A. 英語閱讀:table manners in the west
table manners in the west 在西方的餐桌禮儀
manners
英 ['mænəz]
美 ['mænəz]
n. 禮貌（manner的復數形式）
n. (Manners)人名；(英、瑞典)曼納斯
更多釋義>>
[網路短專語]
manners 禮貌,禮儀,規矩屬
Miss Manners 禮儀小姐,禮貌小姐
Telephone Manners 優雅的通訊禮節,電話禮儀,電話禮貌
B. 英語文章,關於中西文明禮儀的差異
中西方禮儀文化差異
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來源：洪恩論壇 English Cafe 日期：2005-4-12 作者：long007 閱讀：18636 次
With China entry the WTO and will hold the Olympic Games in 2008, the relationship between China and Western in politics, economy, culture will become more and more close. It is undoubtedly that the etiquette will play an important role in this process. To the definition of etiquette, China and Western have a different understanding. As Chinese thinks that the etiquette is the common behavior standards that all the members must obey, and its purpose is to keep the normal living order of the society. In ancient China, a famous philosopher thinks that etiquette is a principal to deal with the relationship between man and supernatural beings, man and ghosts, man and men. There are also many words about etiquette
in English. For example, courtesy which means courteous behavior, good manners;
protocol which means system of rules governing formal occasion, e .g, meetings,
between governments, diplomats, etc. And these words are all from the same French word etiquette. Of course, more spread and more profound cultural comment of
the western etiquette is from the Classical Period, i.e., old Athens and Roma culture. Today, etiquette become the reflection and manifestation of one country』
s politics, economy, culture in people』s social contact. And it include the principal and moral that people should obey in daily life. Etiquette formed in the
process of the deposition of culture and social contact. So every nation have their own etiquette standard which created with the spirit of this their nation. Because of this formed the cultural difference between different nations. As languages is the carrier of the human culture. This difference must reflect in the language of different nations. So in the following, we will take china, British and America as the representation of Western, to look at some cultural difference
in etiquette, and then analyze the reasons. Furthermore, we will discuss how to
learn western culture.
一.
Cultural differences on politeness between western and Chinese can be found in
many aspects of daily communication, including addressing, greeting and parting,
compliments, apologies, thanks, etc. In the following, we will look at some cultural different between China and western.
1.Greeting and Parting
When people meet acquaintances or friends, people usually greet each other
. The purpose of greeting is to establish or maintain social contact. So formulaic expressions are often used, but such formulaic expressions often causes conflict because of the great cultural differences between Chinese and native English
speakers. In English, people often employ the following expressions to greet each other 「Good morning/evening/afternoon. 「Fine day, isn』t it? 」How is everything going?」 Have you eaten yet?」 What are you going to do?」 Where have you
been?」etc. Westerners treat them as real question. While in Chinese, we always
say 「你吃了嗎？」「你上哪裡去？」「你干什麼去？」to show our consideration. Parting may be divided into two steps. Before the final prating, there is usual a
leave-taking. Western and Chinese cultures have diverse ways to deal with leave-
takings. Firstly, in English society, ring the closing phase of an encounter,
from 」I」 perspective, reasons for terminating the encounter are presented in mitigatory comments. Typical comments are associated with expressions of apology,
such as 「I」 am afraid I must be off, I have to relieve the baby-sitter」 etc.
Western people believe that to be willing to visit and converse with someone is
to have respect for him.; to terminate the visiting is not of one』s own free will, but because of some other arrangements, therefore they always try to make their leaving sound reluctant by finding some reasons and apologize for it to make the leaving acceptable for both parties. English speakers often signal several
times before leaving. 「Well, it』s been nice to see you again. I do enjoy our
talk and the lovely dinner, but I must be going soon」. Thank you very much for
asking me over. I hope we』ll be able to get together again before long…」 Consolidation in a wider range of common acquaintances also occurs, in expressions such as 「Say hello to Jack for me」 or 「Remember me to John」. In Chinese society, ring the closing phase of and encounter, usually, from a 「you 」perspective, reasons for ending the encounter are set forth in mitigatory expressions. Such expressions include「你挺忙的，我就不多打擾了。」「你一定累了，早點休息吧，我
要告辭了。」, etc. With these words, they may stand up from their seats. Chinese
leave-taking is very short and quick. Western people think it so abrupt that they have not prepare for it. While moving to the door, Chinese employ expressions
of apology like「對不起沒，打擾了。」「對不起，佔用你不少時間。」It should be noted that these expressions employed by Chinese guests to show concern for their
hosts can only be appropriate for business visits in the English environment2..AddressingBoth western and Chinese people have two kinds of personal names---a surname and
a given name. But the order and the use of these names in the two languages are
somewhat different. In Chinese, the surname comes first and then the given name
. And people like add「小」before their family name. Such as「小王」、「小鄭」、
「小李」、「小徐」and so on.. While westerners names are written and spoken with
the given name first and the family name last. So John Smith's family name is Smith, not John. In a formal setting, address men as "Mister" (abbreviated as "Mr
."), married women as "Misses" (abbreviated as "Mrs."), and unmarried women as "
Miss" (abbreviated as "Ms."). These days many women prefer to be addressed using
the abbreviations "Ms." or "M.", pronounced "miz". If the person has an M.D. or
Ph.D., they will often be addressed as "Doctor" (abbreviated as "Dr."). Faculty
are addressed as "Professor" (abbreviated as "Prof.").In an informal situation,
westerners will introce each other by first name, without titles, and occasionally by just the last name. If you are introced to somebody by first name, you can address him or her by first name the next time you meet. The only exception would be for someone who holds an important position, such as the university president or provost. Unless they tell you otherwise, faculty should be addressed
using their title and last name (e.g., "Professor Smith"). When in doubt, use the formal manner of address, since it is better to err on the side of formality.
