英語各種句類語法

A. 英語語法有哪些

首先我們來了解英語學習的本質。我們學習英語，為的是日後工作學習專無障礙溝通交流屬。英語不比數學和語文，它不是一門學問，不需要深入研究，只要多多練習，多說多用就能學會了。

現在，所有的傳統線下英語培訓機構以英語語法和單詞為主，基本沒有練習和開口的機會，即使學一年兩年下來，也不會有任何效果。網上英語培訓機構大多都是以說為目的的英語教學，全程外教一對一上課，只要你不開口，課程就無法繼續，網上英語培訓，阿西吧外教就不錯，他們是純外教一對一在線授課，課程可定製，平均一節課10-20元，還有英語免費試聽課程：【試課地址】

B. 英語語法的種類

這些可是我親自打出來的，你好好看看吧。有什麼不會再找我，我必將鼎力相助。內
最簡單的容
語音，詞彙，句型句式，語態以及一大板塊時態。
把下面幾個大塊抓好，就無敵了。希望為你提供個不錯的提綱。以下，我做簡單的分述：

（一）語音是最簡單的了，就是套題里打前鋒的判斷語音題。
（二）詞彙的分類很多，大的分有兩類：實詞與虛詞。
1），實詞有
名詞，動詞，形容詞，副詞等
2），虛詞有
代詞，介詞，冠詞，連詞，數詞等

當然，高中階段主要是在實詞上講解，連詞介詞也會一些。
（三）句型句式
分為簡單句和復合句。復合句主要是名詞性從句，狀語從句，定語從句，賓語從句等。
（四）語態

這個其實很簡單，分為
陳述與虛擬兩類。
陳述的自然分為
被動與主動。

（五）時態
這個從小學，初中到高中一直都是千篇一律。

分為
過去時，現在時和將來時

C. 求幾個英語語法類型句子

主語+謂語；He
died
。
主語+謂語+賓語；專i
like
dogs。
主+系+表：the
cake
smells
nice。
主+謂+雙賓；I
gave
you
an
apple.
這里you和an
apple就是雙屬賓語
主+謂+賓+賓補足語i
don't
know
how
to
explain.其中how
to
explain是賓語補足語
I
find
the
clock
broken.
I
saw
him
playing
football.
They
made
the
boy
work
16
hours
a
day.
They
ask
us
to
work
hard.

D. 英語共計多少種語法全部的，多少種詞。

一共16個時態，分別是：

1、一般現在時 。

2、一般過去時 。

3、一般將來時。

4、一般過去將來時。

5、現在進行時 。

6、過去進行時 。

7、將來進行時 。

8、過去將來進行時。

9、現在完成時 。

10、過去完成時 。

11、將來完成時 。

12、過去將來完成時。

13、現在完成進行時 。

14、過去完成進行時 。

15、將來完成進行時 。

16、過去將來完成進行時。

(4)英語各種句類語法擴展閱讀：

英語測試

英國：國際英語測試系統（IELTS，International English Language Testing System，雅思），劍橋英文認證（Cambridge Main Suit），劍橋商務英語（Cambridge Business EnglishCertificate）。

美國：托福（TOEFL），機考托福（CBT；逐漸廢除），網考托福（iBT），托業（TOEIC，商用英文考試），英語口語水平測試（TSE）。

中國大陸：，大學英語考試（CET），大學英語四級考試（CET-4），大學英語六級考試（CET-6），高等學校英語專業考試（TEM），英語專業四級考試（TEM-4），英語專業八級考試（TEM-8），英語等級考試(PETS)。

