① 英語科普短文
泰哥，我給你找了幾個，必須採納啊！ To Pull up the Seedlings to Help Them Grow 「拔苗助長」
Once upon a time, there was an old farmer who planted a plot of rice. After he planted the seedlings, every day he went to the field to watch the seedlings grow. He saw the young shoots break through the soil and grow taller each day, but still, he thought they were growing too slowly. Eventually he got impatient with the young plants and suddenly he hit upon an idea that one by one, he pulled up the young plants by half an inch. The next early morning, the young man couldn』t wait to check his 「achievement」, but he was heart-broken to see all the pulled-up young plants dying.
從前，有個農夫，種了稻苗（seedlings）後，便希望能早早收成。每天他到稻田時，都發覺那些稻苗長得非常慢。他等得很不耐煩。想了又想，他終於想到一個「最佳方法」，他將稻苗全都拔高了幾分。第二天，一早起身，他迫不及待地去稻田看他的「成果」。 哪知，卻看到所有的稻苗都枯萎了。
Plugging One』s Ears While Stealing a Bell 「掩耳盜鈴」
Once upon a time, there was a man who wanted to steal his neighbor』s doorbell. However, he knew clearly that the bell would ring and catch the other people』s attention as long as he touched the bell. So he thought hard and suddenly hit on a clever 「idea」. He plugged his ears with something, thinking that everything would go well when he stole the bell. Unfortunately to his disappointment, the bell still rang loudly and he was caught on the spot as a thief.
從前，有一個人想偷鄰居門上的鈴，但是他知道一碰到鈴，鈴就會響起來，被人發現。他想啊想，終於他想出一個「妙極」，他把自己的耳朵用東西塞起來，就聽不見鈴聲了。但是當他去偷鈴時，鈴聲仍舊響起來，他被別人當場抓住
The Fox and the Crow 「狐狸和烏鴉」
One day a crow stood on a branch near his nest and felt very happy with the meat in his mouth. At that time, a fox saw the crow with the meat, so he swallowed and eagerly thought of a plan to get the meat. However, whatever the fox said to the crow, the crow just kept silent. Until the fox thought highly of the crow』s beautiful voice, the crow felt flattered and opened his mouth to sing. As soon as the meat fell down to the ground, the fox took the meat and went into his hole.
有一天,一隻烏鴉站在窩旁的樹枝上嘴裡叼著一片肉，心裡非常高興。這時候，一隻狐狸看見了烏鴉，饞得直流口水，非常想得到那片肉。但是，無論狐狸說什麼，烏鴉就是不理睬狐狸。最後，狐狸贊美烏鴉的嗓音最優美，並要求烏鴉唱幾句讓他欣賞欣賞。烏鴉聽了狐狸贊美的話，得意極了，就唱起歌來。沒想到，肉一掉下來，狐狸就叼起肉，鑽回了洞
Draw a Snake and Add Feet to It 「畫蛇添足」
Long long ago, several people had a jar of wine among them and all of them wanted to drink it by himself. So they set a rule that every one would draw a snake on the ground and the man who finished first would have the wine. One man finished his snake very soon and he was about to drink the wine when he saw the others were still busy drawing, so he decided to draw the feet to the snake. However, before he could finish the feet, another man finished and grabbed the jar from him, saying, "Who has ever seen a snake with feet?」 The story of "Draw a snake and add feet to It.」 tells us going too far is as bad as not going far enough.
古時幾個人分一壺酒。他們都想獨自喝完那壺酒，所以就定了一個規矩：每人在地上畫一條蛇，誰畫得最快，這壺酒就歸誰。有一個人很快就把蛇畫好了。他正打算喝這壺酒時，看見別人都還在忙著畫，就決定給蛇再畫上幾只腳。結果，他的蛇腳還沒加完，另一個人已經把蛇畫好了。那人一下把酒壺奪了過去，說：「有誰見過長腳的蛇？」。這個故事告訴我們這樣的道理：做得過分和做得不夠都是不對的
② 英語閱讀理解解中科普文章怎麼做
做英來文閱讀理解都是有規律的，一般每自段首句是段落的中心，後面都是分類的。在做閱讀理解時，可以先看一下問題，找到關鍵詞，然後到對應段落去找，把關鍵詞的前後仔細看一下，答案就出來了。可以去參考新東方閱讀理解講解的筆記，有做題技巧的介紹.