It is also appropriate to ask how they prefer to be addressed. Children should
always address alts in the formal fashion, using their title and last name.
Another difference is about the form of addressing. From the viewpoint of sociolinguistics, forms of addressing can serve as an indication of the relationship of power and solidarity in the society. In calling their superiors or elders, the
Chinese are accustomed to the nonreciprocal or asymmetrical addressing, in other words. They use 「title +surname」 to address their superior or elders rather
than call them surnames, while the superior or elders call the addressers their
names. The Chinese tend to abide by the polite principle of depreciating oneself
and respecting others to show appropriate respects towards the persons being addressed, otherwise, the addresser may be considered as ill mannered, ill ecated or rude. But in English speaking countries, people have a tendency to follow the reciprocal or symmetrical addressing. Although they are different in age and
status, they can call the other directly, namely, their names, even first names
except when they call the doctors, not arousing offence between them, but demonstrating the sense of intimacy and the conception of」 Everyone is created equal」
. Chinese people feel unnatural addressing a westerner by his given name, feeling that it indicates too close a relationship, and westerners, on the other hand,
may feel that if a Chinese insists on using his surname, it indicates an unwillingness to be friendly and maintains a gap between them. So the use of forms like」 Miss Mary」 or 「Mr. Smith 」 may be a Chinese forms of compromise. With Miss Mary, the use of the given name indicates friendliness, but the addition of the title indicates the respect they feel they ought to show. And with Smith, the
lack of a title indicates friendliness, but the use of the surname prevents if sounding too intimate. However, both addressing used by the Chinese sound very strange and uncomfortable to the westerner.
3.Compliments and ResponseTo compliment is to praise the addressee』s virtues, ability, behavior, appearance, clothing, personality and belongs. Appropriate compliments can serve as effective supplementary means in inter-personal communication. Western and Chinese culture are at polar opposites about compliment. An western hostess, if she is complimented for her cooking skill, is likely to say,」 Oh, I am so glad that you
liked it. I cook it especially for you.」 Not so is a Chinese hostess, who will
instead apologize for giving you 「Nothing」. They will say「隨便作幾個菜，不好吃
。」If translate this into English「I just made some dishes casually and they are not very tasty. Perhaps the foreigner will think why you invite me to you family and have the untasty food. You aren't respect me. The English-speaking people
are more active to praise others and to be praise than Chinese people. For example, the Americans are 「straight forwardness」, the Chinese take pride in 「modesty」. That modesty has left many a Chinese hungry at an Americans table, for Chinese politeness calls for three refusals before one accepts an offer and the Americans hosts take 」no 」 to mean 「no 」, whether it is the first, second or
third time. Still bigger differences exist in people』s attitude towards compliments, i.e., in the response to compliments. Chinese are tend to efface themselves in words or refuse it, although they do feel comfortable about the compliments
. So many westerners simply feel puzzled or even upset when their Chinese friends refused their compliments. The Chinese people are not intending to be modest with the sacrifice of friendship in so doing, but it is rather
e to the traditional Chinese philosophy, that of modesty. The Chinese people
regard modesty as a most valuable virtue, so they seldom agree to the compliment
on their own.
4.Apologies and ResponsesIf wrong things are done, there must be apologies .As to how to offer apologies,
both western and Chinese people may 「I am sorry….」,」I apologize for…」. Etc. But Chinese would like to apologize for the crowded state of their dwellings
and for small numbers of dishes, although the room is big enough and there are many dishes. Chinese stay these to express self-depreciation only out of courtesy
, not having other implication. But the westerners would wonder, since the room
is so large and there are so many dishes, why do they say so. May be they do not
welcome our visit, they don』t like us to eat more. When Chinese contact with westerners, if they do not know these differences, if will lead to misunderstanding. The ways to respond to apologies are different, too.
A: Oh, I』m sorry. I forget it.
B1: It doesn』t matter.
B2: That』s all right.
B2 is westerners. B1 is a Chinese person. 「It doesn』t matter」 is a translation of 「沒關系」from Chinese, which is a common pattern in Chinese to respond to
apologies. If a Chinese uses this to respond to apologies, westerners will think
that he is a sharp person, who simply cannot forgive a very little wrong thing.
5. Thanks and Responses
「Thank you」 is widely used in English to show gratitude in such cases as being
invited, helped, given a gift, etc. Cultural differences exist between Chinese
and western in how to express thanks and responses. In fact, 「Thank you」 is uttered in English for more than acknowledging favor or gratitude, and it is often
a means to show politeness. On many occasions, the English use this utterance while the Chinese may say 「有勞您了。」or do not say a word at all but just smile or nod. As a matter of fact, 「Thank you 」 is used more widely by westerners
than Chinese use「謝謝」, for minor favors like borrowing pencil , asking directions, requesting someone to pass on a message , receiving a telephone, etc. 「Thank you」 not only shows politeness but also carries a person』s grateful feeling for those who offer help. Without using expressions of gratitude, misunderstandings may arise because the help seems to be taken for granted and is mot appreciated, For westerners, each person is an equal indivial, whether he is a family member of not. In Chinese, 「謝謝」is not frequently used between intimate friends and family members because it may imply a certain distance between the addresser and the addressee. Native speakers may respond to 「Thank you 」 by saying
: You are welcome /It』s a /my pleasure/ Not at all/ Don』t mention it/That』s all right. While Chinese people may say:「這是我應該做的」， which may convey to
westerners the message that the Chinese did not really want to do it, or that he
/she did it only because it wall his/her ty. This message is quite different
from what the Chinese speaker intended to express.
