『壹』 求自考英語閱讀1 第4篇文章american social relations的翻譯
American Social Relations
Gladys G.Doty Janet Ross
American society is much more informal than that of many other countries and, in some ways, is characterized by less social distinction. The American mixture of pride in achievement and sense of 「』m just as good as anybody else.」 along with lack of importance placed on personal dignity, is difficult for a foreigner to understand. Americans in general do not like to be considered inferior, and they grumble loudly about inconveniences or not getting a 「fair deal.」 Yet they do not make a point of their personal honor. As an illustration of the difference between Europen and American reflection in this respect, John Whyte in American Words and Ways gives the following account.
A…[European] professor [visiting in American] was once sent a bil for hospital services which he had never enjoyed. The bill was accompanied by a strong letter demanding payment. It was obvious that a mistake in names had been made, but the professor, thoroughly aroused by this reflection on his character and financial integrity, wrote a vigorous letter of reply ( which an American might also have done.) But in this letter of reply he demanded that the creditor write him a formal letter of apology… for this reflection on his honor. Since no publicity could possibly have been given to the mistake, for mistake it was, most Americans in that sitution, after getting the matter off their chest ( or without doing that ) would have let the matter rest.
An example of the same thing may be that although Americans like to talk about their accomplishments, it is their custom to show certain modesty in reply to compliments. When someone praises an American upon his achievement or upon his personal appearance, which, incidentally, is a very polite thing to do in America, the American turns it aside. If someone should say, 「Congratulations upon being elected president of the club,」 an American is expected to reply, 「Well, I hope I can do a good job,」 or something of the sort. Or if someone says, 「That』s a pretty blue necktie you are wearing,」 an American is likely to say, 「I』m glad you like it,」 or 「Thank you. My wife gave it to me for my birthday.」 The response to a compliment seldom conveys the idea, 「I, too, think I』m pretty good.」
Likewise, there are fewer social conventions that show social differences in America. Students do not rise when a teacher enters the room. One does not always address a person by his title, such as 「Professor」 or 「Doctor」 (「Doctor」 is always used, however, for a doctor fo medicine). The respectful 「sir」 is not always used in the northern and western parts of the country.
Clothing in America, as in every place in the world, to a certain degree reflects a person』s social position and income, or, at least among the young, his attitudes toward society or toward himself. Yet no person is restricted to a certain uniform or manner of dress because of his occupations or class in society. A bank president may wear overalls to paint his house and is not ashamed of either the job or the clothing, and a common laborer may wear a rented tuxedo at his daughter』s wedding.
Yet in spite of all the informality, America is not completely without customs that show consciousness of social distinction. For example, one is likely to use somewhat more formal language when talking to superiors. While the informal 「Hello」 is an acceptable greeting from employee to employer, the employee is more apt to say, 「Hello, Mr. Ferguson,」 whereas the emplyer may reply, 「Hello, Jim.」 Southerners make a point of saying 「Yes,sir,」 or 「Yes,ma』am,」 or 「No,sir,」 or 「No, ma』am,」 when talking to an older person or a person in position of authority. Although this is a good form all over the United States, 「Yes, Mr. Weston.」 or 「No, Mrs. Baker」 is somewhat more common in a similar situation in the North or West.
Certain other forms of politeness are observed on social occasions. Though people wear hats less now than in the past, women still occasionally wear hats in church and at public social functions ( except those that are in the evening ).
In American there are still customs by which a man may show respect for a woman. He opens the door for her and lets her precede him through it. He walks on the side of the walk nearest the street. He takes her arm when crossing a street or descending a stairway. A younger person also shows respect for an older one in much the same fashion, by helping the older person in things requiring physical exertion or involving possible accident.
American surface informality often confuses the foreigner because he interprets it to mean no formality at all. He does not understand the point at which informality stops. A teacher, though friendly, pleasant, and informal in class, expects students to study hard, and he grades each student』s work critically and carefully. He also expects to be treated with respect. Although students are free to ask questions about statements made by the teacher, and may say that they disagree with what he says, they are not expected to contradict him. Similarly, in boy-girl relationships a foreign student should not mistake the easy relationship and flattery that are part of the dating pattern in the United States, nor presume that it means more than it does.