③ 英文科普短文
The Internet is a giant network of computers located all over the world that communicate with each other. The Internet is an international collection of computer networks` that all understand a standard system of addresses and commands, connected together through backbone systems. It was started in 1969, when the U.S. Department of Defence established a nationwide network to connect a handful of universities and contractors. The original idea was to increase computing capacity that could be shared by users in many locations and to find out what it would take for computer networks to survive a nuclear war or other disaster by providing multiple path between users. People on the ARPNET (as this nationwide network was originally called) quickly discovered that they could exchange messages and conct electronic "conferences" with distant colleagues for purposes that had nothing to do with the military instrial complex. If somebody else had something interesting stored on their computer, it was a simple matter to obtain a (assuming the owner did not protect it). Over the years, additional networks joined which added access to more and more computers. The first international connections, to Norway and England, were added in 1973. Today thousands of networks and millions of computers are connected to the Internet. It is growing so quickly that nobody can say exactly how many users "On the Net". The Internet is the largest repository of information which can provide very very large network [參考譯文] Internet是由位於世界各地相互通信的計算機連接而成的巨大的計算機網路。 Internet是計算機網路的國際性的集合，這些網路都符合具有地址和命令的標准體系，並經骨幹網連在一起。Internet始建於1969年，當時美國國防部為連接少數幾所大學和協議企業而建立了一個全國性網路。最初的想法是要增加計算機能力並可由許多地點的用戶共享，並且通過提供用戶間多條路徑來找到哪一種計算機網路能夠在核戰或其他災難中倖存。ARPNET（這種全國網路最初的名稱）上的用戶很快就發現他們可以與遠距離的同事交換消息，並且進行某種目的的電子「會議」，而這些目的與軍事工業企業沒有任何關系。如果另外一些人在其計算機中存有有趣的東西，得到其拷貝是很容易的事（假定擁有者沒有進行保護）。 幾年間，新的網路接入使越來越多的計算機加入進來。在1973年進行了第一次與挪威和英國的國際連接。今天，有成千上萬的計算機網路和數百萬台計算機與Internet相連。Internet發展如此之快以至於沒有人能准確地說出網上有多少用戶。 Internet是最大的信息寶庫，它可以提供非常巨大的網路資源。這種網路資源可分為網路設備資源和網路信息資源。網路設備資源使我們能夠進行遠程計算和通信。網路信息資源向我們提供各種各樣的信息服務，如科學、教育、商務、歷史、法律、藝術和娛樂等等。
④ 科普英語閱讀里的兩道題
1. 非謂語動詞start和句子主語the government buildings之間是被動的關系，所以用過去分詞形式started.
此時start不翻譯為回「開始」，而譯為「始建」答。
2. since引導介賓短語做句子時間狀語時，該句才會使用現在完成時（has begun to）；
用before引導的話，則表示具體的一個過去時間狀語，句子一般用一般過去時或過去完成時。
3. By the fourth century B.C. 到公元前4世紀時
by的意思是「到...的時候」
⑤ 給我15篇英語短文(7篇科普文其餘不限,200字左右,要中文翻譯)
I. CASE BACKGROUND
1. Abstract:
This website aims to analyze the key events leading to the construction of the Panama Canal, and detail certain environmental and tactical problems that threaten the canal today. The website historically examines why people wanted to construct the Panama Canal and details the efforts that lead to the construction of the canal. The website will also go into detail on how the U.S. supported the liberation of Panama, the decisive strategies it implemented to complete the canal, and a brief overview of events that take us to today's situation with the canal. Finally, the website ends on how environmental problems of deforestation and fresh water loss coincide to threaten the maintenance of the canal as well as its proposal to increase capacity to satisfy rising demands.
