1. 求歷年英語四級作文真題和範文 QQ1114636584 謝謝去
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2. 急急急！求助英語自考寫作中的topic outline和sentence outline的區別
topic outline就是寫個題目來概括這一段的主旨，例：
1. Family Problems 家庭問題
2. Economic Problems 經濟問題
sentence outline就更詳細些了，用一版句完權整的話概括這一段的意思，例：
1.When family conflicts arise as a result of divorce, adolescents suffer. 當離婚導致了家庭矛盾時，受傷的是青少年。
2. Some of the most negative effects on adolescents may be associated with economic problems. 對青少年最負面的影響可能與經濟問題有關。
3. 如何短時間內雅思口語和寫作單項提高到7
洛陽大華雅思提醒您，口語考試如果希望取得高分(比如7分以上)，不但要有一定的口語水平，還要來點「旁門左道」。依據我的經驗，口語考試成績是三個方面的綜合體現，即：
口語考試成績=個人真實的口語水平x現場表現系數x考官認可系數。
這三部分中，口語水平短時間內很難有大的提高，所以我們只能把准備的重點放在現場表現上。考官是否認可雖然不能由你把握，但是與你的現場表現直接相關。所以，如果想要在口語考試中拿到高分，最能控制也是最立竿見影的就是提高你的現場表現力。例如：如果你的真實水平是6分，那麼只要你能通過傑出的現場表現打動考官，並且獲得其認可，使兩個系數都大於1，那麼自然就能考到7分以上的成績。
一句話：你要影響考官!
一、雅思口語考試三大破綻。
口語考試並非"無機可乘",相反,它的主觀性決定了它從娘胎裡面帶來的不準確性。從多次口語取得8分的經歷中,我總結出雅思口語考試有以下破綻,從而使考生能用於影響考官:
1
口語考試的成績與你的真實水平是正相關的，但不是成「正比」的。也就是說，在你毫無准備的情況下，它能夠准確地測出你屬於哪一個檔次的。但是，一旦經過充分的准備，那麼你的成績將會被人為的放大，而這完全取決於兩個人在現場的主觀博弈——你和考官。
2
「要把考官當人看」，而不是「機器」或者「大牲口」(雖然你心裡是這么想的)。口語考試考察的是考生的「溝通」能力,而非單純的「口語」能力。所以,如果你在考試開始前沒有禮貌地和考官打招呼，沒有尊重地問問考官的名字，說話的時候表情冷漠，沒有笑容，光目呆滯，總是保持一個聲調，使人感到乏味，離開考場時忘了對考官說「再見」，總之就是沒有給予考官對正常人應有的禮貌和尊重時，你是休想得高分的。上述兩個案例就能充分證明這一觀點。
3
「多算勝，少算不勝」。我們不能打無把握之仗，而要在考試前積極備戰，從而使雅思口語考試的科學性在你的成績上體現的微乎其微。因為口語考試採用的是題庫制，所以所有的題目都能從網上找到「機經」。你完全可以做到有的放矢的備考。一旦你有了充分的准備，即使自認為口語水平一般的同學，通過一定的技術處理，完全有可能在口語考試中作到「點石成金」，從而取得7分以上的優異成績。
二、現場表現系數的四大要素
口語考試要有以下幾個要素才能得高分:自信,反應,語音和表情。這就是我說的「現場表現系數」。
1 自信。你有面對考官的自信嗎?比如,你是否會很輕松地反問考官:"What can I call
you?"從而給考官的第一印象就是:這個人肯定口語不錯,因為其它考生都不敢和我這樣說話!口語考試不同於一般的和鬼子聊天,而是你和一個考官在一間「陰森可怖」的小黑屋裡面，你看著他，他看著你。你無權保持沉默，並且你所說的每一句話都將成為承堂證供，因為你面前還擺著一個MP3。你曾有的自信就在你還沒有進入口語考場之前的焦急等待中徹底土崩瓦解了。那你就完了，因為你下面的口語考試就會出現技術變形。
自信從何而來?准備。如果你對即將考到的題目爛熟於胸，你會不自信嗎?如果你已經擁有了大量和鬼子練口語的經歷，發現他們無非就是一群來中國「瀟灑走一回」的流浪漢，你會不自信嗎?所以，試問那些一考口語就緊張的同學，你們有誰在考試之前做到了以上這兩點呢?
