英語初級聽力27課ppt

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芬蘭的風俗與習慣

芬蘭人守秩序，講禮貌，是芬蘭交通顯得十分井然有序。馬路上一般情況下均無交通警察看管交通，全憑行人自覺按照紅、綠燈指示而行。行人須行走在人行道上。過馬路時須指示行人的綠燈亮後從人行道上穿過馬路。

上下交通工具時應等車上的人下完後再上車。凡座位邊貼有黃標志的座位均為給老、弱、病、殘人留出的座位，車上人多時身體健康的乘客不宜直接坐到這些座位上。

著裝

赫爾辛基氣候深受海洋的影響：多風且變化無常。風衣和雨具都屬必備品。在芬蘭，室內溫度一般都在二十攝氏度左右，因此衣服不宜穿得層次過多，應備些易脫的外套。平常穿便於走路才鞋十分有必要。

平常芬蘭人的衣著很樸素、隨便。只有在商務會談、高級餐廳或正式的社交場合才穿西裝帶領帶或長裙、禮服、高跟鞋。

除宴會外，一般公務在身時不宜過量飲酒，也不宜飲用烈性酒。

待人接物

在與芬蘭人初次接觸交談是最不宜討論宗教信仰和政治之類，體育、飲食和天氣是最普遍的話題。

芬蘭人在與某人第一次見面時無論男女均先握手道姓名。平日一般情況下只對外國人稱呼XXX先生，而在芬蘭人與芬蘭人之間通常直呼名。同事之間十分熟悉時也有直呼姓的。

中國人在接到芬蘭人的名片後應分清哪個是名或姓，通常名在前，姓在後。應避免以名當姓而以名來稱XXX先生。

語言

芬蘭是雙語制國家，芬蘭語和瑞典語均為官方語言。在芬蘭，約有6%的芬蘭人以瑞典語為母語。在北極拉普蘭還大約有1700人講Sami語。瑞典語區主要在西部和波羅的海島嶼上的居民區，約有30萬居住在這些地方的芬蘭人以瑞典語為母語。

芬蘭語屬Finno-Ugrian語系，跟愛沙尼亞語屬同一語系。在世界上，講Finno-Ugrian語的人總共只有二千萬。與其他歐洲語言相比，芬蘭語復雜難學，是舉世公認的最難的語言之一。對於一個人口僅五百萬的民族來說，只有學好外國語，才能有效地與外界進行交流，這使得芬蘭人成為一個善學語言的民族。許多芬蘭人能講很好的英語，一些講德語或其他歐洲語言。有相當一部分人能講三、四種以上的外國語。會一點英語的中國人在芬蘭不會感到語言交流方面有困難。

在夏天，許多芬蘭報紙的主要新聞以及天氣預報都用英語報導。芬蘭無線電台定時用外語播送新聞，英語（包括一些其他主要外語的）報紙和雜志十分普及。在R小賣部（R-Kioski）和火車站都哦能買到英語報刊和雜志。

Life in the USA:
Customs and habits

Meeting someone

When meeting someone for the first time, it is customary to shake hands, both for men and for women. Hugs are only exchanged between close friends. Kissing is not common, and men never kiss other men.

Americans will usually introce themselves by their first name and last name (such as 「Hello, I』m John Smith」), or, if the setting is very casual, by their first name only (「Hi, I』m John」). The common response when someone is introced to you is 「Pleased to meet you.」 Unless someone is introced to you with their title and last name (such as Mister Smith or Miss Johnson), you should address them by their first name. Americans normally address everyone they meet in a social or business setting by their first name. However, you should always address your college professors by their title and last name (such as Professor Jones), unless they ask you to do otherwise.

Speaking on the telephone

Americans normally answer the telephone by simply saying "Hello". If you are calling a business, the person answering the phone will give the name of the business and usually their own name as well. If the person you would like to speak to has answered the phone, you should say hello and state your name. If not, you should ask for that person politely: 「May I please speak with Andrew Brown?」
The majority of Americans have answering machines in their homes. Also, the majority of businesses have voice mail accounts for their employees. When leaving a message, state your name clearly and leave a telephone number where you can be reached. Telephone messages should be brief and to the point.