2. Description:
There has been a strong desire to have a canal run through the Central American isthmus since the early 16th century when the Spanish dominated the region. They sought to build a canal to achieve an easier route to access their colonies on the Atlantic and Pacific sides. Though, the Spanish government had plans in place no action was taken. Interest intensified to build a canal when gold was discovered in California in 1848. American settlers, looking for land and gold, wanted a quicker route than making the arous trek across the continental U.S. In 1850, an international expedition composed of Colombia, France, Britain and the U.S. went to explore a claim made by Dr. Edward Cullen on how to cross the Darien Gap, the shortest distance between the tide waters of the Atlantic and Pacific in the Americas. The U.S. expedition, led by Navy Lieutenant Isaac Strain, arrived early and went into the Darien Gap without Cullen's guidance. Most of Strain's men died on the misguided expedition and Strain declared that a canal built through the Darien Gap was "impracticable." (McCullough, 22-23) In 1870, Commander Thomas Selfridge took two expeditions through the Darien Gap and followed Dr. Cullen's trail. While his first expedition faced many hardships getting from the Atlantic side to the Pacific, his expedition made it. Selfridge added insight on how the canal should be built, saying it must be "through-cut," at sea level. (McCullough, 44)
Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps was not an engineer or an architect, he was an entrepreneur extraordinaire. "He had all the nerve, persistence, dynamic energy, a talent for propaganda, a capacity for deception and imagination." (53, McCullough) With his outgoing social manner and his dream firmly in place, de Lesseps made the construction of the Suez Canal happen. He was the chairman and president of the Suez Canal Company and was the charmed guardian for the fortunes of all his shareholders. De Lesseps had fascinating dreams that kept the public enthralled like railways from Paris to Moscow to Peking, or creating an inland sea in the Sahara Desert by breaking through a ridge on Tunisia's Gulf of Gabes and flooding a depression the size of Spain. (57, McCullough) He was able to handle and use money like no other man in his time. Though, in 1875 two things happened. One was the British took control of the Suez Canal, and while he remained president his influence was undercut. The second event that occurred was his decision to take on the project of building a canal between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in the Americas.
In the summer of 1875, de Lesseps declared his desire to build an inter-oceanic canal through the Americas at France's Geographical Society. (58, McCullough) In May of 1879, de Lesseps hosted a meeting with delegations of 22 countries around the world, discussing the tactics on how to build the canal. This delegation, the International Canal Congress, brought suggestions to the floor on the type and location. There was debate over whether the canal should be built in Panama or Nicaragua. When Panama was chosen, the next argument was whether it should be a sea level canal or a lock canal. De Lesseps declared that it would have to be a sea level canal. The problem of a sea level canal was seen right away in terms of the landscape that the canal was to be built on. The source of this problem was the Chagres River. "The absolutely unavoidable problem was the river. Any canal at Panama-a lock canal, a sea-level canal-would have to cross the river at least once. If a sea-level canal were cut through, the result would be a stupendous cataract. The fall of the river into the canal would be 42 feet and this measurement was based on the level of the river in the dry season, when the river was only a few feet deep. In the rainy season the river could be instantly transformed into a torrent, rising ten feet in an hour. The cost of controlling so monstrous a force-if it could be done at all-was beyond reckoning." (76, McCullough)
Nicholas Joseph Adolphe Godin, chief engineer with the French Department of Bridges and Highways, agreed with one of the American delegates that the Chagres River needed to be bridged, though he decided for that to happen there needed to be dams creating two artificial lakes. These lakes would act like the lake in Nicaragua, when the Nicaragua plan was on the table. "There would be two artificial lakes, with flights of locks, like stairs, leading up to the lakes from the two oceans. As Lake Nicaragua was the essential element in the Nicaraguan plan, providing both easy navigation and an abundant source of water for the canal, so his man-made lakes would serve at Panama." (80, McCullough) These dams would allow the Charges River to flow into the lakes, providing an endless source of water for canal use. On May 28, 1879, Panama was pronounced the proper place for the canal and a sea-level canal was the type of canal that would be built.
After de Lesseps returned to France from his three month visit to where the canal would be built, he immediately started fundraising and propagandizing the campaign. De Lesseps and France were confident; they had exceptional engineers and the experience of the Suez Canal. Though, in Panama they had to improvise. Panama was infinitely more challenging than the Suez in every aspect except for the distance and any lesson that Suez provided was useless and a hindrance. The French had to go into a thickly matted jungle that had poisonous reptiles, jaguars and pumas, and tons of insects. The summer of 1881, the French also discovered another deadly obstacle in their canal project; yellow fever and malaria. By the end of 1881 there were 2,000 men at work, including office and technical staff. As the number of laborers increased so did the death rate. By the end of 1883, 1,300 laborers had died throughout the year. While progress was being made laborers would die, at times on average of 200 per month. (McCullough, 160-161)
The rate of sickness only got worse. The worst year for the French regime in Panama was 1885, where up to forty people per day died at times. (McCullough, 172) The death toll was not the only number increasing at a rapid rate, so too was the financial cost. De Lesseps』 efforts to raise the proper money were without comparison in his time. He was truly talented at raising money for his projects and inspired many of his countrymen. Unfortunately, the conditions kept getting more arous in Panama and de Lesseps had to keep justifying to the French government to give him more money. While his efforts were valiant, on February 4, 1889, the shareholders of the original company assigned a liquidator and the French effort was brought to an end. De Lesseps could only whisper, 「It is impossible! It is shameful!」 (McCullough, 202)
While de Lesseps』 might have wanted to continue his legacy of the construction of important canals throughout the world, the U.S. had other reasons. President Theodore Roosevelt and Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan were obsessed with naval power. Sea power was necessary to facilitate trade and peaceful commerce, therefore, the country with the greatest sea power would be able to wield great influence on the world stage. Therefore, long coastlines, good harbors, and power over the Suez and the soon-to-be Panama Canal was essential. Mahan』s theories on sea power conflicted with another major geopolitical, that of Sir Halford Mackinder. Mackinder believed that spatial integration and advanced technology on the interiors of continents was essential. (http://www.list.org/~mdoyle/theory.html) Perhaps the U.S. followed Mackinder and Mahan, because before de Lesseps arrived in Panama to begin work on the canal, the U.S. controlled the Panama Railroad that went from Colon, on the Northern Atlantic side, to Panama City on the Southern Pacific side. The railroad in addition to the canal in 1914, allowed the U.S. to control nearly all commodities and ships going between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans and vice versa.