2 反應。如果你希望對口語考試中的所有問題都有所准備，這是mission
impossible。所以要對沒有準備過的問題做出敏銳地反應。我有一次考8分的時候被問到一個問題：「Are physical exercises popular
in China?」我立刻不假思索的回答：「Of course they are very
popular」，因為我在被問到問題之後如果不立刻給出答案，我的fluency就會被扣分;但是如果只說這一句話，同樣會被扣分。所以我立刻說：「because
there is a National Physical Exercises Program in China. You can see there are a
lot of physical exercise equipment in the communities, such
as…」這時候，可以用舉例子進一步豐富我的答案，這是一招靈丹妙葯，同時我又可以停頓兩秒鍾,從而組織語言。但是，我忽然發現我有了大麻煩：那些健身器材的英文名字我一個都不會說!這時我的反應幫助了我。我立刻說：「You
know,I can't explain it very clearly,
but…」就這一句話，我就給自己解圍了，而且一個but，又可以停頓兩秒鍾，然後再說：「you can find there are many children
and old people doing exercises in the morning and in the evening」。萬事大吉了!
3
語音，包括發音和語氣。發音問題，大家不用過於強調發英音還是美音，因為中國人大多數的發音都是「雜音」(英音和美音的雜交產物)。所以，我們只要做到清晰即可。我由於專門模仿過托福的美音，所以自認為發音過關。但是在口語考試那種精神高度緊張的狀態下，什麼美音英音的早就拋到腦後了，只要能說清楚即可，哪怕是本能的「雜音」。但是不可否認，我的發音還是幫了大忙，所以如果大家希望的7分以上，清晰的發音是必不可少的。
但是更重要的是語氣，其實就是最基本的抑揚頓挫而已。適度的起伏、停頓、強調和重讀對於考官是有天壤之別的。有太多的考生在平時說英語的時候，永遠是一個調的，給人的感覺是boring。換個位置思考，如果你是考官，一個周末要面對幾十個考生，但是每個人都用一個腔調和你說話，你是不是想自殺?所以大家平時在准備的時候，就要刻意訓練。首先，你想一想在說漢語時，在什麼地方會有抑揚頓挫?其次，你可以用mp3把你的聲音錄下來，自己聽聽，再讓周圍人聽聽，感覺一下是否覺得舒服。
4
表情。前面說過，你是在和考官「交流」，而不是在「獨白」。那麼你就要有豐富的面部表情。最好就是微笑。我在考試中始終保持微笑，並且還有自然的大笑。如何影響考官?就是用你的微笑帶動他或她笑。我第一次考8分的時候，在Part
3被問到：「Have you learned any other languages?」我說：「Yes, I have learned some Russian
words.」於是我順口說了一句我背得爛熟的俄語長句。那位女考官聽到之後，立刻笑了起來。我一看她笑了，宜將剩勇追窮寇，不可沽名學霸王!我要讓她「回眸一笑百媚生，六宮粉黛無顏色」。於是立刻滿臉笑容地補充道：「It
means I want to invite you for lunch.」
本來從一開始考試我們兩個之間就存在一種莫名奇妙的「曖昧」的微笑，等那位姑娘聽了我的這句解釋之後，立刻笑得前仰後合的。可巧那是個周日的上午10點多，也許她還以為我對她有什麼企圖呢!
三、如何用充足的准備使你的口語成績「脫胎換骨」?
