『壹』 寫作的重要性寫一篇英語作文
As is known to all, writing is an important andnecessary skill for all students. However, many students don』t reallyunderstand the true importance of writing, as they just consider writing as atask of exam. As far as I am concerned, writing has deeper importance in manyways.
眾所周知,寫作對所有的學生來說是一項重要和必要的技能。但是,很多學生沒有真正明白寫作的重要性,因為他們只把寫作當做是考試的一項任務。在我看來,寫作在很多方面更重要。
Firstly, improving our ability of using words is abasic function of writing. For example, in order to write a good Englishcomposition, we must use every word carefully as much as possible to ensure itscorrectness. In the process, we have improved our ability of using words andwriting skills imperceptibly. In this aspect, writing is a good way tostrengthen our ability.
首先,提高我們用詞能力是寫作的一個基本功能。例如,為了寫好一篇英語作文,我們必須極可能謹慎使用每一個詞以確保文章的正確性。在這個過程中,我們不知不覺地提高了我們用詞能力和寫作技巧。從這一方面來看,寫作是加強能力的一個好方法。
Moreover, writing is an effective way to enlarge ourvocabulary. Different compositions we write need different vocabularies.Therefore, the more compositions we write, the more vocabularies we get. At thesame time, it is helpful to enlarge our reading.
其次,寫作是擴展我們的詞彙量的有效方法。我們所寫的不同作文需要不同的詞彙。所以,我們寫得越多,我們就掌握越多的詞彙。同時,這也有助於我們擴大閱讀量。
And last but not the least, writing makes greatcontribution to our logical thinking and analysis ability. For one thing, towrite a good composition, we must collect and arrange writing materialssystematically so that we can show off what is essential and what is not soimportant. In the process of dealing with materials, we are also learning toanalyze and deal with the different problems. For another, it is also a processto practice our own thinking ability and form different thoughts. By dealing withall kinds of compositions, we can get in touch with more thoughts and becomewiser.
最後但不是最不重要的一點,寫作對我們的邏輯思維和分析能力很有幫助。一方面,為了寫好一篇作文,我們必須系統地收集和整理寫作材料以便能夠掌握什麼事必要的,什麼又不是那麼重要的。在處理材料的過程中,我們也學會分析和處理不同問題。另一方面,這也是一個鍛煉我們思考能力和形成不同思維的過程。通過處理各種各樣的作文,我們可以接觸到更多的想法從而變得更理智。
In a word, writing is an important skill, especiallyfor language learners. Thus, we should improve our writing ability as much aspossible to improve our overall levels.
總之,寫作是一項重要的技能,特別是對語言學習者。因此,我們應該盡可能提高我們的學做能力以提高我們各方面水平。
『貳』 請用英語寫出不少於80詞的短文 The Importance of Newspaper((報紙的重要性)
請用英語寫出不少於80詞的短文 The Importance of Newspaper((報紙的重要性)
(1)、The relationship between the news and newspaper ( 1)新聞與版報紙的關系