The burgeoning U.S. fleet needed to be able to move between the Caribbean and Pacific easier than taking the 18,000 mile route around South America. Secretary of State John Hay went to Colombia to negotiate the terms in buying the region so that the U.S. could start construction in the Colombian province of Panama. The Colombian Congress rejected the offer. Roosevelt who did not think highly of the Colombian government, demonstrated in this quote: "We were dealing with a government of irresponsible bandits," Roosevelt stormed. "I was prepared to . . . at once occupy the Isthmus anyhow, and proceed to dig the canal. But I deemed it likely that there would be a revolution in Panama soon." (http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining.html)1 The U.S. sent battleships outside of Colon and Panama City to prevent the Colombian army from mobilizing, while the Panamanian rebels declared independence on November 3, 1903. The U.S. guaranteed sovereignty to Panama and paid them $10 million up front in order to have control over the canal zone.
The U.S. would end up building the canal through Panama, opening up on 1914, though not without more deaths from illnesses. The U.S. did though have Dr. Gorgas who had developed treatment for Malaria and Yellow Fever, which were the main source of diseases in the region. Unlike the French who had to improvise, the Americans learned from the mistakes the French engineers made and were not bogged down by Panama』s terrain. The U.S. also shifted the engineering plan from a sea-level canal to a lock canal. In total, the U.S. suffered over 5,000 worker deaths, bringing the total to over 25,000 for the whole project over the thirty year period of the canal』s construction.
Today, the Panama Canal faces a myriad of problems that need to be fixed, should the canal continue to be effective. Deforestation of the rainforest around the canal basin could lead to water loss. Considering the canal will be operating at maximum capacity all the time in 2009, e to increased trade between Asia and the Americas, fresh water used to fill the locks is emptying out at rapid rates. While this is not a concern ring the wet season in Panama, ring the dry season, between December and April, this could turn into a potential disaster. Deforestation can also hurt the burgeoning tourist instry, should most of the wildlife around the canal basin disappear. The other main problems that the Panama Canal faces today are the amount of ships that travel through the canal each day as well as the size of the ships. Last month, the Panamanian government decided to propose an enlargement program adding two more locks, one on the Atlantic side as well as the Pacific side. These locks will be able to increase the capacity of what the canal can handle, as well as provide enough room so that the post-Panamax ships that cannot fit through the current locks will be able to use the canal. Channels will be widened for these new locks and water reutilization plants will be established. Also, Gatun Lake is set to be deepened to increase water holding capacity. (Third Set of Locks Project, Fact Sheet)
一,案例背景
1 .摘要:
這個網站旨在剖析關鍵事件導致建造巴拿馬運河,並詳細某些環境和戰術問題,威脅運河的今天.網站歷史研究的人,為什麼要興建巴拿馬運河和細節的努力,導致建造的運河.該網站也將詳述如何支持美國解放巴拿馬,具有決定性的戰略實施,完成南運河,並簡要概述事件,我們今天的局面,與運河.最後,該網站的目的,就如何把環境問題,森林和淡水的損失,同時威脅到維持運河以及其提案,以增加其容量,以滿足日益增長的需求.