我們要經過以下兩個步驟，從而做到「深挖洞，廣積糧」。
1
輸入。請問：我們面對鬼子說不出來話的原因何在?我給出一個終極答案：就在於我們不是用英語組織語言，而是在用漢語組織語言，然後再翻譯成英語。這樣就產生了一個「時差」，導致你一時語塞。緊接著你就會「全身發緊，滿頭是汗」，從而走向「混沌」的開始。
那麼，如何解決這一問題?再給出一個終極解決方案：動筆寫「口頭作文」!我給你一個topic，比如Describe a
wildlife，再給你一分鍾准備，恐怕你連說什麼都沒想到吧!但是，如果我給你1個小時，讓你用筆寫出來一個150字的「口頭作文」，再把它說出來，你是否會做得很好?這是不言而喻的。這樣做有三大好處。
首先，通過寫「口頭作文」，我們可以逐漸訓練用英語組織語言的能力。我在考第一次雅思口語之前，用了兩周時間寫了30個topic，並且是一邊寫一邊修改。結果發現，在寫前10個的時候，非常吃力。再寫接下來的10個時，就開始感到輕鬆了，因為這時候我已經反復使用了很多「套話」了，可以不假思索的一揮而就。而到了寫最後10個的時候，真是「下筆如有神」了。突然，我發現在我說英語的時候，可以不用再藉助漢語了，因為我通過寫作訓練了直接用英語組織語言的能力。其次，凡是經過我寫過的內容，其用詞之考究，句式之精細，語言之准確，都遠遠超出了沒經准備直接說出來的內容。這樣我在考試中，如果遇到相同的topic，那麼說出來的都是「完美」的答案。即使遇不到相同的topic，我完全可以採用「張冠李戴」的方法，把我准備好的內容換湯不換葯的照搬出來。比如，假設我准備了「a
famous person」，結果考到的是「an old
person」，我直接把我說的人換個名字就行了。除非考官知道那個人，否則他也不知道我說的是對是錯。請問：這樣的答案難道不是遠遠勝過了那些不經過大腦就「脫口而出」的Chinglish嗎?第三，凡是自己寫的內容，都很容易記住。這就比痛苦的背誦那些老師給的或者書上寫的答案要輕松多了。要知道，一旦你被發現是在背誦答案，你的「死期」就到了。但是如果是自己寫的，你不需要背誦，只要不斷翻看即可非常熟悉，就不會被發現是在背誦答案了。
那麼如何選擇topic呢?首先，數量在30個左右為宜。其次，最好親自去網上收集各家預測的topic，然後將其按照人物、事件、景色、物品等分類，這樣可以找出寫作的共通之處。第三，用最少的投入覆蓋最多的topic。比如說，2005年1、2月份考過這樣幾個topic：a
long distance travel、how to spend your free day、relax。我們完全可以只准備一篇口頭作文：when I
have some free days, I just want to relax myself by having a long distance
travel.
後面你可以隨便說，只要你保持你的內容的「開放性」，也就是說，可以兼容很多topic即可。最後，把你寫好的topic熟讀即可，但是不要死記硬背。
另外，有沒有可能遇到徹底沒有準備過而且也沒有相關內容可以套用的topic呢?當然有了，否則不都考8分了嗎?但是即便如此，如果你前面按我說的，親自動手寫了30個topic，你就會發現你下的苦功夫終於有所回報了。因為你此時已經能夠直接用英語組織語言了，而且你已經有了很多「套話」，所以你只需要按照「5W1H」的思路去展開即可，即what,
who, why, when, where,
how。而且，從此以後，你會發現自己可以徹底擺脫漢語的束縛，自由的用英語傳情達意，豈不是考試和能力一舉兩得的美事?
至於那些小問題，還是需要多准備一些以備萬一，但是要做到每個小問題自問自答5遍，才能組織出比較流暢的答案。不過小問題就沒必要動筆寫了。
2 輸出。千萬別以為你准備了所有的topic和小問題，就可以坐等7、8分了。It is also a mission impossible.
事實證明，無數學生都會准備，但是取得7分以上者寥寥。究其原因，蓋因一見到鬼子就腿肚子打哆嗦導致技術變形。不知道中國人是否從鴉片戰爭開始就害怕和鬼子們說話!悲哀啊!其實這種緊張很容易理解，因為我們心中對於考雅思和出國留學
(微博) 懷有太多的期待，以至於承受不了失敗的打擊。
那麼如何解決這一問題?前面的准備工作如果你已經作了，那麼你需要的就是找鬼子把你肚子里的「存貨」傾倒出來，從而習慣於和鬼子說話。任何人如果在考試之前不經過這一關，就不要指望能考好。你要做到在考試前至少2周，就開始每周至少10個小時的與鬼子說話，而且一次聊天至少2小時。為何?因為如果你不是大規模的練口語，而是每次只練半個小時，那麼你還沒來得及克服緊張感，就結束了。你就會永遠處在害怕之中。相反，如果你能在考試之前發現自己完全可以和鬼子長時間、大范圍的自如交流，那麼就會被點燃心中的「鬥志」，懷有一種渴望「傾訴」的慾望去見考官，那麼怎能不把8分攬入懷中呢?