(權2) 、The importance roles played by the newspaper ( 2)報紙的重要作用
(3)、Its usefulnese in the daily life ( 3)在日常生活中的作用
『叄』 英語 作文看新聞的好處加翻譯
Book gave me wisdom and knowledge, but also gave me strength and courage. Since I was young, I liked the books and books. I put the book as an indispensable nourishment, he saw a book like the hungry to see bread fondle admiringly. In my room, there is a big bookcase, the above is my favorite book. Whenever I get the result, when the parents ask me to want what gift, I can blurt out, "the book, send my favorite book." I really enjoy reading.讀書能讓我成為一個博學多才的人。有一次語文課上,老師在給我們將悠久的歷史文化。冷不丁的問了一個問題,中國古代的四大發明是什麼。原本十分熱鬧的教室,瞬間變得鴉雀無聲。而我卻清楚的記得我看過一本《中國歷史》上記載著四大發明分別是:造紙術。火葯。指南針。活字印刷。當我響亮的回答出後,老師問我你是怎麼知道的。我回答道:我是從書中了解的。老師最後說:好好讀書很有有益的。Reading can let me become a Renaissance man. There is a language lesson, the teacher gave us will be in a long history and culture. Suddenly a asked a question, what are the four great inventions in ancient China. Originally very lively classroom, instantly grew quiet. But I do remember I have seen a "Chinese history" is written with the four great inventions: papermaking. Gunpowder. A compass. Movable type printing. When I resounding answer, the teacher asked me how do you know that. I replied: I know from the book. The teacher finally said: study is very helpful.Reading can let me become a Renaissance man. There is a language lesson, the teacher gave us will be in a long history and culture. Suddenly a asked a question, what are the four great inventions in ancient China. Originally very lively classroom, instantly grew quiet. But I do remember I have seen a "Chinese history" is written with the four great inventions: papermaking. Gunpowder. A compass. Movable type printing. When I resounding answer, the teacher asked me how do you know that. I replied: I know from the book. The teacher finally said: study is very helpful.讀書不僅能增長知識,對我們的寫作也很有幫助。讀了幾本優秀作文大全,寫起作文以來也輕鬆了許多,作文水平也提高了。讀好書還能讓我樹立正確的人生觀,遇到困難不退縮,要有毅力去戰勝困難,這是我從《鋼鐵是怎樣煉成的》一書中受到的啟發。
「書是知識的海洋」。書里五彩斑斕的世界吸引我們走近他,親近他Reading can not only increase knowledge, writing is also very helpful to us. Read a few excellent composition, write a composition since relaxed a lot of, also the composition level is also increased. Reading good books can let me set up the correct outlook on life, encounter difficulties don't flinch, should have the perseverance to overcome difficulties, this is my book "how the steel was tempered", was inspired.
