㈠ 英語在其發展當中經歷了何種演變
英語,作為當今世界歷史上的國際社交語言,它取得的成功是史無前例的。從使用它的人口來說,以英語為母語的人數僅次於漢語而居世界第二位,大約有四億多人。然而以英語作為第二語言、或者在一定程度上使用英語的人數,要遠比這多得多,可以說分布在世界的各個角落、各個民族,在這一點上漢語是望塵莫及的。它是怎樣發展起來的呢?
英倫三島的第一批印歐居民是塞爾特人。原先島上可能還有更早的居民,但是人煙稀少,所以沒有留下多少遺跡。塞爾特人是古印歐人的一支,大約在四千五百年前離開他們在東歐的故鄉向西遷移,在公元前一千年時(相當於我國商朝末年、西周初年),他們成了德國南部、阿爾卑斯山北麓的一個強大民族。在公元前五百年左右(相當於我國春秋時期),他們開始向西遷移,後來到了英倫諸島。這就是印歐人的第一次「入侵」。
印歐人的第二次入侵是在公元五世紀中葉,當時生活在現在的德國和丹麥交界處有兩個部落,一個是石勒蘇益格(Schleswig)的盎格魯(Angles),另一個是霍爾施坦因(Holstein)的薩克森(Saxon)。石勒蘇益格/霍爾施坦因現在是德國最北面的兩個州,是第一次世界大戰時德國從丹麥那裡「取得」的。這兩個部落從那裡跨過北海,占據了英格蘭,原來的塞爾特人很快地後退到威爾士、愛爾蘭和蘇格蘭高地。English一詞就出自Angles,原意為「角落」,意即他們來自歐洲大陸的一角。在古英語中Angle寫作Engle,他們的語言叫做Englisc(在古英語中「sc」讀如「sh」,如「sceap」—— 「sheep」)。順便說一句,「塞爾特」(Celt)中的c可以讀如s或k,所以也叫「凱爾特」,美國人中有許多來自蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭,所謂的「美國腔」 可能是凱爾特口音。波士頓不是有個著名的球隊叫「凱爾特人隊」嘛。
盎格魯、撒克遜、朱特這三個族群。他們的方言發展成古英語。現今一些常用的字匯是從這些Anglo-Saxon的字匯而來,然而英語也受其他語言的影響。
在日耳曼族尚未入侵不列巔時,島上住的有凱爾特人。在公元前55年的夏天,古羅馬凱撒大帝征服了高盧地區的凱爾特人。為了避免不列巔的凱爾特人報復,凱撒想要一舉攻下不列巔,然而並未成功。隔年夏天,又再一次入侵不列巔,在不列巔東南角建立了一個據點。至此大約一百年,羅馬人未再侵犯不列巔。
在公元43年,革老丟想要得到整個不列巔群島的統治權,便派了四萬人的軍隊,費時三年,征服了英格蘭。此時大約統治了三百年。
410年,羅馬帝國受外族入侵,無力維持其他領地的勢力,於是撤退,凱爾特人得不到羅馬人的保護,受北方蠻族Picts&Scots騷擾,於是凱爾特領袖便請求朱特族人的保護,並割一塊在Kents東北角的isle of Thanet給朱特族。朱特族知道了凱爾特人很好欺負,反而侵略凱爾特人,佔領Kents的東南角。其他的日耳曼族群也跟著入侵英格蘭,持續一百年。
古英語一直發展到公元1066年法國的諾曼人入侵。在此以前,由於受北歐人和羅馬人的影響,許多斯堪地那維亞詞彙和拉丁詞彙溶了進來。前者如egg,cake,skin,leg,window,husband,sky,fellow,skill,anger,flat,ugly,odd,get,give,take,raise,call,die,they,their,them;後者如street,kitchen,kettle,cup,cheese,wine。塞爾特語的遺跡大多留在地名中,如Thames,Kent,Dover。
基督教將拉丁文與希臘文的字匯帶入英語。
古英語又受到了說Old Norse的斯堪地那維亞入侵者影響。古英語內部的發展朝著簡化詞形變化的方向在走,而Old Norse更加速了這個過程,特別是北方的方言。
