⑴ 求教高中非謂語動詞的概念和用法既相關語法知識
1.非謂語動詞作定語的區別
(1)不定式、現在分詞和過去分詞都可以作定語,其區別是:不定式作定語通常指將要發生的動作;現在
分詞作定語指正進行的、主動的動作;過去分詞作定語指已經完成的、被動的動作。
I have three letters to write.我有三封信要寫。
Do you know the man sitting in the middle of the first
row?
你認識坐在第一排中間的那個人嗎?
Have you read any short stories translated by Lu Xun?
你讀過魯迅先生翻譯的小說嗎?
試比較:
The meeting being held now is of great importance.
正在召開的會議很重要。
The meeting held yesterday was of great importance.
昨天召開的會議很重要。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.
明天要召開的會議很重要。
①「being+形容詞」不能用作後置
定語。
Anyone being fit for this job can sign your name here
( X)
Anyone who is fit for this job can sign your name
here.(√)
任何勝任這項工作的人都可以在這里簽名。
②「having done」和「having been done」不能用作後
置定語。
The building having been built is our library.(×)
The building built is our library.(√)
那幢已經建好的樓是我們的圖書館。
(2)動名詞和現在分詞都可以作定語。其區別是:
名詞只能作前置定語,用來說明被修飾的名詞的用
途或類別,相當於for短語。現在分詞作定語,表示與
所修飾的名詞有邏輯上的主謂關系,相當於一個定語
從句;可作前置定語,也可作後置定語。
a sleeping boy(=a boy who is sleeping) -個正
在睡覺的男孩(現在分詞)
a sleeping bag(=a bag for sleeping)睡袋(動名詞)
a waiting car(=a car which is waiting)-輛正
在等候的車(現在分詞)
a waiting room(=a room for waiting)候車/候診
室(動名詞)
2.非謂語動詞作賓朴的區別
(1)感官動詞see,watch,observe,look at,notice,
hear,listen to,feel等後面的賓補有三種形式,即動詞不
定式(不帶to),現在分詞和過去分詞。動詞不定式(不
帶to)表主動和完成;現在分詞表主動和正在進行;過
去分詞表被動和完成。
We heard her singing next door.
我們聽到她在隔壁唱歌。(主動進行)
We heard her often sing next door.
我們聽到她常在隔壁唱歌。(主動完成)
We heard the song sung by her.
我們聽見這首歌被她唱過。(被動完成)
We heard the song being sung next door.
我們聽見隔壁有人正唱這首歌。(被動進行)
(2) have,get表示「使,讓,叫」之意時,可接動詞不
定式、現在分詞和過去分詞作賓補。
①have sb. do sth.=get sb. to do sth.
使/讓/叫某人去做某事
Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.
媽媽讓我去商店買鹽。
I can't get him to stop smoking. He won't listen to me.
我不能使他戒煙,他不聽我的話。
②have sb./sth. doing使/讓某人/物持續地做某事
get。b./sth. doing使某人/物開始行動起來The boss had the workers working day and night.
老闆讓工人夜以繼日地幹活。
The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front
after a short rest.休息了片刻以後,上尉讓士兵們開始
朝前線行進。
「have sb.doing」用於否定句中,其中
have有「容忍」之意。
1 won't have you speaking to your parents like that.
我不會讓你那樣子跟你的父母說話。
③have sth.done= get sth. done使/讓某事由某人去
做
Did you have/get your homework finished?
作業做完了嗎?(自己做)
Now let's have all the windows cleaned.現在咱們來
擦洗所有的窗戶。(自己和別人一塊做)
I had my computer repaired yesterday.
昨天我找人修好了電腦。(找人修理)
此外,have sth. done還表示「使遭受……」之意。
She had her money stolen on the bus.
在公交車上她的錢被偷了。(遭遇某種情況)使役動詞make後面的賓補有動詞
不定式(不帶t。)和過去分詞兩種形式,分別表示和賓語之間是主動和被動關系;使役動詞let後面的賓補
有:動詞不定式(不帶to)和be done,分別表示和賓語之間是主動和被動關系。這條壞消息讓他哭了。
He raised his voice to make himself heard.
他提高聲音為了讓別人聽到他。
Let's go home together.我們一起回家吧。
We will not let our history and culture be destroyed
我們不會讓我們的歷史和文化被毀滅的。
(3)1。av。後接非謂語動詞作賓語補足語時,意為
「使……處於某種狀態」。
r sth. /sb. doing sth.讓某物/某人一直做某事
leave
(賓語與賓語補足語之間是邏輯上的主
動關系,表示動作正在進行)
sth. undone留下某事未做(賓語與賓語補
足語之間是邏輯上的被動關系,表示被動
和完成,一般以undone ,unfinished,unsettled,
untouched為多)
sb.to do sth.留下某人做某事(不定式表示
sth.to be done留下某事要做將來的動作)
It's wrong of you to leave the machine running.
