)Assign another writing task based on the following information:
What do you think of a friend or friendship?
How to keep friendship?
2） Instruct the students to write and revise by themselves.
3) Let the students hand in their final copies.
4) Select some good samples to read to the whole class.
Suggested sample:
Friendship is the most important things in life. Good friend would like to help you when you met some troubles. Real good friends could put each other in their hearts. Real friendship is like the spring rivers flowing down the mountains, silently. Everybody is looking forward to meeting real friends.
How to find real friendship and keep it? I think it is like you planting a big tree. You should choose good seeds and take care of it to make it grow. Almost the same thoughts between each other is on base. Maybe fight also will happen. How to do? To make real friend, you don't be shy to explain your thoughts to the other. Try your best to keep friendship forever. It is necessary to tell the truth and respect each other.
教學實施過程：
針對學生這樣的實際情況，並受任務型教學法啟示「任務型教學理論實際上就是建立在討論或交流教學思路的基礎上的,是交流教學思路的一種發展形態,英語教學要以學生為中心,教師要為學生設計運用語言的環境,通過大量的交流活動總結和掌握語言的規律,並在交流活動中實踐,從而達到目的.」我對每模塊後的書面表達內容的教學作了調整，這樣處理：即把寫作課變成討論和寫作並存的活動課，並在活動課中備有相關的多媒體內容或音樂，使學生在真切愉快的情景中搜集寫作素材，完成寫作內容，最後達到激發學生寫作興趣，提高寫作技能並促進其他幾種技能的效果。具體教學過程如下：
第一步，確定題目後，教師啟發學生思考，回憶寫作中所需要的相關詞彙，必要時通過多媒體展示相關內容，然後教師在黑板上進行總結或藉助多媒體把關鍵詞語呈現給學生.例如外研版教材Book6 Mole3 Interpersonal relationship___ Friendship,該模塊的寫作任務講述朋友之間所產生的矛盾問題，並提出建議如何保持友誼：Describing a problem you had with a friend and giving advice on how to keep friends教師可先展示一些有關友誼或本班同學相處的圖片、幻燈片、音樂等,以激發學生的學習興趣。然後教師可引導學生說說自己的好朋友，盡可能用到本模塊所學過的詞彙：close, trust, chat, be on good terms, get on very well, keep in touch, get to know, personal matters, be similar to, considerate, warmhearted, honest, 等等。
第二步，分組討論（均勻分配不同程度的學生），要求學生圍繞寫作話題藉助有關詞彙，人人動口，積極思維:1.Who is your good friend? 2. How do you become good friends? 3. Have you ever quarreled with each other? 4.What』s the problem? 5. Have you made up? 6. What should you do to keep your friendship? 等, 並讓學生各抒己見,提供出不同的詞語句型，如1.I』ve known him/her for ... 2.We first met six years ago...I remember meeting him/her for the first time 3.We have much in common. 4. I not only...but also... 5.I suggest that... 6.Why not...? 7.Can』t we ...? 8. What about...? 9. Friendship is both... and... 10. If we... , we can...等也可提供一些有關友誼的名言警句如：On friends and friendship:
A true friend is one soul in two bodies. (---Aristotle)
A friend in need is a friend indeed. (---Ray)
Be slow in choosing a friend; slower in changing. (---Benjamin Franklin)
A friend is a present which you give yourself. (---Robert Louis Stevenson)
Fate chooses your relatives, you choose your friends. (---Abbe Jacques Deille)
A faithful friend is the medicine of life. (---William Shakespeare)
The bird a nest, the spider a web, man friendship. (---William Blake)
We choose our friend by instinct, but we keep them by judgment. (---Alfred Capus)
Friendship is love without his wings. (---George Gordon Byron)
True friendship is a plant of slow growth.(---George Washington)
同時教師提醒學生在討論中盡量使用正確的時態、語態並用英語交流。這一步也是學生英文寫作收集寫作素材的過程。教師可參考與到各個組中，幫助學生解決疑難問題，並根據不同的寫作內容和各小組的實際水平適當給他們提供一些新的詞彙，同時鼓勵那些平時不善於言談的學生開口交流和幫助基礎較差的學生。通過不斷的教學實踐，我發現：在這種活動或情景之下，學生無拘無束，大膽熱烈討論，加之教師的指導，寫作的素材自然獲得不少。最後每組選一位代表執筆完成書面表達，並在時間允許內在全班朗讀；
第三步，教師進行總結歸納： Friendship is a kind of human relations. It is a human instinct to make friends. When in trouble, we need friends to offer us help, support and encouragement. With success achieved, we also need friends to share our joys. .Long live friendship! 同時再次強調寫作中所需的時態、語態和學生寫作過程中容易犯的錯誤等關鍵問題。而後要求學生課後完成各自的寫作內容並上交作業。
第四步，作文評價是個意義重大的環節，可採用以下評價機制，包括學生自評→學生互評→教師評價→全班反饋→範文共賞五個環節。
學生參與情況：
運用這種教學方式，我所教的班級學生普遍反映：這種討論和寫作的方式更適合他們，因為氣氛活躍，讓人覺得輕松，通過小組的討論、互相幫助和老師的指引，較容易搜集到寫作素材,而且參考小組素材再結合自己的觀點，就更容易下手寫作了。每個小組都能寫出較為優秀的文章，而且，學生完成作業情況非常好，能充分運用課上所講的相關詞彙和表達方式，有些同學的文章寫得相當好，可以作為範文展示學習。總而言之，這種寫作教學法既激發了學生的寫作興趣，又提高了他們的口語表達能力，同時還培養了他們的群體合作精神，而且也達到了師生互動交流。
C. 高一英語寫作課教案中的教學目標怎麼寫
Teaching Aims
1.To get the students to appreciating remarks on friendship or friends.