"The book is the ocean of knowledge. Colorful world in the book attracted we approached him, to be close to him
『肆』 英語寫作的重要性及如何提升
一、英語寫作的重要性
1.英語寫作能幫助我們提高使用英語的准確性只要寫一個句子,更不用說一段,一篇,就要力求句法,用詞,拼寫,標點等完全正確,而且與前後句緊密連貫。寫和說不同,寫好後可以檢查修改,而一次修改就是一次提高。寫得越多,語言就會越准確。2.練習英語寫作能擴大詞彙量 口語所使用的語言一般是比較簡單和常用的。而在用英語寫作時,所使用的語言則是多種多樣的。從極簡單到較復雜的語言都要使用,所使用的詞彙和句型也比口語中使用的要多得多,這對英語詞彙量的擴大有很大幫助。3.寫作訓練能幫助我們提高邏輯思考及分析問題的能力寫一篇作文,不論長短,都需要妥善地組織材料,得出結論,作到重點突出,條理清楚。這樣,在鍛煉寫作能力的同時,也鍛煉了分析與處理問題的能力。4.英語寫作對閱讀,聽力,口語,翻譯等各方面都有促進作用 自己知道寫作的甘苦,對別人的寫作技巧就會樂於學習。分析問題的能力提高了,聽別人說話就會善於抓住要點。語言質量提高了,口語也會准確一些。
二、怎樣寫好英語作文
1.打好扎實的英語語言基礎 要寫好英語作文,首先必須掌握一定數量的英語單詞。此外,還得掌握好一定的英語語法知識。若有不太清楚的地方,應通過查閱語法書和詞典來逐步解決,不能偷懶,隨便亂寫。2.廣泛進行英語閱讀 專業作家的秘密之一就是:閱讀,閱讀,再閱讀。杜甫說「讀書破萬卷,下筆如有神」。敏感的閱讀,使人產生靈感,使人對生平從未遇到的問題作出符合邏輯的或感情上的響應。閱讀其他人的文章,並不是為了如法炮製,但我們可以把從其他作品中學到的東西融化到自己的文體和技巧中去。當我們發現一段文章比自己能寫出的任何東西好得多的時候,坐下來,對它進行反復研究琢磨。它好在哪裡?就同一題目,這位作者做了哪些我們不能做到的事情?模仿別人技術上的長處,對習作者來說極有益處。但僅靠閱讀是不行的,因為它可以被用作不動筆的借口,還會成為一種麻醉劑。因此要記住:閱讀是為了寫作。3.掌握一定的英語寫作技巧 英語寫作有許多技巧,如怎樣選詞,造句,怎樣展開段落,各種體裁的英語作文應怎樣布局謀篇等。只有對這些基本的寫作技巧加以掌握,才能在英語寫作時得心應手。
『伍』 英語寫作在英語學習中的重要性。(可用中文說明)
英語學習的最後體現就是作文了,可以考察出作者的英語綜合能力。在考試中,作文是半壁江山,得作文者得天下。
『陸』 英語新聞寫作的一般思路
新聞的種類很多,按分類標準的不同,有各種不同的分類方法。如按照事件的性質分類,新聞可分為「硬新聞」(hard news)和「軟新聞」(soft news)兩大類,硬新聞即「純新聞消息報道」,指題材嚴肅、具有一定時效性的客觀事實報道;軟新聞是情感味濃、寫作方法詼諧、輕松幽默的社會新聞,不注重時效性。新聞英語中常見的體裁主要有三大類:消息(news)、特寫(features)和新聞評論(commentaries and columns)。
新聞寫作由於記者寫作風格不同,文體結構無定格。但大體上說新聞文體的主體結構是由標題、導語、正文三部分組成。
標題(headline):濃縮概括全文的中心實質問題。
導語(lead or introction):通常為文章的第一段。文章的第一段提供主要話題和最主要的事實。
正文(body):在導語的基礎上,引入更多的與主題相關的事實,使之更加詳實、具體,並展開評論,進而得出結論。
在此我們以消息為例,詳細分析一下它的基本結構。消息類新聞屬於「硬新聞」,是廣泛採用的一種新聞體裁。消息報道中的導語十分重要,它位於第一段或第一、二段。通過它點出新聞的主題,這是消息這種新聞文體區別於其它文體的一個重要特徵。五個W和一個H(When? Where? Who? What? Why? 和How?)是構成一則完整消息不可缺少的要素。直接的消息報道或純消息報道一般採用「倒金字塔形式」(the Inverted Pyramid Form),其特點是按新聞報道最重要的五個W和一個H頭重腳輕地安排材料,把新聞的高潮和結論放在最前面的導語里,然後以事實的重要性遞減的順序來安排(in the order of descending importance)材料。
在報紙、廣播、電視等新聞媒體每天刊載和播發的新聞中,百分之九十是用倒金字塔結構寫成的。
對於報紙來說,倒金字塔結構的新聞有自己的優勢。主要是可以使讀者很快得到新聞的精華部分;在生活節奏越來越快的今天,一般讀者很少把一條新聞從頭到尾讀完,他們可能隨時放下報紙,因此,報紙有必要讓讀者首先讀到最重要的新聞內容。
為了幫助讀者了解這種倒金字塔式結構,請見西方新聞學著作中的圖表說明:
The Inverted Pyramid Form
Introction containing most important or most interesting information 導語(包括最重要或最吸引人的消息)為了幫助讀者了解這種倒金字塔式結構,請見西方新聞學著作中的圖表說明:
The Inverted Pyramid Form
