⑴ 初中科普英語趣味閱讀百篇的翻譯
兄弟:只要你能把英語原文發過來,我都給你翻譯.
E-mail:[email protected]
⑵ 有關科普的英語文章
Our water poloSomeone says, our earth should be called water polo. This makes some sense, because we live in this planet with water, and 71% of the surface area occupied by water. The astronaut, the earth is a blue ball, very bright, the sun family of the one and only. The earth's water is very great, a total volume of 1386000000 cubic km. Among them, 96.5% in the ocean; 1.76% in glaciers, permafrost, snow cover, is a solid state; 1.7% in the ground; the remaining, lakes, rivers, dispersed in the atmosphere and organisms. So we can say, from heaven to earth, from land to ocean, water everywhere in the world.Shaking heaven and earth 's water cycle, all the water in the world is a linked system. Sea water in the sunlight irradiation, continuous evaporation, water vapor to diffuse in the ocean; a portion of the vapor is airflow to freeze over land, it condenses into small droplets, into the cloud, and falls to the ground is rain or snow; snow water landing, some flow into the pit, or into the ground, some into the minor groove, sinks into the river, to the sea. Numerous small water drops is kept in the world tourism. Water cycle to ensure human fresh water supply. Know the circulation of water, and you can explain: cloud's hometown in where? Why is a river in day and night is always the stream never stops flowing.? Why thousands of years, so many rivers flow into the ocean, but the ocean not overflow?Fresh water where the water on the earth, although large quantities, and can directly use it in proction and life, and has a small. First of all, sea salt and bitter, not drinking, not pouring in, it will be difficult for the instry. Secondly, freshwater total consumption 2.6% the left and right sides, most of them ( 99%), frozen in away from human two north-south and permafrost, cannot use, less than 1% of fresh water, they are scattered in the lakes, rivers and under the ground. And the whole world total water volume as a drop in the bucket compared, fresh water
⑶ 求一段科普類的文章（要翻譯成英語）
科普類
北風上傳以下:
《宇宙》
伊甸園的飛龍
上帝擲骰子嗎 ——量子物理史話
數字化生回存答
時間簡史——從大爆炸到黑洞
時間簡史續編
火與冰——核冬天
科學發現的邏輯
裸猿
魔鬼出沒的世界
黑洞、嬰兒宇宙及其他
終極理論之夢
原子中的幽靈
赤淼上傳以下:
上帝與新物理學
外星文明的探索卡爾薩根.zip
世界恐龍圖鑒(強烈推薦,精美無比)
從牛頓定律到愛因斯坦相對論
阿基米德的報復(強烈推薦!文件小)
J粒子的解謎人(強烈推薦!文件小)
莎士比亞牛頓貝多芬(同上)
統一之路(推薦)
可怕的對稱(同上,文件小)
誇克與美洲豹(同上)
物理學的歷史和哲學
果殼里的宇宙(還用推薦嗎?宇宙人都知道)
⑷ 初中科普英語趣味閱讀百篇全部翻譯
自己用翻譯軟體試試。
⑸ 求一篇英語科普文章，英文版本及其翻譯，3000字左右。
現代人的歷史可追溯到約20萬年前
Human Fossils Dated to 195,000 Years
摘要：
對化石的深入分析使現代人的歷史可以追溯到19.5萬年以前。
Researchers determined that the specimens are around 195,000 years old.
