能源英語閱讀理解

1. 麻煩把英語閱讀理解的題給翻譯個大概意思，感謝啊

是不是你也因為早上起床困難而感到痛苦？這也許就是平時所說的懶，但是博士對此有一種新解釋。他證實每人每天都有一個能量周期。
在你的體力運用在你工作中的幾小時時間里，你可能說你很 " 熱 "。沒錯，一天中你覺得最精力充沛的時候正是你的身體循環周期中體溫最高的時候。
有一部分人，他們的這個高峰在中午之前。其他的人則在下午或者晚上。為什麼如此還不得而知。 但是因此出現了一些大家熟悉的對話：「起床啊， John， 你上班又要遲到了！」 可能的解釋就是John 的能量和體溫高點出現在早上。很多家庭中的爭吵在丈夫和妻子認識到這些周期的意義和其他家庭成員的周期時就結束了。你改變不了自己的周期，但是可以學著更好地適應它。Kleitman 博士相信良好的習慣會有幫助。

也許你在晚上很睏乏， 但是又感覺你一定熬夜。習慣性的熬的比你想的更晚一些，會在某種程度上抵消你的周期的作用。如果你早上的能量很低， 但是又有很重要的工作，那就比正常時間的更早一些開始做。（你的英語原文這里好像少了東西）這改變不了你的周期，但是會讓你在你能量的低點工作得更好。一個慢節奏的開始會節省你的能量。打著悠閑的哈欠，伸著懶腰起床。在床邊坐一分鍾，再在把你的腳放在地板上。為了避免一早去找干凈的衣服，前一天就把它們擺好。盡可能把日常的工作安排在午後，把需要較多精力和注意力的任務留在你狀態最好的時侯做。

2. 一篇關於能源的英語閱讀理解，文中提到日本、義大利等國家

把開頭一句網路一下就可以了

3. 六篇英語閱讀理解

Unit 8 生態環境類
Passage 1
Green peace has identified global climate change as one of the greatest threats to the planet. Governments and scientists alike have agreed that the problem is real and serious.
Last year at the climate summit in Kyoto, instrialized countries agreed, at least on paper, to rece the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases they pump into the atmosphere. But crucial details, upon which the success or failure of the agreement rests, are still under negotiation, and in the meantime little real action is being taken to address the problem.
Greenpeace is therefore campaigning for governments to face up to their responsibilities and urgently address this problem. The longer action is delayed, the more drastic it will need to be in order to avoid dangerous interference with the planet』s climate from the so-called greenhouse gases.
Governments should be leading the way to a fundamentally new energy direction based on clean renewable energy, like wind or solar power. But at present many governments instead use taxpayers』 money to support the agenda of the companies, which continue to spend billions of dollars on development of coal, oil or gas—the climate-damaging fossil fuels.
Scientists estimate that we can only afford to release a limited amount of carbon into the atmosphere, otherwise, we pass the 「safe」 limits of climate change. It is at this point that climate change happens so last that ecosystems are unable to adapt. Greenpeace believes that a temperature increase of 1℃ is the absolute maximum that should be at-lowed. The amount of carbon that we can release to keep within these limits can be calculated and is in the range of 112.5 to 337.5 billion tons of carbon over the next 100 years.
But instry already has around four times this amount of carbon—over one thousand billion tons—in existing reserves of oil, coal and gas. This means that three quarters of the oil, coal and gas already found cannot be burned if we want to avoid dangerous climate change. If we continue burning fossil fuels at present levels, the 「safe」 limit of 1℃will be reached in just 40 years. That is why we have to start recing carbon dioxide emissions immediately and prepare for an orderly phase out of fossil fuels. Greenpeace calls this the 「carbon logic」.
The oil companies alone have already found enough oil to cause dangerous climate Change. Yet they continue to look for more. And of course once they have invested in finding the oil, they will not be prepared to give up their right to pump it out and sell it. The effects on the climate could be catastrophic.

1. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Both governments and scientists have realized that global climate change is one of the
greatest threats to the planet.
B. At the climate summit in Kyoto, many countries planned to protect the atmosphere.
C. The atmosphere protection is still in the air.
D. Instrialized countries have reced the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouses they pump into the atmosphere.
2. According to the author, governments should_______.
A. support the companies to continue their development of coal, oil or gas
B. advocate the use of clean renewable energy like wind of solar power
C.not waste taxpayers』 money to develop new energy
D.prohibit the further exploration of the fossil fuels, only allowing the companies to burn the existing reserves already found
3. A suitable title for the passage is________.
A. Green peace』s International Campaign to Save the Climate
B. The Carbon Logic
C. Climate Change
D. Fossil Fuels
4. The author has a（n）________attitude towards our climate.
A. worried B. critical C. negative D. objective
5. What does the word 「catastrophic」 in Line 4 of the last paragraph mean?
A. far-reaching B. irresponsible
C. disastrous D. irrespective