2 .描述:
有一個強烈願望,有一條運河,貫穿中美洲地峽初以來, 16世紀時,西班牙為主的地區.他們試圖建立一個以運河,以達到一個更容易的途徑進入他們的殖民地,對大西洋和太平洋.雖然,西班牙政府已經准備到位,沒有採取任何行動.利息加緊修築一條運河黃金時,被發現在加州1848 .美國定居,尋找土地和黃金,想要一個便捷的路線比作艱苦跋涉,橫跨大陸,美國, 1850年,一個國際探險隊組成,哥倫比亞,法國,英國和美國去探索提出的索賠博士愛德華卡倫對如何跨越包括darien差距,最短距離潮流水域是大西洋和太平洋在美洲.美國探險隊,由海軍中尉艾薩株,提前抵達,並進入了包括darien差距卡倫的指導.大部分菌株的男人就死了誤導探險和應變宣稱運河建成通過包括darien差距,是"不切實際" ( 2.69月22-23日) 1870年,司令托馬斯空降模擬了兩次考察,通過包括darien差距,並遵循卡倫博士的線索.而他的第一次探險隊遇到了許多困難,從大西洋到太平洋,他的探險了.空降模擬洞察力,對如何運河應建說,它必須透過"禁" ,在海平面. ( 2.69 , 44 )
費迪南德瑪麗aranea不是一個工程師或建築師,他是一個企業家開講. "他所有的神經,毅力,活力,人才,為宣傳,身份詐騙和想像力" ( 53歲, 2.69億)與卸任的社會態度和夢想堅定地德aranea取得建造蘇伊士運河發生.他是董事長兼總裁蘇伊士運河公司是8548監護人的命運他的所有股東. 德aranea了迷人的夢羈市民著迷鐵路一樣,從巴黎到莫斯科到北京,或創造一個內海,在撒哈拉大沙漠中突破了里奇對突尼西亞的海灣加貝斯和洪水氣壓大小西班牙. ( 57 , 2.69 ) ,他能否有效地處理和利用這些錢,沒有其他人在他的時候.雖然,在1875年兩件事情.其一是英國控制了蘇伊士運河,而他仍然是總統,他的影響力被削弱. 第二次發生的事件,他決定採取對工程建設的一條運河與太平洋和大西洋,在美洲.
在夏季, 1875年,德aranea宣布他的願望,即建立一個跨大洋運河通過在美洲的法國地理學會的會員. ( 58 2.69 ) ,可在1879年,德aranea主持召開了各代表團, 22個國家在世界各地,討論戰術,就如何建設運河.這個代表團,國際運河國會提出建議,向地板上的類型和地點.有爭論運河應建於巴拿馬和尼加拉瓜.巴拿馬時,被選定後,另一個論點是,我們是否應該海平面運河或運河船閘.德aranea宣布,它勢必要經歷一個海平面運河.問題海平面運河被馬上從景觀,是運河將建成.這問題的根源是查格雷斯河. "絕對不可避免的,問題是河.任何運河在巴拿馬舉行了運河船閘,海平面運河將要過河至少一次.如果海平面運河被劃破,結果將是一個了不起白內障.秋季河水入運河,將42英尺這種測量是基於一級河流在旱季時,河水只有幾英尺深.在雨季河水可瞬間轉化成洪流,上升10英尺,在一個小時.成本控制等彌天的力量, 如果它可以做到在所有被清算以後. " ( 76 , 2.69 )
尼古拉約瑟夫夫奧努丁總工程師法文系,橋梁和公路,同意一個美國代表說, 查格雷斯河需要加以彌合,但他決定為做到這一點,需要有水壩形成兩個人工湖.這些湖泊會像湖中,尼加拉瓜,在尼加拉瓜計劃是放在桌上. " ,將有兩個人工湖,同航班的鐵鎖,像樓梯,導致該湖由兩大洋.至於尼加拉瓜湖是必不可少的因素,在尼加拉瓜計劃,同時提供簡單易用的導航功能和豐富的水源供運河,所以他的人造湖泊將在巴拿馬. " ( 80 , 2.69 ) ,這些水壩將使收費河流流入湖泊,提供了無盡的水源使用運河.於1879年5月28日,巴拿馬宣告各得其所,為運河和海平面運河類型運河將建成.