對化石的深入分析使現代人的歷史可以追溯到19.5萬年以前。通過對1967年於非洲衣索比亞出土的人類骨骼化石進行新一輪的分析研究，科學家日前確定，這些化石的歷史比先前認為的還要早大約6.5萬年。這一結論說明，現代人類的化石記錄可以追溯到大約20萬年以前。
據美聯社1月16日報道，科學家們認為，這些化石大約有19.5萬年的歷史，比人們以前推測的還要早6.5萬年。遺傳學研究曾推測，智人（即現代人）應起源於大約20萬年以前，而這項新的研究結果恰好與遺傳學研究結果相一致。
這些智人遺骨化石是於1967年在衣索比亞的奧莫河（omo）四周被發掘出來的。出土的包括一些頭骨和軀干骨的化石殘片。當時，科學家將這些化石稱為現代智人（Homo sapiens）化石，並將其歷史暫定為13萬年。
日前，美國紐約Stony Brook大學的約翰·弗利格爾和他的同事通過考察化石出土地點，並利用更先進的時間測定儀器分析當地的地質結構和岩石標本，他們發現這些化石應該具有19.5萬年的歷史。（其中答應有5000 年的誤差）
科學家認為，重新修訂的時間使「現代人起源於非洲」這一理論更具說服力。日期的提前讓這些早期現代人有更充足的時間發展他們的文化屬性，使他們從非洲大陸分散到亞歐各地。報道說，在此之前，被認為是最古老的智人遺骨化石是由美國科學家1997年在衣索比亞發現的，該化石的歷史約為16萬年。
一個多世紀以來，智人的起源是人類進化研究中根本性的重大問題。許多科學家認為，智人與人類更原始的祖先一樣，發源於非洲。但也有科學家提出，智人是在世界不同地區分別發展起來的。（王高山）
A new analysis of bones unearthed nearly 40 years ago in Ethiopia has pushed the fossil record of modern humans back to nearly 200,000 years ago perhaps close to the dawn of the species.
Researchers determined that the specimens are around 195,000 years old. Previously, the oldest known fossils of Homo sapiens were Ethiopian skulls dated to about 160,000 years ago.
Genetic studies estimate that Homo sapiens arose about 200,000 years ago, so the new research brings the fossil record more in line with that, said John Fleagle of Stony Brook University in New York, an author of the study.
The fossils were found in 1967 near the Omo River in southwestern Ethiopia. One location yielded Omo I, which includes part of a skull plus skeletal bones. Another site proced Omo II, which has more of a skull but no skeletal bones. Neither specimen has a complete face.
Although Omo II shows more primitive characteristics than Omo I, scientists called both specimens Homo sapiens and assigned a tentative age of 130,000 years.
Now, after visiting the discovery sites, analyzing their geology and testing rock samples with more modern dating techniques, Fleagle and colleagues report in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature that both specimens are 195,000 years old, give or take 5,000 years.
Fleagle said the more primitive traits of Omo II may mean the two specimens came from different but overlapping Homo sapiens populations, or that they just represent natural variation within a single population.
To find the age of the skulls, the researchers determined that volcanic rock lying just below the sediment that contained the fossils was about 196,000 years old. They then found evidence that the fossil-bearing sediment was deposited soon after that time.
Paul Renne, director of the Berkeley Geochronology Center, which specializes in dating rocks, said the researchers made "a reasonably good argument" to support their dating of the fossils.
"It's more likely than not," he said, calling the work "very exciting and important."
⑹ 英語科普文章翻譯
：天文學家發現一對中子星（中子星）在軌道上互相噴湧出光束的輻射。兩個物體都是脈沖星（脈沖星） ，快速閃爍和關閉脈沖能量。一個是第二脈沖率44倍。通過學習輻射，天文學家希望第一時間了解中子星密度。
⑺ 兒童英語科普故事帶翻譯
Two Little Monkeys
兩只猴子
The monkey mother has two little monkeys. She likes the younger, not the other.
猴媽媽生了兩個猴子。她喜歡年幼的小猴子而不喜歡年長的大猴子。
One day, they were playing in a forest when a wolf came，running at them. The monkey ran away with the younger monkey in a hurry and left the older alone. She climbed up a tree and held the younger in her arms.