【答案與解析】
1.D 本文第一段講到，綠色和平組織認為全球氣候變化是對地球的最大威脅之一，政府和科學家都已認識到這一問題非常嚴重。去年在京都的最高級會議上，發達國家至少在書面上都同意減少二氧化碳和其他引起溫室效應的氣體在大氣中的排放量，可是涉及這一協議成敗的關鍵細節仍在談判中，同時未見解決這一問題的具體行動。由此可見，A、B、C正確，D不正確。
2.B 第三段第一句話說，政府應該帶頭使用全新的能源，如風能、太陽能這些清潔、可再利用的能源。故本題選B。
3.A 全文主要講了綠色和平組織對全球氣候變化的擔憂，以及呼籲政府承擔起自己的責任，立即解決這一問題。因此文章標題應為A。

4. 英語閱讀理解

您好，
常見的命題方式：

What is the main idea of this passage?

What dose this passage mainly concern?

The main theme of this passage is_____________

The main point of the passage is___________

Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is______

The purpose of the writer writing this passage is_____

Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?

文章主題常常可以通過文章的寫作方法來體現，有以下幾種情況：

1。題句位於句首。主題句出現在文首，開門見山，提出主題，隨之用細節來解釋、支撐主題句所表達的主題思想。這是英語中最常見的演繹寫作法。2。主題句位於段末。主題句出現在文章結尾是作者採用了先擺事實，後作結論的手法。這種段落稱作歸納型段落。這是英語中最常見的歸納寫作法。3. 主題句首尾呼應。為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結尾時再次點出主題，這種首尾呼應的寫作方法也較為多見。通常，前後表述主題的句子不是簡單的重復，後面的表述往往有進一步的引申或發展的意味。4。主題句位於段落的中間。主題句出現在文章的中間，通常前面只提出問題，文章的主題由隨之陳述的細節或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導出，而後又作進一步的解釋、說明或發展。5。主題句隱含在段意之中。全文沒有明確的主題句。其中心思想包含在各個句子中，在這種情況下，讀者要把所有已知的細節綜合起來，進行邏輯推理，概括歸納出主題句。

【典例1】 The global energy crisis is approaching. What can we do? Here are some steps you can take。

Cooling puts the greatest stress on your summer energy bill and the power grid(電網). Just as a tune-up for your car can improve your gas mileage, a yearly tune-up of your heating and cooling system can improve efficiency and comfort. Clean or replaces filters monthly or as needed。

……

Drive the car that gets better gas mileage whenever possible if you own more than one vehicle. If you drive 12,500 miles a year, switching 10 percent of your trips from a car that gets 20 miles per gallon to one that gets 30 mpg will save you more than ￡65 per year。

Carpool. The average U.S. commuter(乘車上班族) could save about ￡260 a year by sharing cars twice a week with two people in a car that gets 20.1 mpg—assuming the three passengers share the cost of gas. (2008·安徽卷)

This passage is mainly about ________。

A. energy-saving tips B. fuel-saving tips

C. do-it-yourself tips D. environment-protecting tips

【解析】 本文主要介紹了如何節約能源。本文是一篇科普文章，主題很明顯，文章一開始就點明了主題，接下來整篇文章都是圍繞如何save energy展開，而save fuel僅僅只是其中的一部分。故選A。針對主旨大意類題目，應採用快速閱讀法(Skimming)瀏覽全文。在閱讀時，應特別注意文章的開頭、結尾及段落的段首句和段尾句，因為他們往往名包含文章的中心議題。

【典例2】 Domestic (馴養的) horses now pull ploughs, race in the Kentucky Derby, and carry police. But early horses weren』t tame (馴服的) enough to perform these kinds of tasks. Scientists think the first interactions humans had with horses were far different from those today。

Thousands of years ago, people killed the wild horses that lived around them for food. Over time, people began to catch the animals and raise them. This was the first step in domestication。

……

The domestication of horses has had great effects on societies. For example, horse were important tools in the advancement of modern agriculture. Using them to pull ploughs and carry heavy loads allowed people to farm more efficiently. Before they were able to ride horses, humans had to cross land on foot. Riding horses allowed people to travel far greater distance in much less time. That encouraged populations living in different areas to interact with one another. The new from of rapid transportation helped cultures spread around the world. (2008·北京卷)

