1. 傳記要點有哪些
「實用類文本」中的人物傳記,是遵循真實性原則,用形象化的方法記述人物的生活經歷、精神風貌及其歷史背景的一種敘事性文體。其文體特點是真實性和文學性。其中,真實性是傳記的第一特徵,因為傳記敘寫的是歷史或現實中存在的活生生的人,有真名實姓、居住地點、活動范圍等,寫作時不允許任意虛構。但傳記不同於一般的枯燥的歷史記錄,它又具有文學性。它是寫人的,有人的生命、情感在內;它通過作者的選擇、剪輯、組接,傾注了愛憎的情感;它需要用藝術的手法加以表現,以達到傳神的目的。從敘述人稱看,傳記可分「自傳」和「他傳」:前者是作者自己撰寫的,後者是他人撰寫的。從表達方式看,一般的傳記以記敘為主,還有的傳記,一面記述人物的經歷,一面加以評論,記敘與評論各半,這種傳記則被稱為「評傳」。從創作方法看,有的傳記以記敘翔實的史實為主,用語比較平實,稱為「歷史性傳記」;有的傳記多
用形象化手法,描述人物的生活經歷、精神風貌及其活動的歷史背景等,以史實為依據,但又不排斥某些聯想性的文學描寫,稱為「傳記文學[1]」。
對人物傳記的閱讀,新《課程標准》提出了的這樣要求:「閱讀古今中外的人物傳記、回憶錄等作品,能把握基本事實,了解傳主的人生軌跡,從中獲得有益的人生啟示,並形成有一定深度的思考和判斷;認識傳記作品的基本特性,嘗試人物傳記的寫作。」要做到能「把握作品中具有典型意義的事件情節,理解作者對傳主及有關事實所作的評價,並形成自己的思考和判斷」。《新課程標准語文科考試大綱》要求:「准確解讀文本,篩選、整合信息、分析思想內容、構成要素和語言特色,評價文本產生的社會功用,探討文本反映的人生價值和時代精神。」
2. 用英語寫一篇人物傳記
Helen Keller was less than two years old when she came down with a fever. It struck dramatically and left her unconscious. The fever went just as suddenly. But she was blinded and, very soon after, deaf. As she grew up, she managed to learn to do tiny errands, but she also realized that she was missing something. "Sometimes," she later wrote, "I stood between two persons who were conversing and touched their lips. I could not understand, and was vexed. I moved my lips and gesticulated frantically without result. This made me so angry at times that I kicked and screamed until I was exhausted." She was a wild child.
That's Helen Keller,a greatest writer in the world.
We reported last week that Helen Keller suffered from a strange sickness when she was only 19 months old. It made her completely blind and deaf. For the next five years she had no way of successfully communicating with other people. Then a teacher Anne Sullivan arrived from Boston to help her. Miss Sullivan herself had once been blind. She tried to teach Helen to live like other people. She taught her how to use her hands as a way of speaking. Miss Sullivan took Helen out into the woods to explore nature. They also went to the circus, the theatre., and even to factories. Miss Sullivan explained everything in the language she and Helen used, a language of touch, of fingers and hands. Helen also learned how to ride to horse, to swim, to row a boat, and even to climb trees.
Helen Keller once wrote about these early days.
One beautiful spring morning I was alone in my room, reading. Suddenly a wonderful smell in the air made me get up and put out my hands . The spirit of spring seemed to be passing in my room. "What is it?"I asked. The next minute I knew it was coming from mimosa tree outside. I walked outside to the edge of the garden, toward the tree. There it was, shaking in the warm sunshine. Its long branches, so heavy with flowers, almost touched the ground. I walked through the flowers to the tree itself and then just stood silent. Then I put my foot on the tree and pulled myself up into it. I climbed higher and higher until I reached a little seat. Long ago someone had put it there. I sat for a long time... Nothing in all the world was like this.
Later Helen learned that nature could be cruel as well as beautiful. Strangely enough she discovery this in a different kind of tree.