一天，他們正在森林裡玩的時候，一隻狼來了並向他們撲去。猴子匆忙帶著小猴子跑了，單獨留下大猴子。她跑著小猴子爬到樹上。
After some time, the wolf went away slowly. The monkey took the baby out of her arms. She was surprised to see that the baby had died, for the baby was held in arms toohighly. Very long time later, she remembered to look for the older baby. The older baby was hiding in a wood. So he saved himself.
過些時候，狼慢慢地離開了。母猴從他的懷里放下小猴子。她吃驚的發現猴寶寶已經死了，因為小猴子在她的懷里被摟地太緊了。過了很長時間，她才想起去尋找那隻大猴子。大猴子藏在一個大洞里，他救了自己。
望採納，謝謝
⑻ 幾篇科普文章翻譯~英翻中!
海洋今天
一個腳趾頭浸在任何海洋與您聯系的世界上所有的海洋因為它們是一個連續的質量。最大的大片被稱為海洋，而較小的（通常接近或部分封閉的，土地）被稱為海域。三分之二的地球表面所覆蓋的海水使高達百分之九十七地球的整個供水。海水的溫度不同，它是在寒冷的表面在極地區域比在熱帶地區。一般而言，海水得到更冷與深度。海水的含鹽量不同，在saltiest水域（如沙漠約束紅海的高蒸發率和很少的淡水流入） ，以一個最不咸（波羅的海那裡是一個高的淡水流入從河流） 。
世界五大海洋，從最大到最小，是太平洋，大西洋，印度洋，南區，和北極。太平洋覆蓋1.53億平方公里，約13倍的規模北冰洋。北冰洋的中心是永久覆蓋了一層海冰生長較大的冬季和夏季縮小融化。超過一半的南大洋還凍結在冬季和海冰仍在大陸邊緣的南極在夏季。平均深度為所有的海洋與三六五〇米最深的部分在太平洋上10924米在馬里亞納海溝，東部的菲律賓。
海洋結構
海岸線
海岸線是在海洋符合土地。在植物和動物，要求這個過渡區家中有趣的修改。一些生物體使淺水水域岸邊家園。其他生活在陸地上，但調整到更高水平的鹽在自己的環境。
潮間帶
潮間帶是該地區面臨的高和低潮汐。在潮間帶的一部分，每天花費在露天和其餘每天花費包括在海洋水。高潮帶來的營養和食品。當它出門，潮流與需要的產品和廢物分散卵和幼蟲。
Sublittoral區
海底區域的擴大意味著從低水（ 40-60米）的深度約200米，或邊緣的大陸架，超出這一最豐富的重視植物並沒有增長。
深海區
在深海區延伸的深度從1000至4000米以下的表面。其平均氣溫徘徊在4 ℃左右。日光沒有達到這個區域，因此它被稱為午夜區。魷魚，章魚，海星是共同在這一地區。
⑼ 求一篇一百字左右的英語科普文，越簡單越好，是科普類型就好，初中、小學水平都可以，及翻譯
PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD SCIENCE
Anyway, even if one wanted to, one couldn't put the clock back to an earlier age. Knowledge and techniques can't just be forgotten. Nor can one prevent further advances in the future. Even if all government money for research were cut off (and the present government is doing its best), the force of competition would still bring about advances in technology. Moreover, one cannot stop inquiring minds from thinking about basic science, whether or not they are paid for it. The only way to prevent further developments would be a global state that suppressed anything new, and human initiative and inventiveness are such that even this wouldn't succeed. All it would do is slow down the rate of change.
⑽ 給我15篇英語短文(7篇科普文其餘不限,200字左右,要中文翻譯)
I. CASE BACKGROUND
1. Abstract:
This website aims to analyze the key events leading to the construction of the Panama Canal, and detail certain environmental and tactical problems that threaten the canal today. The website historically examines why people wanted to construct the Panama Canal and details the efforts that lead to the construction of the canal. The website will also go into detail on how the U.S. supported the liberation of Panama, the decisive strategies it implemented to complete the canal, and a brief overview of events that take us to today's situation with the canal. Finally, the website ends on how environmental problems of deforestation and fresh water loss coincide to threaten the maintenance of the canal as well as its proposal to increase capacity to satisfy rising demands.