Also, because an American is perhaps more likely to admit and laugh at his own mistakes than one who stands more on his dignity, a foreigner sometimes does not know how to handle the American』s apparent modesty. The American is quite ready to admit certain weaknesses, such as 「I never was good at mathematics.」 「I』m a rotten tennis player.」 or 「I』m the world』s worst bridge player.」 However, the stranger must not be too quick to agree with him. American think it is all right, even sporting, to admit a defect in themselves, but they feel that it is almost an insult to have someone else agree. A part of American idea of good aportmanship is the point of being generous to a loser. This attitude is carried over into matters that have nothing to do with competition. If a man talks about his weak points, the listener says something in the way of encouragement,or point to other qualities in which the speaker excels. An American student reports that when he was in a foreign country he was completely stunned when he said to a native, 「I don』t speak your language very well.」 and the native replied, 「I should say you don』t.」 In a similar situation an American would have commented, 「Well, you have only been here two months.」 or 「But you』re making progress.」
Although Americans are quite informal, it is best for a foreigner, in case of doubt, to be too formal rather than not formal enough. Consideration for others is the basis of all courtesy.
美國的社會比其他國家的社會更加非正式，在某些方面，美國社會的特徵就是較少的社會差別。美國式的混合物－個人的成就感、不比別人差的優越感以及對個人尊嚴缺乏重要性，這些對一個外國人來說是很難理解的。通常來講美國人不喜歡被別人看成低人一等的，他們也會為自己遭受的不便而抱怨，還會為自己沒有得到公平的待遇而抱怨。然而，他們也不是很重視自己的榮譽。在這一方面，為了更好展示歐洲人和美國人的不同反映，John Whyte 在《美國語言和方式》這本書里給了我們如下的描述。
有位歐洲的教授曾在美國訪問，他有次收到一份在醫院接受治療的賬單，實際上他並沒有接受過任何治療。隨附賬單還有一封措施很強烈的信件。很明顯這是因為把姓名弄錯了，但是這位教授由於對信中對自己人格以及金錢方面的廉潔而提出的質疑感到不舒服，他也寫了一份措辭很激烈的回信。（美國人也會這樣去做）。但是在這份回信中，這位歐洲教授要求他的債權人寫一份正式的道歉信，就因為對他人格的指責。由於這樣的錯誤並沒有被公眾知悉，即使這樣的錯誤已經發生了，但大多數美國人在這種形勢下，只是將其宣洩一番，甚至有的人根本就不用宣洩，就讓這件事情過去了。
同樣的事情我再給你舉一個例子，盡管美國人比較喜歡討論自己的成就，但是他們有個習俗，那就是如果你得到某種贊美時，你的回答要展示某種謙虛。當有人在贊美一個美國人諸如他的成就或外貌的時候，這些話題在美國被認為是很有禮貌的事情，他也不會太在意。如果有人對一個美國人說：「祝賀你當選俱樂部主席」，他會回答「我希望把工作做好」或者諸如詞類的話語。當有人說：「你打的領結很漂亮」，而美國人會說「我很高興你喜歡它」或者「謝謝你，這是我妻子送給我的生日禮物」。所有對這種贊美的回答從來都不會傳達這樣的含義即「我也認為我挺不錯的」 同樣的，在美國也很少有那種社會習俗來表現這種社會差異。當老師進教室的時候，學生是不起立的。也不經常在一個人的名字前面加一些頭銜，比如教授或博士。（DOCTOR 如果從醫葯學方面來稱呼也是可以的）。表示尊敬含義的SIR在美國北部和西部也是很少使用的。