6. Asking Personal Affairs
People from China do not regard it as asking personal affairs when they ask others name、year、marital status、wages、personal life、belief and political points. It is regard as concerns. While the westerns will think you 侵犯their right
of privacy. when we talk to the westerns, we must avoid asking some questions like this:「How old are you?」、「Are you married？」、「How many children do you
have？」、「How much do you make？」、「What』s your weight?」、「Do you go to the church？」
7.Invitation and Saying Good-Bye
In the culture of British and America, it is very important to consult a time before you invite somebody to attend a banquet or take part in social activities.
Esp. in America, invite somebody means you are borrow times of others. So they respect time very much. While in China, people are prefer to an uninvited guest.
And otherwise, You will be thought unfriendly if you cannot receive an uninvited
guest very well.
8.關切語
In China, we always say「你辛苦了！」、「你一定累了吧！」to show our consideration when somebody from far place. While the westerners do it in a different way.
They will say "How is your trip? "You must be very interesting." These sentences
are all express in psychological aspect. Concerning the old people is the virtue of human race. But different cultures have different styles. In China, people
will say「您年紀大了，你坐吧！」when they 讓座to a old man. But this is regarded
as taboo.
二.
Different cultural factors may result in cultural differences, and consequently,
the acknowledgment of the factors that affect the cultural differences will facilitate the understanding of such differences, part of which will vie discuss in
the followings. Since it is impossible to cover all of the factors in this thesis, the factors discussed here are some important ones.
Factors affect cultural differences1. Cultural Background
One of the cultural different reasons between China and western is cultural background. In Spring and Autumn and Warring s periods of China emerged Confucianism, Taoism and other ideologies .As different ideologies developed and combated each other, the basic framework of Chinese civilization was established. And then
Confucianism became the foundation stone of Chinese philosophy system. Confucianism's central doctrine is that of the virtue of Ren. What is Ren? Ren is translated variously as goodness, benevolence, humanity and human-heartedness. In short, Ren means affection and love. For more than 2 thousand years it has molded and shaped the civilization of China and exerted a profound influence upon almost
one fourth of human race. Just as DR. Sun-Yat-Sen said:」 Therefore the old morals of loyalty and piety, affection, and love, faithfulness and righteousness, are superior to those of the foreign countries Let alone that peace and harmony. These high standards of morals are our national spirit. "
Different from China, Christianity plays an important role in western. The English speaking countries are generally considered as Christian countries where many
people believe in Christianity. Christianity is the region based on the life and teaching of Jesus Christ. He is the founder of Christianity. According to the
doctrine of Christianity, the Trinity is the union of the three forms of God, the Son and the Holy Spirit. Jesus Christ the son of the God, and the holy book of
Christianity is the Bible, which consists of the Old Testament and the New Testament. However, the power of the church cannot compare with the past time, it still influence many aspects of people 's daily life. For example, there are a few
important festivals in the western is concern with Jesus Christ. Christmas day
is a festival in celebration of the birth of the Jesus Christ on Dec.25.Virgin Birth refers to the birth of Christ, which Christians believe to have been caused
by God rather than by ordinary sexual union.
2. Different valuesAnother cultural different reasons between China and western is different value
The concept of Chinese values is often consciously or unconsciously placed in opposition with Western values. Therefore, it is necessary to determine how people
define Western values. Some have stated that the modern Western value system originated in Victorian England, and describe it as social norms and behaviors common in European people ring that time. The core of Western values is indivialism. David Hitchcock described Western values from a Chinese perspective. He said that, from the Chinese viewpoint, Western values have three levels: 1) physical level – science, technology, business, public administration, and modern capitalist economics; 2) conceptual level – equal opportunity, the role of law; and time management; and 3) core values – open debate, equality, balance of power
; free speech, and democracy. The core of the Chinese value has some relationship with the Confucianism. The ethnic principle of Confucianism is its discovery of the ultimate in the moral character of human relationships in which Confucius
offered the solution for the ills and evils of his days. That is the well-known
Five Relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was explained as「There should be affection between
father and son , righteous sense of ty between ruler and minister, division of
function between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends.」During the more than two thousand years of the feudal period, the ruling class arrange every thing by this relationships, and then formed a class society. In this kind of society, a minister owes loyalty to his ruler
, and a child filial respect to his parent. The result is the humanity is neglected and people have no equality.
Different from China, in the Renaissance period of England, people began to emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of
their life, but also have the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders.
This is the rudiment of Humanism. People became respect the humanity from then
on. And then develop into the ideas of what we always said freedom, democracy. Today, take Americans for instance; the top
C. 跪求西方禮儀，一定要是英文的！
A, banquet etiquette
一、宴會禮儀
(1) in when you're invited to dinner party, you sit at this table and table conversation, probably want to eat more interested in comparison. Therefore, should as far as possible to dine thetime little noise and less action.
1當你應邀去參加晚宴派對,你坐在這張桌子,餐桌上的談話,大概要比吃更感興趣。因此,進餐時的噪音要小,動作小些。
(2) the hostess a picked up a napkin, you also can take your napkin, in your lap. Sometimes napkin package are a little bread. If that is the case will get it also, on the side of XiaoDie.
(2)當女主人拿起餐巾時,你也可以把你的餐巾放在你身上。有時餐巾紙包有一點麵包。如果是那樣的話將會得到它,XiaoDie的一面上。
(3) napkin if large, double of overlapping in your lap, If small, is opened entirely. Never will napkin in collar or vest don't in hand, and don't rub disorderly. Can use the napkin corner of the mouth or wipe away the oil or dirt on her finger. Don't use it to wipe the silver or dishes.