The passage is mainly about _______。

A. why humans domesticated horses

B. how humans and horses needed each other

C. why horses came in different shapes and sizes

D. how human societies and horses influenced each other

【解析】 本文以時間為順序，記敘了人類對馬的馴化以及馬對人類的生活所產生的重要影響。本題考查主旨大意。前四段說明，人類馴養了野馬，使得馬的種類繁多，這是人類社會對馬的影響；最後一段說明，馬作為交通工具加速了人類文化傳播的進程。故文章的主題應是D所說的內容。此主題句出現在文章的最後一段。如果文章沒有明確的主題句，文章的中心思想往往包含在各個段落中，考生可採取提綱挈領的方法，通過分析細節把文章的要點歸納出來，概括出全文的中心思想。

選擇標題屬主旨大意題，是閱讀理解題常考的題型之一。那麼怎麼樣選擇文章的標題？ 選擇文章標題屬深層次理解題，它要求考生在通讀全文的基礎上，認真分析主人公的特定心態、文章大意及作者寫作意圖，在此基礎上，所選出的標題還應做到概括性、針對性、醒目性的有機結合。

1。概括性原則 要求標題應在最大限度上覆蓋全文，囊括文章的主要內容，體現文章的主旨。標題實際上是文章主題的一種確認方式。前面我們提到，通過尋找主題句，往往很容易確定短文的標題。但大多數文章的主題句並不明顯，需要我們通過體會字里行間蘊含的意思從整體上把握文章的主旨，從全局的角度概括歸納出文章的標題。要防止本末倒置，主次不分，以點代面，以偏概全。

2。針對性原則 針對性原則是對標題外延的一種界定。概括性原則要求文章標題包括文章的主要內容。但如果標題過大，就違背了針對性原則、針對性原則要求標題不能太過於概括，而是要直接指向文章的主旨。即標題不能太大也不能太小。要量體裁衣，大小適度。

3。醒目性原則 標題是文章的點睛之筆，是文章的靈魂。標題的好壞往往會影響文章的可讀性。讀者往往從標題上決定文章的閱讀取捨。故標題往往比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，目的是為了吸引讀者的注意力，喚起讀者對文章閱讀的興趣。所以在標題選擇的過程中，在滿足概括性和針對性的條件下，還要考慮標題的醒目性。

(二)推理判斷題

推理判斷題是指在理解原文字面意義的基礎上，通過對語篇邏輯關系的分析和細節的暗示，作出一定的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的深層意義及隱含意義的過程。推理判斷題在閱讀中屬於難度較高的題型，通常占總題數的15%－30%。它主要考查考生理清上下文邏輯關系的能力以及考生的識別能力。推理判斷題所涉及的內容可能是文中某一句話，也可能是某幾句話，要求考生在遵循原文意義的基礎上，對文章字面信息進行分析、挖掘、邏輯推理，揭示其深層含義。常出現的推理題有邏輯推理，知識推理等。這類考題中常出現的詞有：infer, imply, suggest, indicate, conclude, learn from, probably, most likely, can, could, might, may等。

常見的命題方式：

From paragraph one we can infer that_________

What can be inferred from the passage?

We can infer from the text that…?

What can we learn from…?

We can conclude from the passage that_______

The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that______

The author implies that_______

This passage would most likely be found in______

The author』s attitude toward…is_________?

推理判斷題要在閱讀理解整體語篇的基礎上，掌握文章的真正內涵。(1)要吃透文章的字面意思，從字里行間捕捉有用的提示和線索，這是推理的前提和基礎；(2)要對文字的表面信息進行挖掘加工，由表入里，由淺入深，從具體到抽象，從特殊到一般，通過分析、綜合、判斷等，進行深層處理，符合邏輯地推理。不能就事論事，斷章取義，以偏概全；(3)要忠實於原文，不能主觀臆想，更不能以自己的觀點代替作者的觀點；(4)要把握句、段之間的邏輯關系，了解語篇的結構。要體會文章的基調，揣摩作者的態度，摸准邏輯發展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。