有人說：「我找不到鬼子。」那我要對你說：「在北京，鬼子就像海綿里的水，只要肯找，一定能找到，還是免費的。」每年2月底3月初在國貿的國際教育展，你去過嗎?各個大學來中國的招生說明會，你參加過嗎?王府井的大街上，成群的老外像孤魂野鬼一樣四處亂撞，你何不趁他們和小商販們討價還價之際上去主動幫忙?在看到有鬼子在大街上東西望迷路的時候，你何不扮作上帝去拯救他們?在鬼子們需要幫助的時候，最希望你和他練口語了。錯失了這樣的良機，你又能怪誰?
結論：
其實口語不難考，關鍵在於充分的准備。特別是要抓住口語考試「考察溝通能力」這一原則，反復練習自己的自信、反應、語音和表情這四大現場表現要素，那麼一定能考到7分以上。
4. 《英語寫作》中 文章的outline包括topic和thesis嗎
TOPIC通常是第一段第一句話，而THESIS通常是第一段最後一句話
TOPIC是一句話，是寫出你文章大概要寫什麼。
而THESIS通常是用來總結你文章的方向和細節。
5. 請問誰有關於fashion這個topic的英文寫作啊，急求啊，
The term "fashion" usually applies to a prevailing mode of expression, but quite often applies to a personal mode of expression that may or may not apply to all. Inherent in the term is the idea that the mode will change more quickly than the culture as a whole. The terms "fashionable" and "unfashionable" are employed to describe whether someone or something fits in with the current popular mode of expression. The term "fashion" is frequently used in a positive sense, as a synonym for glamour and style. In this sense, fashions are a sort of communal art, through which a culture examines its notions of beauty and goodness. The term "fashion" is also sometimes used in a negative sense, as a synonym for fads, trends, and materialism.
The habit of continually changing the style of clothing worn, which is now worldwide, at least among urban populations, is a distinctively Western one. Though there are signs from earlier, it can be fairly clearly dated to the middle of the 14th century, to which historians including James Laver and Fernand Braudel date the start of fashion in clothing.[2] [3] The most dramatic manifestation was a sudden drastic shortening and tightening of the male over-garment, from calf-length to barely covering the buttocks, sometimes accompanied with stuffing on the chest. This created the distinctive Western male outline of a tailored top worn over leggings or trousers which is still with us today.
The pace of change accelerated considerably in the following century, and womens fashion, especially in the dressing and adorning of the hair, became equally complex and changing. Art historians are able to date images with increasing confidence and precision, to a period of about five years for the 15th century. Initially changes in fashion led to a fragmentation of what had previously been very similar styles of dressing across the upper classes of Europe, and the development of distinctive national styles, which remained very different until a counter-movement in the 17th to 18th centuries imposed similar styles once again, finally those from Ancien regime France.[4] Though fashion was always led by the rich, the increasing affluence of Early Modern Europe led to the bourgeoisie and even peasants following trends at a distance sometimes uncomfortably close for the elites - a factor Braudel regards as one of the main motors of changing fashion. [5]
The fashions of the West are unparalleled either in antiquity or in the other great civilizations of the world. Early Western travellers, whether to Persia, Turkey, Japan or China frequently remark on the absence of changes in fashion there, and observers from these other cultures comment on the unseemly pace of Western fashion, which many felt suggested an instability and lack of order in Western culture. The Japanese Shogun's secretary boasted (not completely accurately) to a Spanish visitor in 1609 that Japanese clothing had not not changed in over a thousand years. [6]
Ten 16th century portraits of German or Italian gentlemen may show ten entirely different hats, and at this period national differences were at their most pronounced, as Albrecht Dü recorded in his actual or composite contrast of Nuremberg and Venetian fashions at the close of the 15th century (illustration, right). The "Spanish style" of the end of the century began the move back to synchronicity among upper-class Europeans, and after a struggle in the mid 17th century, French styles decisively took over leadership, a process completed in the 18th century.[7]
Though colors and patterns of textiles changed from year to year,[8] the cut of a gentleman's coat and the length of his waistcoat, or the pattern to which a lady's dress was cut changed more slowly. Men's fashions largely derived from military models, and changes in a European male silhouette are galvanized in theatres of European war, where gentleman officers had opportunities to make notes of foreign styles: an example is the "Steinkirk" cravat or necktie.