中國台灣：全民英語能力分級檢定測驗（GEPT）。

E. 英語語法的詞類和句類

名詞（noun）是指人或事物的名稱。名詞一般分為專有名詞（proper noun）和普通名詞（common noun）。專有名詞是個別的人、事物、地點、團體、機構等專有的名稱，首字母通常大寫。名詞按其所表示的事物的性質也可以分為可數名詞（countable noun）和不可數名詞（uncountable noun），可數名詞有單數和復數形式。
1.名詞的數 名詞的復數變化類別構成方法讀音例詞規則變化一般情況加-s清輔音後讀/s/，濁輔音和母音後讀/z/；在/s/，/z/，/ʃ/，/tʃ/，/dʒ/等後讀/iz/book—books以-s，-x，-ch，-sh等結尾加-esclass—classes以輔音字母加-y結尾去-y加-iesparty—parties以o結尾，且沒有生命直接加sphoto—photos以o結尾，且有生命加estomatoes不規則變化不規則同形不變sheep—sheep變母音不規則man—men其他不規則child—children2.名詞所有格（possessive case of nouns）
名詞所有格表示所屬關系。 名詞所有格的構成方法類別構成方法讀音例詞單數名詞以-s結尾加-'s讀作/iz/the actress's film不以-s結尾與名詞復數詞尾-s讀音相同your father's birthday 復數名詞不以-s結尾Children's Day以-s結尾加-'不變my parents' room其他不能加『s的名詞... of ...the door of the room 代詞（pronoun）用於代替名詞等。代詞分為人稱代詞（personal pronoun）、物主代詞（possessive pronoun）、指示代詞（demonstrative pronoun）、反身代詞（reflexive pronoun）、相互代詞（reciprocal pronoun）、疑問代詞（interrogative pronoun）、關系代詞（relative pronoun）、連接代詞（conjunctive pronoun）和不定代詞（indefinite pronoun）。
1.人稱代詞代替人或事物的名稱，分為主格人稱代詞和賓格人稱代詞兩種。 人稱代詞類別第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數主格Iyouhesheit賓格mehimher復數主格wethey賓格usthem2.物主代詞是表示所有關系的代詞，分為形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。形容詞性物主代詞相當於形容詞，置於名詞前做定語。名詞性物主代詞相當於名詞，不能用於名詞前。 物主代詞類別第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數形容詞性myyourhisherits名詞性mineyourshers復數形容詞性ouryourtheir名詞性oursyourstheirs3.反身代詞 反身代詞類別第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數復數ourselvesyourselvesthemselves 數詞表示數量或順序等。分為基數詞（cardinal number）和序數詞（ordinal number）。
1.基數詞表示數目的多少。 1—12one，two，three，……，twelve十幾（13—19）相應詞後加-teen 整十數（20—90）相應詞後後加-ty幾十幾（21—99）在十位數和個位數之間加連詞符大數（100，1000，……）hundred，thousand，million，billion，trillion，2.序數詞表示事物的先後順序，常與定冠詞the連用。 1—5,first，second，third,fourth,fifth6—19相應詞後加-th20—90(如20.30.40等）去-y加-ieth21—99（個位數不為0）十位用基數詞，個位用序數詞，用連詞符連接 動詞的第三人稱單數形式 動詞的第三人稱單數形式一般情況加-s在清輔音後讀/s/；在濁輔音和母音後讀/z/；在/s/，/z/，/ʃ/，/tʃ/，/dʒ/等後讀/iz/help—helps以-s，-x，-ch，-sh結尾加-esteach—teaches以輔音字母加-y結尾去-y加-iesstudy—studies動詞-ing形式 動詞的-ing形式一般情況加-ing讀/iŋ/go—going以-e結尾去-e加-ingwrite—writing以重讀閉音節結尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母雙寫輔音字母加-ingget—getting/s/，/z/，/ʃ/，/tʃ/，/dʒ/等後讀/iz/
情態動詞本身就具有一定的詞義，但要與動詞原形以及其被動語態一起使用，給謂語動詞增添情態色彩，表示說話人對有關行為或事物的態度和看法，認為其可能、應該或必要等。情態動詞後面加動詞原形。
1)情態動詞不能表示正在發生或已經發生的事情，只表示期待或估計某事的發生。
2)情態動詞除ought 和have外，後面只能接不帶to的不定式。
3)情態動詞不隨人稱的變化而變化，即情態動詞的第三人稱單數不加-s。
4)情態動詞沒有非謂語形式，即沒有不定式、分詞等形式。 感嘆詞是用來表示說話時表達的喜、怒、哀、樂等情感的詞。它不構成後面句子的一個語法成分，卻在意義上與它有關聯，後面的句子一般說明這種情緒的性質、原因。感嘆詞是英語口語中最富有表現力的詞語之一，用途甚廣。下面是感嘆詞的用法：
Oh 表示驚訝、指責、痛苦、稱贊、懊惱等，可譯為「哦」、「哎呀」、「噢」「啊」、「呀」等。例如：
（1）. "Oh, who was that?" Mr. Black asked. 「哦，是誰？」布萊克先生問。
（2）. "Oh, how blind you are!" he cried. 「哎呀，你難道瞎了嗎！」他大聲道。
（3）."Oh，what that？！！！" I asked。「噢,那是什麼？」我問道。 1、動名詞V-ing：動名詞是一種兼有動詞和名詞特徵的非限定動詞。它可以支配賓語，也能被副詞修飾。動名詞有時態和語態的變化。
2、動詞不定式：由to+動詞原形構成。不定式是一種非限定性動詞。而非限定動詞是指那些在句中不能單獨充當謂語的動詞，可分為不定式、動名詞、現在分詞和過去分詞。
3、分詞[participle]：具有動詞及形容詞二者特徵的詞；尤指以ing、ed、d、t、en或n結尾的英語動詞性形容詞，具有形容詞功能，同時又表現各種動詞性特點，如時態，語態、帶狀語性修飾語的性能及帶賓詞的性能。