希望我的回答對您有幫助，謝謝！祝您英語成績步步高！

5. 急求一篇英語閱讀短文的中文翻譯，感謝大家了！~

:夏日,數以百萬計的人們前往沙灘，游泳和嬉戲，然而海洋的價值絕不僅限於此。科學家們認為水波能發電。「當你在沖浪板或船上的時候,是否有向上漂浮的感覺?或者當你跳進水裡，被波浪撞擊的時候，能否感受到能量的存在?來自蘇格蘭愛丁堡大學波能研究小組的傑米·泰勒教授如是問。「當然,有大量的能源存在於波浪當中。科學家正嘗試將其轉換為電能。風吹過海面時，會有波浪出現。泰勒說，風力作用下，開始時，水面出現漣漪；風力繼續作用下，漣漪變為了波浪。波浪是大自然產生能源的方式之一，然後再將其送出。當波浪湧向海岸時，人們可以設立大壩或者屏障來阻礙水流，並將其送至渦輪。而正是渦輪為發電機輸送能量。美國和其他一些國家已著手波能的研究，而蘇格蘭已將其投入使用。這種能源是巨大的。波能可再生，且不會像諸如煤、石油等其他能源造成污染。海洋占據了地球表面的四分之三，使得波能成為了完美的能量來源。然而，也存在一定弊端。泰勒稱，一方面，波能造價高；另外，其對海外生物的影響目前尚不為知。此外，也會影響漁業和海上交通。然而，在泰勒看來，隨著研究工作的進一步深入，這些弊端都可以解決。地球對能源的需求日益增大，不管是為了看電視、用電腦，還是開汽車和室溫調節等。隨著傳統能源，煤、石油的日益枯竭，找到更多的能源是非常重要的。也許未來的某一天，當你按下電燈開關的時候，正是海外波能在為你服務。

6. 英語閱讀

方向: 為每個段落讀下列的通道而且選擇來自這一本目錄的最適當的標題。 有一個額外的標題。
全球的溫暖 A. 證據
在食物製造區域上的 B. 效果
在可居住於的區域上的 C. 影響力
減少溫室效應的 D. 方法
E. 困難在決定溫室效應的范圍方面
F. 二氧化碳功能
80.________有關減慢進入大氣之內被釋放的溫室氣體的數量增加的方法在若乾的國家中有多公眾的討論。 這些包括:
? 減少化石燃料的消費。 能源保護措施能被採用，而且可重新開始的能源來源 , 像是太陽的力量,能被發展。
? 減慢比率在哪一森林正在被清除的, 而且介紹較多的重新造林計畫,這也會減慢二氧化碳水平的增加。
81._________如果全球的溫暖不能夠被避免,許多國家將會需要如那個計劃和住屋的設計調查如此的議題,特別地在受制於的低區域中增加了泛濫和腐蝕。
82.__________任何的氣候上的變化將會影響農業的製造。 全球的溫暖結果一些世界的主要食物製造區域可以非常地變成乾燥機。 現在是太干而無法支援農業的其他區域可能對於食物製造是適當的經歷增加的降雨而且變成。沖積平原和現在種植世界的食物重要比例的河三角州區域會長備地是在水之下。
83.__________大氣的科學家仰賴人造宇宙站收集許多的他們數據。 他們最近已經發現，大部份這些人造宇宙站從他們的軌道已經滑倒，而且如此，在解釋測量方面，科學家比實際上是情形已經在一種特別的高度假定溫度是低的。 閱讀因此已經被以上調整。 如此的困難只是在決定全球的溫暖范圍方面面對科學家的挑戰一個例子。 有連續的需要研究增加的溫室效應的結果。
84.__________在檢查你能見到的這一個議題方面如果它的集中變成太高，二氧化碳，在對於在地球上的生活維護是必要的時候，能被視為大氣的一個污染物質。