One day my teacher and I were returning from a long walk. It was a fine morning but it started to get warm and heavy. We stopped to rest two or three times. Our last stop was under a cherry tree, a short way from our house. The shade was nice and the tree was easy to climb. Miss Sullivan climbed with me. It was so coot up in the tree, we decided to have lunch there. I promised to sit still until she went to the house for some food. Suddenly a change came over the tree. I knew the sky was black because all the heat which meant light to me had died out of the air. A strange odor came up to me from the earth . I knew it. It was the odor which always comes before a thunder storm. I felt alone, cut off from friends, high above the firm earth. I was frightened and wanted my teacher. wanted to get down from that tree quickly, but I was no help to myself. There was a moment of' terrible silence. Then a sudden and violent wind began to shake the tree and its leaves kept coming down all around me. I almost fell. I wanted to jump, but was afraid to do so. I tried to make myself small in the tree as the branches rubbed against me. Just us I thought that both the tree and I were going to fall, a hand touched me . It was my teacher. I held her with all my strength, then shook with joy to feel the solid earth under my feet.
Miss Sullivan stayed with Helen for many year. She taught Helen how to read, how to write and how to speak. She helped her to get ready for school and college. More than anything, Helen wanted to do what others did, and do it just as well. In time Helen did go to college and completed her studies with high honors. But it was a hard struggle. Few of the books she needed were written in the Braille language that the blind could read by touching pages. Miss Sullivan and others had to teach her what was in these books by forming words in her hands. The study of geometry and physics was especially difficult. Helen could only learn about squares, triangles and other geometrical forms by making them with wires. She kept feeling the different shapes of these wires until she could see them in her mind.
During her second year college Miss Keller wrote the story of her life and what a college meant to her. This is what she wrote.
My first day at Radcliffe college was of great interest. Some powerful force inside me made me test my mind. I wanted to learn if it was as good as that of others. I learned many things at college. One thing I slowly learned was that knowledge does not just mean power, as some people say. Knowledge leads to happiness because to have it is to know what is true and real. To know what great man of the past had thought, said, and done is to feel the heartbeat of humanity down through the ages.
All of Helen Keller's knowledge reached her mind through her sense of touch and smell, and of course her feelings. To know a flower was to touch it, feel it and smell it. This sense of touch became greatly developed as she got older. She once said that hands speak almost as loudly as words. She said the touch of some hands frightened her. The people seemed so empty of joy that when she touched their cold fingers it is as if she were shaking bands with a storm. She found the hands of others full of sunshine and warmth. Strangely enough Helen Keller learned to love things she could not hear, music for example. She did this through her sense of touch. When waves of air beat against her, she felt them. Sometimes she put her hand to a singer's throat. She often stood for hours with her hands on a piano while it was played. Once she listened to an organ. Its powerful songs made her moved her body in rhythm with the music. She also liked to go to museums. She thought she understood sculptures as well as others. Her fingers told her the true size and the feel of the material.
What did Helen Keller think of herself, what did she think about the tragic lost of her sight and hearing. This is what she wrote as a young girl.
Sometimes a sense of loneliness covers me like a cold mist. I sit alone, and wait at life ' s shut-door. Beyond there is light and music and sweet friendship. But I may not enter. Silence sits heavy upon my soul. Then comes hope with a sweet smile and said
softly " There is joy in forgetting oneself And so I tried to make the light in others' eyes my sun, the music in others' ears my symphony, the smile on others' lips my happiness.
Helen Keller was tall and strong. When she spoke, her face looked very alive. It helped to give meaning to her words. She often felt the faces of close friends when she was talking to them to discover their feelings. She and Miss Sullivan both were known for their sense of humor. They enjoyed jokes and laughing at funny things that happened to themselves or others. Helen Keller had to work hard to support herself after she finished college. She spoke to many groups around the country. She wrote several books and she made one movie based on her life. Her main goal was to increase public interest in the difficulties of people with physical problems. The work Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan did has been written and talked about for many years. Their success showed how people can conquer great difficulties. Anne Sullivan died in 1936, blind herself. Before Miss Sullivan died, Helen wrote and said many kind things about her.
It was the genius of my teacher, her sympathy, her love which made my first years of ecation so beautiful. My teacher is so near to me that I do not think of myself as a part from her. All the best of me belongs to her. Everything I am today was awakened by her loving touch .
Helen Keller died on June 1st, 1968. She was 87 year old. Her message of courage and hope remains.
3. 人物傳記英語作文
After a chain of (一系列) unexpected defeats to Chinese favoured for the title, Rong carried the heavy hopes to make a breakthrough.
Rong` rival in the final was top Hungarian paddler Ferenc Sido.
Rong was seen as an underdog for the title as he had just lost to Sido in the team contest. Even the victory flowers were being prepared for Sido.