在諾曼征服後,可以算是古英語時期的結束。這個影響是前所未有的,開啟英語的另一個時代。
諾曼征服對英語有顯著的沖擊,改變了英語單字的拼法,更引入了許多新的諾曼字匯。若沒有諾曼征服,英語將會有更多的詞形變化、更多的日耳曼字匯、更多的復合字、較少從其他語言吸收的字匯、不會有法文字匯。
在1066年,諾曼底公爵征服者威廉與Harold搶奪英國國王的王位,征服者威廉在黑斯廷斯戰役贏了,成為英國國王。將法國品味帶入英國皇室,英國皇室的成員也越來越多的法國人,都不會講英文,而只會法文。此時,在統治階級所使用的語言是法文,而一般平民使用的是英文。然而,一般百姓要取得更佳的工作機會的話,就必須會法文。要區別說英文與說法文的人,並不是用族群來區分,而是社會地位。
英語一直是一般大眾所使用的語言,但一開始受諾曼統治時,在法庭及皇室中並不使用英語。在《盎格魯撒克遜編年史》中可見,在公元1154年前,大多數的文學作品是使用法文或拉丁文。
在1204年,英王失去了諾曼底的統治權,英國皇室的成員必須在英國與法國之間選邊站,再加上英國講的法文是Anglo-French以及百年戰爭的影響,英國人越來越不喜歡講法文。
在此時,英文的文法與單字都有變化。英文文法從綜合語逐漸變為分析語,而單字則增加了許多法文及拉丁文的單字。文法方面,由於發音的改變以及詞形變化的類比,導致無法用詞形變化來判斷字的關系,因而只能用字的順序來表示文法關系。在文法方面,雖說統治階級講的是法文,但法文並未影響到英文的文法。此階段法文的影響只是因為統治階級講的是法文,對英文漠不關心,使英文文法的改變不致有太大的阻力。單字方面,在1250年前,法文帶來的是貴族與宗教的單字。1250年後,由於英國皇室對英文的認同提高,帶來了日常生活的單字。拉丁文則是隨著法文單字,也帶到英文中。
諾曼人的入侵為英語帶來了大量的法語詞彙,這使得現代英語中存現大量的同義/近義詞:shut/close,answer/reply,smell/odor,yearly/annual,ask/demand,room/chamber,wish/desire,might/power(英語詞/法語詞)。有一個有趣的現象是產肉的動物多是英語詞,如ox,cow,calf,sheep,swine,deer,而它們的肉則是法語詞,如beef,veal,mutton,pork,bacon,venison。大概持法語的多為貴族統治者,只注意他們餐桌上的肉,並不在意牲畜們叫什麼。
另外在已有的英語/斯堪地那維亞語同義詞基礎上,如英語的wrath和斯堪地那維亞語的anger之外,法語又加了個ire。連我們漢語也貢獻了幾個詞:kowtow(叩頭),typhoon(台風),sampan(舢板),kaolin(高嶺土),tea(閩方言),shanghai(不是地名:-)。
在文藝復興時期,英語進化成中古英語,中古英語對於近代英語的使用者來說要理解是有點難度。在十五世紀,由於母音大改變,英語更進一步進化成所謂的近代英語。
英語一直在吸收外來字匯,直至現今亦是如此,特別是拉丁語、希臘語。由於如此,現今英語可以說是世界上最多字匯的語言。由於許多單字是來自不同的語言,所以讀音錯誤的情形十分的高。
在1755年山繆爾.約翰遜出版了第一部重要的英語字典。
這些外來語使英語成為一個表達力豐富的語言。盡管溶入了如此眾多的「外來語」,古英語仍然構成了它的核心——不到五千的古英語單詞一直保持到了今天。在此期間英語逐漸向高層發展,1399年繼承王位的亨利四世是第一個以英語為母語的英國國王。在十四世紀快要結束的時候,喬叟(Chaucer)完成了『坎特伯雷的傳說』(CanterburyTales),以倫敦方言為代表的英語終於開始出現:一個來自當年「角落」的語言。
㈡ 英語作文—英語的發展歷史
跟現代漢語一樣,本來是侵略者的語言,如今佔了上風了!