2.To enable the students to write a short story about friends or friendships.
Teaching Proceres
Step 1 Discussion
Now, I found 500 pounds in Roy』s pocket. Did Roy steal the money from the charity? Someone says 『yes』, someone says 『no』. If Roy did steal the money from the charity, shall I tell the teacher or call the police? If Roy didn』t steal the money, what should I do?
Discuss it in groups of four .
Collect answers from students. Draw a conclusion; whether Roy stole the money or not, we help him all the same. Because we』re friends. Friends are the ones we can get help from and we can trust.
In this unit, we have talked a lot about friends and friendship, knowing the importance of friends. And what do you think of a friend or friendship?
How to keep friendship?List good qualities and bad qualities a friend may have.
Suggested answers:
Good qualities:
hospitable considerate enthusiastic friendly kind polite honest loyal brave positive optimistic smart intelligent modest generous determined responsible mature
Bad qualities:
dishonest unfriendly dishonest rude impolite selfish lazy careless pessimistic Brainstorming:
Step 2 Writing
Describe a problem you had with a friend and give advice on how to keep friends.
Suggested expressions:
close, trust, chat, be on good terms, get on very well, keep in touch, get to know, personal matters, be similar to , considerate, warm hearted, honest,
一些有關友誼的名言警句如：
On friends and friendship:
A true friend is one soul in two bodies. (---Aristotle)
A friend in need is a friend indeed. (---Ray)
Be slow in choosing a friend; slower in changing.(---Benjamin Franklin)
A friend is a present which you give yourself. (---Robert Louis Stevenson)
Fate chooses your relatives, you choose your friends. (---Abbe Jacques Deille)
A faithful friend is the medicine of life. (---William Shakespeare)
The bird a nest, the spider a web, man friendship.(---William Blake)
We choose our friend by instinct, but we keep them by judgment. (---Alfred Capus)
Friendship is love without his wings. (---George Gordon Byron)
True friendship is a plant of slow growth.(---George Washington)
Sample:
Friendship is one of the most valuable relationship in our lives, it may even last through you whole life. I have a good friend. Sometimes I argue with my friend. For example, once we discussed a problem of our homework, as we held different ideas and wanted to persuade each other, we argued a lot. However, after we found the correct answer, the one that was wrong apologized at once. No matter how often we quarreled and what we quarreled for, we are good friends for ever.
My favourite proverb says ' friend are like stars, you don』t always see them, but you know they re always there.' Thats true, indeed friends are willing to help you all the time. When you are down ,friends raise you up with their hearts .When you lose your way, friends guide you and pull you to the right way. When you have sorrow to complain of, friends are always the best ears for you.
So please cherish your friends, because everyone of them is unique and precious. Getting along with friends is just like growing plants. We must use patience, trust, and honesty as fertilizer to make friendship stonger. And never forget ,plants need sunshine, so do friends. Often give them some warm and you will find your hearts are getting closer.
Friendship stands on both sides , so the more you give and the more you will get . Remember, the key is your sincere heart.
Step 3 Promotion and Homework
1)Assign another writing task based on the following information:
What do you think of a friend or friendship?
How to keep friendship?
2） Instruct the students to write and revise by themselves.
3) Let the students hand in their final copies.
4) Select some good samples to read to the whole class.
Suggested sample:
Friendship is the most important things in life. Good friend would like to help you when you met some troubles. Real good friends could put each other in their hearts. Real friendship is like the spring rivers flowing down the mountains, silently. Everybody is looking forward to meeting real friends.
How to find real friendship and keep it? I think it is like you planting a big tree. You should choose good seeds and take care of it to make it grow. Almost the same thoughts between each other is on base. Maybe fight also will happen. How to do? To make real friend, you don't be shy to explain your thoughts to the other. Try your best to keep friendship forever. It is necessary to tell the truth and respect each other.