(3)餐巾如果太大、雙疊覆上了你的膝蓋.如果小,就全部打開。不要把餐巾紙放在背心或別在衣領或手上,不要擦得亂七八糟。可以用手指捏住餐巾的角落擦去油口或灰塵。不要用它來擦刀叉或菜。
(4) dinner usually start from soup. In your seat before the biggest a spoon is spoon, and it's on your right side of the side. Don't wrong with in the middle of the table and the spoon, because that can be taken with vegetables can jam.
(4)晚餐通常是先從湯開始。在你的座位上最大的勺子是前湯匙,它在你的右手邊的一邊。別錯放在桌子中間的湯匙 。
(5) in the hostess takes up her a spoon or a fork, before the guest may not eat any kind of a dish. The hostess normally wait until every guest get after dish began. She doesn't like China get used to that, please eat first. When she picked up the spoon or a fork, that means you can do that.
(5)在女主人拿起她的湯匙或叉子,在客人面前可能不吃任何一道菜。女主人通常等到每個來賓得到菜後才開始了。當她拿起那把湯匙或叉子,這就意味著你可以吃了。
(6) if you have fish this dish, it is found mostly in soup after send, table may have a special fish fork, it may also meat forks similar, usually are smaller, anyhow, harpoon in meat from the outside of the fork dish far side.
(6)如果有魚這道菜,它多半在湯後發送,則表示有一個特殊的魚餐叉,它也可能肉叉相似,通常較小,總之,在魚叉叉菜的外面遠的一邊。
(7) usually served in fish, fish bone early before picking clean, if you eat the piece of fish and stab words, you can be left with a bread roll, or a piece of bread, right hand holding a knife through thorn.
(7)通常如果菜單有魚,魚骨頭在之前就採摘干凈,如果你吃了那塊魚和刺的話,你可以留下了一個小圓麵包,或一片麵包,右手拿著刀子。
(8) if mouth has got a splinter quietly, as far as possible, should not attract attention with fingers will it out, put them in the plate edge and don't put on the table, or throwing in underground.
(8)如果口裡扎了一根刺,盡量不應引起人們的關注,用手指將它出來,放在盤子邊緣,不要放在桌上,或者扔在地下。
In addition, I on French table manners taboo some knowledge, such as after:
此外,我在法國的餐桌禮儀禁忌的一些知識,如下:
Second, the French table manners seven avoid
其次,法國餐桌禮儀七條
Promised to each other's invitation if temporary have something to be late or even cancel the appointment, must notice to each other. When some of the later is acceptable, but if more than 15 minutes will give each other not value date of bad impression. In order when oneself should be selected favorite foods, if read the menu also have no idea word, but please waitress for you recommend restaurants specialty, but will give made clear, if eat seafood, don't eat red meats, remember everything hesitated, only knows how to say "is it (literally let)" will only add trouble to ride the guest. Dinner should pay attention to detail very much, but actually most daily's etiquette, just keep calm, not doing big movement, not a lot of noise or obstruction of others as a proper words had dinner.
如果邀請臨時有事要遲到或甚至取消約會,一定要注重彼此打招呼。在這之後的是可以接受的,但如果超過15分鍾會給對方不好的印象。在點餐時自己應該選擇最喜歡的食物,如閱讀菜單中也不知道的話,可以請服務員為您推薦餐廳的菜,要給予明確表示,如果吃海鮮,不吃紅肉, 晚餐要注重細節非常多,但其實大多數的日常的禮儀,只是保持鎮靜,不要做大的運動,而不是很大的噪音或妨礙他人就是一個好的晚餐。
1, use the most basic principle is tableware from outside to inside, complete a dish is serve to receive this of tableware, according to need or will fill the another set of knife and fork.
1,用最基本的原則是餐具從外到內,完成一道菜來接受這個副本是服務的餐具,根據需要或將填補另一組刀叉。
2, eat meat (such as when the steak) should start cutting corners, finished one again cut piece. Do not eat or parts of dishes, need to move it to plate.
2,吃肉時(如牛排)應該從最面前開始,吃完了一次再切。不要吃掉一半的菜餚,需要將它整個移動到盤子里,然後再小塊的吃。
3, such as mouth have anything to spit it out, shall be handed over to pick up a fork mouth, or with finger out, then moved to plate edge. The process must try not to lead others note that after meals can be naturally.
3,如口有東西要吐了出來,應當用叉子,或用手指,然後放在桌子旁邊。在過程中必須盡量避免引起別人的注意,要自然的。
4, meet legumes or rice type of dishes, can left hand to hold the forks on flat surface plate, fork pointing upwards, again with a knife will legumes or rice light to fork on will be to dial. If need seasoning but stretched out his hand and took less than, can ask the other side pass you, don't stand up prone to take.
4、豆類和大米類型的菜,會左手握叉子在平面板、叉尖向上,再用刀子豆類或大米光將會撥叉上。如果需要調味料,但伸手拿不到的,可以要求另一方通過你們,不要站起來容易掉出來的。
5, finish eat wipe hand wipe mouth with the napkin energetically rub, avoid by all means a corner of the carriage with the napkin attention to talk or finger print gently on the oil can be.
5,吃完了擦手擦嘴用餐巾,切忌在一個角落裡用餐巾,注意談話聲音小些,或者用手輕輕地叉掉油即可。
6, even if stool more comfortable, sitting position should be kept upright, don't depend on the back. While feeding body can be slightly lean forward, two arms shall cleave to the body, to avoid hitting the next door.