我只能幫你翻譯，自己填答案，可以嗎？

7. 懸賞！大學英語中翻英，英翻中，閱讀理解練習

給你一個專門練習英漢互譯的網站 http://www.cet4.com/translation/ Solar energy for your home is coming. It can help you as a single home owner. It can help the whole country as well. Whether or not solar energy can save your money depends on many things. Where you live is one factor. The type of home you have is another. Things like insulation present energy coasts, and the type of system you buy are added factors. Using solar energy can help save our precious fuel. As you know, our supplies of oil and gas are very limited. There is just not enough on hand to meet all our future energy needs. And when Mother Nature says that』s all. The only way we can delay hearing those words is by starting to save energy now and by using other sources, like the sun. We wont have to worry about the suns running out of energy for another several billion years or so. Besides begin an endless source of energy, the use of the sun has other advantages as well. The sun doesn』t offer as many problems as other energy sources. For example, fossil fuel plants add to already high pollution levels. With solar energy, we will still need sources of energy, but we wont need as much. That means we can cut down on our pollution problems. With all these good points, why don』t we use more solar power? There are many reasons for this. The biggest reason is money. Until now, it was just not practical for a home owner to put in a solar unit. There were cheaper sources of energy. All that is changing now. Solar coats are starting to equal the costs of oil and electricity. Experts say that gas, oil and electricity prices will continue to rise. The demand for electricity is increasing rapidly. But new power plants will use more gas, oil or coal. Already in some places the supply of electricity is being rationed. Solar energy is now in its infancy. It could soon grow to become a major part of our nations energy supply. 21. Which statement best expresses the main idea? A) Something about Solar Energy and Pollution. B) Solar Energy. C) Energy and Pollution D) Energy and Money. 22. Solar energy can help us save ____. A) the earth and natural resources B) mother nature C) the sun D) our precious fuel 23. The sun is an endless source of energy, it will not run out of it for ____. A) several million years B) several hundred years C) several billion years D) several thousand years 24. Which of the following statements is correct? A) Energy from coal would not pollute our living environment. B) Energy from natural gas would not pollute our living environment. C) Energy from the sun would not pollute our living environment. D) Energy from oil would not pollute our living environment. 25. Solar energy is now in its infancy, ____. A) but it will be considered as an important part of our nation s energy supply B) yet we will build more power plants C) and the supply of electricity will be rationed D) but we don t need practice energy rationing now 短文大意 太陽能不久將成為我國的主要能源，因為太陽能可以節省能源。不象傳統的能源——石油，天然氣那樣既儲量有限，又帶來污染，太陽能可以說是取之不盡用之不竭的能源，因為太陽的壽命是幾十億年。盡管太陽能有這么多優點，但我們依然使用得不多，大的原因是錢的問題。不過現在情況正在變化，專家認為別的能源價格將繼續上漲，目前太陽能處於嬰兒時期，但不久會成為我們的主要能源。 21. 答案 B 。 【試題分析】 此題考查文章的主題。 【詳細解答】 本文講解太陽能，其餘的答案都不符合題意。 22. 答案 D 。 【試題分析】 此題為直接尋找信息題。 【詳細解答】 「太陽能可以節省能源」與題意最貼切。見文章第二段第一句。 23. 答案 C 。 【參考譯文】 太陽能是一種永恆的能源，幾十億年不會枯竭。 【試題分析】 此題為尋找具體信息題。 【詳細解答】 文中所說的太陽的壽命是幾十億年。見文章第三段第一句。 24. 答案 C 。 【試題分析】 此題為判斷題。 【詳細解答】 只有太陽能無污染。 25. 答案 A 。 【參考譯文】 現在太陽能處於嬰兒期，但不久將會成為我國能源的重要組成部分。 【試題分析】 此題考查對文章主旨的理解。 【詳細解答】 太陽能將是今後的主要能源。見文章最後兩句話

8. 2009年重慶高考試題英語閱讀理解C篇翻譯

運動可以幫助你保持健康，接近自然。然而，不管是登山，踏浪還是在草專地上，你都應該意識屬到你選擇的運動有可能揮動環境有很大的影響。
有些運動很消耗資源。正如你所知，高爾夫不僅吞掉大片的鄉村土地，而且還要消耗大量的水。除此以外，要保持球場狀況良好，還要使用各種各樣的化學物質和大量的能量。這導致主要的環境問題。舉例來說，在葡萄牙和西班牙的乾旱地區，高爾夫要對一些地方的水資源短缺負起主要責任。
有許多環保的運動。步行就是一項今天就可以開始的環保型運動。你不需要任何特別的裝備除了一雙好鞋子；你也不必擔心資源問題和你的錢包。很簡單，很自由，就可以讓你保持健康了。如果你經常步行的話，對你的心臟和骨頭會很有好處。專家說每天20分鍾的步行可以讓你減輕焦慮，睡眠良好以及更好的控制體重。
不管你從事什麼運動，你都可以通過使用環保型的裝備和購買回收材料所製成的產品來使這項運動更有利於環境。但是最好的選擇應該是「綠色健身房」。他們更好的取代了傳統的健康俱樂部和現代的運動中心。「綠色健身房」的成員們在室外，鄉下或其他戶外空地上運動。對於開始你的會員資格沒有特別的要求。最好的是，它是免費的。