經過德aranea返回法國,從他3個月的訪問,而運河將建成後,他立即開始籌款和宣傳活動. aranea德和法國人的信心;他們有著非凡的工程師和經驗豐富的蘇伊士運河.雖然,在巴拿馬只好湊合.巴拿馬是無限的難度大於蘇伊士在各個方面,除了距離和任何教訓蘇伊士提供的是沒用的一個障礙.法國已經到了一個厚厚但這就是弱肉強食了有毒的爬行動物,美洲虎和美洲獅,一噸昆蟲.夏天, 1881年,法國又發現了另一個致命的障礙,他們在運河工程;黃熱病和瘧疾.截至1881年共有2000名男子在工作,包括辦公室和技術人員.隨著一系列的勞動者增加,所以沒有死亡率.截至1883年, 1300名華工死於貫穿全年.而正在取得進展,勞動者會死的時候,平均每月200 . ( 2.69 , 160-161 )
率病只有越變越糟.最差的一年,法國政權巴拿馬是1885年,有多達40人,每天死亡的時候. ( 2.69 , 172 ) ,死亡人數不僅數量增長快,所以也被財務費用.德aranea '努力提高妥善錢比較,在他的時候.他是真正的天才,在籌錢,為他的計劃,並激發他的許多同胞.不幸的是,保存條件越來越艱苦,在巴拿馬和de aranea保持了理向法國政府給他更多的錢.而他的努力得到了英勇的,對1889年2月4日,股東對原公司指定清算人和法國努力告一段落.德 aranea只能嘀咕, "這是不可能的!實在可恥! " ( 2.69 , 202 )
而德aranea '也許是想繼續他所遺留下來的建築重要的,運河在世界各地,美國也有其他原因.總統羅斯福和隊長阿爾弗雷德馬漢厭倦了痴迷的海軍實力.海上力量是必要的, 以促進貿易和商業的和平,因此,該國最大的海上力量將能發揮很大的影響力在世界舞台上.因此,有漫長的海岸線,優良的港口,電力超過蘇伊士運河和不久將巴拿馬運河是必不可少的.馬漢的理論,對海權的沖突,與另一家大型緣,爵士mackinder排出. mackinder認為,空間整合和先進技術對內飾大洲是必不可少的. ( http://www.list.org/ ~ mdoyle / theory.html )也許美國走mackinder和馬漢,因為在此之前德aranea抵達巴拿馬開始工作,對運河,美國控制巴拿馬鐵路, 1814年結腸癌,對北部大西洋一方,在巴拿馬市對南大西洋方面.鐵路除了運河, 1914年允許美國幾乎控制所有商品和船隻來往太平洋和大西洋,反之亦然.
新興的美國艦隊必須能夠來往於加勒比海和太平洋地區較容易以 18000英里的路線周圍南美洲.國務卿約翰海伊前往哥倫比亞進行談判的條件,買區域,使美國可以動工,在哥倫比亞省的巴拿馬.哥倫比亞國會拒絕了.羅斯福沒有瞧得起哥倫比亞政府表明,在此引述他的話: "我們打交道的政府不負責任的土匪, "羅斯福破門. "我當時准備.一下子占據地峽無論如何,並著手挖掘運河.但我認為它有可能將是一場革命,巴拿馬很快. " ( http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining.html ) 1美國派出戰艦之外結腸癌和巴拿馬市,以防止哥倫比亞軍隊調動,而巴拿馬叛軍宣布獨立, 1903年11月3日.美國保證主權巴拿馬向他們支付1000萬美元的前面,以控制運河區.
美國落得建設運河通過巴拿馬,開放的1914年, 雖然沒有更多的人死於疾病.美國雖然沒有博士gorgas曾研製治療瘧疾和黃熱病,其中主要來源地區的傳染病.不同於法國人來了一段即興,美國人的錯誤中汲取經驗,法國工程師了,並沒有陷入巴拿馬的地形.美國也轉向工程計劃從海平面運河鎖定運河.總起來,美國遭受了5000多名工人死亡,使總數達到 25000多名,為整個工程在過去30年期間,運河的建造.