6坐姿應該保持正直,不要靠在椅背上。進食時身體會略向前傾,兩臂緊貼身體,以免撞到隔壁。
7, finish eat after each dish, such as put your knife and fork quadrilateral put, or play cross put in disorder, is very ugly. The correct method is put your knife and fork side by side on plate, fork tooth face up.
7,吃完之後,每個菜,如將刀叉四邊形放,或者玩交叉亂放,非常醜陋。正確的方法是將刀叉並排放好
D. 跪求 有關於英美國家社交禮儀方面的英語閱讀文章，中英文對照
http://www.pep.com.cn/ce/czyy/bnjx/dzkb/200703/t20070315_345662.htm
E. 英語閱讀短文 手機上的禮節
Unspoken rules govern cell phone etiquette
are using cell phones in a Manhattansubway. Most Americans believe there are unspokenrules about mobile phone etiquette, accorind to anonline poll.
It may not seem like it when commuters areshouting down their cell phones to the dismay ofother passengers but most Americans believe thereare unspoken rules about mobile phone etiquette.
Checking emails, sending text messages andmaking telephone calls while in the company of others are definite breeches of mobile manners.
Texting ring a date is also strictly forbidden.
But most people questioned in an online poll said they would not be offended if theyreceived an electronic thank you, instead of a written note and 75 percent had no objections toanyone using laptops, netbooks and cell phones in the bathroom.
"Etiquette is first and foremost a question of awareness," said author and etiquetteexpert Anna Post.
But she described the results of the Harris Interactive poll commissioned by Intel as "prettysurprising statistics."
Sixty-two percent of the 2,625 alts who took part in the survey agreed that cellphones, laptops, netbooks and other electronic devices are part of daily life.
Fifty-five percent also thought the demands of business mean people must stay connected,even if it involves taking a laptop on a holiday or answering a cell phone ring a meal.
But despite the need to be constantly connected and the general acceptance of thetechnology, people were more sensitive about technology abuses ring holiday and religiousactivities.
Nearly 90 percent of Americans think cell phone use is unacceptable ring a religiousservice and 30 percent admitted they would be offended if they received an online gift wish.
But more than half revealed that they intended to send an electronic greeting card, insteadof a traditional one.
"These are issues about common sense," said Dr Genevieve Bell, an ethnographer anddirector of Intel's User Experience Group, adding that the social rules of when and how it isappropriate to use the technology are still being formed.
Vocabulary:
shout down: to overwhelm or silence by shouting loudly(高聲喝止，大聲喊叫使對方的聲音聽不到)
to the dismay of sb.:使某人沮喪;使某人驚慌
etiquette: the practices and forms prescribed by social convention or by authority(禮節)
breeches: conceited; unly self-confident(妄自尊大，目中無人)
netbook: a small portable laptop computer designed for wireless communication andaccess to the Internet(上網筆記本電腦)
first and foremost：first of all, most important, primarily(首先，首要地)
在上下班的路上打手機聲音太大把別人嚇到，你可能難以相信，但大多數美國人認為使用手機還是有一些不成文的禮節。
當你和朋友在一起時，查收電郵、發簡訊以及打電話都被視為不禮貌的行為。
約會時發簡訊也是一大禁忌。
但在一項在線調查中，大多數受訪者稱自己即便收到的感謝便條是電子版的而非親筆寫的，也不會生氣。75%的受訪者對別人在浴室里用筆記本電腦、上網本和打手機沒有意見。
作家和禮節專家安娜 波斯特說：「禮節首先是一個意識的問題。」
但她稱該調查的結果「相當令人吃驚」。該調查由英特爾公司委託哈里斯互動調查開展。
在2625名成年受訪者中，62%的人認為手機、筆記本電腦、上網本以及其它電子設備是日常生活的一部分。
55%的受訪者認為，工作需要使人們必須保持聯系，哪怕這意味著在度假時要帶上筆記本電腦，或者在用餐時接手機。
盡管時時保持聯系成為一種需要，人們也普遍接受了這項科技，但人們對在休假和宗教活動時使用手機還是比較敏感。
近90%的美國人認為在宗教活動時使用手機不可接受，30%的受訪者稱自己如果收到網路禮物會不高興。
但一半以上的受訪者稱他們更傾向於發送電子賀卡，而非傳統賀卡。
人種學者、英特爾公司用戶體驗團隊的主管吉納維芙 貝爾博士說：「這是常識的問題」，「何時以及如何正確使用手機的社會規則仍在形成之中。
F. 英語閱讀理解講怎樣向機器人結借書要講禮貌的七年級
robot baby-sitter Japan recently made a new robot. It can take care of a cld. The new robot is called robot baby-sitter. It weighs 1. pounds, and has a body of 1. by 10. and by . inches. robot baby-sitter is a small robot, but it has many special skills. It can recognize and remember up to ten faces and use its eight separate electronic ears to understand human voices even in noisy situations. It also plays games with cldren when they are unhappy, or sing songs or ask suizzes to entertain the cld. If the cld is bored, iPapero will change new songs and suizzes so that it doesn't repeat itself. The robot babysitter even has a cell phone to call a parent when the cld asks for s mother. 日本不久以前製造了一個新的機器人。它會照看小孩。這個新機器人叫做機器人保姆。它1.磅重，身體是1.×10.×.英寸 機器人保姆是個小機器人，但它有很多特殊的技能。喔 順便一提，目前我在學的ABC天芐口語的老師和我提到 就是想學會英語是不難的！一定要有一個適宜的研習情境和進修口語對象 老師水平是關鍵，歐美人士比東南亞好很多 口語標准才是最好 堅決經常口語溝通 1&1個性化學習才能夠有非常.好.的學習成效；學習後需要重復復習錄音文檔，來進一步深化知識..實在是真的無對象可練習的狀況下，那麼就到 VOA或愛思取得課余學習材料研習 多說多練不知不覺的英語水平就提升起來，整體效果肯定會迅速明顯的；它能識別和記憶多達十張臉，即使是在吵鬧的情況下，它也能用它八隻分開的電子耳朵聽懂人的聲音。當孩子們不高興時，它還和他們玩游戲、唱歌或猜謎語讓他們開心。如果孩子感到無聊了，他會換新的歌和謎語，這樣就不會重復。這個照看小孩的機器人甚至還裝有移動，當孩子找媽媽時，可以用它打給父母。希望能被採納，望您學習更好、
G. 英語閱讀理解題
1.細節理解題：從文中找到對的或錯的一項 2.推理判斷題：從文章中你可以推出什麼 3.主旨大意回題：文章答講了什麼？文章的題目，段落的大意 4.判斷詞義題：文中的生詞是什麼意思？ 5.觀點態度題：作者對於事件的態度？如懷疑，客觀，支持，反對等
H. 樣的暑假到了，我想買一些相關禮儀書籍和中英文雜志閱讀，各位知道關於中英文雜志和禮儀的書籍哪種更有用
我個人認為商務英語禮儀這本書不錯，關於禮儀的知識挺多的。英語時代周刊，Beijing review
China daily 這些雜志都還可以
I. 求自考英語閱讀1 第4篇文章american social relations的翻譯
American Social Relations
Gladys G.Doty Janet Ross