2. Description:
There has been a strong desire to have a canal run through the Central American isthmus since the early 16th century when the Spanish dominated the region. They sought to build a canal to achieve an easier route to access their colonies on the Atlantic and Pacific sides. Though, the Spanish government had plans in place no action was taken. Interest intensified to build a canal when gold was discovered in California in 1848. American settlers, looking for land and gold, wanted a quicker route than making the arous trek across the continental U.S. In 1850, an international expedition composed of Colombia, France, Britain and the U.S. went to explore a claim made by Dr. Edward Cullen on how to cross the Darien Gap, the shortest distance between the tide waters of the Atlantic and Pacific in the Americas. The U.S. expedition, led by Navy Lieutenant Isaac Strain, arrived early and went into the Darien Gap without Cullen's guidance. Most of Strain's men died on the misguided expedition and Strain declared that a canal built through the Darien Gap was "impracticable." (McCullough, 22-23) In 1870, Commander Thomas Selfridge took two expeditions through the Darien Gap and followed Dr. Cullen's trail. While his first expedition faced many hardships getting from the Atlantic side to the Pacific, his expedition made it. Selfridge added insight on how the canal should be built, saying it must be "through-cut," at sea level. (McCullough, 44)
Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps was not an engineer or an architect, he was an entrepreneur extraordinaire. "He had all the nerve, persistence, dynamic energy, a talent for propaganda, a capacity for deception and imagination." (53, McCullough) With his outgoing social manner and his dream firmly in place, de Lesseps made the construction of the Suez Canal happen. He was the chairman and president of the Suez Canal Company and was the charmed guardian for the fortunes of all his shareholders. De Lesseps had fascinating dreams that kept the public enthralled like railways from Paris to Moscow to Peking, or creating an inland sea in the Sahara Desert by breaking through a ridge on Tunisia's Gulf of Gabes and flooding a depression the size of Spain. (57, McCullough) He was able to handle and use money like no other man in his time. Though, in 1875 two things happened. One was the British took control of the Suez Canal, and while he remained president his influence was undercut. The second event that occurred was his decision to take on the project of building a canal between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in the Americas.
In the summer of 1875, de Lesseps declared his desire to build an inter-oceanic canal through the Americas at France's Geographical Society. (58, McCullough) In May of 1879, de Lesseps hosted a meeting with delegations of 22 countries around the world, discussing the tactics on how to build the canal. This delegation, the International Canal Congress, brought suggestions to the floor on the type and location. There was debate over whether the canal should be built in Panama or Nicaragua. When Panama was chosen, the next argument was whether it should be a sea level canal or a lock canal. De Lesseps declared that it would have to be a sea level canal. The problem of a sea level canal was seen right away in terms of the landscape that the canal was to be built on. The source of this problem was the Chagres River. "The absolutely unavoidable problem was the river. Any canal at Panama-a lock canal, a sea-level canal-would have to cross the river at least once. If a sea-level canal were cut through, the result would be a stupendous cataract. The fall of the river into the canal would be 42 feet and this measurement was based on the level of the river in the dry season, when the river was only a few feet deep. In the rainy season the river could be instantly transformed into a torrent, rising ten feet in an hour. The cost of controlling so monstrous a force-if it could be done at all-was beyond reckoning." (76, McCullough)
Nicholas Joseph Adolphe Godin, chief engineer with the French Department of Bridges and Highways, agreed with one of the American delegates that the Chagres River needed to be bridged, though he decided for that to happen there needed to be dams creating two artificial lakes. These lakes would act like the lake in Nicaragua, when the Nicaragua plan was on the table. "There would be two artificial lakes, with flights of locks, like stairs, leading up to the lakes from the two oceans. As Lake Nicaragua was the essential element in the Nicaraguan plan, providing both easy navigation and an abundant source of water for the canal, so his man-made lakes would serve at Panama." (80, McCullough) These dams would allow the Charges River to flow into the lakes, providing an endless source of water for canal use. On May 28, 1879, Panama was pronounced the proper place for the canal and a sea-level canal was the type of canal that would be built.