9. 05年碩士研究生入學考試英語閱讀理解試題譯文

Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as 「all too human」, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of 「goods and services」 than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber . Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to rece resentment in a female capuchin.
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
人人都喜歡大幅加薪，但是當你知道一個同事薪水加得比你還要多的時候，那麼加薪帶給你的喜悅感就消失的無影無蹤了。如果他還以懶散出名的話，你甚至會變得怒不可遏。這種行為被看作是「人之長情」，其潛在的假定其他動物不可能具有如此高度發達的不公平意識。但是由喬治亞州亞特蘭大埃里莫大學的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal進行的一項研究表明，它也是「猴之常情」。這項研究成果剛剛發表在《自然》雜志上。
研究者們對雌性棕色卷尾猴的行為進行了研究。它們看起來很可愛，性格溫順，合作，樂於分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人們一樣，它們往往比雄性更關注「商品和服務」價值。這些特性使它們成為Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究對象。研究者們花了兩年的時間教這些猴子用代幣換取食物。正常情況下，猴子很願意用幾塊石頭換幾片黃瓜。但是，當兩個猴子被安置在隔開但相鄰的兩個房間里，能夠互相看見對方用石頭換回來什麼東西時，猴子的行為就會變的明顯不同。
在卷尾猴的世界裡，葡萄是奢侈品（比黃瓜受歡迎得多）。所以當一隻猴子用一個代幣換回一顆葡萄時，第二隻猴子就不願意用自己的代幣換回一片黃瓜。如果一隻猴子根本無需用代幣就能夠得到一顆葡萄的話，那麼另外一隻就會將代幣擲向研究人員或者扔出房間外，或者拒絕接受那片黃瓜。事實上，只要在另一房間里出現了葡萄（不管有沒有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
研究人員指出，正如人類一樣，卷尾猴也受社會情感的影響。在野外，它們是相互合作的群居動物。只有當每隻猴子感到自己沒有受到欺騙時，這種合作才可能穩定。不公平而引起的憤怒感似乎不是人類的專利。拒絕接受較少的酬勞可以讓這些情緒准確無誤地傳達給其它成員。但是這種公平感是在卷尾猴和人類身上各自獨立演化而成，還是來自三千五百萬前他們共同的祖先，這還是一個懸而未決的問題。
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report 「Science never has all the answers .But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.」
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of 「paralysis by analysis」.
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private instry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
還記得科學家們認為吸煙會致人死亡，而那些懷疑者們卻堅持認為我們無法對此得出定論的時候嗎？還記得懷疑者們堅持認為缺乏決定性的證據，科學也不確定的時候嗎？還記得懷疑者們堅持認為反對吸煙的游說是為了毀掉我們的生活方式，而政府應該置身事外的時候嗎？許多美國人相信了這些胡言亂語，在三十多年中，差不多有一千萬煙民早早的進了墳墓。
現在出現了與吸煙類似的令人感到難過的事情。科學家們前仆後繼，試圖使我們意識到全球氣候變暖所帶來的日益嚴重的威脅。最近的行動是由白宮召集了一批來自國家科學院的專家團，他們告訴我們，地球氣候毫無疑問正在變暖，而這個問題主要是人為造成的。明確的信息表明是我們應該立刻著手保護自己。國家科學院院長Bruce Alberts在專家團報告的前言中加上了這一重要觀點：「科學解答不了所有問題。但是科學確實為我們的未來提供了最好的指導，關鍵是我們的國家和整個的世界在做重要決策時，應該以科學能夠提供的關於人類現在的行為對未來影響最好的判斷作為依據。
就象吸煙問題一樣，來自不同領域的聲音堅持認為有關全球變暖的科學資料還不完整。在我們證實這件事之前可以向大氣中不斷的排放氣體。這是一個危險的游戲；到了有百分之百的證據的時候，可能就太晚了。隨著風險越來越明顯，並且不斷增加，一個謹慎的民族現在應該准備一份保單了。
幸運的是，白宮開始關注這件事了。但是顯然大多數總統顧問並沒有認真看待全球氣候變暖這個問題。他們沒有出台行動計劃，相反只是繼續迫切要求進行更多的研究――這是一個經典的「分析導致麻痹案例」。
為了成為地球上有責任心的一員，我們必須積極推進對於大氣和海洋的深入研究。但只有研究是不夠的。如果政府不爭取立法上的主動權，國會就應該幫助政府開始採取保護措施。弗吉尼亞的民主黨議員Robert Byrd提出一項議案，從經濟上激勵私企，就是一個良好的開端。許多人看到這個國家正准備修建許多新的發電廠，以滿足我們的能源需求。如果我們准備保護大氣，關鍵要讓這些新發電廠對環境無害。
Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears, by the late 1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just 「mental noise」 the random byprocts of the neural-repair work that goes on ring sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is 「off-line」. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. 「It's your dream」 says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. 「If you don't like it , change it.」