Introction containing most important or most interesting information 導語(包括最重要或最吸引人的消息)
首先要注意消息報道導語(第一段)里的「電頭」(dateline)「FILADELFIA, Colombia(AP)」即「美聯社發自哥倫比亞費拉達菲亞的消息」。美聯社新聞報道的時間通常置於消息的最前面(NOVEMBER 22, 19:43 EST),即美國的標准時11月22日19點43分。
第一段十分簡單明了地告訴讀者:星期四,哥倫比亞西部的一露天金礦由於大雨而發生坍塌,至少28人死亡,40人失蹤。
第二段增加了新的新聞事實:金礦坍塌的遇難者是貧民,雖然政府警告說由於侵蝕使采礦危險,但他們置若罔聞;金礦的坍塌可能是由於非法的開采以及近日的大雨造成的。這一段支持並擴展了導語。
第三段是背景材料。利用事故生還者的所見所聞講述當時的情景:共發生了兩次塌方,第二次的塌方將趕去救援的礦工也吞沒。
第四、五、六、七以及第八段均是與主要新聞事實有關的次重要材料。第四、五、七、八段講述了來自紅十字、民防組織以及各方救護人員的救援進展情況。第六段也是對導語的進一步擴展:官方宣布事故中有28人死亡,至少40人失蹤;有32名礦工受傷被送往醫院。
第九、十、十一和第十二段也是背景材料,利用目擊者的所見所聞進一步描述了金礦坍塌時的情景。
第十三、十四和第十五段均是與新聞事實有關的次重要的材料:這個金礦幾個月以前就關閉了,但由於經濟衰退人們又重操舊業;山體滑坡是哥倫比亞最常見的自然災害。
通過分析我們可以看出這篇新聞報道是典型的「倒金字塔」結構,導語是一段簡單清楚的敘述。隨後的數段對導語進行了解釋、補充和擴展,有利地支撐了導語。在導語中基本將「五個W、一個H」交代清楚。它所回答的問題分列如下:
Who—gold miners
What—were killed
When—Thursday(Nov. 22)
Where—in western Colombia
Why—the walls of mine were softened by rain
How—(were killed) by crash
應該說明,記者即使採用「倒金字塔結構」,也不一定在導語中全部都包括五個W和一個H,或許只有三個或四個W,另外一個或兩個W出現在下面的段落里,這也是常見的。
『柒』 學習全媒體新聞寫作的重要意義
全媒體包括許許多多的傳播媒介,但是新聞寫作的意義都是客觀實在迅速有力地反應事實,事件。
『捌』 英語寫作在英語學習中的重要性
別急 會把英語寫作能力提高的
談談如何提高英語寫作能力
關鍵詞:英語寫作能力 原則 方法
引言:英語寫作能力是英語聽、說、讀、寫四種基本能力之一,英語寫作能有效地促進語言知識的內化。Swain(1985)提出「可理解輸出」假設,認為包括寫在內的語言產生性運用有助於學習者檢驗目的語句法結構和詞語的使用,促進語言運用的自動化,有效地達到了語言習得的目的。通過寫作,英語知識不斷得到鞏固並內在化,有利於英語技能的全面發展。但是,英語寫作又是廣大英語學習者最感頭痛的問題之一,且容易被教師忽視,筆者以為如何提高英語寫作能力值得我們認真研究。本文就此談談初淺的看法。
一、提高英語寫作能力的原則
(一)漸進性原則。要堅持「句—段—篇」的訓練程序,由易到難,循序漸進。在英語寫作的初始階段,要始終注意培養學生良好的寫作習慣,狠抓基本功訓練。在學生掌握了基本句型並能寫出簡單句子後,再要求學生根據一些體例寫出小段的文章。在段落寫作中要引導學生分析段落的結構、段落的中心句、句與句之間的邏輯關系、寫作手法等,這樣有利於下一步一篇文章的寫作。在文章寫作中要教會學生如何構思文章、如何運用正確的寫作技巧等。
(二)多樣性原則。要堅持訓練形式的多樣化及寫作文體的多樣性。從形式上而言,可以用回答提問的口頭作文,也可以用續寫故事;可以改寫課文,也可以仿寫課文;可以寫提綱訓練謀篇布局,也可以寫拓展段訓練發散思維……。從文體上而言,可以寫說明文、議論文、記敘文,也可以寫書信、便條、通知等實用文體。
(三)結合性原則。要堅持聽說讀訓練和寫訓練相結合。根據語言習得理論,學習者在學習時常先通過聽和讀吸取語言知識,從而了解別人的思想,再通過說和寫來表達自己的思想,讓別人了解自己。大量的聽說訓練能促進讀寫能力的提高。因此,寫與聽說讀緊密結合,進行多元化的能力訓練,可使學生的各項能力互相影響、互相滲透、互相促進。
(四)控制性原則。要堅持寫作前的指導,控制學生的漢語語言思維,發展英語語言思維。語言學習在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非隨心所欲地自由表達。教師要加強寫作前的指導,可給出範文讓學生模仿,以熟悉其語篇結構。同時要控制其漢語語言思維,盡可能讓學生習慣英語語言思維,以便於學生學習和掌握地道、正確的英語。
(五)持久性原則。要堅持長期、正確的寫作訓練。英語寫作能力的提高並非一朝一夕之事,而是一個長期的、艱巨的、漸進的過程。這就要求教師、學生都要有充分的思想准備,要有堅韌不拔的意志和必勝的信心。
二、提高英語寫作能力的方法。
(一)通過積累詞彙量,提高英語寫作能力。猶如土木磚石是建築的材料一樣,詞彙是說話寫作的必需材料,也是制約寫作能力提高的瓶頸。可以想像,如果要寫一個句子,10個單詞有8個單詞拼寫錯誤或拼寫不出,有2