But much to the surprise of the 8000-member audience, Rong won three straight sets with a big margin 21-12, 21-15, and 21-14 after losing the first set 19-21. Until that very moment, Rong realized the promise he made one year ago, that was to win a world championship for his motherland.
Two years later at the 26th championship for his motherland.
Two years later at the 26th championships in Beijing, Rong led the Chinese men to win the team title.
After becoming the coach(教練) of the Chinese women`s team, Rong led the team to the winners` podium at the 28th championshipsi n 1965.
4. 寫人物傳記應注意運用什麽
寫傳記,是寫歷史,是寫傳主一生的歷史,寫歷史中的傳主的一生,寫傳主在歷史中的作用和影響。
如實地寫作者對傳主的所見、所聞、所思、所感、所寫、所說、所作、所為,並把這些擺到他所處的歷史環境及變化中。就是說,需要跟隨傳主的步履,不虛構,不誇張,不迴避,不掩飾。實事求是,寫傳記的科學基礎就在這里。
事跡材料是寫傳記的必要依託。傳記作者的手頭都得要有第一手材料,要有個人觀察所得、或經過鑒別核實的材料。這種材料來之不易,但只要你付出努力,終有所得。搜集材料的過程,也是認識傳主的過程。作者對所搜集擁有的感性材料,進行分析、比較、揣摩,日子一久,一個完整鮮活的形象,便漸趨在頭腦中形成,把這個自己感受並認識的生動形象寫出來,傳達給讀者,是會讓讀者產生共鳴的。
寫傳,要精於對歷史人物事跡的發掘,在發掘後的材料中恰當地裁剪出歷史人物一生中最能表現其思想性格特點的材料,在寫作前搞清這個人物一生中值得注意的事跡,判斷出他的主要傾向,而給予客觀公正的評述。
有了豐富的史料,還要力求使它生動,賦予其故事性。傳記作者的功夫是發現蛛絲馬跡,順藤摸瓜,有機銜接,從銜接中提煉出藏匿其中的故事並將之合理地放大。並且通過對已搜集到的資料反復推敲,找出主人公思想和生命歷程的端緒,想辦法把筆觸伸進其內心世界。在這個世界中,你也將發現很多生動傳神的故事。
還有一點,就是需要大量的深入細致的采訪,盡可能采訪到與傳主長期在一起的人。他們在與傳主在交往中,自然都會有一些生動情節。寫傳記,得大面積地采訪相關人員,如同沙裡淘金,一串串被歷史遺忘的珍珠便從他們的口中重現出來。
一本傳里,如果不少生動的故事,反映傳主在彼時的所作所為,不愁立不起傳主的形象。需要指出的是,所說的故事,當然不是為了取悅讀者而瞎編亂造的,件件樁樁都要取材於事實。故事也有大小,有精彩與一般之別。有時用幾個小故事可以湊成一個大故事。
歷史、後人、傳記作者對傳主的評價,是傳記中所不可缺少的,雖然這種評價可以展開地寫在傳記中,也可以隱約地含在傳記中。
總之,堅持真實性、准確性和可信性,寫成准確的可靠的人物傳記類信史,是傳記寫作應定下的要求和目標。保持傳記的真實性,既是對傳主和歷史負責和尊重,也是對傳記作者自身負責。在嚴格遵守歷史真實這一原則的前提下,一切可用的表現形式和表現手法都可以適當地吸收到人物傳記的寫作中來。替傳主向讀者打開一扇既是史實又是心靈的窗口,讓讀者從他們已經熟知的人物和事件中再度獲得一些新的感知和審美。
1、應該如何寫傳記?
最好的傳記作家向小說求教。他們決心詳查主人公的性格並寫出貫穿主人公一生的連冠的線索。......斯特霍奇說:「不經解釋的事實與埋在土中的黃金一樣無用。」事實太多反而會掩蓋實質性的真相,使讀者負擔過重並切斷讀者的眼睛和大腦之間的聯系。......太多的傳記,尤其是學究們寫的傳記,與其說是供人閱讀的書籍,倒不如說是事實的堆砌。有時讀完一生好像和過完一生要花費一樣多的時間。
2、傳記作家應如何看待傳主?
