Ⅰ 論文選題理論意義和現實意義怎麼寫
幫您找到了一篇「油價上漲和高空馳率對上海計程車行業的影響及對策」 : 城市交通可持續發展的內涵包括經濟、社會和環境可持續性三個方面。當前.「建設節約型社會. 走可持續發展道路」是我國的基本國策, 但隨著國際油價的持續上漲, 計程車行業受我國資源短缺和脆弱環境的影響不斷顯現出來。本文就油價上漲和高空馳率對上海計程車行業的影響進行分析並提出一些政策性建議。 上海計程車行業在經歷了2 0 世紀8 0 年代後期和9 0 年代前期近1 0年的快速發展後. 在最近1 0 來年中進入了一個相對平穩的發展階段。統計數據表明: 行業車輛數量增幅不大的同時運營收入增長明顯。截至2 0 0 6 年底. 該行業已經發展到擁有4 8 0 2 2 輛各類計程車、從業人員近1 0萬、年載客5 8 9 2 億次、年運營里程B 1 0 5 億公里、年運營收入達1 2 4 9 7億元的規模。 統計分析結果表明: 除夜間時段外. 其他各不同時段計程車空車流量都服從P o is s o n 分布. 工作時段平均空車流量最大. 中午和晚上時段平均空車流量最小。行業平均服務水平在最繁忙時段內每分鍾平均0 . 7 2 輛空車,服務水平最好的時段內大約1 8 1 3 秒可以等到一輛空車。這樣的服務水平比許多計程車公司承諾的「電話叫車後1 0 分鍾到達「的標准要好. 這也許部分地給出了為什麼上海消費者偏好揚招方式的原因, 同時也可以看出上計程車行業在較民出行. 所以. 不業不具備社會可持續性。1 . 燃料價格上漲與空馳率居高不下並行利用官方統計數據可整理出上海計程車行業近年運營數據如下。經簡單計算知: 上海計程車行業近年的平均空馳率在4 2 % 以上,2 0 0 6年有大約2 4 3 3 億公里是車輛空馳里程。另一方面. 隨著近年全球石油價格波動. 國內燃料價格呈攀升且加速趨勢。
Ⅱ 求一篇關於高中英語研究性學習報告
研究性報告的步驟和內容:
(一)題目
1、題目的內容
類型、定位、作用
2、寫作要求
標題要准確
標題要新穎
題式可多樣
標題要簡潔
(二)署 名
1、署名的方式
集體署名
個人署名
2、署名的規則
貢獻大小:提出研究設想、承擔研究工作、解決關鍵問題。
(三)內容提要關鍵詞
1、內容摘要:中心內容、結構及主要論點和評述;要求重點突出,內容精練,觀點明確、一般不用第一人稱,以200---300字為宜。學術論文也不宜超過1000字,有關刊物要有中英文摘要。
2、關鍵詞:必須是規范科學的名詞術語,一般每篇文章有3~5個關鍵詞(主題詞)。屬於支柱性概念。
(四)前言
1、內容:問題的由來;文獻綜述:課題的界定(概念術語的解釋)及問題的陳述;課題研究的理論意義和實踐意義。
2、寫作要求:課題闡述要清楚准確,中心突出;客觀公正、科學准確評價他人的研究成果;簡明扼要介紹課題研究的動機和意義。
(五)正文
1、內容:它必須對研究的內容和方法進行全面的闡述和論證,對研究過程中所獲取的資料進行全面系統的整理和分析,通過圖表、統計結果及文獻資料,或以縱向的發展過程,或橫向類別分析提出論點、分析論據,進行論證。
研究報告又分:1、研究的對象和方法 2、研究的內容和假設 3、研究的步驟及過程 4、研究結果的分析與討論:研究報告的重點部分。A. 結果的定性定量分析,B.研究結果的討論 。
結果分析與討論材料缺乏的原因
研究設計缺乏一種系統觀,討論問題思路狹隘
操作過程不夠到位,操作措施不夠落實,就產生不了深刻的感受和體驗
文獻資料檢索不夠,對他人的研究研究缺乏了解,對自己結果的討論就缺乏客觀性、支持的力度
反映結果的項目指標難以確定
測量的方法與手段較難選擇
數據的處理與分析要求不斷提高
結果分析與討論對研究者理論素養和洞察力要求較高
對下一步的研究提不出發展的方向。
2、寫作要求:
總體要求:科學性和創造性;公正性和准確性;學術性和通俗性。
具體要求有:1、掌握材料要充分。2、分析整理要科學。3、圖表使用要恰當。4、觀點材料要統一。5、語言使用要規范。正確區分學術概念和生活概念,口頭語言和書面語言。6、引用論點要慎重。與已一致,佐證;他人觀點中某些好思想,提練綜合;帶有片面性的真理,開拓思維、慎重判斷;相反的權威觀點,找准錯誤所在。(引古不引今,引洋不引中,引刊不引報,引專著不引文集)7、內部邏輯要嚴密。8、標題序號要規范。9、討論部分要簡練。
(六)結論
1、內容:整篇報告的概括和小結。成果概括(結論必須指出解決了哪些問題、還有哪些沒有解決?);今後研究的展望;對教育教學實踐的建議等
2、要求:總結全文,深化主題,揭示規律,指明方向。
(七)注釋和參考文獻
1、內容:書籍、刊物、報紙、網路
2、要求:完整註明出處
(八)附錄:問卷、量表、研究材料、統計數據、方案、計劃等
Ⅲ 關於提高高中學生英語寫作能力的幾點看法
1. 把字給我寫好!!!