教學實施過程：
針對學生這樣的實際情況，並受任務型教學法啟示「任務型教學理論實際上就是建立在討論或交流教學思路的基礎上的,是交流教學思路的一種發展形態,英語教學要以學生為中心,教師要為學生設計運用語言的環境,通過大量的交流活動總結和掌握語言的規律,並在交流活動中實踐,從而達到目的.」我對每模塊後的書面表達內容的教學作了調整，這樣處理：即把寫作課變成討論和寫作並存的活動課，並在活動課中備有相關的多媒體內容或音樂，使學生在真切愉快的情景中搜集寫作素材，完成寫作內容，最後達到激發學生寫作興趣，提高寫作技能並促進其他幾種技能的效果。具體教學過程如下：
第一步，確定題目後，教師啟發學生思考，回憶寫作中所需要的相關詞彙，必要時通過多媒體展示相關內容，然後教師在黑板上進行總結或藉助多媒體把關鍵詞語呈現給學生.例如外研版教材Book6 Mole3 Interpersonal relationship___ Friendship,該模塊的寫作任務講述朋友之間所產生的矛盾問題，並提出建議如何保持友誼：Describing a problem you had with a friend and giving advice on how to keep friends教師可先展示一些有關友誼或本班同學相處的圖片、幻燈片、音樂等,以激發學生的學習興趣。然後教師可引導學生說說自己的好朋友，盡可能用到本模塊所學過的詞彙：close, trust, chat, be on good terms, get on very well, keep in touch, get to know, personal matters, be similar to, considerate, warmhearted, honest, 等等。
第二步，分組討論（均勻分配不同程度的學生），要求學生圍繞寫作話題藉助有關詞彙，人人動口，積極思維:1.Who is your good friend? 2. How do you become good friends? 3. Have you ever quarreled with each other? 4.What』s the problem? 5. Have you made up? 6. What should you do to keep your friendship? 等, 並讓學生各抒己見,提供出不同的詞語句型，如1.I』ve known him/her for ... 2.We first met six years ago...I remember meeting him/her for the first time 3.We have much in common. 4. I not only...but also... 5.I suggest that... 6.Why not...? 7.Can』t we ...? 8. What about...? 9. Friendship is both... and... 10. If we... , we can...等也可提供一些有關友誼的名言警句如：On friends and friendship:
A true friend is one soul in two bodies. (---Aristotle)
A friend in need is a friend indeed. (---Ray)
Be slow in choosing a friend; slower in changing. (---Benjamin Franklin)
A friend is a present which you give yourself. (---Robert Louis Stevenson)
Fate chooses your relatives, you choose your friends. (---Abbe Jacques Deille)
A faithful friend is the medicine of life. (---William Shakespeare)
The bird a nest, the spider a web, man friendship. (---William Blake)
We choose our friend by instinct, but we keep them by judgment. (---Alfred Capus)
Friendship is love without his wings. (---George Gordon Byron)
True friendship is a plant of slow growth.(---George Washington)
同時教師提醒學生在討論中盡量使用正確的時態、語態並用英語交流。這一步也是學生英文寫作收集寫作素材的過程。教師可參考與到各個組中，幫助學生解決疑難問題，並根據不同的寫作內容和各小組的實際水平適當給他們提供一些新的詞彙，同時鼓勵那些平時不善於言談的學生開口交流和幫助基礎較差的學生。通過不斷的教學實踐，我發現：在這種活動或情景之下，學生無拘無束，大膽熱烈討論，加之教師的指導，寫作的素材自然獲得不少。最後每組選一位代表執筆完成書面表達，並在時間允許內在全班朗讀；
第三步，教師進行總結歸納： Friendship is a kind of human relations. It is a human instinct to make friends. When in trouble, we need friends to offer us help, support and encouragement. With success achieved, we also need friends to share our joys. .Long live friendship! 同時再次強調寫作中所需的時態、語態和學生寫作過程中容易犯的錯誤等關鍵問題。而後要求學生課後完成各自的寫作內容並上交作業。
第四步，作文評價是個意義重大的環節，可採用以下評價機制，包括學生自評→學生互評→教師評價→全班反饋→範文共賞五個環節。
學生參與情況：
運用這種教學方式，我所教的班級學生普遍反映：這種討論和寫作的方式更適合他們，因為氣氛活躍，讓人覺得輕松，通過小組的討論、互相幫助和老師的指引，較容易搜集到寫作素材,而且參考小組素材再結合自己的觀點，就更容易下手寫作了。每個小組都能寫出較為優秀的文章，而且，學生完成作業情況非常好，能充分運用課上所講的相關詞彙和表達方式，有些同學的文章寫得相當好，可以作為範文展示學習。總而言之，這種寫作教學法既激發了學生的寫作興趣，又提高了他們的口語表達能力，同時還培養了他們的群體合作精神，而且也達到了師生互動交流。