American society is much more informal than that of many other countries and, in some ways, is characterized by less social distinction. The American mixture of pride in achievement and sense of 「』m just as good as anybody else.」 along with lack of importance placed on personal dignity, is difficult for a foreigner to understand. Americans in general do not like to be considered inferior, and they grumble loudly about inconveniences or not getting a 「fair deal.」 Yet they do not make a point of their personal honor. As an illustration of the difference between Europen and American reflection in this respect, John Whyte in American Words and Ways gives the following account.
A…[European] professor [visiting in American] was once sent a bil for hospital services which he had never enjoyed. The bill was accompanied by a strong letter demanding payment. It was obvious that a mistake in names had been made, but the professor, thoroughly aroused by this reflection on his character and financial integrity, wrote a vigorous letter of reply ( which an American might also have done.) But in this letter of reply he demanded that the creditor write him a formal letter of apology… for this reflection on his honor. Since no publicity could possibly have been given to the mistake, for mistake it was, most Americans in that sitution, after getting the matter off their chest ( or without doing that ) would have let the matter rest.
An example of the same thing may be that although Americans like to talk about their accomplishments, it is their custom to show certain modesty in reply to compliments. When someone praises an American upon his achievement or upon his personal appearance, which, incidentally, is a very polite thing to do in America, the American turns it aside. If someone should say, 「Congratulations upon being elected president of the club,」 an American is expected to reply, 「Well, I hope I can do a good job,」 or something of the sort. Or if someone says, 「That』s a pretty blue necktie you are wearing,」 an American is likely to say, 「I』m glad you like it,」 or 「Thank you. My wife gave it to me for my birthday.」 The response to a compliment seldom conveys the idea, 「I, too, think I』m pretty good.」
Likewise, there are fewer social conventions that show social differences in America. Students do not rise when a teacher enters the room. One does not always address a person by his title, such as 「Professor」 or 「Doctor」 (「Doctor」 is always used, however, for a doctor fo medicine). The respectful 「sir」 is not always used in the northern and western parts of the country.
Clothing in America, as in every place in the world, to a certain degree reflects a person』s social position and income, or, at least among the young, his attitudes toward society or toward himself. Yet no person is restricted to a certain uniform or manner of dress because of his occupations or class in society. A bank president may wear overalls to paint his house and is not ashamed of either the job or the clothing, and a common laborer may wear a rented tuxedo at his daughter』s wedding.
Yet in spite of all the informality, America is not completely without customs that show consciousness of social distinction. For example, one is likely to use somewhat more formal language when talking to superiors. While the informal 「Hello」 is an acceptable greeting from employee to employer, the employee is more apt to say, 「Hello, Mr. Ferguson,」 whereas the emplyer may reply, 「Hello, Jim.」 Southerners make a point of saying 「Yes,sir,」 or 「Yes,ma』am,」 or 「No,sir,」 or 「No, ma』am,」 when talking to an older person or a person in position of authority. Although this is a good form all over the United States, 「Yes, Mr. Weston.」 or 「No, Mrs. Baker」 is somewhat more common in a similar situation in the North or West.
Certain other forms of politeness are observed on social occasions. Though people wear hats less now than in the past, women still occasionally wear hats in church and at public social functions ( except those that are in the evening ).
In American there are still customs by which a man may show respect for a woman. He opens the door for her and lets her precede him through it. He walks on the side of the walk nearest the street. He takes her arm when crossing a street or descending a stairway. A younger person also shows respect for an older one in much the same fashion, by helping the older person in things requiring physical exertion or involving possible accident.
American surface informality often confuses the foreigner because he interprets it to mean no formality at all. He does not understand the point at which informality stops. A teacher, though friendly, pleasant, and informal in class, expects students to study hard, and he grades each student』s work critically and carefully. He also expects to be treated with respect. Although students are free to ask questions about statements made by the teacher, and may say that they disagree with what he says, they are not expected to contradict him. Similarly, in boy-girl relationships a foreign student should not mistake the easy relationship and flattery that are part of the dating pattern in the United States, nor presume that it means more than it does.