After de Lesseps returned to France from his three month visit to where the canal would be built, he immediately started fundraising and propagandizing the campaign. De Lesseps and France were confident; they had exceptional engineers and the experience of the Suez Canal. Though, in Panama they had to improvise. Panama was infinitely more challenging than the Suez in every aspect except for the distance and any lesson that Suez provided was useless and a hindrance. The French had to go into a thickly matted jungle that had poisonous reptiles, jaguars and pumas, and tons of insects. The summer of 1881, the French also discovered another deadly obstacle in their canal project; yellow fever and malaria. By the end of 1881 there were 2,000 men at work, including office and technical staff. As the number of laborers increased so did the death rate. By the end of 1883, 1,300 laborers had died throughout the year. While progress was being made laborers would die, at times on average of 200 per month. (McCullough, 160-161)
The rate of sickness only got worse. The worst year for the French regime in Panama was 1885, where up to forty people per day died at times. (McCullough, 172) The death toll was not the only number increasing at a rapid rate, so too was the financial cost. De Lesseps』 efforts to raise the proper money were without comparison in his time. He was truly talented at raising money for his projects and inspired many of his countrymen. Unfortunately, the conditions kept getting more arous in Panama and de Lesseps had to keep justifying to the French government to give him more money. While his efforts were valiant, on February 4, 1889, the shareholders of the original company assigned a liquidator and the French effort was brought to an end. De Lesseps could only whisper, 「It is impossible! It is shameful!」 (McCullough, 202)
While de Lesseps』 might have wanted to continue his legacy of the construction of important canals throughout the world, the U.S. had other reasons. President Theodore Roosevelt and Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan were obsessed with naval power. Sea power was necessary to facilitate trade and peaceful commerce, therefore, the country with the greatest sea power would be able to wield great influence on the world stage. Therefore, long coastlines, good harbors, and power over the Suez and the soon-to-be Panama Canal was essential. Mahan』s theories on sea power conflicted with another major geopolitical, that of Sir Halford Mackinder. Mackinder believed that spatial integration and advanced technology on the interiors of continents was essential. (http://www.list.org/~mdoyle/theory.html) Perhaps the U.S. followed Mackinder and Mahan, because before de Lesseps arrived in Panama to begin work on the canal, the U.S. controlled the Panama Railroad that went from Colon, on the Northern Atlantic side, to Panama City on the Southern Pacific side. The railroad in addition to the canal in 1914, allowed the U.S. to control nearly all commodities and ships going between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans and vice versa.
The burgeoning U.S. fleet needed to be able to move between the Caribbean and Pacific easier than taking the 18,000 mile route around South America. Secretary of State John Hay went to Colombia to negotiate the terms in buying the region so that the U.S. could start construction in the Colombian province of Panama. The Colombian Congress rejected the offer. Roosevelt who did not think highly of the Colombian government, demonstrated in this quote: "We were dealing with a government of irresponsible bandits," Roosevelt stormed. "I was prepared to . . . at once occupy the Isthmus anyhow, and proceed to dig the canal. But I deemed it likely that there would be a revolution in Panama soon." (http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining.html)1 The U.S. sent battleships outside of Colon and Panama City to prevent the Colombian army from mobilizing, while the Panamanian rebels declared independence on November 3, 1903. The U.S. guaranteed sovereignty to Panama and paid them $10 million up front in order to have control over the canal zone.