在美國正如在世界上其他地方一樣，從某種意義上，人的穿著會反映其社會地位和收入，或者至少在年輕人當中可以反映這個社會或者自己的態度。但是由於自已的職業或社會地位，沒有任何一個只局限穿一種特定的制服或選擇某種特定的穿衣方式。一個銀行的行長在粉刷自己房子的時候會穿工裝服，而且不會因這種工作和穿衣的方式而感到羞愧。而一個普通勞動者在自己女兒的婚禮上也會租穿一件無尾燕尾服。
盡管有諸如此類非正式的東西，但是美國也並不是完全沒有習俗來展現這種社會差別意識。例如，但一個人跟他的上司說話的時候，他會用更加正式的語言。盡管非正式語言HELLO可以用於雇員和僱主之間，但對於一個雇員來說，他更傾向於使用HELLO,MR FERGUSON，而上司回答時可以直接回答HELLO JIM。當跟一個年長者或者權位更高的人說話時，美國南方人主張說YES SIR 或YES MA』AM 或NO, SIR或NO, MA』MA。盡管這樣的稱謂在全美國被認為是一種很好的稱謂形式，但是在美國北部或西部，人們還更傾向於稱YES,MR WESTON或NO,MRS BAKER。某種表示禮貌的形式可以在社交場合會看到的。盡管現在的人不像過去那麼經常帶帽子，但是女性在教堂或一些公眾慶祝宴會時會帶上帽子的（當然這些場合如果發生在晚上就不用了）
在美國仍然還有些習俗，男士們通過這些習慣來表現對女士的尊敬。他會給女士開門，而且讓女士先進入。男士也會走在更靠近街道的人行道。當穿過一條階段或下樓梯時，男士會扶著女士。一個年輕人同樣也會表示對年長者的尊敬，他們通過幫助他們做一些費體力的活或一些引發事故的活。
美國人這種表面上的非正式性會讓一個外國人迷惑，因為他認為美國人的這種非正式性意味著沒有正式性而言。但是他並不知道美國人的這種非正式性會在哪裡變成了正式性，比如一個老師在課堂上看起來友好、和善，在課堂上也表現的非正式，但老師要求學生努力學習，並且在批改作業時是很嚴格和仔細的。而且這位老師也同樣希望學生能尊敬他。盡管學生對老師的陳述自由提出問題，而且也可以表達對老師觀點的不同意，但是這些學生也不能駁斥老師的觀點。同樣，在男孩和女孩交往的過程中，一個外國學生也不要對美國人在約會里表現的親近關系或奉承的話語而誤會，不要認為他們還有更深層次的含義。同樣，因為比那些經常想保持自己尊嚴的人來說，美國人非常有可能承認和嘲笑他自己的錯誤、缺點。但是有時外國人不知道怎麼處理美國人這種表面的謙虛。美國人很容易承認自己的某些弱點，諸如「我的數學不好」，「我的網球打的很爛」或者說「我的橋牌打的也是出奇的差」，但是，這個時候對於一個陌生人不能隨聲附和。美國人認為，承認自己的一些弱點沒有什麼，即使是運動項目不行，但是如果別人對他們謙虛的話語表示同意，他們認為這是對他們若大的侮辱。美國競技精神的一部分就是對失敗者要賦予同情和慷慨。這種態度從體育競技中被帶入到跟體育競技一點關系都沒有的事情當中了。如果一個人談及自己的弱點時，聽者一般都會以鼓勵來回應或指出失敗者在其他領域是很擅長的。一個美國的學生講到，有次他去國外時，當他對當地人說：「我說你們的語言說的不好」，而對方回應到「我也這么認為」，他被當地人的回答驚呆了。當然，在同樣的情勢下，一個美國人將會回應到「你來這里才剛兩個月而已」 或者說「但是你取得進步了」。
盡管美國人好像十分不正式，但對於一個外國人，尤其在不知道情況下，你最好盡可能正式的對待。總是考慮別人是所以禮儀的基礎。
『貳』 考研英語一2013年第一篇閱讀overdressed is the fashion world's answer to ……中的answer to的意思
answer to
1.
(對刺激)起反應源，對…有反應；響應；產生做用(或效果):
The cow answered to its cowboy's touch.
牛對牛仔的輕擊做出了反應。
2.
對(…的稱呼)做出反應；名叫，叫做：
The child answers only to its nickname.
你只有叫那孩子的外號，他才答應。
3.
負有責任，對…負責，為…的後果負責，須做交代，對…負責做出解釋，向…負責說明：
The directors had to answer to the stock holders for loss.
該損失董事們要向股東做出交代。
4.
與(描述等)相符，和…相合；像：
He answers to the description.
他與描述相符。
5.
適合於，符合：
That answers precisely to our need.
那正符合我們的需要。
6.
(飛機、船、汽車等)對…做出反應；聽從(使喚、控制)，服從：
The sails are not answering to our pull on the ropes.