你讓機器一直開著是不對的。(主動,正在進行)
The guests left most of the dishes untouched,because
they didn't taste delicious.大部分的菜客人們都沒有動,
因為它們不可口。(被動,完成)
He left,leaving me to do all the rest work.
他走了,留下我一個人去做剩餘的所有工作。(主動,將來)
We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems to be settled.我們匆匆忙忙地結束了會議,留下了
很多問題等待解決。(被動,將來)
3.非謂語動詞作狀語的區別
(1)現在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區別:現在分詞
與過去分詞作狀語時,有一條原則必須遵守,即其邏輯
主語應當與句子的主語一致,現在分詞與主語之間是
主動關系,過去分詞與主語之間是被動關系。
Not knowing what to do,he went to his parents for
help.由於不知做什麼,他去找父母幫忙。
Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.
如果對這些樹多關心一些,它們本來會長得更好。
試比較:
Looking around,there was no one nearby.(×)
(look around的邏輯主語不應是no one,故本句不
成立。)
Looking around,l found there was no one nearby.
(√)
我環視了一下四周,結果附近沒有人。
①作時間狀語時,過去分詞如果同
時表示被動和完成,常可換用現在分詞的被動完成式;
過去分詞如果只表被動,不表完成,則不可。
Read many times(=Having been read many times),
the crabbed story seems much easier.
讀過多遍,這個深奧的故事似乎變得淺顯了。(表
示被動和完成)
Seen from the top of the hill,the park looks more
beautiful.
從山頂上看,這個公園顯得更加美麗。(表被動)
當分詞短語作狀語時,出現for+時
間段,already,次數等詞時,分詞短語用having done,
having been done。
Having waited in the queue for a long time,he realized that he had left his wallet at home.他排了很長時間
的隊之後,意識到把錢包丟在家了。
②「being+ adj./m」只表原因,作原因狀語。
Being ill,he didn't go to school.
因為他生病了,所以他沒有去上學。
③有些及物動詞的過去分詞形容詞化了,並不強
調被動的意味,而主要表示一種狀態或結果。
⑵ 高中語法總結 不要全文 只要個 知識框架 比如非謂語動詞 主謂一致, 就寫出名字就可以了 全一點
高三要求掌握的語來法知識:
名詞源,代詞,形容詞和副詞,介詞,冠詞,數詞,情態動詞,動詞的時態語態,並列句,復合句(定語從句,狀語從句,主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句,同位語從句),非謂語動詞,主謂一致,倒裝句,虛擬語氣等.
⑶ 急求非謂語的語法知識點
在英語中,不作句子謂語,而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞,叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有動詞不定式(the Infinitive);動名詞(the Gerund);現在分詞(the Present Participle);過去分詞(the Past Participle)。
1.非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的相同點有:
(1)如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用,例如:
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
(2)都可以被狀語修飾:
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
(3)都有主動與被動, 「體」式(一般式;進行式;完成式)的變化。例如:
He was punished by his parents.(謂語動詞被動語態)
He avoided being punished by his parents.(動名詞的被動式)
We have written the composition.(謂語動詞的完成時)
Having written the composition, we handed it in.(現在分詞的完成式)
(4)都可以有邏輯主語
They started the work at once.(謂語動詞的邏輯主語)
The boss ordered them to start the work.(動詞不定式的邏輯主語)
We are League members.(謂語動詞的主語)
We being League member, the work was well done.
(現在分詞的邏輯主語)
2、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點有:
(1)非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用(如動詞不定式和動名詞),在句中做主語、賓語、表語。
(2)非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞),在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。
(3)非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞),在句中作狀語。
(二)非謂語動詞的句法功能:
二、非謂語動詞用法:
(一)動詞不定式:(to)+do,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特徵。
1.不定式的形式:(以動詞write為例)
否定式:not + (to) do
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之後,
例如:
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
(2)進行式:不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前,例如:
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2.不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
動詞不定式短語作主語時,常用it作形式主語,例如上面兩句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
(2)作表語:
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
(3)作賓語:
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語)後面有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,真正的賓語(不定式)後置,放在賓語補足語後面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語,如:
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
(4)作賓語補足語:
在復合賓語中,動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語,如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用,但改為被動語態時,不定式要加to, 如:
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
(5)作定語:
動詞不定式作定語,放在所修飾的名詞或代詞後。與所修飾名詞有如下關系:
①動賓關系:
I have a meeting to attend.