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active ring REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the 「emotional brain」)is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. 「We wake up from dreams happy of depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day」 says Stanford sleep researcher Dr, William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright』s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated ring the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don』t always think about the emotional significance of the day』s events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead, the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of 「we wake u in a panic,」 Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
在高質量睡眠的所有因素中，夢似乎是最無法控制的一個。在夢中，窗戶通向的世界裡，邏輯暫時失去了效用，死人開口說話。一個世紀前，弗洛伊德闡述了革命性的理論，即夢是人們潛意識中慾望和恐懼經偽裝後的預示；到了20世紀70年代末期，神經病學家們轉而認為夢是「精神噪音」，即睡眠時進行的神經修復活動的一種雜亂的副產品。目前，研究人員猜想夢是大腦情感自動調節系統的組成部分，當大腦處於「掉線」狀態時對情緒進行規整。一名主要的權威人士說，夢這種異常強烈的精神活動不僅能被駕馭，事實上還可以有意識地加以控制，以幫助我們更好地睡眠和感覺。芝加哥醫療中心心裡學系主任 Rosalind Cartwright說「夢是你自己的，如果你不喜歡，就改變它。」
大腦造影的證據支持了以上觀點。匹茲堡大學的埃里克博士說，在出現清晰夢境的快速動眼睡眠中大腦和完全清醒時一樣活躍。但並非大腦的所有部分都一樣，腦邊緣系統（「情緒大腦」）異常活躍，而前額皮層（思維和推理的中心地帶）則相對平靜大。斯坦福睡眠研究員William Dement博士說：「我們從夢中醒來，或者高興或者沮喪，這些情緒會伴隨我們一整天。」
夢和情緒之間的聯系在Cartwright的診所的病人身上顯露出來了。多數人似乎在晚上入睡的較早階段做更多不好的夢，而在快睡醒前會逐漸做開心一些的夢，這說明人們在夢里漸漸克服了白天的不良情緒。因為清醒時我們的頭腦被日常瑣事占據著，所以並不總是想到白天發生的事情對我們情緒的影響，直到我們開始做夢，這種影響才出現。
這一過程不一定是無意識的。Cartwright認為人們可以練習有意識地控制噩夢的重演。你一醒來就立刻確定夢中有什麼在困擾你，設想一下你所希望的夢的結局，下次再做同樣的夢時，試圖醒來以控制它的進程。通過多次練習，人們完全可以學會在夢中這樣做。
Cartwright說，說到底，只要夢不使我們無法睡眠或「從夢中驚醒」，就沒有理由太在意所做的夢。恐怖主義、經濟不確定及通常的不安全感都增加了人們的焦慮。那些長期受到噩夢折磨的人應該尋求專家幫助，而對其他人來說，大腦有自動消除不良情緒的方法。安心睡覺甚至做夢，早上醒來時你會感覺好多了。
American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing:The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in ecation. Mr.McWhorter』s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the graal disappearance of 「whom」 ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, 「doing our own thing」, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly ecated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical ecation reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English 「on paper plates instead of china」. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
美國人已不再期待公眾人物在演講或寫作中能運用技巧和文采來駕馭英語，而公眾人物自己也不渴望這樣。語言學家麥荷特喜好爭論，他的觀點混雜著自由派與保守派的看法。在他最近的書《做我們自己的事：語言和音樂的退化，以及為什麼我們應該喜歡或在意？》中，這位學者認為60年代反文化運動的勝利要對正式英語的退化負責。
責備放縱的六十年代不是什麼新鮮事，但這次算不上是對教育衰落的又一場批判。麥荷特先生的學術專長在於語言史和語言演變。舉例來說，他認為「whom」一詞的逐漸消失是自然的，並不比古英語中詞格尾綴的消失更讓人惋惜。
然而，「做自己的事」這一對事務真實性和個人性的崇高信條，已經導致了正式演講、寫作、詩歌及音樂的消亡。在20世紀60年代以前，僅受過一般教育的人在下筆時都會尋求一種更高雅的強調；而那之後，即使是最受關注的文章也開始逮住口語就寫在紙面上。同樣的，對於詩歌來說，非常個性化和富有表現力的創作風格成為了能夠表達真實生動含義的唯一形式。無論作為口語還是書面語的英語，隨意言談勝過雅緻的言辭，自我發揮也壓過了精心准備。
麥荷特顯示先生從上層和下層文化中列舉了一系列有趣的例子，從而說明他記錄的這種趨勢是確鑿無誤的。但就書中副標題中的疑問：為什麼我們應該、喜歡或在意，答案卻不夠明確。作為語言學家，麥荷特認為各種各樣的人類語言，包括像黑人語言這樣的非標准語言，都具有強大的表達力――世上沒有傳達不了復雜思想的語言或方言。不像其他大多數人，麥荷特先生並不認為我們說話方式不再規范就會使我們不能夠准確的思考。
俄羅斯人深愛自己的語言，並在腦海中存儲了大量詩歌；而義大利的政客們往往精心准備演講，即使這在大多數講英語的人們眼裡已經過時。麥荷特先生認為正式語言並非不可或缺，也沒有提出要進行徹底的教育改革――他其實只是為那些美好事務而不是實用品的消逝而哀嘆。我們現在用「紙盤子」而非「瓷盤子」裝著我們的英語大餐。真是慚愧啊，但很可能已無法避免。