今天,運河面臨著很多問題,需要加以固定,如果運河繼續有效.砍伐雨林圍繞運河流域可能導致水土流失.考慮到運河將滿負荷運行的所有時間,在2009年,由於之間的貿易增加,亞洲和美洲,淡水用來填補門鎖是排空出高速率.雖然這不是一個關注的雨季期間,在巴拿馬,每逢旱季, 12月至4月,這可能變成一個潛在的災難.毀林也傷害了蓬勃發展的旅遊業,應大多數野生圍繞運河流域消失.另一個主要問題是巴拿馬運河今天面臨數額的船隻穿越運河每天以及大小船隻.上個月,巴政府已經決定提出的擴大計劃,並增加了兩個鎖,一個是關於大西洋方以及太平洋側.這些鎖,將能夠提高能力,有什麼運河能處理,以及提供足夠的空間,使後巴拿馬型船舶不能適合通過這次鎖,將能夠使用運河.渠道將拓寬為這些新的門鎖和中水回用廠,將被建立.同時, gatun湖設為深化,以增加蓄水能力. (第三套船閘工程概況)
⑥ 我要一些英語科普的閱讀文 要有中文的哦！謝謝
Black holes on a collision course
趨於碰撞的黑洞
Scientists say Chandra provides first evidence that two such mysteries can coexist in one galaxy. 科學家說，錢德拉望遠鏡首次證實兩個黑洞可共存於同一星系中。
In a very bright galaxy 400 million light-years away, two black holes are drifting toward each other and in millions of years will merge with an eruption of energy and a burst of gravitational waves that could warp the very fabric of space, astronomers said Tuesday. 天文學家本周二說，在一個距地球4億光年的明亮星系內，兩個黑洞正在互相靠近，數百萬年後將融為一體，並爆發出大量的能量，由此產生的引力波可能會影響到宇宙的每一個角落。
THE SCIENTISTS said the Chandra X-ray Observatory has found the first evidence that two immense black holes can coexist in the same galaxy and that they are moving toward each other for an eventual merger. 《科學家》說，錢德拉X線望遠鏡已經發現初步證據，證明兩個巨大的黑洞可以同時存在於同一星系中，它們正在彼此靠攏，最終將合二為一。
The double black holes were found in a bright, highly active galaxy known as NGC6240, about 400 million light-years from the Earth. 這對黑洞存在於一個極其活躍明亮的星系中，該星系被命名為NGC6240，它距地球約有4億光年。
Astronomers studied NGC6240 because it proced unexplained bursts of X-rays that appeared to come from one of two nuclei at the galactic center. Images collected by radio, infrared and optical observations showed two bright spots, but did not pinpoint the origin of the X-rays. 天文學家之所以研究NGC6240，是因為發現該星系中心有兩個核，其中一個不斷爆發出難以解釋的X線。由無線電、紅外線和光學觀察收集到的影像顯示該星系中有兩個亮點，但無法准確定位X線的來源。
When Chandra, with its sensitive X-ray detectors, focused on the nuclei, astronomers hoped it would tell them whether either of the two points of activity were black holes. 錢德拉裝有敏感的X線檢測器，天文學家用它對准這星系的核心，希望確定兩個活躍點中是否有一個為黑洞。
"Much to our surprise, we found that both were active black holes," Stefanie Komossa of the Max Planck Institute in Germany, said in a statement. 德國Max Planck研究所的Stefanie Komossa在一份申明中說："我們驚訝地發現它倆都是活躍的黑洞。"
Finding two black holes in one galaxy, said Komossa, "supports the idea that black holes can grow to enormous masses in the centers of galaxies by merging with other black holes." Komossa說，同一星系兩洞並存的科學發現證明，星系核心的黑洞可以通過相互兼並融合而發展為宏大的物質。
An artist's conception shows two black holes whirling around each other at the center of a galaxy. 藝術化的構想是：這兩個黑洞在星系中心互相圍繞對方旋轉。
Guenther Hasinger, also of Max Planck, said the Chandra images captured the unmistakable markings of two black holes - high-energy photons swirling around the dense black hole centers and X-rays spewing out from iron atoms being pulled into the center at a high rate of speed. Max Planck的Guenther Hasinger說，錢德拉所攝的影像捕獲了可以確定兩個黑洞並存的跡象，即在密度甚高的黑洞中心周圍渦動著高能量的光子，從鐵原子中噴射出的X線被高速吸入黑洞中心。
Komossa and Hasinger are co-authors of a study submitted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. Hasinger和Komossa曾聯名撰文發表在《天文物理學通訊》上。
The two black holes in NGC6240 are now about 3,000 light-years apart and are expected to merge some time in the next few hundred million years, the researchers said. The merger will be accompanied by an eruption of radiation and a burst of gravitational waves that will spread throughout the universe, causing ripples in the fabric of space, the astronomers said. 據研究人員介紹，NGC6240中的兩個黑洞目前相距大約3000光年，預計要幾億年後才能彼此融合，屆時將會產生大量的輻射和引力波，沖擊宇宙各處，造成太空的漣漪。