我們拉繩風帆不聽使喚。
『叄』 09年的考研英語真題閱讀第四篇中的一句，求翻譯求詳細講解
據許多書籍和文章，新英格蘭的領袖們建立了一個展開的基本主題和關注，美國知識分子生活中佔主導地位的清教傳統。
望採納！
『肆』 2011考研英語一閱讀第四篇得分率
比較難
多積累一些詞彙，然後學一些語法！一定要攻克詞彙和短語，要內熟練，
學一些你比容較感興趣的英語知識，上課需要認真聽講，下課及時的做筆記，
養成背單詞的好習慣，經常復習以前學過的知識！英語學習起來並不是很難，
只要你用心去學，相信你一定會成功
『伍』 如圖摘自2012年考研英語二中的閱讀第四篇，想請問一下紅線最後為什麼是that are求賜教。
it is …that 是強調句的結構，所以that 和are之間沒有關系，用are是因為它的主語是the masses,這是一個復數名詞。
『陸』 1994年的考研英語閱讀第四篇，裡面這個翻譯的再是不是有誤
其實翻譯的是對的，再耐心的結合上下文你就能發現，文章表達的意思是，隨著醫療條件改善，患癌人群存活率將在原來的基礎上得到提高，也就是說患癌人群可以活的再久一點
『柒』 五年級英語閱讀專練第四篇閱讀答案
一、1.This is my head. ( B ) 2. What are you doing? ( A ) 3. There is a cat on the bed. ( B ) 4. In spring, the leaves are green. ( A ) 5. Thank you very much. ( C ) 6. I usually wash clothes on the weekend. ( A ) 7.I usually write an e-mail to my grandma on Sunday . ( B ) 8. My birthday is Oct.12th. ( C ) 9. Where are Amy and ChenJie ? They are running to us . ( C ) 10. Look, her come two tigers . ( B ) 二、1. Today is April 3rd. ( × ) 2. I like spring best . ( √ ) 3. My mother is writing an e-mail to my uncle. (√ ) 4. I usually eat dinner at 7:30 in the evening . ( × ) 5. Amy is catching buterflies . (× ) 6. What do you do in the evening? I often read books. ( × ) 7. What is Zoom doing ? He』s counting insects . ( √ ) 8. Look , the mother panda is sleeping . ( × ) 9. Can tigers climb trees ? No, they can』t . ( × ) 10. What』s the date today? It』s March 12th. ( √ ) 三．1. Are you from China? ( B ) 2. What』s the weather like in spring? ( C ) 3. What』s your aunt doing ? ( A ) 4. Happy birthday. ( C ) 5. What is the bird doing ? ( B ) 8 四．. I usually get up at 7:15. 2. What』s your favourite season? I like fall best. 3. Why do you like fall? Because it』s always cool. 4. When is your birthday? It』s in May. 5. Sarah is watching insects . 五．A: Hello, Amy. What』s the weather like today? B: It』s cold . A: What is the date today? B: It』s December 2nd. It』s my birthday. A: Oh, really? What do you usually do on your birthday? B: I usually get up early . Then I take candy to my class. In the evening, we have a big dinner and eat a birthday cake. A: Happy birthday to you. B: Thanks. (× , √ , × , √ , × ) 六、G D B F C 七、( A.) √×√√× (B) 1.B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B 八、hot , swim , rains , plant , apples , Winter , cold, Sometimes , ski , snowman 九、1.What do you do on the weekend? 2. Are you listening to music? 3. What are the bears doing ? 4. What』s the weather like today ? 5. What is the date today?
『捌』 2009年考研英語閱讀第四篇為什麼是最難的一篇
妹妹
難與不難
不是某個人決定的
而是考試中心在成績出來之後統計的結果
難說明這道題答對率低
但是很可能你能答對
加油吧
『玖』 考研英語閱讀是第四篇最難嗎
不是。考研的文章是摘自各大外媒報紙，然後再改寫的。人文社科，各種類型的文章都有。看你比較不擅長哪一類文章吧。不擅長的就是最難的
『拾』 求英語周報高三課標2013-2014學年第19期報紙的ABCD四篇閱讀的翻譯 求英語周報高三課標2
阿飛非非凡非凡非凡非凡非凡非凡非凡非凡非凡方法