『壹』 初二上學期英語,都包含哪些語法知識
初二第一學期UNIT ONE英語語法總結
1.how often...?
1)How often do you read English? I read English every day.
每隔一天=每兩天 every other day = every two days
每三、四、五天 every three/four/five days
eg.The Olympic Games are held every four years.
2)How often do you go to the movies? I go to the movies once a month.
一月兩次twice a month 一月三次 times a month 一月兩三次two or three times a month
2.sometimes的位置
3.pretty 漂亮 (注意和quiet 相當 的區分)
4. 5種how的疑問句
5.Do you have the same lifestyle as them? (the same ... as 的用法)
No,mine is different from theirs. (be different from 的用法)
6.may be 與maybe
May be kate knows the answer.
=Kate may know the answer.
=Perhaps Kate knows the answer.
7.try tries tried trying
try to do something 盡力、設法做某事
try doing something 試著做某事
try one's best to do something 盡某人最大的努力去做某事
8.keep in good health = stay in good health
『貳』 英語初二上學期語法
新目標八年級上冊英語語法知識點精講+練習
(一)一般將來時
一般將來時表示將來某個時間要發生的動作或者存在的狀態。通常與表示將來的時間狀語連用,如tomorrow, theday after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。
be going to do (動詞原形)結構:表示打算、准備做的事情或者肯定要發生的事情。如:It is goingto rain.
will do 結構表示將來的用法:
1. 表示預見
Do you think it will rain?
You will feel better after a good rest.
2. 表示意圖
I will borrow a book from our schoollibrary tomorrow.
What will she do tomorrow?
基本構成如下:
一般疑問句構成:
(1)will+主語+do…? Will Sarahcome to visit me next Sunday?
(2)there be 結構的一般疑問句:Will there +be …?
Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will./ No, there won』t
否定句構成:will + not (won』t)+do
Sarah won』t come to visit me next Sunday.
特殊疑問句構成:
特殊疑問詞+will+主語+…?What willSarah do next Sunday?
★★練一練★★
根據例句,用will改寫下列各句
例:I don』t feel well today.(be better tomorrow)
I』ll be better tomorrow.
1. Gina has six classes today. (have a lot ofhomework tonight)
_____________________________
2. I』m tired now. (sleep later)
_____________________________
3. My parents need a new car. (buy one soon)
_____________________________
4. We can』t leave right now. (leave alittle later)
_____________________________
5. The weather is awful today. (be bettertomorrow)
_____________________________
答案:1. She』llhave a lot of homework tonight.
2. I』ll sleep later.
3. They』ll buy one soon.
4. We』ll leave a little later.
5. Maybe it』ll be better tomorrow.
(二)should的用法:
should用來提出建議和忠告,後邊加動詞原形,否定句直接在should後邊加not.
例如:I think you should eatless junk food.
我認為你應該少吃垃圾食品。
She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So Ithink she should walk a lot.
她經常開車,很少走路。所以我認為她應該多走路。
Students shouldn』t spend too much timeplaying computer games.
學生們不應當花太多的時間玩計算機游戲。
學習向別人提建議的幾種句式:
(1)I think youshould…
(2)Well, youcould…
(3)Maybe youshould …
(4)Why don』t you…?
(5)What aboutdoing sth.?
(6)You』d betterdo sth.
★★練一練★★
用should或shouldn』t填空
1. I can』t sleep the night before exams.
You ______ take a warm shower before you goto bed.
2. Good friends ______ argue each other.
3. There is little milk in the glass. We_______ buy some.
4. They didn』t invite you? Maybe you ______be friendlier.
5. I am a little bit overweight. So I think I_______ do exercises every day.
答案:1. should 2. shouldn』t 3. should 4. should 5. should
(三)過去進行時
過去進行時表示過去某一點時間正在進行的動作或者過去某一段時間內一直進行的動作。
1. 構成
was /were + doing,例如:
I was watching TV at 9 o』clock last night.
at 9 o』clock last night是時間點
They were playing football all afternoon.
all afternoon是時間段
2. 過去進行時的標志詞
at 8 o』clock last night, this timeyesterday等。例如:
I was having lunch at home this timeyesterday.
昨天的這個時候我正在吃午飯。
At that time she was writing a book.
那陣子她在寫一本書。(表示她在那段時間里一直在做那件事情。)
★★練一練★★
用括弧中所給動詞的適當形式填空。
1. This time yesterday I ____ ______(read)books.
2. At 9 o』clock last Sunday they ____________(have)a party.
3. When I _____(come)into theclassroom, she ________ ______(read)a storybook.
4. She _____ ______(play)computer
games while her mother ____ ______(cook)yesterday
afternoon.