F. 英語語法的句式

英語基本句式小結
英語中的句式有很多種，從英語的句子結構上說，總體可以歸納為五個基本句式。一般地說，某些動詞用在某一特定句式中。那麼，哪些動詞常用於哪些句式，我們把這些句型和常用的動詞進行歸類，每一大類都分出詳細的條目，同學們可以在理解記憶各大類的基礎上記憶相關動詞，並繼續歸納總結。
1.S（主）+ Vi（不及物動詞）（謂）
1）S + V + adverbial（狀語）
Birds sing beautifully.
2）S + Vi+ prep Phrase（介詞短語）
He went on holiday.
3）S + Vi+ Infinitive （不定式）
We stopped to have a rest.
4）S + Vi+ Participle （分詞）
I』ll go swimming
2. S （主）+ Vt （及物動詞）（謂）+ O（賓）
1） S + VT + N/Pron
I like music.
2） S + VT + infinitive（不定式）
I want to help him.
常用於這句型的動詞有：attempt，dare，decide，desire，expect，hope，learn，need，offer，refuse，want，wish等。
3） S + VT + Wh-Word + Infinitive
I don』t know what to do.
常用於這句型的動詞有：ask，consider，decide，discover，explain，find
out，forget，guess，know，learn，observe，remember，see，settle，tell，think，understand，wonder等。
4） S + VT + Gerund
I enjoy living here.
常用於這句型的動詞有：admit，advise，avoid，consider，defend，enjoy，excuse，finish，mind，miss，practise，risk，suggest，give
up，can't help等。
5） S + VT + That-clause
I don』t think （that） he is right.
常用於這句型的動詞有：Admit，believe，declare，demand，deny，doubt，expect，explain，feel（覺得），hear（聽說），hope，imagine，intend，know，mean，mind（當心），notice，request，report，say，see（看出），show，suggest，suppose，think，understand，wish，wonder（覺得奇怪）。
3. S （主）+ V（謂）（lv）（ 系動詞）+ P（表）
1）S + Lv + N/Pron（名詞/代詞）
He is a boy.
2）S + Lv + Adj（形容詞）
She is beautiful.
3）S + Lv + Adv （副詞）
Class is over.
4）S + Lv + Prep Phrase
He is in good health.
5）S + Lv + Participle（分詞）
The film is interesting.
除了be 系動詞外，還有一些動詞也可以用作系動詞：
表感官的動詞，feel，smell，taste，sound，look，appear，seem
等。表轉變變化的動詞，become，get，grow，turn，go，等。表延續的動詞
remain，keep，seem，hold，stay，rest等。表瞬時的動詞
come，fall，set，cut，occur等。其他動詞
eat，lie，prove，ring，run，shine，sit，stand，continue，hang等。

英語的基本句型主要有五種，它們是：

1、主語———動詞———表語

2、主語———動詞

3、主語———動詞———賓語

4、主語———動詞———賓語———賓語

5、主語———動詞———賓語———補語

掌握好這些基本句型，就可以為靈活運用語言打下良好的基礎。下面分別講解這五種句型。

一、主語---動詞----表語

在這一句型中，動詞是系動詞，劃線部分為表語。

1.Mr.Brown is an engineer.(名詞做表語)

2.Graaly he became silent.(形容詞做表語)

3.She remained standing for a hour.(現在分詞做表語)

4.The question remained unsolved.(過去分詞做表語)

5.The machine is out of order.(介詞短語做表語)

6.The television was on.(副詞做表語)

7.His plan is to keep the affair secret.(動詞不定式做表語)

8.My job is repairing cars.(動名詞做表語)

9.The question is what you want to do.(從句做表語，即：表語從句)

注意：在下面的句子中，形容詞做表語，在表語的後面常常接不定式結構。

I'm happy to meet you.

They are willing to help.

We are determined to follow his example.

二、主語———動詞

在這一句型中，動詞為不及物動詞及不及物的動詞片語。在有的句子中，不及物動詞可以有狀語修飾。

1.The sun is rising.

2.I'll try.

3.Did you sleep well？(well做狀語，修飾不及物動詞sleep)

4.The engine broke down.

注意：在此句型中，有少數不及物動詞表達被動含義，表達主語本身所具有的特性，不用被動語態。

1.The book sells wel.

2.The window won't shut.

3.The pen writes smoothly.

4.Cheese cuts easily.

三、主語———動詞———賓語

在此句型中，動詞為及物動詞，劃線部分為賓語。

1.Do you know these people(them)？(名詞或代詞做賓語)

2.I can't express myself in English.(反身代詞做賓語)

3.He smiled a strange smile.(同源賓語)

4.We can't afford to pay such a price.(不定式做賓語)

5.Would you mind waiting a few minutes？(動名詞做賓語)

6.I hope that I have said nothing to pain you.(從句做賓語，即：賓語從句)

注意：並不是所有的及物動詞都可以接上述各種情況做賓語，不同的動詞有不同的用法，所以，在學習動詞時，一定要掌握其用法。

四、主語———動詞———賓語———賓語

在此句型中，動詞可以稱作雙賓語動詞，在英語中，這樣的動詞並不多，在學習遇時，要牢記。後面的賓語為間接賓語和直接賓語，其中間接賓語在前，一般表人，直接賓語在後，一般表物。這類句型有三種情況。

第一種情況，間接賓語可以改為to引導的短語。

1.He handed me a letter.

He handed a letter to me.

2.She gave me her telephone number.

She gave her telephone number to me.

第二種情況，間接賓語可以改為for引導的短語。

3.She sang us a folk song.

She sang a folk for us.

4.She cooked us a delicious meal.

She cooked a delicious meal for us.

第三種情況，直接賓語可以由賓語從句充當。

5.Tell him I'm out.