一個讀者進入一部小說,他就步入了作者想像的天地。而當他打開一本傳記,他卻同時闖入了兩個人的生活:傳記主人公極其作者就好像孿生兄弟一樣結合在一起直至這本書變成塵埃。......一位傳記作者說:「當你寫一個人的一生時,他的經歷經常成為你的經歷,這是多麼奇妙呀。這種情況從一本書延續到另一本書:他們的生活喚醒了我的生活,否則我為什麼要寫作呢?我寫傳記的目的是想知道命運為我准備的下一站是什麼。」......傳記是一種效忠的行為。甚至當主人公做事像個傻瓜,你也要愛他,對他負責。傳記作家要與主人公站得足夠近,以便同情他,但也要站得足夠遠,以便看清他。要解釋,但不要辯護和非難。
3、一本好的傳記應該是怎樣的?
(當傳記結束,)主人公得到了人類最難能可貴的禮物:諒解,雖然他可能已不在世間,不能親享這個禮物了。購書者的收獲也比僅僅讀了一本好書要多。他觀察了一個人的一生:那個人比他早一些來到世間,有過痛苦也有過歡樂,做過傻事也做過聰明事,但那個人忍受了這一切。只要人們還對其他人有興趣,傳記就總會有讀者。
5. 如何寫作傳記 / 寫作傳記應該注意什麼
人物傳記特徵及寫作注意事項
定義特徵
人物傳記是通過對典型人物的生平、生活、精神等領域進行系統描述、介紹的一種文學作品形式。作品要求「真、信、活」,以達到對人物特徵和深層精神的表達和反映。人物傳記是後人或人物資料的有效記錄形式,對歷史和時代的變遷等方面的研究具有重要意義。人物傳記是人物誌的主體,是地方誌中的重要內容。人物傳記的特徵有二個:其首要特徵是真實,另一個顯著特徵是生動。(即真實性和文學性)
基本內容
人物傳記必須堅持實事求是的科學態度,一是一,二是二,功是功,過是過,不虛構渲染,不隱惡揚善,不拔高溢美,不貶責降低,據事「直書」,做到人真、事真、言真、情真、形象真,以真取信,以真感人。只有做到「情真而不詭」,「事信而不誕」,才能有益於人,傳之久遠。
內容要求豐富翔實。要使傳記真實可信,首先必須全面搜集、佔有豐富翔實的資料,使傳記所反映的人物生平事跡准確無誤,完整無缺。這些資料一般包括五個基本方面的內容:
(1)人物的姓名、性別、籍貫、民族。
(2)人物的生卒年月
(3)人物的學歷、簡歷、黨派、職務。
(4)人物的貢獻功績、科技成果、著作。
(5)能反映人物思想風貌本質特徵的典型事件。對於收集的大量資料,又要細心鑒別,嚴格選材,作一番「棄粗取精」,「去偽存真」的分析、研究、考證工作,嚴格堅持史實的可靠性、准確性。這樣,才能為社會所公認,才能經得起歷史的檢驗。如果史實錯了,立論也就不正確了。因此編寫傳記時,一定要佔有豐富、翔實、真實可靠的資料後,方能動筆。梅林為了寫作《馬克思傳》,用了幾乎二十年時間,搜集並深入鑽研有關馬克思的資料。司馬遷寫《史記》,經歷了十年,如果加上他搜集史料,調查研究所花去的時間,可以說一部《史記》傾注了他的畢生精力。
注意事項
要寫好人物傳記,要把握以下幾點:
人物本質
抓住人物本質,從環境中說明人。撰寫人物傳記,應把所寫的人物放到他所處的社會關系中去,從表面現象深入到人物和各種社會關系的內在聯系,抓住人物的本質進行記述。馬克思指出:人的本質「是一切社會關系的總和。」任何人的思想和行動都受一定的社會關系的制約,人物傳記就是要寫出一定的社會關系造就了一定的人,而這個人又怎樣對當時的社會關系施加一定的影響。馬克思的論點為人物傳記的創作提供了最重要的指導思想,也為真實地描述人物的本質特徵指明了正確的方向。一些傑出的思想家和作家也曾經指出過,編寫人物傳記必須把人物放在他所處的歷史環境中來描述,不能脫離當時的歷史環境,這是歷史唯物主義的基本觀點。德國工人運動領導人羅·盧森堡,希望梅林在寫作《馬克思傳》時,能做到從環境中說明人,從歷史中說明環境。