個單詞用法不當,又怎麼能清楚地表達自己的思想呢?因此,在平時的教學中要強調學生記憶單詞,記住單詞的拼讀、用法、意思等。記憶單詞的方法有很多,各人有各人的記憶方法和習慣,可因人而異。教師可通過要求學生朗讀單詞、聽寫單詞、默寫單詞、遣詞造句、詞彙競賽等多種方法促進學生記單詞。記憶單詞是一個長期的反復的過程,要長期地堅持下去,才能不斷積累大量的詞彙,為英語寫作打下堅實的基礎。
(二)通過擴大閱讀量,提高英語寫作能力。古人雲「熟讀唐詩三百首,不會作詩也會吟」,這是漢語的一種學習方法,同樣可借鑒於英語寫作。多閱讀是學生增加接觸英語語言材料、接受信息、活躍思維、增長智力的一種途徑,同時也是培養學生英語思維能力、提高理解力、增強語感、鞏固和擴大詞彙量的一種好方法,有利於促進英語寫作能力的提高。在閱讀訓練中,教師要注意以下問題:一是指導閱讀方法,分析文章結構、中心思想、段落中心句、寫作方法等,幫助學生掌握各類文章的結構及寫作方法。二要精讀與泛讀相結合,通過推敲優秀的文章來學會寫作方法和選詞用詞;通過大量的泛讀來吸取信息量,擴大詞彙量。三要擴大閱讀量。提供閱讀的材料涉及面要廣,才能不斷擴大學生的知識面,使學生適應各種題材的寫作。
(三)通過提高聽說能力,提高英語寫作能力。英語聽說讀寫四種能力是相互影響、相互促進的,提高聽說能力必定會促進寫作能力的提高。要提高聽說能力關鍵在於創設一個良好的英語環境。教師要盡可能地用英語授課,多開展專門的聽說訓練,同時開展豐富多彩的課外英語活動,讓學生沉浸在英語海洋中去領略、去體會、去使用英語,久而久之,學生自然能使用正確的、地道的英語進行交談與寫作。
(四)通過重視寫作過程,提高英語寫作能力。長期以來,英語寫作成果教學法(THE PRODUCT
APPROACH)在我國居於主導地位,教師根據寫作的終成品來判斷寫作的成敗,重視寫作的技術性細節(如格式、拼寫、語法等),忽視寫作過程的指導。根據D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的連通論(Connectionism)理論,寫作包括寫前階段、具體寫作、文章修改三個基本過程,這三個過程並非是線性排列,而是循環往復,穿插進行的。教師只有重視加強對寫作三個過程的指導,才能更好地提高英語寫作能力。在寫作前階段,教師重在指導學生如何挖掘題材,訓練發散性思維,以及如何選擇材料、謀篇布局等。在具體寫作中,教師重在指導學生如何緊扣主題、運用正確的寫作方法等。在文章修改中,教師重在指導學生如何修改語法及用詞的錯誤。
(五)通過多寫英語摘要,提高英語寫作能力。英語摘要是把一篇文章的要點摘錄出來,用自己的語言使之獨立成一篇短文,這不是簡單的摘錄,而是忠於原文意思的再創作。寫英語摘要有利於學生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章結構,從而提高學生的邏輯思維能力和謀篇布局能力。
(六)通過發展英語語言思維能力,提高英語寫作能力。英語寫作是運用已掌握的內在化語言知識和表達方法,通過思維進行外在化輸出的創作,因此英語語言思維能力在英語寫作中作用非凡。對於我國學生而言,在英語寫作中易受漢語語言思維的影響,難以直接用英語語言進行思維,不利於英語寫作能力的提高,因此發展其英語語言思維能力尤為重要。教師要注意對學生的英語語言思維進行多方位、多角度的訓練:要採取各種方法訓練學生英語語言思維的廣闊性、深刻性、發散性和創造性;要教會學生用英語思考問題、回答問題;要從訓練形象思維開始,逐步過渡到抽象思維訓練;在課文講解中要盡可能不用漢語翻譯而用英語解釋,消除漢語思維的影響;要努力創設良好的英語環境,在英語交際中發展英語思維能力。
寫好英語段落的三個標准
首先,一個段落必須有一個中心即主題思想,該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來表達。整個段落必須緊扣這個主題(stick or hold to the topic),這就是段落的統一性(unity)。其次,一個段落必須有若干推展句,使主題思想得到充分展開,從而給讀者一個完整的感覺,這就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者,一個段落不是雜亂無章的,而是有機的組合,句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯,從一個句子到另一個句子的過渡必須流暢(smooth),這就是連貫性(coherence)。下面我們就對這三個標准分別加以說明。
1、統一性
一個段落內的各個句子必須從屬於一個中心,任何游離於中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主題句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出現兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,這一段是講的是Joe and I ,中間出現一個Bella是不合適的。還有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關。考生在四級統考的作文卷上常常因為造出irrelevant sentences(不相關語句)而丟分,值得引起注意。再看一個例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一個是My mother was a premature baby.