6.Can you inform me where Miss Green lives？

五、主語———動詞———賓語———賓語補足語

在此句型中的動詞，叫做可以跟復合賓語的動詞，在英語中，這樣的動詞也不多。後面的賓語補足語是說明賓語的情況的，賓語和賓語補足語一起被稱做復合賓語。這個句式是英語中比較復雜的一個句式，因為復合賓語的構成內容較多。下面句子中劃線部分為賓語補足語。

1.He found his new job boring.(形容詞做賓補)

2.The called their daughter Mary.(名詞做賓補)

3.This placed her in a very difficult position.(介詞短語做賓補)

4.We went to here house but found her out.(副詞做賓補)

5.What do you advise me to do？(不定式做賓補)

6.We thought him to be an honest man.(tobe做賓補)

7.He believed them to have discussed the problem.(不定式的完成式做賓補)

8.He believed her to be telling the truth.(不定式的進行式做賓補)

9.Did you notice him come in？(不帶to的不定式做賓補)

10.I saw her chatting with Nancy.(現在分詞做賓補)

11.He watched the piano carried upstairs.(過去分詞做賓補)

注意：在這個結構中，可以出現用it做形式上的賓語，把真正的賓語放在賓語補足語的後面。在此結構中，賓語常常是動詞不定式或賓語從句。

1.He felt it his ty to mention this to her.

分析：it是形式賓語，histy是賓語補足語，to mention this to her是真正的賓語。

2.I think it best that you should stay with us.

分析：it是形式賓語，best是賓語補足語，that you should stay with us是真正的賓語。

注意：

1.習慣用語的使用

在英語中，有很多動詞習慣用語，在學習的過程中，要注意它們的使用，不必分析單獨每個詞的使用。

例：

We are short of money.(be short of中short做表語)

She is always making trouble for her friends.(trouble做make的賓語)

He has carried out our instructions to the letter.(our instructions做片語carry out的賓語)

We are waiting for the rain to stop.(wait for後面的the rain是賓語，to stop是賓語補足語)

2.在英語中，大多數動詞既可以做及物動詞又可以做不及物動詞，而且還會有一些固定片語，因此一個動詞可以用於幾種句型。

例：ask

①Did you ask the price？(直接接名詞做賓語)

②She asked them their names.(接雙賓語)

③I asked James to buy some bread.(接賓語加不定式做賓語補足語)

④I asked to speak to Fred.(接不定式做賓語)

⑤Didn't you ask him in？(在此句中和副詞in連用)

⑥He has asked for an interview with the President.(組成固定片語ask for)

3.There be句型是一種特殊的句子，真正的主語在後面，含義為「有…」

①謂語動詞和主語保持一致：There is a television in the sitting room.

②有兩個或更多的主語時，動詞一般和最近的一個保持一致：There are two girls and a boy dancing in the hall.

③主語的後面有時有修飾語：There are a lot of difficulties facing us.There were many things to be done(此處也可以使用to do).

④謂語動詞be可以有時態的變化:There will be a concert in the park tonight.There was little change in him.

⑤謂語也可以有不定式構成的復合謂語。

There used to be a cinema here.

There seems to be something the matter with her.

Is there going to be any activity tonight？

⑥there be句式變疑問句，把be提前；變翻譯疑問句也要藉助there。

Is there any hope of getting the job？

There is nothing wrong with your watch，is there？

⑦there be句型中也可以使用諸如：live，follow，come，stand，sit，exist等不及物動詞：

Once upon a time，there lived a fisherman on the island.

There came a knock at the door.

At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.

⑧用於非謂語的情況下，有時用不定式的復合結構there to be或動名詞的復合結構和獨立主格結構there being：

You wouldn't want there to be another war.(不定式的復合結構)

The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework.(動名詞的復合結構)

There being nothing else to do，we went home.(獨立主格結構)

G. 英語句子的種類有哪些有例句嗎

句子的分類:由句子結構來講，可分為三類簡單

一、簡單句：由一個主語(或並列主語)和一個謂語（或並列謂語）構成的句子。

We cleaned the windows and tidied the room.

二、並列句：由並列連詞and, but,so,or,for等把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連起來的句子。

1)I come from China and he comes from Japan.

2)Hurry up,or you'll miss the train.

3)He looked for it everywhere, but he couldn't find it.

4)She didn't know the answer to the question,so she asked the teacher.

5)He's interested in music while John is interested in sports.