就是所謂的「第一印象」,至關重要,這決定了你的作文檔。閱卷老師閱卷時首先給你的作文定檔,如滿分25分,一檔20-25,二檔15-20,以此類推。想拿高分必須保證自己的作文在一檔。
試想你的字老師都看不懂,給你三檔就不錯了。這個樓上有圖有真相,我就不贅述了,字寫得不好看也沒關系,一筆一畫寫清楚。切記別寫花體,反正我是看不懂的,老師願不願意看我就不知道了。
2. 結構清晰
簡而言之就是段落清楚,我的建議是三段式,第一段寫現象,第二段寫方法,第三段寫總結。大概就是這樣一個模式,隨便翻一個高考例文就差不多這樣。
全文必須有清晰的連詞和介詞,比如however,moreover,more importantly;to begin with,further-more 。總結用to conclude,generally speaking等等。
3. 拿高分最重要的就是要有亮點詞句
這個問題我之前回答過,高考英語作文該怎樣做好積累呢? 也是我的經驗之談,全靠這個拿高分。
有人私信我要我再補充幾個亮點句式和片語,在這里滿足一下。
it is vital for us to do ……
……is nothing but wasting time
prevail among
broaden sb『s horizon
……is groundless
It』s obvious that ……is playing an increasingly essential role in ……
there are two/three reasons behind this phenomenon
就說這么多,只要自己用心積累,考試的時候必然不愁詞用。不過請務必弄清這些句式或片語的准確用法。
4. 幾個重要的注意事項
請不要使用同一個詞超過3遍!學會變詞,比如要重復表示"下降",請不要寫三四個「drop」,學會用decrease,descend,go down,fall,decline。
絕對不能出現拼寫錯誤,時態錯誤,單復數錯誤。想從一檔變成二檔,請出錯。請不要忘記三單動詞加s。請保持文章所用時態合理的一致。
不斷的變換句式。被動句,強調句等變換著使用,嘗試用虛擬語氣等多種時態。前提是合理,不要把自己搞糊塗了。
請平時做好積累,考試時直接套用。
希望能幫助到你,望採納!
Ⅳ 提高學習英語興趣的理論意義和實踐意義
著名教育學家烏申斯基說:「沒有任何興趣,而被迫進行的學習,會扼殺學生掌握知識的意願。」孔子曰:「知之者,不如好知者,好之者,不如樂之者。」許多心理學家和教育學家都有過這樣的感慨。作為英語教師,我對利用英語課堂教學中培養學生的學習興趣的重要性感觸頗深。在此,願將自己的點滴體會和作法介紹給同行,希望它能引起共鳴。
第一,提高自身綜合素質(道德品質、語言知識、文化知識、言語表達能力和藝術、教研教改能力、交際能力和理論水平),努力使自己適應新大綱新教材的要求,適應新時期教育教學的要求。不斷豐富教育教學理論、鑽研業務;不斷更新專業知識,了解專業發展的新動向。只有這樣,才能根據學生和教學實際,運用不同的教學手段和技能技巧引導學生熟練地掌握英語,給學生以良好的影響。
第二,明確學生的學習目的、確定學習目標,激發學生的學習興趣。當今世界正處在信息時代,科學技術迅猛發展,計算機的普及運用、網路的連通,正在使人類社會越來越成為一個相互依存的世界,英語則是這一世界的最有用的交流思想的工具。可以說英語已經成為了進入二十一世紀的通行證。通過給學生們介紹學習英語的重要性,再以日常生活中的運用英語的事例加以說明,使學生明確學習目的,端正學習態度,激發興趣,增強求知慾。確定學習目標,可以讓學生明確一個時期內或一節課的主攻對象,克服學習中的盲目性。這不僅可以增強學生學習的積極性、主動性,提高興趣,而且是發揮學生主體作用的必要條件。
第三,指導學習方法,使興趣正常發展。心理學的研究和教學實踐表明:採用生動的,適合學生心理發展水平的教學方式,可以成功地培養學生的學習興趣。如:英語教學(尤其在起始階段)應該在唱中學,在情景中說,在說中熟,在游戲中運用掌握。在平時的教學中,教師多用英語組織教學,開辟英語語言環境,再配以大量的感性材料和電化教學手段,多給學生提供英語對話、表演、朗讀的機會和時間,使學生在語境中學好英語,始終保持濃厚興趣。因此,在日常的教學過程中,我側重開展了以下活動:
1.堅持每節一笑或一哭。在每一節課的開始或結束前,請一名同學用英語講一個讓大家笑的笑話,或一個讓大家哭的心酸故事。不僅鍛煉了學生的英語口語、聽力,而且提高了學生的心理素質。在很大程度上,也激發了學生的學習英語的興趣。
2.結合教材內容中的重點、難點,給學生布置」每人每天五句漂亮英語」的任務。剛開始由教師根據當天所學內容提煉「五個具有一定鼓動性的地道的英語句子」,要求學生熟讀,一直達到脫口而出的地步,並且創造機會讓他們都炫耀炫耀他們的漂亮英語,地道的英語句子。經過一段時間的引導以後,開始逐漸地由學生自己去發現地道的英語句子。這一任務的經常性,使學生慢慢地形成了作讀書筆記的習慣。幾乎每個學生都有自己的「句子財富」。有時,他們甚至會因為報刊雜志上的某個精彩句子而興奮不已;有時,他們甚至會一天找十幾句漂亮英語,弄得我經常求他們允許我「盜版」。
3.每人每天准備一句諺語或名人名言,結組交流。各小組每天評一個最佳諺語或名人名言,在課前寫在黑板上供大家欣賞。
4.每周閱讀欣賞一篇好文章,從中汲取精華為我所用,並把它融會貫通,為寫作打下堅實的基礎。如:在我們學到第一冊 UNIT 13,LESSON 50 Abraham Lincoln時,給學生介紹了著名的 Gettsburg Speech ;在我們學到第二冊 UNIT 19,LESSON 74-75 Martin Luther King,Jr. 時,給學生介紹了著名的 I Have a Dream;等等。學生在研讀這類文章時,不僅提煉出其中的精華消化吸收,而且漸漸地體會到「熟讀唐詩三百首,不會作詩也會吟」的感覺。
5.每周一歌。我充分利用錄音機、電腦等電化教育學段,教會學生了許多英文歌曲,如:Yesterday Once More;Say you Say me;Old Black Joe;The Red River Valley;Whatever will be will be;My Heart Will Go On and On等。TITANIC中的一曲My heart will go and on一經班內同學唱出,校內的五名音樂特長生先後找到我,表示要實現英語學科上零的突破。
6.每月讀一本英文故事書。要求每個學生根據自己的英語水平選讀至少一本英語故事書。很多世界名著的簡寫本都成了學生的心愛之書,如:A Tale of Two Cities; One Million-pound Note;Adventures of Robinson Crusoe; Robin Hood; Stories by William Shakespeare;Treasure Island; Tom Sawyer; Jane Eyre; Oliver Twist等。
在這些做法的操作過程中,注意吃透教材的同時,還必須吃透學生情況,根據學生的認識水平,接受能力,知識基礎等方面的因素,確定每一階段方法方式;結合每天五句漂亮英語、名人名言、名人名篇的內容適時地培養學生的自信心,結合各項活動給學生提供產生「成就感」機會;經常提問,讓學生自學、討論,引導學生不滿足於死記硬背,而注重理解,獨立思考,多提供機會,使學生把自己的聰明才智用到掌握知識、解決問題上來,使學生感受到知識增長的喜悅,促使學生學習英語的興趣進一步加深,真正學到知識,提高能力。
第四,全身心地投入教學之中,以愛心感動學生,以自己的行動行為帶動學生。培養學生學習興趣時,教師要尊重學生,愛護學生的自尊心,使學生對教師有親切感、信任感,增強學生的學習積極性。在課堂教學時,教師做到精神煥發,情緒飽滿,創造引人入勝的情景,使學生頭腦中興奮中心向著要進行的教學活動轉移、接近,引起學生對即將進行的教學活動的興趣和求知慾,創造一種對學習起推動作用的活躍氣氛,使學生處於一種躍躍欲試的狀態。這樣學生聽課情緒也會為之一振,並會以高度集中的注意力去聽講。長期堅持下去,學生才會「親其師,信其道」。
通過一段時間的努力,學生都形成了穩定的、強烈的學習興趣,產生學習英語知識、提高英語聽、說、讀、寫、譯能力的內驅力。學習英語再也不是負擔,而是一種娛樂,一種休息。
每天課前,都會從教室里傳出動聽的英文歌聲;每天一上課,都會有一名同學落落大方地走上講台,給大家講一個令人捧腹的笑話或一個令人難忘悲傷故事;每天一上課,黑板上都會寫有班內五個學英語小組選出來的最佳諺語或名人名言供大家欣賞;每個月末,都利用一節課舉辦一個小型英語歌曲演唱會,名人名篇朗誦會,讀書體會交流會;每一學期,組織一、兩次英語綜合能力大獎賽。每一次活動,無論大小,學生們都躍躍欲試,各顯神通,人人有用武之地,個個有機會體驗成功!