注意:不定式為不及物動詞時,所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等,應有必要的介詞,如:
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way,可以省略介詞:
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者,不定式可用主動式也可用被動式:
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②說明所修飾名詞的內容:
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語:
He is the first to get here.
(6)作狀語:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時,邏輯主語與句子主語要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
right:To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表結果:
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強調:
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因:
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
(7)作獨立成分:
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do動詞。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
(9)不定式的並列:第二個不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
(二)動名詞:
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有名詞的句法功能。
1.動名詞的形式:
否定式:not + 動名詞
(1)一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
(2)被動式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。
(3)完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
(4)完成被動式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
(5)否定式:not + 動名詞
I regret not following his advice. 我後悔沒聽他的勸告。
(6)復合結構:物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+ 動名詞
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
2.動名詞的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。
It's no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
(2)作表語:
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在螞蟻王國,蟻後的工作是產卵。
(3)作賓語:
They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語,如上面兩個例句。此外,動名詞作賓語時,若跟有賓語補足語,則常用形式賓語it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承認),deny(否認), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒險), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定語:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學校有游泳池嗎?
(5)作同位語:
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收聽收音機新聞節目的習慣仍未改變。
(三)現在分詞:
現在分詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現在分詞的形式:
否定式:not + 現在分詞
(1)現在分詞的主動語態:現在分詞主動語態的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生,完成
式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生,常作狀語。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業,他開始打籃球。
(2)現在分詞的被動語態:一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發生的被動的動作,完成式表示發生在謂語動
詞之前的被動的動作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍,這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。
2.現在分詞的句法功能:
(1)作定語:現在分詞作定語,當分詞單獨做定語時,放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語做定語
放在名詞後。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在後來的幾年中,他學習更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。
現在分詞作定語相當於一個定語從句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)現在分詞作表語:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現在進行時,也可能是現在分詞做表語,它們的區別在於be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時,而表示特徵時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。
(3)作賓語補足語:
如下動詞後可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
(4)現在分詞作狀語:
①作時間狀語:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工廠工作時,他是一名先進工人。
②作原因狀語:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由於是共青團員,他經常幫助他人。
③作方式狀語,表示伴隨:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家裡,又擦又洗。
④作條件狀語:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就會浪費寶貴的時間。
⑤作結果狀語:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,結果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的狀語:
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
⑦作讓步狀語:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
雖然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧與邏輯主語構成獨立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.
我等汽車時,一隻鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已經賣光了,他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果時間允許,我們將做另兩個練習。
有時也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。
⑨作獨立成分:
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
從外表看,他一定是個演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來,女孩子更細心。
(四)過去分詞:
過去分詞只有一種形式:規則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成。不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的規則要求,要一一記住。
過去分詞的句法功能:
1.過去分詞作定語:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。
注意當過去分詞是單詞時,一般用於名詞前,如果是過去分詞短語,就放在名詞的後面。過去分詞做定語相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
2.過去分詞作表語:
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 過去分詞,如果表示狀態是系表結構,如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被動)
有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的,不表示被動,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(開水) fallen leaves(落葉)
newly arrived goods(新到的貨) the risen sun(升起的太陽)
the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過去分詞有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.過去分詞作賓語補足語:
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語:
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了。
4.過去分詞作狀語:
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚,他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了。(表示時間)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果給予更多的時間,我能做得更好。(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
雖然被告之有危險,他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。(表示讓步)
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼,他走進山洞。
參考資料:http://www.huanggao.net/course/40430/YY_22_02_012/
⑷ 高中英語如何快速提分
如何學高中英語?高中英語怎麼從70到130?
高中英語和初中英語是不一樣的,初中英語關鍵就是靠記憶他的詞彙量還不是很大,但是高中就不一樣了,高中加深了詞彙量的插入,學高中英語還有很多的方法,我們該怎樣提高英語的分數?
一對一學習英語
按照我的經驗來講,閱讀量也是必不可少的,而且要踏實詞多要查字典,特別的事有信心學好英語的話,你一定要熟背知識.學高中英語還是很簡單的.
⑸ 對英語閱讀有恐懼感怎麼辦
害怕什復么就會來什麼,必制須勇敢去刷題。既然詞彙量還不錯,但是詞彙和句型只有通過在閱讀中才能理解其基本意和一詞多義現象。閱讀還與語法基礎有關,比如一些長難句,需要一定的語法知識,比如從句和非謂語才能理解長難句。閱讀還與自己的西方文化底蘊有關,西方的風俗習慣,節日,價值觀,信仰等也要理解才能看懂一些文章。所有這些只能靠閱讀才能突破,同時閱讀的速度需要提升,只能通過大量的閱讀,主要是默讀。