如果不顧人和社會關系的內在聯系,不把人放在當時所處的歷史環境之中,就不能寫出具有真實感的人物,甚至歪曲歷史人物的真實面貌。即使象傑出的法國作家維·雨果,他的《小拿破崙》,由於不理解法國當時的階級斗爭造成一種社會局勢,使得一個平庸可笑的人物路易·波拿巴有可能扮演英雄的角色。馬克思說雨果沒有覺察到:「當他說這個人表現了世界歷史上空前強大的個人主動作用時,他就不是把這個人寫成小人而是偉人了」。而這,也就是背離了歷史的真實了。可見,要寫好人物傳記,必須了解人物所處的歷史環境與時代背景,把人物置於一定的歷史環境和時代背景之中,論其世知其人,才能寫得典型真實。
公允評價
從人物的復雜性中對人物作出公允的評價。歷史是絢麗多彩的萬花筒,歷史人物有其復雜性。在錯綜復雜的歷史條件下,大量的歷史人物功過滲合,斑瑜互見。有的人功大於過,有的人過大於功。因此,我們對歷史人物要全面研究,具體分析,一分為二地看人物的好與壞,功與過,決不能因為一個人後期不好,就把前期的功勞一筆勾銷,也不能因為做過一些錯事,就把其他方面的貢獻全部抹煞,而是要尊重事實,尊重歷史。司馬遷寫《淮陰侯列傳》對韓信的軍事才能是滿懷激情的描寫,但對韓信早年的「無行」、「不能治生商賈」、「食從人寄食飲」、「俯出胯下」卻並沒掩蓋而是直書,讀者讀後反覺真實可信。所以我們寫人物傳記,一定要從當時社會歷史的客觀條件出發,實事求是地記載和評價歷史人物,真實地反映歷史人物的本來面目。
敘述生動
所謂生動,就是要把人物寫活。寫成既具有鮮明的個性,又能體現時代特徵和階級特徵,栩栩如生的血肉之軀,而不是乾巴枯燥的偶像或只有動作沒有思想的機器人。司馬遷的《史記》雄視百代,卓然獨立於千古,不是偶然的,而是由於他刻劃了許許多多個性鮮明的人物。馬克思也曾為十八世紀末到十九世紀上半葉的軍事活動家政治家寫作小傳。他寫的《貝爾蒂埃》、《貝爾納多特》、《布律恩》、《布里昂》,生動記述了拿破崙一世時期法國軍事活動家和政治活動家的群象,其中有貪得無厭、追名逐利之徒;有渴求官職、封號和王位的野心家;有願為任何制度效勞的不擇手段的鑽營者。這些小傳,既描述人物的特有個性,又提供了拿破崙一世帝國資產階級上層人物的本質特徵,成為傳記文章的典範。恩格斯也寫過不少人物小傳,恩格斯寫人物傳的傑出之處和馬克思一樣,在於緊緊抓住人物的個性,同時突出人物所代表的階級特徵。所以,在他筆下,馬克思、燕妮·馬克思……等人物形象,被活生生地再現出來。所以一部成功的人物傳記,既要體現人物的階級、職業、文化素質、信仰、經歷、遭遇及其產生影響等方面的不同,又要體現同階級、同職業、同素質、同信仰、同遭遇、同影響而在性格上的差異。要突出人物個性,體現人物個性形成發展的必然性。只有這樣,寫出的人物才能鮮明生動。
選材典型
要達到上述要求,一要選材典型。編寫人物傳要在概括人物全貌的同時,選擇重大的有代表性的最能反映人物特徵的事件詳細記述,把不能表現人物特徵的事件摒棄或一筆帶過。從各種素材中加工、提煉,選擇最能表現人物主要性格特徵的典型事件來寫。這些典型事件,往往是人物一生的關鍵所在。寫好這些關鍵之處,不僅可以表現人物一生的主要功罪,而且可以顯示歷史發展的進程及其特點。司馬遷的《史記》在這方面有不少地方值得我們借鑒,如《史記·廉頗、藺相如列傳》。廉頗和藺相如都是趙國封建統治集團中舉足輕重的人物。司馬遷為了要表現廉頗、藺相如的主要性格特徵,不是給他們各開一張履歷表,而是選擇了「完璧歸趙」、「澠池之會」、「負荊請罪」三件事來寫。這三件事反映了兩種矛盾,一是秦趙兩國之間的矛盾,一是廉藺兩人之間的矛盾,前一個矛盾發展的後果,是構成後—個矛盾的原因。通過這兩對矛盾沖突,廉頗、藺相如的主要性格特徵得到了充分的展示。同時秦趙爭奪和氏璧以及澠池之會兩件事,實質上是秦趙兩國統治階級兩次實力較量,是秦國大舉進攻趙國的前奏,所以選擇這兩件事情,也顯示了歷史發展進程的特點。