10. 請問有沒有適合初一學生做的英語閱讀理解(關於空氣污染)簡單一點，加翻譯 謝謝啦

有很多文章可以在書通網網頁鏈接找一下。只能幫你到這里了。

篇一：空氣污染 Air Pollution

In the past few decades, our Earth has changed a lot, but to the bad direction. Among these changes, the air pollutions resulting from a huge number of automobiles and coal-burning is almost the severest. The severe air pollution alarms humans of the heavy load we have exerted on Earth by our insatiable proction and usage of automobiles. However, with the deepening of urbanization, more cars are needed, which will make the air pollution worse. Therefore, the following actions should be taken. First, we should apply the most cutting-edge technologies in order to adopt new forms of energy as substitutes for fossil fuels. Second, try hard to develop possible transportation means, which are enviromental friendly. So that the citizens can rece the dependence on cars. In short, our humans should take responsibilities for the air pollution and have to find ways to solve this problem.
在過去的幾十年中，我們的地球發生了很大變化，但是是往壞的方向。在這些變化中，大量汽車和煤燃燒產生的空氣污染是最為嚴重的。嚴重的空氣污染警告人類，我們無休止的的生產和使用汽車給我們的地球帶來了沉重的負荷。然而，隨著城市化的加深，汽車的需求量也越大，這會導致空氣污染更嚴重。因此，我們應該採取以下行動。首先，我們應該運用最尖端的技術，以新型能源作為化石燃料的替代品。其次，努力尋找可能的環境友好型交通方式。這樣城市居民就可以減少對汽車的依賴。簡而言之，人類應該承擔空氣污染的責任，尋找解決這一問題的方法。

篇二：汽車與環境空氣污染Car and Pollution

In general, there are two ways of traveling, private cars and public transportation. Chinese people should regard public transportation as their first traveling opinion.
一般來說,有兩種旅遊方式，私家車和公共交通工具。中國人應該把公共交通工具作為旅遊的第一選擇。
First, there are so many people living in this countries that make it so crowded. If each chinese people own a car, there will be far more traffic jams and accidents, which increase you impatience.
首先,這個國家住著很多人，使得它非常擁擠。如果每個中國人都擁有一輛私家車，將會有更多的交通堵塞和事故，這會讓你變得更加的不耐煩。
Moreover, there will be far more pollution resulted from cars. Once a car started, it release huge amount of dirty gas and heat, which lead to great pollution and result in green house effect.
再者，由於私家車將會有更多的污染。一旦汽車起動,它釋放大量的臟氣和熱量，這會導致很大的污染和溫室效應。
All in all, Chinese people should take public transpotation into consideration first。
總之，中國人應該以公共交通工具為第一選擇。

篇三：關於空氣污染的英語作文

Once man did not have to think about the protection of his environment. There were few people on the earth, and natural resources seemed to be unlimited.
Today things are different. The world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources,and polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.
We realize that if too many fish are taken from the sea, there will soon be none left. Yet,with modern fishing methods, more and more fish are caught.We know that if too many trees are cut down, forests will disappear. Yet, we continue to use powerful machines to cut down more and more trees. We see that if rivers are polluted with waste procts, we will die. Yet, waste procts arestill put into rivers.
We know that if the population continues to rise at the present rate, in a few years, there won't be enough food.What can we do to solve these problems?
If we eat more vegetables and less meat, there will be more food available. Land for crops feeds five times more people than land where animals are kept.
Our natural resources will last longer if we learn to recycie them.
The world population will not rise so quickly if people use modern methods of birth control.
Finally, if we ecate people to think about the problems we shall have a better and cleaner planet in the future.

從前人類不必考慮保護他的環境。地球上幾乎沒有人，自然資源似乎是無限的。 今天情況不同。世界變得太擁擠了。我們正在消耗我們的自然資源，用危險的化學品污染我們的環境。如果我們繼續這樣做，地球上的人類生命將無法生存。 我們意識到，如果有太多的魚被從海里帶走，很快就會剩下一條魚了。然而，隨著現代捕魚方法，越來越多的魚被捕獲。我們知道，如果砍伐太多的樹木，森林將消失。然而，我們繼續使用強大的機器砍伐越來越多的樹木。我們看到，如果河流被廢物污染，我們就會死亡。然而，廢物仍然被放入河流中。 我們知道，如果人口繼續以現在的速度增長，幾年後，就不會有足夠的食物。我們能做些什麼來解決這些問題？ 如果我們多吃蔬菜少吃肉，就會有更多的食物供應。種植作物的土地比飼養動物的土地多出五倍。 如果我們學會重新利用它們，我們的自然資源將持續更長的時間。 如果人們使用現代的節育方法，世界人口不會增長得如此迅速。 最後，如果我們教育人們思考這些問題，我們將來會有一個更好、更清潔的星球。