三、復合句

賓語從句：賓語從句在復合句中作主句的賓語，引導賓語從句的關聯詞有that, if/whether, what, who, whose, which, why, when, where, how等。

H. 求英語各種語法形式的例句

狀語從句1.地點狀語從句
地點狀語從句通常由where, wherever 引導。例如：
Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方樹很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪裡我都會想到你。 2.方式狀語從句
方式狀語從句通常由as, （just） as…so…, as if, as though引導。
1）as, （just） as…so…引導的方式狀語從句通常位於主句後，但在（just） as…so…結構中位於句首，這時as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用於正式文體。例如： Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落後的東西。
2）as if, as though
兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反，有時也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實或實現的可能性較大。漢譯常作"彷彿……似的"，"好像……似的"。例如：They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed. 他們完全忽略了這些事實，就彷彿它不存在似的。（與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）
He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting. 他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。（與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看來天氣很快就會好起來。（實現的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣。）
說明：as if / as though也可以引導一個分詞短語、不定式短語或無動詞短語。例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不轉睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要說什麼似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波濤沖擊著岩石，好像很憤怒 3.原因狀語從句
比較because, since, as和for：
1）because語勢最強，用來說明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問題。當原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as或 since。例如：
I didn't go, because I was afraid. 我不去是因為我怕。
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天氣那麼糟，旅行推遲了。
2）由because引導的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號，則可以用for來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。例如：
He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因為他病了。
He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。4.目的狀語從句
表示目的狀語的從句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等詞引導。例如：You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必須大點聲，別人就能聽見了。
He wrote the name down for fear that（lest） he should forget it. 他寫下了這個名字以免以後忘記。
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多穿點衣服，以防天發冷。5.結果狀語從句
結果狀語從句常由so…that 或 such…that引導。so…that與such…that之間可以轉換。例如：
The boy is so young that he can't go to school. 這男孩年齡太小，不能上學。
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school 6. 條件狀語從句
連接詞主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。if 引導的條件句有真實條件句和非真實條件句兩種。非真實條件句已在虛擬語氣中闡述。 unless = if not. 例如：
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. 如果不太累，我們去散散步。
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例題
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unless B. until C. ifD. or
答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否則你就回遲到的。可轉化為 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late。B、D句意不對，or表轉折，句子如為 You leave immediately or you will be late. 7. 讓步狀語從句
1）though, although引導的讓步狀語從句，後面的從句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。例如：
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.雖然在下雨，但他們仍在地里幹活。
He is very old, but he still works very hard. 雖然他很老了，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 傷口雖癒合，但傷疤留下了。（諺語）
2） as, though 引導的讓步從句必須表語或狀語提前（形容詞、副詞、分詞、實義動詞提前）。例如：
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. 雖然是個小孩，該做什麼不做什麼，他全知道。
3） ever if, even though即使。例如：
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天氣不好，我們也要去遠足。
4） whether…or…不管……都。例如：
Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 信不信由你，這確實是真的。
5）"no matter +疑問詞" 或"疑問詞+後綴ever" 。例如：
No matter what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would not mind. 不管發生什麼，他不在意。
替換：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引導主語從句和賓語從句。8. 比較while, when, as
1）as, when 引導短暫性動作的動詞。例如：
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 我一剎車，有一個人向我走來。
2）當從句的動作發生於主句動作之前，只能用when 引導這個從句，不可用as 或 while。例如： When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 趕完活後，你可以休息一下。
3）從句表示"隨時間推移"連詞能用as，不用when 或while。例如：
As the day went on, the weather got worse.日子一天天過去，天氣越變越壞。9.比較until和till
此兩個連詞意義相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某時"，動詞必須是延續性的。否定形式表達的意思是"直至某時才做某事"。動詞為延續性或非延續性都可以。正確使用這兩個連詞的關鍵之一就在於判斷句中的動詞該用肯定式還是否定式。肯定句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜時醒了。
Wait till I call you. 等著我叫你。（在肯定句中可用before代替。例如 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
否定句：She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6點才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽車停穩後再下車。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我後，我才會做。
區別：1）until可用於句首，而till通常不用於句首。例如：
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你告訴我以前，出了什麼事我一點也不知道。
2）until when 疑問句中，until要放在句首。例如：
---Until when are you staying?你呆到什麼時候？
--- Until next Monday.呆到下周一。
注意：否定句可用另外兩種句式表示。
1）Not until…在句首，主句用倒裝。例如：
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世紀初，人類才知道熱為何物。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到工作，才認識到我已蹉跎了幾多歲月。
2）It is not until… that… 。例如：
It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.
10.表示"一…就…"的結構
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思。例如：
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. 剛回家，就下起雨來了。
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置於句首，句子必須用倒裝結構。例如：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.定語從句 1.關系代詞引導的定語從句1）who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語和賓語。例如：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）
2） whose 用來指人或物，（只用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換）。例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3）which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等。例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
農村出現了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作賓語）
The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。 （which / that在句中作賓語）
2.關系副詞引導的定語從句 1）關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當於"介詞+ which"結構，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用。例如：
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer?這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？
2）that代替關系副詞，可以用於表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞後取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略。例如：
His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born.他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可 能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
名詞性從句
(一)主語從句類
I What he need is more time 2 Where she has gone is a mystery． (二)表語從句類The fact iS that she never liked him． The question is who can complete teh dificult task。(三)賓語從句類1．Do you know what they are doing? 2．It is a matter of who will hold the position．(四)同位語從句類 He has no idea what was the matter with him．
The news that his class got the first prize in the relay—is true．