English caricature of Tippies of 1796The pace of change picked up in the 1780s with the increased publication of French engravings that showed the latest Paris styles; though there had been distribution of dressed dolls from France as patterns since the sixteenth century, and Abraham Bosse had proced engravings of fashion from the 1620s. By 1800, all Western Europeans were dressing alike (or thought they were): local variation became first a sign of provincial culture, and then a badge of the conservative peasant [9].
Although tailors and dressmakers were no doubt responsible for many innovations before, and the textile instry certainly led many trends, the History of fashion design is normally taken to date from 1858, when the English-born Charles Frederick Worth opened the first true haute couture house in Paris. Since then the professional designer has become a progressively more dominant figure, despite the origins of many fashions in street fashion.
Fashion in clothes has allowed wearers to express emotion or solidarity with other people for millennia. Modern Westerners have a wide choice available in the selection of their clothes. What a person chooses to wear can reflect that person's personality or likes. When people who have cultural status start to wear new or different clothes a fashion trend may start. People who like or respect them may start to wear clothes of a similar style.
Fashions may vary significantly within a society according to age, social class, generation, occupation and geography as well as over time. If, for example, an older person dresses according to the fashion of young people, he or she may look ridiculous in the eyes of both young and older people. The terms "fashionista" or "fashion victim" refer to someone who slavishly follows the current fashions (implementations of fashion).
One can regard the system of sporting various fashions as a fashion language incorporating various fashion statements using a grammar of fashion. (Compare some of the work of Roland Barthes.)
6. 急急急！求助英語自考寫作中的topic outline和sentence outline的區別
topic
outline就是寫個題目來來概括這一段源的主旨，例：
1.
Family
Problems
家庭問題
2.
Economic
Problems
經濟問題
sentence
outline就更詳細些了，用一句完整的話概括這一段的意思，例：
1.When
family
conflicts
arise
as
a
result
of
divorce,
adolescents
suffer.
當離婚導致了家庭矛盾時，受傷的是青少年。
2.
Some
of
the
most
negative
effects
on
adolescents
may
be
associated
with
economic
problems.
對青少年最負面的影響可能與經濟問題有關。
7. 自考英語英語寫作課程里的topic outline和sentence outline有什麼區別
topic outline 指題目或主題大綱
sentence outline 也是大綱，只是用一句話概括的簡要大綱。
有時候題目大綱不需要太詳細，所以也就是簡要大綱了。
8. 兩篇英語寫作
Writing A:
Nowadays,the using of the mobile phone is very usual among the alts,especially the students in universities and colleges.On one hand,the mobile phones privide more convenient to the students,for example,students can connect with their families more easily than before,they can send messages to others,too.they even can see their friends via the mobile phones.On the other hand,as the old saying:every coin has two sides.the using of the mobile phone also has side effects to them .many of them are addicted to the mobile phone,no matter day or night,they use mobile phone everytime and everywhere.many of them have eyes dieases which can effect their study and common life.In my opinion,I think the students should use mobile phone temperately， can convert the mobile phone into a tool in their study,more than a gamebox.
9. 英語topic寫作，謝謝！
1. I love my mother most. She is kind and generous. She will be never angry with me when I make mistakes. She gives me more informations instead of asking me to do this or that. She is not only my mother but also my best friend. When I feel sad, she can always comfort me and make me happy. She is kind to my friends,too. So I love her very much.
2. It's important to keep healthy physically and mentally. Firstly, We should get enough sleep and exercise because exercise can make us happy and healthy. Thirdly, we should eat three healthy meals every day. So we'd better eat less fast food and eat more vegetables and fruits. Don't be angry and lose your temple because it's bad for your health. Why not laugh as often as you can.
10. 英語寫作，根據下面要求幫忙寫3篇作文吧，考試用，謝謝。
Direcions:For this part,you are required to write a composition on the topic,"Shall We Develop Private Cars."You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.
1.The reasons for developing private cars.
2.The bad results of it.
3.My views.
-Direcions:For this part,you are required to write a composition on the topic,"Classroom learning and Outside Learning."You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.