Also, because an American is perhaps more likely to admit and laugh at his own mistakes than one who stands more on his dignity, a foreigner sometimes does not know how to handle the American』s apparent modesty. The American is quite ready to admit certain weaknesses, such as 「I never was good at mathematics.」 「I』m a rotten tennis player.」 or 「I』m the world』s worst bridge player.」 However, the stranger must not be too quick to agree with him. American think it is all right, even sporting, to admit a defect in themselves, but they feel that it is almost an insult to have someone else agree. A part of American idea of good aportmanship is the point of being generous to a loser. This attitude is carried over into matters that have nothing to do with competition. If a man talks about his weak points, the listener says something in the way of encouragement,or point to other qualities in which the speaker excels. An American student reports that when he was in a foreign country he was completely stunned when he said to a native, 「I don』t speak your language very well.」 and the native replied, 「I should say you don』t.」 In a similar situation an American would have commented, 「Well, you have only been here two months.」 or 「But you』re making progress.」
Although Americans are quite informal, it is best for a foreigner, in case of doubt, to be too formal rather than not formal enough. Consideration for others is the basis of all courtesy.
美國的社會比其他國家的社會更加非正式，在某些方面，美國社會的特徵就是較少的社會差別。美國式的混合物－個人的成就感、不比別人差的優越感以及對個人尊嚴缺乏重要性，這些對一個外國人來說是很難理解的。通常來講美國人不喜歡被別人看成低人一等的，他們也會為自己遭受的不便而抱怨，還會為自己沒有得到公平的待遇而抱怨。然而，他們也不是很重視自己的榮譽。在這一方面，為了更好展示歐洲人和美國人的不同反映，John Whyte 在《美國語言和方式》這本書里給了我們如下的描述。
有位歐洲的教授曾在美國訪問，他有次收到一份在醫院接受治療的賬單，實際上他並沒有接受過任何治療。隨附賬單還有一封措施很強烈的信件。很明顯這是因為把姓名弄錯了，但是這位教授由於對信中對自己人格以及金錢方面的廉潔而提出的質疑感到不舒服，他也寫了一份措辭很激烈的回信。（美國人也會這樣去做）。但是在這份回信中，這位歐洲教授要求他的債權人寫一份正式的道歉信，就因為對他人格的指責。由於這樣的錯誤並沒有被公眾知悉，即使這樣的錯誤已經發生了，但大多數美國人在這種形勢下，只是將其宣洩一番，甚至有的人根本就不用宣洩，就讓這件事情過去了。
同樣的事情我再給你舉一個例子，盡管美國人比較喜歡討論自己的成就，但是他們有個習俗，那就是如果你得到某種贊美時，你的回答要展示某種謙虛。當有人在贊美一個美國人諸如他的成就或外貌的時候，這些話題在美國被認為是很有禮貌的事情，他也不會太在意。如果有人對一個美國人說：「祝賀你當選俱樂部主席」，他會回答「我希望把工作做好」或者諸如詞類的話語。當有人說：「你打的領結很漂亮」，而美國人會說「我很高興你喜歡它」或者「謝謝你，這是我妻子送給我的生日禮物」。所有對這種贊美的回答從來都不會傳達這樣的含義即「我也認為我挺不錯的」 同樣的，在美國也很少有那種社會習俗來表現這種社會差異。當老師進教室的時候，學生是不起立的。也不經常在一個人的名字前面加一些頭銜，比如教授或博士。（DOCTOR 如果從醫葯學方面來稱呼也是可以的）。表示尊敬含義的SIR在美國北部和西部也是很少使用的。
在美國正如在世界上其他地方一樣，從某種意義上，人的穿著會反映其社會地位和收入，或者至少在年輕人當中可以反映這個社會或者自己的態度。但是由於自已的職業或社會地位，沒有任何一個只局限穿一種特定的制服或選擇某種特定的穿衣方式。一個銀行的行長在粉刷自己房子的時候會穿工裝服，而且不會因這種工作和穿衣的方式而感到羞愧。而一個普通勞動者在自己女兒的婚禮上也會租穿一件無尾燕尾服。
盡管有諸如此類非正式的東西，但是美國也並不是完全沒有習俗來展現這種社會差別意識。例如，但一個人跟他的上司說話的時候，他會用更加正式的語言。盡管非正式語言HELLO可以用於雇員和僱主之間，但對於一個雇員來說，他更傾向於使用HELLO,MR FERGUSON，而上司回答時可以直接回答HELLO JIM。當跟一個年長者或者權位更高的人說話時，美國南方人主張說YES SIR 或YES MA』AM 或NO, SIR或NO, MA』MA。盡管這樣的稱謂在全美國被認為是一種很好的稱謂形式，但是在美國北部或西部，人們還更傾向於稱YES,MR WESTON或NO,MRS BAKER。某種表示禮貌的形式可以在社交場合會看到的。盡管現在的人不像過去那麼經常帶帽子，但是女性在教堂或一些公眾慶祝宴會時會帶上帽子的（當然這些場合如果發生在晚上就不用了）
在美國仍然還有些習俗，男士們通過這些習慣來表現對女士的尊敬。他會給女士開門，而且讓女士先進入。男士也會走在更靠近街道的人行道。當穿過一條階段或下樓梯時，男士會扶著女士。一個年輕人同樣也會表示對年長者的尊敬，他們通過幫助他們做一些費體力的活或一些引發事故的活。
美國人這種表面上的非正式性會讓一個外國人迷惑，因為他認為美國人的這種非正式性意味著沒有正式性而言。但是他並不知道美國人的這種非正式性會在哪裡變成了正式性，比如一個老師在課堂上看起來友好、和善，在課堂上也表現的非正式，但老師要求學生努力學習，並且在批改作業時是很嚴格和仔細的。而且這位老師也同樣希望學生能尊敬他。盡管學生對老師的陳述自由提出問題，而且也可以表達對老師觀點的不同意，但是這些學生也不能駁斥老師的觀點。同樣，在男孩和女孩交往的過程中，一個外國學生也不要對美國人在約會里表現的親近關系或奉承的話語而誤會，不要認為他們還有更深層次的含義。同樣，因為比那些經常想保持自己尊嚴的人來說，美國人非常有可能承認和嘲笑他自己的錯誤、缺點。但是有時外國人不知道怎麼處理美國人這種表面的謙虛。美國人很容易承認自己的某些弱點，諸如「我的數學不好」，「我的網球打的很爛」或者說「我的橋牌打的也是出奇的差」，但是，這個時候對於一個陌生人不能隨聲附和。美國人認為，承認自己的一些弱點沒有什麼，即使是運動項目不行，但是如果別人對他們謙虛的話語表示同意，他們認為這是對他們若大的侮辱。美國競技精神的一部分就是對失敗者要賦予同情和慷慨。這種態度從體育競技中被帶入到跟體育競技一點關系都沒有的事情當中了。如果一個人談及自己的弱點時，聽者一般都會以鼓勵來回應或指出失敗者在其他領域是很擅長的。一個美國的學生講到，有次他去國外時，當他對當地人說：「我說你們的語言說的不好」，而對方回應到「我也這么認為」，他被當地人的回答驚呆了。當然，在同樣的情勢下，一個美國人將會回應到「你來這里才剛兩個月而已」 或者說「但是你取得進步了」。