The gravitational ripples could cause minute changes in the distance between any two points in the universe, they said. 天文學家說，這種引力漣漪會使宇宙中任何兩點間的距離發生細微的變化。
In another study, French and Argentine astronomers said that observations by the Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based telescopes have detected a stellar black hole streaking across the Milky Way at about 250,000 miles an hour. A companion star is being dragged along and slowly devoured by the black hole, according to scientists at the French Atomic Energy Commission and the Institute for Astronomy and Space Physics in Argentina. 在另一項研究中，法國和阿根廷天文學家說，通過哈勃太空望遠鏡和地面的天文望遠鏡，他們發現一個星球的黑洞正以25萬英里的時速穿越銀河系。據法國原子能委員會和阿根廷天文和空間物理研究所的科學家介紹，這個黑洞後還有另一顆星尾隨相伴，並正在被黑洞慢慢地蠶食。
The astronomers said the stellar black hole may have been created by an exploding star in the inner disk of the Milky Way. The black hole is 6,000 to 9,000 light years away, the researchers said. A report on the observations appears Tuesday in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
A black hole is a point in space that is so dense with matter that its gravitational field will not let anything - not even light - escape. Stellar black holes, equal to 3.5 to about 15 solar masses, can be formed by the collapse of a single massive star. But galactic black holes, such as those in NGC6240, are much larger, equal perhaps to millions of solar masses, and are usually at the center of galaxies.The Milky Way, home galaxy of the sun and its planets, is thought to have a black hole at its center.With its immense gravitational pull, a black hole can suck in gas, st and other matter from the surrounding space. Entire stars can be stripped and pulled into the bottomless maw. As it spirals in at near light speeds, matter captured by a black hole heats by millions of degrees and gives out intense radiation in several parts of the spectrum, including X-rays. The orbiting Chandra observatory is able to detect these X-rays and relay the data to Earth for study by astronomers. 黑洞就是太空中的一個點，此點密度甚高，使得任何物質甚至光都無法脫離它的引力。一個巨星的瓦解就足以產生質量相當於3.5至15個太陽的星球黑洞。但星系黑洞如NGC6240中的黑洞要大得多，質量相當於幾百萬個太陽，通常位於星系的中心。 銀河系是太陽及其九大行星的家，科學家認為銀河系的中心就存在著一個黑洞。靠著強大的引力牽拉，黑洞能吸入來自周圍空間的氣體、塵埃和其它物質。這個無底洞甚至將整個星球分解後吸入。物質被黑洞捕獲後以幾近光速的高速被旋轉吸入洞中時，它所釋放出的熱量可高達幾百萬度，並可發出不同的強烈射線，包括X射線。正在軌道上運轉的錢德拉望遠鏡可以檢測到這些X射線，並將數據傳回地球，供天文學家研究。
NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory was launched and deployed by the space shuttle Columbia on July 23, 1999. 美國航空航天局的錢德拉X線望遠鏡是在1999年7月23日，由哥倫比亞號太空飛船搭載發射升空的。
生命的循環
Facing death, Jeff Cross and Lily Cheng had run out of options. But a rare "domino" liver transplant, involving a living donor, gave both a future.
面對死亡，傑夫·克羅斯和程莉莉已經沒有其他選擇了。但是一個罕見的"多米諾"式肝臟移植(涉及到一位活人器官捐獻者)，卻給兩人帶來了新的生機。
Circle of Life
Since last spring, Jeff Cross, 29, had been tormented by night sweats, a side effect of the rare genetic illness that threatened to kill him unless he got a new liver.
⑦ 初中科普英語趣味閱讀百篇
Jenna盤坐在復一條腿上畫了25分鍾畫，鈴制響時站起來就覺得特神~ 感覺不到腿了
(就是壓麻了唄)
如果這發生在你身上，你就短時間對腳喪失知覺了~，或者覺得特沉，要麼就是有「刺痛」，可是這都是為啥呢~？
很多人都覺得這是因為切斷了對腳的供血，但是實際上應該歸咎於神經。神經就像貫通你全身的線，從大腦到身體傳送信號。當你坐腳上的時候，就會壓迫該區域的神經。這樣神經就不能向大腦正常傳輸信號了，也就是說這時候連接就中斷了，就覺不出來啥了~ 基本類似於你跟哥們打電話，結果你哥們已經掛了，你大腦還喊「喂」呢，可是你的腳已經不能回應了
你站起來或者把腿伸直之後，神經就不受到壓迫了，這樣很快你就又能感覺到自己的腳了。可能會有一些刺痛，針扎的感覺。不過一般幾秒之後就連接就恢復了，而且這樣不會傷害你的身體。
1. tucked 這應該是盤腿，然後坐在腿上。
2. pins and needles 就是有針刺感
3. cut off 切斷
4. nerves 神經
5. blame 歸咎
6. wires 線
7. forth 向前
8. compress 壓迫
9. connection 連接
⑧ 科普類的英語閱讀題
你想要科普類的題還是說這種題目的做法?
⑨ 英語閱讀理解有哪幾種類型（如科普類）
建議你多做些科普類或者經濟類的，生詞一般都在那裡面，社科類一般都懂得。