I. 英語各種語法全解

1. 動詞的時態和語態
1．1 動詞的時態和語態一覽表
時態語態 一般現在時 一般過去時 一般將來時
主動被動 doare done didwere done will dowill be done
現在進行時 過去進行時 將來進行時
主動被動 are doingare being done were doingwere being done will be doing
現在完成時 過去完成時 將來完成時
主動 被動 have donehave been done had donehad been done will have donewill have been done
現在完成進行時
主動 被動 have been doing

1.2 動詞主要時態的意義及運用
1) 現在完成時，過去完成時和將來完成時
英語提示語：up to now, so far, for three years, since 1995, over past ten years, by the end of this week, by the year of 1995
漢語提示語：已經，早已，了
e.g. We haven』t met each other since last year.
By the end of this week, we』ll have finished the task.
2) 現在完成進行時
從過去一直持續到現在，沒有間斷。
漢語提示語：一直
e.g. The water has been running the whole night.
3) 過去完成時
a) said, reported, thought 等引導的間接引語中。
e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train.
b) hardly…when, no sooner… than
e.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call.
c) 與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣的條件狀語從句中
e.g. If I had tried harder, I would have won.
I wish I had done better in the exam.

歷年考題中的動詞時態和語態
1. Much of the carbon in the earth ___ (come) from things that once lived.
2. In the past two decades, research ___ (expand) our knowledge about sleep and dream.
3. Some proverbs ___ (be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friend indeed.
4. ___ (stand) at the gate was a young man in green coat.
5. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush』s approved rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling ___ (begin) in the 19302.
6. Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ___ (make) us tolerate crime more than we should.
7. So far, Irving ___ (live) in New York City for ten years.
8. The patient ___ (send) to another hospital before we got there.
9. The second half of the nineteenth century ___ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.
10. All the worries they might have felt for him ___ (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.

Key:
1. comes 一般現在時，主語為不可數名詞，謂語用單數
2. has expanded 現在完成時
3. has been 現在完成時
4. Standing 過去進行時的倒裝形式
5. began 一般過去時
6. makes 一般現在時，動名詞做主語，謂語用單數
7. has been living 現在完成進行時
8. had been sent 過去完成時的被動形式
9. witnessed 一般過去時
10. were driven 一般過去時的被動
2. 非謂語動詞
2.1 動詞主要時態和語態一覽表
非謂語動詞 形式 意義
現在分詞
一 般 式 Doing 主動, 正在進行
被 動 式 being done 被動, 正在進行
完成主動式 having done 主動, 已經完成
完成被動式 having been done 被動, 已經完成
過去分詞 Done 被動, 已經完成
動詞不定式
一 般 式 To do 主動,將要進行
被 動 式 To be done 被動, 將要進行
完成主動式 To have done 主動, 已經完成
進行主動式 To be doing 主動, 正在進行

2.2. 非謂語動詞作狀語
•動詞不定式：1）目的狀語；2）結果狀語
e.g. I came here to meet you. （目的）
He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （結果）
•分詞：1) 伴隨狀語；2）原因狀語；3）條件狀語 4）讓步狀語；5）時間狀語
e.g. Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （時間）
Being very tired, my father didn』t go out with us. （原因）
Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）
Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (條件)
2.3 非謂語動詞，狀語從句和獨立結構
1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分詞作狀語)
2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. （連詞+分詞）
3) After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （狀語從句）
4) With homework done, the children began to play. （獨立結構）

2.4 非謂語動詞作定語
1) If there is no choice, there is no decision ___ (make). (to be made)
2) Do you know the man ____ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing)
3) The question ____ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed)
4) The bridge ____ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built)

2.5 動名詞和動詞不定式
• 作主語和表語
動名詞作主語/表語表示一般、抽象的情況；動詞不定時作主語表示具體某次的情況。
e.g Rising early is good for health.
To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.
It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.
My biggest wish is to go abroad.
Seeing is believing.
• 作賓語
接動名詞作賓語的動詞：
admit, acknowledge, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, forgive, finish, include, involve, mind, put off, postpone, suggest, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be accustomed to, etc.
接動詞不定式作賓語的動詞：
want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to, seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin

接動名詞和動詞不定式有不同含義的動詞：
1) forget, remember, regret
2) stop, continue
3) need/ want
4) allow doing/ allow sb to do
(1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time?
Sorry, I forgot to lock the door.
(2) I can』t stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand?
(3) The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut.
(4) We don』t allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here.

歷年考題中的非謂語動詞
1. A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys ___ (do) is ignored by society as of no value or importance.
2. Anyone ___(want) to understand the instry of the future will have to know about robotics.
3. It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes ___ (control) his direction.
4. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals ___ (use) in experiments may decrease.
5. It seems reasonable to assume that, other things ___ (be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms.
6. This poem, if ___ (translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense.
7. They may have their passports _____ (remove), making leaving or 「escaping」 actually impossible.
8. Her body, with hands and feet ____ (bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning.
9. I couldn』t help but ___ (feel) this is a very strange life.
10. Let us consider the earth as a planet ____ (revolve) round the sun.