盡管美國人好像十分不正式，但對於一個外國人，尤其在不知道情況下，你最好盡可能正式的對待。總是考慮別人是所以禮儀的基礎。
J. 關於社交禮儀的英文短文
您好！以下部分範文已經修改。推薦第一篇（初高中皆可）（第二可摘要點）.第三篇閱讀，適合中上高中水平... 另外推薦樓主加入部分該學期重點句型，詞彙。。可是文章更生動...
1.《英國餐桌禮儀》Different cultre ,different manners.Good manners can lead the culture of a country into a colorful one ,the same to a person .For example,In Britain,If you are a guest to be invited to someone's home, we should test some of this tiger. For example, the time has come to hosts who looked at what? Decent, if not to talk about things, just a social gathering early to be impolite. The hostess is doing to prepare, she has not completely ready you up, make her feel very embarrassed. As late as 10 minutes the best. As late as half an hour becomes too late, and need to apologize to the owner. So,go for it ! You can be a gentleman!
如果你被邀請到別人家做客，就要考虎這樣幾個情況。比如，該在什麼時候到主人家?如果不是談正經事，只是個社交聚會，早到是不禮貌的。女主人正在做准備，她還沒完全准備好你就到了，會使她感到非常尷尬。晚到10分鍾最佳。晚到半小時就顯得太遲了，需要向主人致歉
2.TABLE MANNERS AT A DINNER PARTY: 宴會上的餐桌禮儀.There are two pairs of knives and forks on the table, 桌子上有兩雙刀叉Forks on the left and knives in the right of the plate.叉子放在盤子的左邊，刀子放在右邊When you see two spoons, the big one id for the soup and the small one for the dessert. 你能看到兩個勺子，大的是為了盛湯，小的為了甜點。 For the starter, which you eat with the smaller pair, 開始時候你用小的那對吃you keep the knife in your right hand and the fork in your left.保持著左手叉右手刀The next dish is the main course.下一道菜是主菜。At table ,you should try to speak quietly and smile a lot,but do not laugh all the time. 在桌子上你應該試著輕聲的說話，並且常常微笑，不要一直笑，Table manners change over time.餐桌禮儀總是在變They follow the fashion of the day .他們隨著時代改變 .
3.辦公室英語之餐桌禮儀
7) Second Helpings
The hostess may or may not ask if you would like a second helping, according to the formality of the meal. If she does and you accept it, you should pass your plate to her or to the servant with the knife and fork still lying on it.
8) The Salad Course
A salad is eaten with a fork only held in the right hand with points turned up. There is usually a special one for the salad, a little smaller than the meat fork.
9) Bread and Butter
Bread is taken in the fingers and laid on the side plate or the edge of the large plate, it is never take with a fork. Butter is taken from the butter dish with the butter knife and placed on the side plate, not on one』s bread.
10) Other Things on the Table
When there are things on the middle of the table, such as bread, butter, jelly, pickles, nits, candies, you should not take any until the hostess ahs suggested that they be passed.
11) Leaving the Table
It is impolite for a guest to leave the table ring a meal, or before the hostess gives the signal at the end. When the hostess indicates that the dinner is over, she will start to rise from her seat and all the guests she rise from theirs at the same time.
12) Various rules and Suggestions
Sit up straight on your chair;
Do not put much food in your mouth at a time;
Drink only when there is no food in your mouth;
Try not to get into your mouth anything that will have to be taken out;
Do not make any nose when you eat;
Do not clean your teeth at the table or anywhere in public, either with your finger or a tooth pick(牙簽), not even with you tongue.
其英語作文也是有通性的，LZ可自行從以上範文中摘錄相關要點，自行編寫，融合自己的作文風格，做出你自己的作文。。 學以致用.. 希望對你有幫助..