㈢ 介紹漢語發展或歷史等等的英語作文!急求!!!!
The Charm of Chinese Language
Chinese Language faces some challenges. As compared with English and other Latin based languages, Chinese is less popular and more difficuh for computer word processing. Some college students, wondering whether it is still one of the best languages in the world, neglect Chinese study.
Extensive research has revealed that Chinese possesses many advantages over other languages. Written Chinese is based on a set of ideogram characters. From a simple word one may obtain a wealth of information about its hidden meaning, evolution history and related phrases. Historians can decipher the damaged ancient characters carved on ox hones but no such achievement could be obtained with Latin-based languages. To express a given idea, the Chinese version is always the shortest, most accurate and most effective.
Moreover, Chinese kids learn Chinese by memorizing patterns or funny pictures which stimulate curiosity and imagination. It is well recognized that human brains work well with patterns and pattern recognition in turn promotes brain development. What' more, Chinese is also easy to learn. Many foreigners speak Chinese fluently after a few years of learning. Recently, several word processing programs have been successfully developed for Chinese language and turned out to be better than those designed for English.
Chinese is the crystallization of the splendid culture developed continuously for over 5,000 years. Many treasures remain to be explored. As China grows stronger, more and more foreigners will learn Chinese and share the invaluable treasure.
㈣ 有關中古英語發展歷程的英文作文
What is English?
History of the English Language
A short history of the origins and development of English
The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain ring the 5th century AD.These tribes,the Angles,the Saxons and the Jutes,crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany.At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language.But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales,Scotland and Ireland.The Angles came from Englaland and their language was called Englisc - from which the words England and English are derived.
Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century.
Old English (450-1100 AD)
The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages,which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English.Old English did not sound or look like English today.Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English.Nevertheless,about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots.The words be,strong and water,for example,derive from Old English.Old English was spoken until around 1100.
㈤ 英語的發展歷程用英語寫一篇作文,不少於200字
2, information on trade-off rules. The report to reflect the "problem", the results
答reflected in the "Proposal" section. Therefore, the information in order to take the issue
of trade-offs at the core, according to reverse order (the order is positive: the basic
situation, the problem,
㈥ 英語作文,自行車的發展歷史。
Bike is a popular means of transportation .It is a friendly
environment transport tool.I like riding bikes when go travelling or go
shopping.Nowdays motor cars are increasingly popular but I think it will
cause a lot of damage to us .First it will give out lots of waste
gas,which will contribute to the global warming.It is bad for our
earth.Second.the number of the cars is becoming larger and larger and
the crowded traffic will certainly bring about the risk of safety.So I
think riding a bike is a better choice if we take environment into
consideration.
㈦ 關於英語歷史發展的感慨的英語作文
The history of English can be traced back to around 500 BC. On the island of Great Britain (Great Britain) the earliest historical records of the language is around 500 BC, Celtic (Celtic). In 55 BC, the Romans invaded Britain, and has been occupied about 500 years, Latin into the region, and became the official language, the status of the Celtic. About A.D. 449, living in Denmark and northern Germany three Germanic tribes before the invasion of the fall of the Roman empire to the island of Great Britain. They are respectively anglos (Angles, into the central Jutland peninsula), Saxon people (Saxons, into the south Jutland peninsula) and Jutes (Jutes, invasion of northern Jutland peninsula). In language, they replaced the Celtic was use. The three Germanic tribes dialect with the social development, graally merged into a new language, namely a Anglo Saxon (Anglo - Saxon), which is then form the basis for English. To 700 AD, people on the island of Great Britain three tribe called Englisc hybrid form of language. By 1000, the country on the island called Englaland. These two words and then translated into English (English) and England or the UK (England) this is English and England history origin of the two words.