The U.S. would end up building the canal through Panama, opening up on 1914, though not without more deaths from illnesses. The U.S. did though have Dr. Gorgas who had developed treatment for Malaria and Yellow Fever, which were the main source of diseases in the region. Unlike the French who had to improvise, the Americans learned from the mistakes the French engineers made and were not bogged down by Panama』s terrain. The U.S. also shifted the engineering plan from a sea-level canal to a lock canal. In total, the U.S. suffered over 5,000 worker deaths, bringing the total to over 25,000 for the whole project over the thirty year period of the canal』s construction.
Today, the Panama Canal faces a myriad of problems that need to be fixed, should the canal continue to be effective. Deforestation of the rainforest around the canal basin could lead to water loss. Considering the canal will be operating at maximum capacity all the time in 2009, e to increased trade between Asia and the Americas, fresh water used to fill the locks is emptying out at rapid rates. While this is not a concern ring the wet season in Panama, ring the dry season, between December and April, this could turn into a potential disaster. Deforestation can also hurt the burgeoning tourist instry, should most of the wildlife around the canal basin disappear. The other main problems that the Panama Canal faces today are the amount of ships that travel through the canal each day as well as the size of the ships. Last month, the Panamanian government decided to propose an enlargement program adding two more locks, one on the Atlantic side as well as the Pacific side. These locks will be able to increase the capacity of what the canal can handle, as well as provide enough room so that the post-Panamax ships that cannot fit through the current locks will be able to use the canal. Channels will be widened for these new locks and water reutilization plants will be established. Also, Gatun Lake is set to be deepened to increase water holding capacity. (Third Set of Locks Project, Fact Sheet)
一,案例背景
1 .摘要:
這個網站旨在剖析關鍵事件導致建造巴拿馬運河,並詳細某些環境和戰術問題,威脅運河的今天.網站歷史研究的人,為什麼要興建巴拿馬運河和細節的努力,導致建造的運河.該網站也將詳述如何支持美國解放巴拿馬,具有決定性的戰略實施,完成南運河,並簡要概述事件,我們今天的局面,與運河.最後,該網站的目的,就如何把環境問題,森林和淡水的損失,同時威脅到維持運河以及其提案,以增加其容量,以滿足日益增長的需求.
2 .描述:
有一個強烈願望,有一條運河,貫穿中美洲地峽初以來, 16世紀時,西班牙為主的地區.他們試圖建立一個以運河,以達到一個更容易的途徑進入他們的殖民地,對大西洋和太平洋.雖然,西班牙政府已經准備到位,沒有採取任何行動.利息加緊修築一條運河黃金時,被發現在加州1848 .美國定居,尋找土地和黃金,想要一個便捷的路線比作艱苦跋涉,橫跨大陸,美國, 1850年,一個國際探險隊組成,哥倫比亞,法國,英國和美國去探索提出的索賠博士愛德華卡倫對如何跨越包括darien差距,最短距離潮流水域是大西洋和太平洋在美洲.美國探險隊,由海軍中尉艾薩株,提前抵達,並進入了包括darien差距卡倫的指導.大部分菌株的男人就死了誤導探險和應變宣稱運河建成通過包括darien差距,是"不切實際" ( 2.69月22-23日) 1870年,司令托馬斯空降模擬了兩次考察,通過包括darien差距,並遵循卡倫博士的線索.而他的第一次探險隊遇到了許多困難,從大西洋到太平洋,他的探險了.空降模擬洞察力,對如何運河應建說,它必須透過"禁" ,在海平面. ( 2.69 , 44 )
費迪南德瑪麗aranea不是一個工程師或建築師,他是一個企業家開講. "他所有的神經,毅力,活力,人才,為宣傳,身份詐騙和想像力" ( 53歲, 2.69億)與卸任的社會態度和夢想堅定地德aranea取得建造蘇伊士運河發生.他是董事長兼總裁蘇伊士運河公司是8548監護人的命運他的所有股東. 德aranea了迷人的夢羈市民著迷鐵路一樣,從巴黎到莫斯科到北京,或創造一個內海,在撒哈拉大沙漠中突破了里奇對突尼西亞的海灣加貝斯和洪水氣壓大小西班牙. ( 57 , 2.69 ) ,他能否有效地處理和利用這些錢,沒有其他人在他的時候.雖然,在1875年兩件事情.其一是英國控制了蘇伊士運河,而他仍然是總統,他的影響力被削弱. 第二次發生的事件,他決定採取對工程建設的一條運河與太平洋和大西洋,在美洲.