Key:
1. doing 動名詞做enjoy的賓語
2. wanting 現在分詞作定語
3. to control 動詞不定式作目的狀語
4. used 過去分詞作定語
5. being 現在分詞用在獨立結構中
6. translated 連詞加過去分詞作狀語
7. removed 過去分詞作賓補
8. bound 過去分詞用在獨立結構中
9. feel couldn』t help but 後接動詞原形
10. revolving 現在分詞作定語
3. 虛擬語氣
第一大類：非真實條件下的虛擬語氣
時間 從句 主句
與現在事實相反 did/ were should/could/would + do
與過去事實相反 had done should/could/would + have done
與將來事實相反 were to doshould do should/could/would + do
e.g. If I were you, I would be happy to do it.
If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier.
If the job were to succeed, you should work harder.

第二大類：從句中用過去時或過去完成時的虛擬語氣
1) would rather + 從句
2) wish + 從句
3) if only + 從句
4) as if/ as though + 從句
5) It』s time + 從句
e.g. I would rather you didn』t tell me the story now.
I would rather you had told me the story yesterday.

第三大類：從句中用should加動詞原形的虛擬語氣，其中should可省略。
1) suggest, propose, advise, move(動議), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等動詞後接的賓語從句；
2) suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名詞後的同位語從句；
3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容詞用在it is … that…句型中；
4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引導的從句中。
e.g. It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.
It is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.
It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put off.
He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting.

歷年考題中的虛擬語氣
1. If it hadn』t been for your help, we ___ (be) in real trouble. He would have given you more help, if he ___ (not be) so busy.
3. It is high time that we ___ (take) firm measures to protect our environment.
4. It was imperative that students ___ (finish) their papers before July 1st.
5. They demanded that the right to vote ___ (give) to every alt person.There was a mistake on my paycheck. I _____(receive) $10 more.I would rather he ____ ( buy) the house next year. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we ___ (meet) them before.
9. Should she come tomorrow, I ___ take her to the museum.
[A] can [B] will [C] would [D] must
10. If we ___ everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.
[A] hadn』t got [B] didn』t get [C] wouldn』t have got [D] wouldn』t get

Key:
1. would have been 與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣的主句
2. had not been 與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣的從句
3. took It is high time +過去式的虛擬形式
4. should finish/finish It was imperative that+動詞原形的虛擬形式
5. be given demand所接賓語從句用動詞原形的虛擬形式
6. should have received 與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣的主句，表示「本應該收到」而實際上沒有。
7. bought would rather後接賓語從句，從句用過去式表示虛擬語氣。
8. had met as if 所引導的從句用過去完成式表示虛擬語氣。
9. C 與將來事實相反的虛擬語氣的主句。
10. A 從句與現在事實相反，但本身已經是現在完成時（從by now可以看出），所以變為過去完成時。
結束語：
掌握語法題的要訣在於1）牢記上述表格；2）分清楚題目屬於哪種具體情況；3）熟練套用正確形式；4）最後再檢查一下是否應作必要的改動：如是否被動，三人稱動詞後加s，動詞的不規則變化等。在理解上述表格的適用條件後，再通過大量作題來鞏固，及時糾正出現的錯誤，我們一定能攻克語法難題，在語法部分得到一個理想的分數！
____…., …..
leave me _worrying__ (worry)
Leave the book _damaged__ (damage)
Enable me to solve the problem .
Enable the problem to be solved

I would rather not go with you.
I would rather I didn』t go with you.
It』s time it _was done_ (do) immediately.
It』s time to do it immediately.
He acted as if the book had been written (write) by him.

Command, demand
The order which/that is given by my boss is hard to carry out.
The order that the task should be finished (finish) today is hard to carry out.

1. Studies have shown ___ teenagers often suffer from depression.
A. that B. which C. in which D. in that
2. ____ driving around all day looking for somewhere to park, why don』t you take a bus to town?
A. In spite of B. Rather than
C. In place of D. other than
He hasn』t read one book _other than__ novels.
He has read no book other than novels.

3. In his composition there were no other errors ___ a few misspelled words.
A. except B. besides C. than D. beside
4. In deciding ___ a course of action, the candidates tried to estimate its likely impact on the voters.
A. how to pursue B. whether to pursue
C. how pursuing D. whether pursuing
5. The kids are ___ be hungry when they get home—they always are.
A. obliged to B. bound to C. desired to D. motivated to
6. It is said the conference is ____ (hold) in this hall next month. Is to be held
7. Little did they realize that they had made_ (make) an important discovery in science.
8. A life lived (live) without fantasy and daydreaming is a really poor life indeed.
9. They proposed that the chance (that is available to them) be explained____ (explain) in detail.
10. (They are afraid that) everything well prepared (prepare), they may still lose the game.
11. While compelled (compel) to make the decision in a hurry, he made the right choice.
12. He is said/known/reported to have made (make) a lot of money before he was thirty years old.

He is said to take the job next week.
He is said to have taken the job last week.

I find him to have made a lot of money…
He is found to have made…
He said he had made
13. He would like to buy a used_ (use) car instead of a new one.
14. Having been deprived of all his money, he had to find a job to support himself.
15. How can you explain the phenomenon that occurs (occur) again and again in our daily life?