寫大事固然重要,但對細節描寫也不可忽視,有時人物的性格特點往往在一些細節中表現出來。茅盾稅:「善於描寫典型的作家,不但用大事來表現人物性格,而且不放鬆任何細節的描寫。」恰當地記述小事,能見微知著、增強傳記的可信性和感染力,甚至預示著人物日後的發展。如《史記·陳涉世家》,開頭寫了這樣一個細節:陳涉為人佣耕時,曾對同伴說:「苟富貴,無相忘」,並十分自負地說:「燕雀安知鴻鵠之志哉!」這個細節,看來或許並非必要,其實對描寫人物來說,卻有助於展示人物思想脈絡,寫出人物前後一貫的性格史。寫陳涉少時就有鴻鵠之志,所以後來才發展到大澤鄉起義。寫陳涉少時就把別人比作微不足道的燕雀,所以稱王後嚴重脫離群眾,甚至把早年同過患難的老朋友也殺了。這是他最後失敗的一個重要原因,可思想根子卻早就種下了。
敘行錄言
思想支配行動,行動表現思想。人物思想性格不同,所表現出來的行動也就不一樣。記敘人物行動,是揭示人物內心世界和性格特點的重要方法。因此記敘人物,要選擇那些最典型,最能表現人物思想性格的行動來寫。例如在《吉鴻昌傳》中,作者記述吉鴻昌在1931~1932被迫出國期間,為了反對美國歧視華人,特意在自己胸前佩帶「我是中國人」的牌子。這個細節的描寫,表現了吉鴻昌高尚的民族氣節,也體現了他的個性特點。又如《史記·項羽本紀》寫項羽在巨鹿之戰的巨大勝利之後,叱吒風雲,諸侯懼服。作者通過項羽召見侯將,侯將「無不膝行而前,莫敢仰視」的動作描寫,反襯出項羽驕橫不可一世的性格。可見動作的描寫對記敘人物來說是非常重要的。人物有了具體的行動,才能生動感人。「言為心聲」。人物的思想、感情、願望、要求,無不表現在他們的語言中,因此選擇人物的典型語言,來表現人物的性格,也是一種非常重要的方法。如《史記·項羽本紀》寫項羽見秦始皇出遊的壯觀時說:「彼可取而代之」。而《史記·高祖本紀》寫劉邦看到這種壯觀時卻說:「嗟呼!大丈夫當如此。」盡管他們兩人的話意思都是羨慕帝王,但卻體現了兩種不同性格。人物的詩作、著述(包括文章、書信、日記)和話語一樣,是人物思想境界的高度凝結和表露。無不凝聚著人物對客現事物的認識、主張以及所持的態度。恰到好處的引用一些人物的詩作著述,對寫活人物,突出性格也是不可少的。
講究文采
人物傳雖不能偏向華麗的詞藻,繁瑣的描寫,多餘的形容,曲折的情節。但語言生動形象,用詞精當貼切,句子流暢,層次分明,布局合理,一句話,文采還是必須講究的。雖說史志中的人物傳記與文學中的人物傳記有區別,前者完全是根據歷史事實,不允許任何虛構,後者在符合歷史真實的基礎上允許一定程度的虛構。但是,在需要生動因而需要文采這一點上是共同的。因為傳者,傳也。立人物傳記就是為了傳於後世,為了「記一方之言,激千秋之愛憎」為了「鑒人明事」。孔子曰:「言之無文,行而不遠」。可見講究文采,也是史志中編寫人物傳記應高度重視的一個問題。馬克思要求人物傳記應當寫得有「強烈色彩」、「栩栩如生」。恩格斯認為人物形象應當「光芒奪目」。《史通》說:「夫史之稱美者,以敘事為先,至若書功過,記善惡,文而不麗,質而非野,使人味其滋旨,懷其德音,三復忘返,百遍無致」。在不影響歷史真實性的情況下,史志崇尚文彩,文史並茂,引人入勝,還是必要的。因此,在寫人物傳記時,應當重視文字錘煉,講究藝術手法。
人物傳記共同特點
人物傳記,雖然形式多樣,但是大體上還是前面提到的形式。它們在寫作方法上千差萬別。然而一切優秀的人物傳記,仍是具有共同性的。其相同之處是:
人物的真實性