Ⅳ 英語寫作的重要性及如何提升
一、英語寫作的重要性
1.英語寫作能幫助我們提高使用英語的准確性只要寫一個句子,更不用說一段,一篇,就要力求句法,用詞,拼寫,標點等完全正確,而且與前後句緊密連貫。寫和說不同,寫好後可以檢查修改,而一次修改就是一次提高。寫得越多,語言就會越准確。2.練習英語寫作能擴大詞彙量 口語所使用的語言一般是比較簡單和常用的。而在用英語寫作時,所使用的語言則是多種多樣的。從極簡單到較復雜的語言都要使用,所使用的詞彙和句型也比口語中使用的要多得多,這對英語詞彙量的擴大有很大幫助。3.寫作訓練能幫助我們提高邏輯思考及分析問題的能力寫一篇作文,不論長短,都需要妥善地組織材料,得出結論,作到重點突出,條理清楚。這樣,在鍛煉寫作能力的同時,也鍛煉了分析與處理問題的能力。4.英語寫作對閱讀,聽力,口語,翻譯等各方面都有促進作用 自己知道寫作的甘苦,對別人的寫作技巧就會樂於學習。分析問題的能力提高了,聽別人說話就會善於抓住要點。語言質量提高了,口語也會准確一些。
二、怎樣寫好英語作文
1.打好扎實的英語語言基礎 要寫好英語作文,首先必須掌握一定數量的英語單詞。此外,還得掌握好一定的英語語法知識。若有不太清楚的地方,應通過查閱語法書和詞典來逐步解決,不能偷懶,隨便亂寫。2.廣泛進行英語閱讀 專業作家的秘密之一就是:閱讀,閱讀,再閱讀。杜甫說「讀書破萬卷,下筆如有神」。敏感的閱讀,使人產生靈感,使人對生平從未遇到的問題作出符合邏輯的或感情上的響應。閱讀其他人的文章,並不是為了如法炮製,但我們可以把從其他作品中學到的東西融化到自己的文體和技巧中去。當我們發現一段文章比自己能寫出的任何東西好得多的時候,坐下來,對它進行反復研究琢磨。它好在哪裡?就同一題目,這位作者做了哪些我們不能做到的事情?模仿別人技術上的長處,對習作者來說極有益處。但僅靠閱讀是不行的,因為它可以被用作不動筆的借口,還會成為一種麻醉劑。因此要記住:閱讀是為了寫作。3.掌握一定的英語寫作技巧 英語寫作有許多技巧,如怎樣選詞,造句,怎樣展開段落,各種體裁的英語作文應怎樣布局謀篇等。只有對這些基本的寫作技巧加以掌握,才能在英語寫作時得心應手。
Ⅵ 寫作的重要性寫一篇英語作文
As is known to all, writing is an important andnecessary skill for all students. However, many students don』t reallyunderstand the true importance of writing, as they just consider writing as atask of exam. As far as I am concerned, writing has deeper importance in manyways.
眾所周知,寫作對所有的學生來說是一項重要和必要的技能。但是,很多學生沒有真正明白寫作的重要性,因為他們只把寫作當做是考試的一項任務。在我看來,寫作在很多方面更重要。
Firstly, improving our ability of using words is abasic function of writing. For example, in order to write a good Englishcomposition, we must use every word carefully as much as possible to ensure itscorrectness. In the process, we have improved our ability of using words andwriting skills imperceptibly. In this aspect, writing is a good way tostrengthen our ability.
首先,提高我們用詞能力是寫作的一個基本功能。例如,為了寫好一篇英語作文,我們必須極可能謹慎使用每一個詞以確保文章的正確性。在這個過程中,我們不知不覺地提高了我們用詞能力和寫作技巧。從這一方面來看,寫作是加強能力的一個好方法。
Moreover, writing is an effective way to enlarge ourvocabulary. Different compositions we write need different vocabularies.Therefore, the more compositions we write, the more vocabularies we get. At thesame time, it is helpful to enlarge our reading.
其次,寫作是擴展我們的詞彙量的有效方法。我們所寫的不同作文需要不同的詞彙。所以,我們寫得越多,我們就掌握越多的詞彙。同時,這也有助於我們擴大閱讀量。
And last but not the least, writing makes greatcontribution to our logical thinking and analysis ability. For one thing, towrite a good composition, we must collect and arrange writing materialssystematically so that we can show off what is essential and what is not soimportant. In the process of dealing with materials, we are also learning toanalyze and deal with the different problems. For another, it is also a processto practice our own thinking ability and form different thoughts. By dealing withall kinds of compositions, we can get in touch with more thoughts and becomewiser.
最後但不是最不重要的一點,寫作對我們的邏輯思維和分析能力很有幫助。一方面,為了寫好一篇作文,我們必須系統地收集和整理寫作材料以便能夠掌握什麼事必要的,什麼又不是那麼重要的。在處理材料的過程中,我們也學會分析和處理不同問題。另一方面,這也是一個鍛煉我們思考能力和形成不同思維的過程。通過處理各種各樣的作文,我們可以接觸到更多的想法從而變得更理智。
In a word, writing is an important skill, especiallyfor language learners. Thus, we should improve our writing ability as much aspossible to improve our overall levels.