J. 英語語法點三十個有例句，謝謝

以下三十個句子的語法內容包含虛擬語氣、強調句型、定語從句、it做形式主語、非謂語動詞等等。 在讀句子時 要注意這些語法內容的運用， 最好把句子中的重點單詞全部掌握住！

1. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures.如果沒有發現透視法,人們就不可能畫出如此逼真的畫。
2. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous.沒有新的顏料和新的(繪畫)手法，我們就不能看到很多使這一時代著名的傑作。
3. Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of paining were the Impressionists，who lived and worked in Paris.在那些突破傳統畫法的畫家中，有生活和工作在法國巴黎的印象派畫家。
4. At the time they were created，the Impressionist paintings were controversial，but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we call "modern art".
在印象派作品的創建初期,它們是存在著爭議的,但是如今己被人們接受而成為現在我們所說的"現代藝術"的始祖了。
5. You can also explore Frick's beautiful home and garden which are well worth a visit.
你還可以好好考察一下弗里克美麗的故居和花園，它們是很值得一看的。
6. When you walk into the gallery, you feel as if you were inside a fragile, white seashell. 當你走進畫廊的時候，你會覺得你進入了一個易碎的白色貝殼之中。
7. It is amazing that so many great works of art from the late 19th century to the 21st century are housed in the same museum. 令人驚奇的是，在同一家博物館里竟能容納下19世紀後期到21世紀的如此眾多的名家巨作。
8. There are various reasons why people write poetry. 人們寫詩有著各種各樣的理由。
9. The language is concrete but imaginative, and they delight small children because they rhyme, have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition.（童謠的）語言具體但富有想像力，這能使小孩子們快樂，因為它們押韻，節奏感強,並較多重復。
10. By playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language.
通過童謠中的文字游戲，孩子們學習了語言。
11. Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is the cinquain, a poem made up of five lines. 另外一種學生容易寫的簡體詩是由五行組成的,叫做五行詩。
12. With so many different forms of poetry to choose from，students may eventually want to write poems of their own. 有了這么多可供選擇的詩歌類型,學生們最終也許想自己作詩了。
13. I think my long and active life must be e to the healthy life I live. 我想我之所以長壽而且精力充沛,要歸功於我的健康生活。
14. First, you can become physically addicted to nicotine, which is one of the hundreds of chemicals in cigarettes.首先,你會在身體上對尼古丁有癮，它是香煙里幾百種化學物質之一。
15. I didn't know, for example, that it could do terrible damage to your heart and lungs or that it was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant.
例如，我不知道抽煙能嚴重侵害人的心臟和肺部，也不知道吸煙的夫婦生育能力會下降。
16. It isn't easy to stop smoking, but millions have managed to quit and so can you.
戒煙不容易，但許許多多的人都成功地戒掉了煙，所以你也能戒煙。
17. Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker.
每當你想要吸煙的時候,你就提醒你自己,你(已經)是不吸煙的人了。
18. It is only when the disease has progressed to AIDS that a person beginsto look sick. 只有當這種病毒發展成艾滋病時,人才會顯出病態。
19. All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earth's temperature is e to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil to proce energy.
所有的科學家贊同這種觀點：人們為了生產能量而燃燒化石燃料如煤、天然氣和石油，從而引起了地球溫度的升高。
20. It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up. 這意味著更多的熱量被困在大氣層中，從而引起全球溫度上升。
21. It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, who made accurate measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997. 是一位名叫查爾斯·基林的科學家曾經把1957-1997年期間大氣層中二氧化碳的含量作了精確的統計。
22. They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. 他們還贊同下述觀點，正是燃燒越來越多的化石燃料導致了二氧化碳的增加。
23. On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view, believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbondioxide in the air.
另一方面，還有一些人，像科學家喬治·漢布利，反對上面的觀點，他們認為我們不必擔心空氣中會有高含量的二氧化碳。
24. It's OK to leave an electrical appliance on so long as you are using it — if not, turn it off! 在用電器設備時你可以讓它開著，如果不用就把它關掉!
25. Having collected and evaluated the information, I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast.
收集和評估了這些信息之後，我就幫助其他科學家一起預測下次火山熔岩將往何處流去，流速是多少。
26. I was about to go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day. 我剛要再睡,突然我的卧室亮如白晝。
27. Having studied volcanoes now for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty as well as their potential to cause great damage.
雖然我從事火山研究很多年了,但是我對火山的壯麗景色以及它那潛在的巨大破壞力至今仍然感到驚愕不已。
28. The height of the land varies from 700 metres above sea level to over 2,000 metres and is home to a great diversity of rare plants and animals.
這里地面的高度從海拔700米到2000多米不等,是多種多樣稀有動植物的生長地。
29. When you arrive you are rewarded not only with the sight of its clear waters, but also by the view of the other sixteen mountain peaks that surround Tianchi.
你一到達山頂就會得到回報一一你不僅可以看到天池那清澈如鏡的湖水，而且還可以看到天池四周的16座山峰。
30. It is said that this boy, who had a great gift for language and persuasion, is the father of the Manchu people. 據說這個男孩就是滿族人的祖先，具有語言天賦和很強的說服力。