我國幾千年的歷史變革,出現過許多不同類型的人物。既有推動歷史向前發展的偉人,也有逆歷史激流而動的罪人,並有出身、地位、經歷、思想、性格等方面的不同。這些人物在歷史上起過一定作用,有過一定影響,就會在歷史上留了他們的影子。作者,為這些人樹碑立傳的目的就是要抑惡揚善,「表彰以勸世道,貶斥以戒人心」, 兩千多年以來,傳記作者把崇高的榮譽給予那些熱愛祖國,不畏強暴,視死如歸的英雄,同時對奸臣逆子也進行了無情地誅伐與鞭打。一切優秀的人物傳記在內容表達上都力求真實,忠於歷史,忠於事實,並且是非明斷,褒貶准確。
人物的時代性
優秀的傳記作者由於做到了「其文直,其事核,不虛美,不隱惡」,所以留在傳記中的人物都具有時代的特色。例如同是處於封建社會中的知識分子,由於時代不同,傳中所表現出的特點是不相一致的。《五柳先生傳》中的五柳先生(即陶淵明),他那種「不戚戚於貧賤,不汲汲於富貴」的精神,與他那個時代知識分子特點——尚清談和以清高自愉相一致的;而袁宏道的《徐文長傳》則是一篇奇人的傳略。盡人皆知,明代社會黑暗,特務橫行,文字獄大興,知識分子「動輒得瘋」,所以徐文長的一生只能是從不得志到瘋,從瘋到坐牢至死。他的悲劇是社會造成的,是時代的悲劇。以上二例,傳主同是文人,由於時代不同,他們的性格不同,遭遇者不一樣。
人物的個性
讀優秀的人物傳記,猶如參觀羅漢堂。眾多泥塑,面目不一,神態各異。一些傳記所以達到這么高的水平,是由於傳記家們懂得和善於處理人物的共性與個性的辯證關系的結果。
區別紀傳
傳記在內容表述上忠於史實和抑惡揚善,是我國人物傳記寫作的優良傳統,一直持續到今天,這是各種形式的人物傳記的共同特點。但是,各種傳記在表述方法上又存在著很大的差別。首先,志傳和紀傳不同。一是「紀傳」注重在文采方面,特別是在「詞藻」上下功夫。有大量的形容詞和修飾語,以增強傳記的文學性;二是「紀傳」在撰寫人物時雖然也以事實為根據,同時它又偏重於文學形象的刻劃。使歷史傳記同文學傳記合為一體,這就不能不使人物歷史的真實性受到某種程度的影響;三是在「紀傳」文章的最後都要加上一段評語,如「太史公曰」、「贊曰」等等。作者公開站出來對人物進行評價。以上三點在「志傳」中是絕對不能允許的。其次,志傳與史傳不同。有專家從「志屬史體」出發,進一步指出方誌傳記與歷史傳記是一樣的,屬於同一種體裁——史體。但史傳可以史論結合,有史有論,志傳不能議論,是「寓褒貶於記述之中」。史傳手法多樣,可以夾敘夾議,也可以先議論、後記事,或者先敘述後議論。而志傳只能記述人物的生平、事跡和功過。人物的善、惡、美、丑則需要通過敘述反映出來。應該說志傳別於史傳,因此在志傳的寫作中,文字運用就要仔細地斟酌,對傳主的是非不能明斷,但又要讓讀者從字行間看得出來。
6. 英語的人物傳記怎麼寫
Biography
7. 我要寫一篇關於人物傳記的英語演講稿,字數150左右,請問我該注意些什麼我的意思是整篇文章的調理該怎樣
語法的運用,順序
8. 關於中國人物傳記(有小標題)的英文作文
Albert Einstein was bron in Germany in 1879.he started instered in Compass whe he was a little boy .he likes doing some small research by himself .he study high maths in high scool.when he finish the collage ,he moved to swiss and published the photoelectric effect speech.he became the most famous sincentist in the world .
At last ,he died in 1955.we lost a greatest scientist in the world.we miss him for ever.