總之,寫作是一項重要的技能,特別是對語言學習者。因此,我們應該盡可能提高我們的學做能力以提高我們各方面水平。
Ⅶ 英語寫作在英語學習中的重要性
別急 會把英語寫作能力提高的
談談如何提高英語寫作能力
關鍵詞:英語寫作能力 原則 方法
引言:英語寫作能力是英語聽、說、讀、寫四種基本能力之一,英語寫作能有效地促進語言知識的內化。Swain(1985)提出「可理解輸出」假設,認為包括寫在內的語言產生性運用有助於學習者檢驗目的語句法結構和詞語的使用,促進語言運用的自動化,有效地達到了語言習得的目的。通過寫作,英語知識不斷得到鞏固並內在化,有利於英語技能的全面發展。但是,英語寫作又是廣大英語學習者最感頭痛的問題之一,且容易被教師忽視,筆者以為如何提高英語寫作能力值得我們認真研究。本文就此談談初淺的看法。
一、提高英語寫作能力的原則
(一)漸進性原則。要堅持「句—段—篇」的訓練程序,由易到難,循序漸進。在英語寫作的初始階段,要始終注意培養學生良好的寫作習慣,狠抓基本功訓練。在學生掌握了基本句型並能寫出簡單句子後,再要求學生根據一些體例寫出小段的文章。在段落寫作中要引導學生分析段落的結構、段落的中心句、句與句之間的邏輯關系、寫作手法等,這樣有利於下一步一篇文章的寫作。在文章寫作中要教會學生如何構思文章、如何運用正確的寫作技巧等。
(二)多樣性原則。要堅持訓練形式的多樣化及寫作文體的多樣性。從形式上而言,可以用回答提問的口頭作文,也可以用續寫故事;可以改寫課文,也可以仿寫課文;可以寫提綱訓練謀篇布局,也可以寫拓展段訓練發散思維……。從文體上而言,可以寫說明文、議論文、記敘文,也可以寫書信、便條、通知等實用文體。
(三)結合性原則。要堅持聽說讀訓練和寫訓練相結合。根據語言習得理論,學習者在學習時常先通過聽和讀吸取語言知識,從而了解別人的思想,再通過說和寫來表達自己的思想,讓別人了解自己。大量的聽說訓練能促進讀寫能力的提高。因此,寫與聽說讀緊密結合,進行多元化的能力訓練,可使學生的各項能力互相影響、互相滲透、互相促進。
(四)控制性原則。要堅持寫作前的指導,控制學生的漢語語言思維,發展英語語言思維。語言學習在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非隨心所欲地自由表達。教師要加強寫作前的指導,可給出範文讓學生模仿,以熟悉其語篇結構。同時要控制其漢語語言思維,盡可能讓學生習慣英語語言思維,以便於學生學習和掌握地道、正確的英語。
(五)持久性原則。要堅持長期、正確的寫作訓練。英語寫作能力的提高並非一朝一夕之事,而是一個長期的、艱巨的、漸進的過程。這就要求教師、學生都要有充分的思想准備,要有堅韌不拔的意志和必勝的信心。
二、提高英語寫作能力的方法。
(一)通過積累詞彙量,提高英語寫作能力。猶如土木磚石是建築的材料一樣,詞彙是說話寫作的必需材料,也是制約寫作能力提高的瓶頸。可以想像,如果要寫一個句子,10個單詞有8個單詞拼寫錯誤或拼寫不出,有2
個單詞用法不當,又怎麼能清楚地表達自己的思想呢?因此,在平時的教學中要強調學生記憶單詞,記住單詞的拼讀、用法、意思等。記憶單詞的方法有很多,各人有各人的記憶方法和習慣,可因人而異。教師可通過要求學生朗讀單詞、聽寫單詞、默寫單詞、遣詞造句、詞彙競賽等多種方法促進學生記單詞。記憶單詞是一個長期的反復的過程,要長期地堅持下去,才能不斷積累大量的詞彙,為英語寫作打下堅實的基礎。
(二)通過擴大閱讀量,提高英語寫作能力。古人雲「熟讀唐詩三百首,不會作詩也會吟」,這是漢語的一種學習方法,同樣可借鑒於英語寫作。多閱讀是學生增加接觸英語語言材料、接受信息、活躍思維、增長智力的一種途徑,同時也是培養學生英語思維能力、提高理解力、增強語感、鞏固和擴大詞彙量的一種好方法,有利於促進英語寫作能力的提高。在閱讀訓練中,教師要注意以下問題:一是指導閱讀方法,分析文章結構、中心思想、段落中心句、寫作方法等,幫助學生掌握各類文章的結構及寫作方法。二要精讀與泛讀相結合,通過推敲優秀的文章來學會寫作方法和選詞用詞;通過大量的泛讀來吸取信息量,擴大詞彙量。三要擴大閱讀量。提供閱讀的材料涉及面要廣,才能不斷擴大學生的知識面,使學生適應各種題材的寫作。
(三)通過提高聽說能力,提高英語寫作能力。英語聽說讀寫四種能力是相互影響、相互促進的,提高聽說能力必定會促進寫作能力的提高。要提高聽說能力關鍵在於創設一個良好的英語環境。教師要盡可能地用英語授課,多開展專門的聽說訓練,同時開展豐富多彩的課外英語活動,讓學生沉浸在英語海洋中去領略、去體會、去使用英語,久而久之,學生自然能使用正確的、地道的英語進行交談與寫作。
(四)通過重視寫作過程,提高英語寫作能力。長期以來,英語寫作成果教學法(THE PRODUCT
APPROACH)在我國居於主導地位,教師根據寫作的終成品來判斷寫作的成敗,重視寫作的技術性細節(如格式、拼寫、語法等),忽視寫作過程的指導。根據D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的連通論(Connectionism)理論,寫作包括寫前階段、具體寫作、文章修改三個基本過程,這三個過程並非是線性排列,而是循環往復,穿插進行的。教師只有重視加強對寫作三個過程的指導,才能更好地提高英語寫作能力。在寫作前階段,教師重在指導學生如何挖掘題材,訓練發散性思維,以及如何選擇材料、謀篇布局等。在具體寫作中,教師重在指導學生如何緊扣主題、運用正確的寫作方法等。在文章修改中,教師重在指導學生如何修改語法及用詞的錯誤。
(五)通過多寫英語摘要,提高英語寫作能力。英語摘要是把一篇文章的要點摘錄出來,用自己的語言使之獨立成一篇短文,這不是簡單的摘錄,而是忠於原文意思的再創作。寫英語摘要有利於學生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章結構,從而提高學生的邏輯思維能力和謀篇布局能力。
(六)通過發展英語語言思維能力,提高英語寫作能力。英語寫作是運用已掌握的內在化語言知識和表達方法,通過思維進行外在化輸出的創作,因此英語語言思維能力在英語寫作中作用非凡。對於我國學生而言,在英語寫作中易受漢語語言思維的影響,難以直接用英語語言進行思維,不利於英語寫作能力的提高,因此發展其英語語言思維能力尤為重要。教師要注意對學生的英語語言思維進行多方位、多角度的訓練:要採取各種方法訓練學生英語語言思維的廣闊性、深刻性、發散性和創造性;要教會學生用英語思考問題、回答問題;要從訓練形象思維開始,逐步過渡到抽象思維訓練;在課文講解中要盡可能不用漢語翻譯而用英語解釋,消除漢語思維的影響;要努力創設良好的英語環境,在英語交際中發展英語思維能力。
寫好英語段落的三個標准
首先,一個段落必須有一個中心即主題思想,該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來表達。整個段落必須緊扣這個主題(stick or hold to the topic),這就是段落的統一性(unity)。其次,一個段落必須有若干推展句,使主題思想得到充分展開,從而給讀者一個完整的感覺,這就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者,一個段落不是雜亂無章的,而是有機的組合,句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯,從一個句子到另一個句子的過渡必須流暢(smooth),這就是連貫性(coherence)。下面我們就對這三個標准分別加以說明。
1、統一性
一個段落內的各個句子必須從屬於一個中心,任何游離於中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主題句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出現兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,這一段是講的是Joe and I ,中間出現一個Bella是不合適的。還有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關。考生在四級統考的作文卷上常常因為造出irrelevant sentences(不相關語句)而丟分,值得引起注意。再看一個例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一個是My mother was a premature baby.