The late 8th century, Denmark's National People's Congress, invaded Britain in the North-East area, Denmark, which lasted nearly 300 years, was brought about by the Scandinavian language has a great influence on the development of English. In 1066 AD, the ke of shooting the Norman French, British, and crowned king of England, and established the Norman dynasty, until 1154. During the Norman's dynastic rule, the British, in fact, there are three kinds of language, French is the official language; Latin is religious language, used to read the bible, church, religious activities; English is the underclass in secular language workers. French special status in Britain until the 14th century, courts, schools, court in 1362, 1385, 1399 to stop the use of French. A bible written in English in 1382, ended the Latin religious language status. At this time English became Britain's national language. So English retains a lot of French words (such as age, air, brush, cry, bourgeoisie) and Latin vocabulary (angel, based, moke, Pope).
In \"the Renaissance\" period (in the 14th century - 16th century), because the people of ancient Greek and Roman culture showed a great interest in study, English and absorbed a large number of ancient society and the European continent culture essence, a huge increase in vocabulary. For example, from the Greek geometry, event, botany; French communists, alloy, surpass; Spanish banana, cocoa, mosquito; Italian violin, piazza.
Rise in the 18th century, Britain's instrial revolution, the colonial scramble to make English along with the development of the empire in the world. Therefore, in and around to absorb a large number of new words. Such as the African zebra, chim - pazee; Cashmere from India, shampoo; From the Chinese tea, litchi; The kangaroo from Australia, boomerang; From the west Indies cannibal, canoe. Due to the development of the British colony and to a large number of overseas immigrants, also from its native English spread to foreign countries (such as BBC English radio station).
Currently outside The UK, speak English as their first language (or mother tongue, Native language) with Ireland (Ireland), The United States (America), Australia (Australia), New Zealand (New Zealand), Guyana (Guyana), Bahamas (The last), Barbados (Barbados), Bermuda (Bermuda), Jamaica (Jamaica), Saint kitts and Nevis (Saint Christopher and Nevis), Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago), (Canada) most people speak English in Canada; Speak English as the official language of countries have Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, South Africa, Singapore, India, the Philippines and other countries; As a second language with Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Iceland and other countries. English graally become a world language, has replaced the French diplomatic status, become today the world's political, economic, science and culture is the most important language. Although english-speaking countries have several listed above, but we still recommend to find a foreign teacher is given priority to with the United States, Canada, UK.
English is also there are regional differences. In Britain, because the original by the Jutland peninsula came to the island of Great Britain anglos Saxon people, jutes settled in different locations, which makes English appears regional differences in the initial period of development. Along with the development of the instry and the city, not only become one of the country's largest city of London, but also absorbed the domestic all area residents, various kinds of tongues mutual confluence, to Oxford and Cambridge as the center of the national culture in the London region becomes the standard variety of British, the language used by radio and television to spread across the country and abroad, the domestic and overseas English language graally unified.
2. The history of English: English spread and development
Outside the UK, through immigration and political role, such as widening the range of English. At the same time, because of the space distance with local and accept to the objective reasons of English foreign dialect, mainly has the American English, Australian English, South African and Indian English, etc. American English is English the most widely used outside the UK, which is the most important English dialect. In general speaking, American English is the most popular in China at present.
In the 17th century, the British immigrants began in North America colonial activities (now the east coast of the United States). Later, with the increased number of immigrants, in coastal has established the 13 colonies. After independence, the 13 colonies established the United States, and become the original 13 states. Them out of the subordinate relations with Britain, so the immigrants of English became the language of the United States.