在夏季, 1875年,德aranea宣布他的願望,即建立一個跨大洋運河通過在美洲的法國地理學會的會員. ( 58 2.69 ) ,可在1879年,德aranea主持召開了各代表團, 22個國家在世界各地,討論戰術,就如何建設運河.這個代表團,國際運河國會提出建議,向地板上的類型和地點.有爭論運河應建於巴拿馬和尼加拉瓜.巴拿馬時,被選定後,另一個論點是,我們是否應該海平面運河或運河船閘.德aranea宣布,它勢必要經歷一個海平面運河.問題海平面運河被馬上從景觀,是運河將建成.這問題的根源是查格雷斯河. "絕對不可避免的,問題是河.任何運河在巴拿馬舉行了運河船閘,海平面運河將要過河至少一次.如果海平面運河被劃破,結果將是一個了不起白內障.秋季河水入運河,將42英尺這種測量是基於一級河流在旱季時,河水只有幾英尺深.在雨季河水可瞬間轉化成洪流,上升10英尺,在一個小時.成本控制等彌天的力量, 如果它可以做到在所有被清算以後. " ( 76 , 2.69 )
尼古拉約瑟夫夫奧努丁總工程師法文系,橋梁和公路,同意一個美國代表說, 查格雷斯河需要加以彌合,但他決定為做到這一點,需要有水壩形成兩個人工湖.這些湖泊會像湖中,尼加拉瓜,在尼加拉瓜計劃是放在桌上. " ,將有兩個人工湖,同航班的鐵鎖,像樓梯,導致該湖由兩大洋.至於尼加拉瓜湖是必不可少的因素,在尼加拉瓜計劃,同時提供簡單易用的導航功能和豐富的水源供運河,所以他的人造湖泊將在巴拿馬. " ( 80 , 2.69 ) ,這些水壩將使收費河流流入湖泊,提供了無盡的水源使用運河.於1879年5月28日,巴拿馬宣告各得其所,為運河和海平面運河類型運河將建成.
經過德aranea返回法國,從他3個月的訪問,而運河將建成後,他立即開始籌款和宣傳活動. aranea德和法國人的信心;他們有著非凡的工程師和經驗豐富的蘇伊士運河.雖然,在巴拿馬只好湊合.巴拿馬是無限的難度大於蘇伊士在各個方面,除了距離和任何教訓蘇伊士提供的是沒用的一個障礙.法國已經到了一個厚厚但這就是弱肉強食了有毒的爬行動物,美洲虎和美洲獅,一噸昆蟲.夏天, 1881年,法國又發現了另一個致命的障礙,他們在運河工程;黃熱病和瘧疾.截至1881年共有2000名男子在工作,包括辦公室和技術人員.隨著一系列的勞動者增加,所以沒有死亡率.截至1883年, 1300名華工死於貫穿全年.而正在取得進展,勞動者會死的時候,平均每月200 . ( 2.69 , 160-161 )
率病只有越變越糟.最差的一年,法國政權巴拿馬是1885年,有多達40人,每天死亡的時候. ( 2.69 , 172 ) ,死亡人數不僅數量增長快,所以也被財務費用.德aranea '努力提高妥善錢比較,在他的時候.他是真正的天才,在籌錢,為他的計劃,並激發他的許多同胞.不幸的是,保存條件越來越艱苦,在巴拿馬和de aranea保持了理向法國政府給他更多的錢.而他的努力得到了英勇的,對1889年2月4日,股東對原公司指定清算人和法國努力告一段落.德 aranea只能嘀咕, "這是不可能的!實在可恥! " ( 2.69 , 202 )