從上面兩個例子可以看出,native speakers同樣會造出來irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果這種句子多了,造成偏題或離題,那問題就更嚴重了。
2、完整性
正象我們前面說得那樣,一個段落的主題思想靠推展句來實現,如果只有主題句而沒有推展句來進一步交待和充實,就不能構成一個完整的段落。同樣,雖然有推展句,但主題思想沒有得到相對圓滿的交待,給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問題。什麼是「a mind in turmoil」(心境不平靜)Physical work又如何能改變這種情況?為什麼它能起therapy的作用?讀者得不到明確的答案。由於四級統考的作文部分只要求寫一篇100~120個詞的三段式短文,每一段只有大約40個詞左右,因此,要達到完整就必須盡可能地簡明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表達的主題思想是一種看法,必須有具體事例加以驗證。上述兩個推展句只是在文字上對主題作些解釋,整個段落內容空洞,簡而不明。如果用一兩個具體的例子的話,就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming 「Help」?
3、連貫性(coherence)
連貫性包括意連和形連兩個方面,前者指的是內在的邏輯性,後者指的是使用轉換詞語。當然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒有意連,句子之間就沒有內在的有機的聯系;反之,只有意連而沒有形連,有時行文就不夠流暢。
1)、意連
段落中句子的排列應遵循一定的次序,不能想到什麼就寫什麼。如果在下筆之前沒有構思,邊寫邊想,寫寫停停,那就寫不出一氣呵成的好文章來。下面介紹幾種常見的排列方式。
A.按時間先後排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段從「rose」(起床)寫起,然後是吃早餐(「not to miss breakfast」, 「closing at nine o'clock」),然後是「close to noon」,一直寫到這一天結束(「By nine——」)。
B. 按位置遠近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的寫法是由遠及近,從遠處(「from a distance」)寫起,然後「get closer」,再到(「ten feet away」),最後是「inside the pagoda」……當然,按位置遠近來寫不等於都是由遠及近。根據需要,也可以由近及遠,由表及裡等等。
C. 按邏輯關系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性順序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
這一段談的是表達能力,它的重要性與職業,身份有關,從「not need much skill」或「of little importance」到「more important」,最後是「most important」。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that 「sanguine」 and 「sanguinary」 mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
這一段談的是a writer's carelessness,先給出一個general statement作為主題句,然後通過5個 」perhaps」加以例證。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主題句是段首句,它僅提出一個問題:為什麼兩只貓會被搞混。然後對兩者進行比較,末句才下結論。
2)、形連
行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當的轉換詞語及其他手段來實現。請讀下面這一段文字並找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上啟下的詞語有兩種,一種是轉換詞語(transitional words or phrases),另一種是起轉換作用的其他連接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.後者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有詞彙105個,所使用的轉換詞語及其他連接用語共26個詞,約占該段總詞彙量的四分之一。由此可見,掌握好transitions不僅對行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且對於學生在半個小時內寫足四級短文所要求的120個詞也是不無好處的。
一個段落里如果沒有transitions也就很難有coherence了。我們看下面一個例子:Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句開頭出現一個起過渡作用的」it」之外,沒有使用其他的過渡詞語。這樣,文中出現許多重復的詞語,全段讀起來也顯得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的過渡詞語來修飾的話,這一段就成了下面一個流暢連貫的段落:
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有損連貫性的幾種情況:
考生在寫作中經常出現下面幾種錯誤:
1、不必要的改變時態,比如:
In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改變單復數,比如:
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改變人稱,比如:
Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此寫作中,一定要注意時態,人稱以及數的變化是否正確,要注意保持一致。