Due to the United States and Britain have middle Atlantic apart, affected by the exchange of personnel on both sides, language communication, English graally proce differences between the two places. American English dialect main points of New England, the mid-atlantic and the south three. New England dialect area as the center of the northeast in Massachusetts. The residents there are the English immigrants, two-thirds of the puritans from amway east Asia, a few come from the north of England, is the pure English in England. The mid-atlantic dialect area centered on Pennsylvania, early on the migration from the north of England, then mostly immigrants from Ireland, Scotland, in addition to the settled in Pennsylvania, but New Jersey and Delaware. Then enter the immigration and Dutch, German, Swedish.
The south dialect area in Virginia for the earliest core area. Immigration from England, about half of them are from southwest England. Later, as the United States across the Appalachian mountains to the west development, advances three dialects areas vary. New England dialect in addition to the around the great lakes south bank, also appeared to Seattle, San Francisco and Salt Lake City as the center of the island in three languages. The mid-atlantic dialect into Ohio, west to the south, the north border, became the biggest dialect area.
㈧ 英語作文新東方的發展歷程
November 16, 1993, the Beijing New Oriental School holds.
In 1996, the first New Oriental bookstore born.
2000, in Shanghai, Guangzhou New Oriental School have set up. In December, New Oriental Ecation Online founded, officially entered the field of distance ecation.
In 2001, New Oriental Ecation & Technology Group was set up.
In 2002, Wuhan, Tianjin, Xi'an, Nanjing New Oriental School have been established, the founder of Elite English Learning Center, to advance the high-end English training market.
June, invest 320 million yuan to build a new East Yangzhou New Oriental Foreign Language School.
In August, the New Oriental invested 200,000 yuan in Heyang County in Shaanxi Province with the construction of the first of the new home Zhuang Zhenxing East Hope Primary School.
In October, the Communist Youth League Central, the National Federation and the new East jointly organized the "light of hope" English instructors west large lecture tour. 30 lecturers toured university Yan'an, Jinggangshan, Lhasa, 15 west of the city, covering more than 100,000 university students.
In 2003, Shenyang, Chongqing, Cheng, Shenzhen have set up the New Oriental School.
In the same year, the Communist Youth League Central, the National Federation and New Oriental jointly organized the "Youth Learning Initiative" National public speaking tour activities started three years a total of 24 provinces and universities nearly 300 000 120 university students, field instructors listened New Oriental speech.
May, New Oriental Dayu Culture Communication Co., Ltd. established the East has entered a new book and periodicals publishing.
In 2004, New Oriental POP Kids English brand was born.
February, Beijing New Oriental future abroad Consulting Ltd. was established carry out a comprehensive study consulting and other related services.
In 2005, Hangzhou, Changsha, Harbin, Jinan, Taiyuan, Zhengzhou, Changchun, Xiangfan New Oriental School holds.
In March, Beijing New Oriental Cheng Xun Network Technology Co., Ltd. was established officially opened www.koolearn.com domain.
Communist Youth League Central, the National Federation and New Oriental jointly organized the "dream trip - Chinese Students inspirational lecture series" national speaking tour activities open. Go to the country each year hundreds of high schools and universities for high school students learning to bring to life the theme of inspirational and exciting lectures.
2006 in Fuzhou, Hefei, Kunming, Shijiazhuang, Suzhou, Zhuzhou, Yichang, Anshan, Foshan and other places have set up the New Oriental School.
September 7, New Oriental was successfully listed on the New York Stock Exchange, becoming the first ecational institution in the United States listed Chinese mainland.
2007 in Nanchang, Wuxi, Jingzhou, Dalian have set up the New Oriental School.
In March, the New Oriental Preschool Development Center (Beijing New Oriental Starry Ecation Advisory Ltd.) was established.
April, "Wuhan New Oriental School Ecation Assistance base" in Hubei Province minors correctional established.