而德aranea '也許是想繼續他所遺留下來的建築重要的,運河在世界各地,美國也有其他原因.總統羅斯福和隊長阿爾弗雷德馬漢厭倦了痴迷的海軍實力.海上力量是必要的, 以促進貿易和商業的和平,因此,該國最大的海上力量將能發揮很大的影響力在世界舞台上.因此,有漫長的海岸線,優良的港口,電力超過蘇伊士運河和不久將巴拿馬運河是必不可少的.馬漢的理論,對海權的沖突,與另一家大型緣,爵士mackinder排出. mackinder認為,空間整合和先進技術對內飾大洲是必不可少的. ( http://www.list.org/ ~ mdoyle / theory.html )也許美國走mackinder和馬漢,因為在此之前德aranea抵達巴拿馬開始工作,對運河,美國控制巴拿馬鐵路, 1814年結腸癌,對北部大西洋一方,在巴拿馬市對南大西洋方面.鐵路除了運河, 1914年允許美國幾乎控制所有商品和船隻來往太平洋和大西洋,反之亦然.
新興的美國艦隊必須能夠來往於加勒比海和太平洋地區較容易以 18000英里的路線周圍南美洲.國務卿約翰海伊前往哥倫比亞進行談判的條件,買區域,使美國可以動工,在哥倫比亞省的巴拿馬.哥倫比亞國會拒絕了.羅斯福沒有瞧得起哥倫比亞政府表明,在此引述他的話: "我們打交道的政府不負責任的土匪, "羅斯福破門. "我當時准備.一下子占據地峽無論如何,並著手挖掘運河.但我認為它有可能將是一場革命,巴拿馬很快. " ( http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining.html ) 1美國派出戰艦之外結腸癌和巴拿馬市,以防止哥倫比亞軍隊調動,而巴拿馬叛軍宣布獨立, 1903年11月3日.美國保證主權巴拿馬向他們支付1000萬美元的前面,以控制運河區.
美國落得建設運河通過巴拿馬,開放的1914年, 雖然沒有更多的人死於疾病.美國雖然沒有博士gorgas曾研製治療瘧疾和黃熱病,其中主要來源地區的傳染病.不同於法國人來了一段即興,美國人的錯誤中汲取經驗,法國工程師了,並沒有陷入巴拿馬的地形.美國也轉向工程計劃從海平面運河鎖定運河.總起來,美國遭受了5000多名工人死亡,使總數達到 25000多名,為整個工程在過去30年期間,運河的建造.
今天,運河面臨著很多問題,需要加以固定,如果運河繼續有效.砍伐雨林圍繞運河流域可能導致水土流失.考慮到運河將滿負荷運行的所有時間,在2009年,由於之間的貿易增加,亞洲和美洲,淡水用來填補門鎖是排空出高速率.雖然這不是一個關注的雨季期間,在巴拿馬,每逢旱季, 12月至4月,這可能變成一個潛在的災難.毀林也傷害了蓬勃發展的旅遊業,應大多數野生圍繞運河流域消失.另一個主要問題是巴拿馬運河今天面臨數額的船隻穿越運河每天以及大小船隻.上個月,巴政府已經決定提出的擴大計劃,並增加了兩個鎖,一個是關於大西洋方以及太平洋側.這些鎖,將能夠提高能力,有什麼運河能處理,以及提供足夠的空間,使後巴拿馬型船舶不能適合通過這次鎖,將能夠使用運河.渠道將拓寬為這些新的門鎖和中水回用廠,將被建立.同時, gatun湖設為深化,以增加蓄水能力. (第三套船閘工程概況)