從上面兩個例子可以看出,native speakers同樣會造出來irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果這種句子多了,造成偏題或離題,那問題就更嚴重了。
2、完整性
正象我們前面說得那樣,一個段落的主題思想靠推展句來實現,如果只有主題句而沒有推展句來進一步交待和充實,就不能構成一個完整的段落。同樣,雖然有推展句,但主題思想沒有得到相對圓滿的交待,給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問題。什麼是「a mind in turmoil」(心境不平靜)Physical work又如何能改變這種情況?為什麼它能起therapy的作用?讀者得不到明確的答案。由於四級統考的作文部分只要求寫一篇100~120個詞的三段式短文,每一段只有大約40個詞左右,因此,要達到完整就必須盡可能地簡明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表達的主題思想是一種看法,必須有具體事例加以驗證。上述兩個推展句只是在文字上對主題作些解釋,整個段落內容空洞,簡而不明。如果用一兩個具體的例子的話,就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming 「Help」?
3、連貫性(coherence)
連貫性包括意連和形連兩個方面,前者指的是內在的邏輯性,後者指的是使用轉換詞語。當然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒有意連,句子之間就沒有內在的有機的聯系;反之,只有意連而沒有形連,有時行文就不夠流暢。
1)、意連
段落中句子的排列應遵循一定的次序,不能想到什麼就寫什麼。如果在下筆之前沒有構思,邊寫邊想,寫寫停停,那就寫不出一氣呵成的好文章來。下面介紹幾種常見的排列方式。
A.按時間先後排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段從「rose」(起床)寫起,然後是吃早餐(「not to miss breakfast」, 「closing at nine o'clock」),然後是「close to noon」,一直寫到這一天結束(「By nine——」)。
B. 按位置遠近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的寫法是由遠及近,從遠處(「from a distance」)寫起,然後「get closer」,再到(「ten feet away」),最後是「inside the pagoda」……當然,按位置遠近來寫不等於都是由遠及近。根據需要,也可以由近及遠,由表及裡等等。
C. 按邏輯關系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性順序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
這一段談的是表達能力,它的重要性與職業,身份有關,從「not need much skill」或「of little importance」到「more important」,最後是「most important」。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that 「sanguine」 and 「sanguinary」 mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
這一段談的是a writer's carelessness,先給出一個general statement作為主題句,然後通過5個 」perhaps」加以例證。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主題句是段首句,它僅提出一個問題:為什麼兩只貓會被搞混。然後對兩者進行比較,末句才下結論。
2)、形連
行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當的轉換詞語及其他手段來實現。請讀下面這一段文字並找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上啟下的詞語有兩種,一種是轉換詞語(transitional words or phrases),另一種是起轉換作用的其他連接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.後者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有詞彙105個,所使用的轉換詞語及其他連接用語共26個詞,約占該段總詞彙量的四分之一。由此可見,掌握好transitions不僅對行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且對於學生在半個小時內寫足四級短文所要求的120個詞也是不無好處的。
一個段落里如果沒有transitions也就很難有coherence了。我們看下面一個例子:Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句開頭出現一個起過渡作用的」it」之外,沒有使用其他的過渡詞語。這樣,文中出現許多重復的詞語,全段讀起來也顯得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的過渡詞語來修飾的話,這一段就成了下面一個流暢連貫的段落:
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有損連貫性的幾種情況:
考生在寫作中經常出現下面幾種錯誤:
1、不必要的改變時態,比如:
In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改變單復數,比如:
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改變人稱,比如:
Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此寫作中,一定要注意時態,人稱以及數的變化是否正確,要注意保持一致。
Ⅷ 關於如何提高英語學習興趣的論文的理論意義和實踐價值
Ecators famous Ukrainian Nina said: "No interest, and was compelled to carry out the study, would stifle students to acquire knowledge and the will." Confucius said: "Those who know, know as well, the good, not the music." Many psychologists and ecators have had such emotion . As an English teacher, I used to train in the English classroom teaching students to learn the importance of deep feelings about. Here, their willingness to Experience and practices introced to the peer and hoped that it would resonate.