In June, the New Oriental invested 50 million yuan, with the Communist Youth League Central, the National Federation jointly set up a "Chinese Students fifty-four Award Fund - New Oriental self-fund." 10 consecutive years, each year the "Western New Oriental impoverished college students special grants" for the 750 students in western universities, to provide "New Oriental self-Star Scholarship" for the 910 college students nationwide.
In June, the New Oriental invested 10 million yuan, and China Ecation Development Foundation jointly set up a "China Ecation Development Foundation, New Oriental Ecation Fund," designed to help poor children and school areas.
In November, New Oriental International High School Project Department was established.
In November, the US Ecational Testing Service (ETS) and the new East signed a strategic cooperation agreement.
2008 in Lanzhou, Xiamen, Qing, Nanning, Huangshi, Ningbo and other places have set up the New Oriental School.
February, Guangzhou by Guangzhou New Oriental School of Spiritual Civilization Construction Committee Office commissioned to write "welcome the Asian Games in English 100", as the study of Guangzhou City, "welcome the Asian Games, everyone to learn English" activity book.
In May, after the 5 • 12 Wenchuan earthquake, the New Oriental Ecation & Technology Group Chairman and CEO Michael Yu first time rushed to the disaster area, and sent relief supplies. New Oriental has a total donation to nearly 2,000 yuan, and sent three batches of the new East volunteers rushed to the disaster relief and assistance to carry out psychological reopening of schools work.
In August, the New Oriental and NLD Central Joint start "candlelight action - New Oriental teacher social responsibility" activities.
In October, the New Oriental Ecation Research and Family Guidance Center was established at the same time, "New Oriental family ecation in China" National public speaking tour activity to start.
In December, as the 24th World Winter Games in cooperation with students, Harbin New Oriental School, "the 24th World University Winter Games city volunteer service stations," the opening, at the same time, "Harbin New Oriental School Winter phone free translator Line" project started, as the majority of Western tourists provide assistance.
March 2009, the establishment of the New Oriental School in Xuzhou.
In November, the New Oriental Neolink secondary ecation management center set up across the country.
In December, the New Oriental to become "China 2010 Shanghai World Expo urban civilization volunteers language training partner," we have to provide language training for 300,000 city volunteers Expo. It was awarded the "China 2010 Shanghai World Expo volunteer work Outstanding Contribution Award" title Shanghai World Expo Executive Committee.
In 2010 the establishment of the New Oriental School in Xiangtan, Zhenjiang, Luoyang, Nantong, and other places.
In July, Beijing Changping Foreign Language School was founded.
2011 New Oriental New Oriental have opened schools in Jilin, Guiyang, Hohhot, Tangshan, Urumqi and other places.
April, LONDON www.xdf.cn new on-line.
In June, the New Oriental Ecation Group to join US Maige Xi jointly create Maige Sen international ecation.
September, to launch a new Oriental "I believe the future" national public speaking tour, into 32 cities, more than 260 universities from 25 million people to the scene to listen.
2012 facts and rapid response research firm Muddy Waters beat the United States for New Oriental allegations.
In June, Beijing International Travel Co., Ltd. was founded Wokai De.
September 2013, Mr Yu became chairman Geng Dan College, New Oriental indirectly into the academic ecation of private universities.
In September, New Oriental Ecation Research Institute established instry.
㈨ 英語80字左右作文(關於英語發展史)
Historical development of the English language can be divided into three phases, namely: old English ,medieval English and modern English .When English change into modern English stage.Foreign words into English in more than 50 languages, such as French, German, Russian and so on. This means that English is coming modern English
㈩ 英語作文,手機的發展史80詞
The Development Of Mobile Phone
Imperceptibly mobile phone into our life has been more than 30 years. As peoples living standards improve mobile phone has graally from the luxury development up to now has become very popular consumer electronic procts. Review of mobile phone development p p p process whether from the appearance or function have turn the world upside down changes. Mobile phone development is also passed through a time change before the formation of the now variety of shapes a variety of functions rather than a single communication tools.The worlds first mobile phone