Eating out

All restaurants in America accept cash for payment, and most (even some fast food restaurants) also accept credit cards. A few restaurants also accept ATM cards for payment. You will rarely find a restaurant that accepts checks.
It is common to have to wait for a table at a popular restaurant. There are many popular restaurants that do not accept reservations, or will only accept reservations for large parties (for example, six or more people). At these restaurants, the wait can be very long on a weekend night, sometimes up to 1 hour. However, almost all upscale, or more formal, restaurants will accept reservations.
Many restaurants in America (except for fast food restaurants) have a license to serve alcohol. Beer and wine are always available, and at some restaurants hard liquor (such as vodka or whisky) is also available. Restaurants that serve hard liquor are said to have 「a full bar.」 The drinking age in America is 21. If you look young, be prepared to show proof of your age when ordering alcohol.

Tipping

There are only a few situations where tipping is expected. The one you will encounter most often is at restaurants. American restaurants do not add a service charge to the bill. Therefore it is expected that the customer will leave a tip for the server. Common practice is to leave a tip that is equal to 15% of the total bill for acceptable service, and about 20% for superior service. If the service was unusually poor, then you could leave a smaller tip, about 10%.
Other professions where tipping is expected include hairdressers, taxi drivers, hotel porters, parking valets, and bartenders. The general rule is to tip approximately 15% of the bill. In situations where there is no bill (as with hotel porters and parking valets), the tip may range from $1 to $5, depending on the type of establishment and on how good the service was.

Smoking

Smoking is not as common in America as in many other countries. Generally, Americans smoke less than Europeans and much less than Asians. It is a practice that is becoming less and less socially acceptable.
Smoking is prohibited in many places. It is not allowed in any public buildings, on any public transportation (including airplane flights within the United States), in shops, movie theaters, schools, and office buildings. The general rule is if you are indoors, then you probably are not allowed to smoke. The exceptions are bars, nightclubs, and some restaurants. If a restaurant does allow smoking, it will only be in an area that is designated for smokers. If you are with someone, even outdoors, it is polite to ask if they mind before you start smoking.
The legal smoking age in America is 18. If you are buying cigarettes (or another tobacco proct) and you look young, the store clerk is required by law to ask you for proof of legal age. You should be prepared to provide identification.

中國人見面打招呼時，喜歡問「你吃了嗎？」「你去哪呀？」而西方人對此都感到很怪異。
Greeting
An American studying in China had an appointment at noon. As he was getting on his bicycle a Chinese friend passed by. "吃了嗎？" the young Chinese asked. This, of course, is a common Chinese greeting around meal time and the American merely nodded with a smile, waved goodbye and went off. He realized that his friend' s remark was nothing more than a Chinese way of saying Hello or Hi. If the greeting had been put literally into English "Have you eaten yet?" Or " Have you had your lunch? " It would have sounded rather unusual. To Americans, this greeting might mean this: "I haven't either. Come on, let' s go together and get something to eat." or "If you haven' t, I was just going to invite you to my place." In other words, it could indicate an invitation to a meal.
Actually , another foreign student who had not been long in China once complained in broken Chinese:" 你們為什麼老問我吃了飯沒有？我有錢。"To his way of thinking, people were concerned that he was not getting his meals properly because of lack of money. Clearly, he was offended. There is a similar Chinese greeting, such as 」上哪兒去啊？」」到哪兒去啦？」 which if translated literally, would be "Where are yon going?" Or "Where have you been?" The natural reaction of most English-speaking people to this greeting would most likely be "It' s none of your business!"
Fortunately, not all greetings sound strange or arouse displeasure. Many are similar , some are merely different. While greetings in many languages often indicate the time of day, there may be inconsistencies within a language. English has Good morning, Good afternoon and Good evening but not Good noon. And Good night is not a greeting at all, but an expression of farewell

㈡ 《英語初級聽力》的答案或原文（全套）

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㈣ 英語初級聽力二十六課答案

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