First, to improve our overall quality (moral character, knowledge of languages and cultural knowledge, verbal expression and the arts, ecation reform and research capabilities, interpersonal skills and theoretical level), efforts to adapt themselves to new outline new materials to cope with the new era ecational requirements. Constantly enriched ecational theory, studying business; Constantly updated expertise to understand the new trends in professional development. Only in this way can the students and teaching practice, using different means of teaching skills and techniques to guide the students to master English proficiency, students with good effect.
Second, students learn to clearly determine learning goals and inspire students to learn. The world today is in the information age, science and technology are developing rapidly, the universal use of computers, network connectivity, the human society is increasingly becoming an interdependent world, the world of English is the most useful tool for the exchange of ideas. It can be said that English has become the 21st century passes. Through learning to students on the importance of English and then to use English in daily life examples to illustrate, to enable students to learn to clear, correct attitude towards learning, stimulate interest and enhance thirst for knowledge. Set learning goals, it will give students a clear or a period of the main targets, learning to overcome blindness. This will not only enhance the students learning the enthusiasm, initiative and raise interest, but students play the main role in the necessary conditions.
Third, guidance learning methods, the normal interest in the development. Psychology research and teaching practice that: lively, suitable for students of the psychological development of teaching methods, students can successfully cultivate interest in learning. Such as: English Teaching (especially in the start-up phase) should be sung in schools, in that scenario, said in cooked, use master in the game. In peacetime teaching, teachers use English Teaching, open up English language environment Coupled with a lot of emotional power of the materials and teaching methods, to provide students with more English dialogue, performances, the opportunity and time to read, so that students in secondary Context good English, always maintained strong interest. Therefore, in the course of day-to-day teaching, I focused in the following activities:
1. Adhere each laugh or a cry. In each class, or the beginning of the end to an English speaking students with a joke for everyone laugh, or you cry to a sad story. Exercise not only students of English speaking, listening, but also improve the psychological quality of the students. To a large extent, also inspired the students interested in learning English.
2. Combining content of the materials focus on key to the students staged "per person per day five beautiful English" task. Teachers from the beginning of the day by refining content "will grow 5 with the authentic English sentence," the students familiar with, the stage has been reached blurted out, and to create opportunities for them to show they are flaunting a beautiful English, authentic English phrases. After a period of time after the guide, start graally by the students themselves to find authentic English phrases. This task often, students slowly formed to study notes habits. Almost every student has its own "sentence wealth." Sometimes, they will even newspapers and magazines because of a brilliant sentence and excited; Sometimes, they will even say a few nice day for 10 English, I often get them for allowing me to "pirate."
3. Each day for a celebrity or famous proverb, a guitar group exchanges. On a day the teams best celebrity or famous proverb, in the classroom for inspection before writing you to the blackboard.
4. Weekly appreciate a good article to read, to learn the essence for our use, and to digest it, to lay a solid foundation for writing. Example: In our first learned of UNIT 13, 50 LESSON Abraham Lincoln, to the students on the famous Gettsburg Speech; We learned of the second UNIT 19, 74-75 LESSON Martin Luther King, Jr. When introced to the students the famous I Have a Dream; Etc. . Students studying in these articles, which not only extracted the essence of digestion and absorption, and graally realize that "familiar with the Tang Dynasty 300, a poem will not shrugged."
5. Every Monday songs. I fully utilize tape recorders, computers, and audio-visual ecation school, the church many students English songs, such as: Yesterday Once More; Say you Say me; Old Black Joe; The Red River Valley; Whatever will be will be; My Heart Will Go On and On. . TITANIC in a My heart will go on and on with the students singing classes, the school has five music talent and I find that English subjects to achieve zero breakthrough.
6. Monthly Reading an English story books. According to require each student to choose their level of English at an English story books. Many world famous acronyms of the students have become the beloved book, such as: A Tale of Two Cities; One Million-pound Note; Adventures of Robinson Crusoe; Robin Hood; Stories by William Shakespeare; Treasure Island; Tom Sawyer; Jane Eyre; And Oliver Twist.
These practices in the operation process, pay attention to the materials thoroughly, students must also understand well, according to the level of understanding, acceptance, and the knowledge base, identify each stage method; With five beautiful English daily, celebrity famous, famous celebrities in the timely capacity to train students self-confidence, with various activities to provide students with a "sense of achievement"; often questions for students learning, discussion and guide the students satisfied with rote, and focus on understanding, independent thinking, provide more opportunity for the students to their talent use knowledge to solve question, to increase knowledge to enable students feel the joy of learning English to students interested in further deepening and truly learn, and enhance our ability.
Fourth, threw himself into teaching, the students moved to love, to conct their own actions led students. Training students interested in learning, teachers must respect students, students love the self-esteem, students teachers friendliness, a sense of trust, enhance student learning initiative. When teaching in the classroom, teachers do refreshed, emotional plump, creating spectacular scenes, in the minds of excited students to the center toward teaching activities transfer, nearly caused students to the teaching activities of the forthcoming interest and thirst for knowledge, creating a starting role in promoting the study of living Yue atmosphere, the temptation to students in a state. Such students will be taught emotional our spirits and will be highly concentrated attention to the lecture. A long time to go, students will be "pro-its divisions, its letter Road."
Through the efforts of a period of time, students have formed a stable, strong interest in learning and knowledge have to learn English to improve English language skills of listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation capabilities Drive. Learning English is no longer affordable, but an entertainment, a break.
The day before, from the classroom will be warned that the English-sounding voice; A school day, students will have a royal took to the podium, speaking to you is himself a joke or a sad story is unforgettable; One day classes will be written on the blackboard in five English classes elected by the Panel the best celebrity or famous proverb for you to; at the end of each month, using an English class held a small concert songs, recite the famous celebrities, reading of the exchange; each semester, an organization, two English comprehensive ability Grand Prix. Every event, large or small, students have the temptation to channel, they have all, everyone has the opportunity to experience success!
Ⅸ 高中英語寫作有效教學策略的實踐與研究 如何有效地
(一)教師以自己為中心, 將自己視為知識的權威和傳授者。
1.
沒有把寫作看做是交際活動。教師沒有站在讀者的角度去看待學生的作文 , 不去指出學生表達不清或欠妥之處 , 不能明確提出修改建議。
2.
批改作文時只是訂正學生所犯的語法錯誤。可是寫作並不僅僅是語法練習 , 好的文章並不只是一些語法正確的句子堆砌的產物。教師應當從兩個角度來批改作文 :先從語篇層次上看文章內容是否達到表情達意的目的 , 再在語法層次上進行必要的修改。
3.
沒有把寫作視為認知活動。許多教師在指導作文時只給學生分析一篇範文
, 卻並沒有意識到在向學生提供範文的同時, 必須引導學生注意理解範文中可以為我所用的那些知識或語法 ;引導學生剖析自己的文章 ,
發現存在的問題 , 然後改正, 並注意在以後的寫作中揚長避短 , 學以致用。
(二)教學方法不合理。長期以來,
結果教學法在英語寫作課的教學中占據統治地位 , 教師以講授傳統技法和作品為中心, 片面地強調語言理論知識的輸入 , 過於注重寫作結果,
輕視寫作過程中的諸多環節。這種教學法的理論基礎是行為主義理論,認為教學過程就是老師給予刺激—學生作出反應的過程, 因而教師主宰了課堂教學 ,
從運用「教師提問 -學生回答」的單一教學模式 , 到學生參照範文仿寫 , 再到教師面面俱到地評講那些注滿紅批的作文 ,
學生始終處於思維被束縛、被動接受知識的尷尬境地。建構主義認為 , 知識昀主要是由學習者個體建構的 , 而不是由他人傳授的 ,
而且這種建構總是在具體環境中通過互動產生的。語言學習中 , 學習者不應該被簡單地視為被動接受者 , 而應積極參與學習活動的計劃和學習效率的評估 ,
否則學生就沒有機會主動地創造和探索。
二、改善當前高中英語寫作教學現狀的方法
1.注重對學生寫作過程的指導
在英語的教學過程中既要注重對學生的語言輸入,
也要注重對學生的語言輸出 , 這兩個過程都非常的重要 ,
對提高學生綜合語言運用能力都起著重要的作用。而寫作能力正是這種綜合語言運用能力的體現。因此, 在「重結果」之時 ,
更要「重過程」。寫作應包括語言知識、語境知識、寫作目的和寫作技巧等要素。寫作目的、語言知識和語境知識可以為寫作者提供足夠多的輸入 ,
使學習者有話說而寫作技巧的訓練是使學習者知道怎麼說。所以 , 寫作既是語言輸入的過程,
也是學生按一定技巧建構體裁、內化知識的過程。他們強調的是教師在教學寫作時要注意情景 , 並幫助學生了解某一體裁的詞彙、語法、篇章結構的特點 ,
然後再運用到具體的寫作中。從圖中可以看出 , 寫作過程不是單一的個人行為 ,
而是個人與個人、個人與他人、個人與範文、個人與社會多方位的互動過程。
希望能幫助到你,望採納!