5. I _____ ______(have)a shower whenyou _______(call)me yesterday.
答案:1. was reading 2. were having 3. came; was reading
4. was playing; was cooking 5. was having; called
(四)間接引語
形成步驟:
(1)不要逗號,冒號,引號
(2)要考慮到人稱的變化(人稱的變化與漢語是一致的)
(3)要考慮時態的變化
(4)要考慮時間狀語、地點狀語和語示代詞的變化。
1. 直接引語變成間接引語時,幾個主要時態的變化規律
直接引語間接引語一般現在時一般過去時一般將來時過去將來時現在進行時過去進行時
2. 直接引語變成間接引語時,一些詞彙的變化規律
直接引語 1. am / is 2. are 3. have / has4. will5. can6. may間接引語1. was2. were 3. had4. would5. could6. might
★★練一練★★
用括弧中所給動詞的適當形式填空。
1. She said I _____(be)hard-working.
2. Peter told me he _____(be)boredyesterday.
3. She said she _____(go)swimming lastSunday.
4. Bobby said he _____(may)call melater.
5. Antonio told me he _____(read)a book then.
答案:1. was 2. was 3.went 4. might 5. was reading
請轉述他人說的話:
1. I go to the beach every Saturday. (Tom)
2. I can speak three languages. (Lucy)
3. I will call you tomorrow. (Mike)
4. I』m having a surprise party for Lana. (she)
(五)if引導的條件狀語從句
結構:if+一般現在時,主語+將來時
含義:如果……,將要……
例如:If you askhim, he will help you.
如果你請求他,他會幫助你。
If need be, we』ll work all night.
如果需要,我們就干個通宵。
★★練一練★★
根據中文提示,完成句子。
1. 如果你參加聚會,你將會過得很開心。
If you ________ the party, you __________.
2. 如果明天下雨,我們將不去野餐。
If it __________ tomorrow, we ___________.
3. 如果你經常聽英文歌,你將會喜歡英語的。
If you often ________, you_________________.
答案:
1. If you go to the party, you will have agood time
2. If it rains tomorrow, we won』t go to thepicnic
3. If you often listen to English songs,you』ll like English
二. 完形填空特點及解題思路
(一)題型分類與特點
完形填空試題是在給出的一篇短文中有目的地拿掉若干個詞,留下一些空格,要求考生藉助短文保留的部分,從所給的短文整體出發,在正確理解短文意思的基礎上,根據句子和句子間的內在聯系、詞的用法和習慣搭配等,用適當的詞或詞語填空,使補全後的短文意思通順、前後連貫、結構完整。這種題型測試的內容從形式上看是單詞或短語的填空,但它必須注意到短文中上、下文意思連貫、詞語搭配和語法結構正確,所以在空格上所填的詞必須符合語義適用和語法正確兩條原則,只考慮某一側面都可能導致錯誤。中考中完形填空試題的基本題型分兩類:完形填空選擇題和完形填空題。
1. 完形填空選擇題:該題型的特點是將一篇短文中若干詞語抽掉留下空格,對每一空格提供若干個選擇項,要求考生通讀短文後,在理解短文意思的基礎上,運用所學的詞彙、句型、語法等語言知識,從所提供的備選項中選出一個最佳答案,使短文內容完整正確。中考完形填空主要以這種題型為主。它所給的短文一般與初中英語教材難易程度相當,字數在150-200個單詞之內,多數設置10個左右空格,所設考點涉及詞彙、語法及對短文內容的理解。短文的第一句一般不設空,以期提供一個語境,對每一空格設置的選項基本都屬於相同或對等的詞類,給判定選擇帶來一定的干擾,側重考查了考生准確運用詞彙的能力及對短文的整體理解和邏輯推理能力。
2. 選詞填空題:該題型的特點是把抽出的詞打亂順序,不按原文順序排列,放在短文前面或後面的方框內,有時還增加幾個文外的詞,要求考生從中選出適當的詞以正確的形式填入短文空格內。
(A)
Jack wanted to ask for two days off, 1 he had only learnt the phrase (短語)「have a day
off」. He 2 , then he had an idea. 「Grandmother
is ill. May I have a day off, 3 ? 」he asked the teacher. 「Of course,
you can. 」replied (答復)the teacher at once.
After a while, the boy came to 4 at the teacher』s door. 「May I have a
day off 5 ? 」The teacher was very
surprised, 「Didn』t you 6 it just now? 」「Yes, sir. But I can』t be
here 7 , either. 」The teacher understood
him and could not help 8 . Then he said with a smile, 「Why didn』t
you say『May I have two days off? 』」The boy answered quickly
9 a loud voice. 「But you only 10 us『have a day off! 』」
( )1. A. but B. and C. or D.for
( )2. A. thought hardly
B. thought hard and hard
C. hard thought
D. thought and thought
( )3. A. Miss B. sir C. teacher D.Mr
( )4. A. strike B. best C. hit D.knock
( )5. A. also B. again C. too D.once
( )6. A. speak B. tell C. say D.do
( )7. A. tomorrow
B. the day after tomorrow
C. yesterday
D. the day before yesterday
( )8. A. laugh B. to laugh C. laughed D.laughing
( )9. A. with B. on C. in D.by
( )10. A. teach B. taught C. are teaching D.were teaching
(B)
請根據內容從所給的15個單詞中選出最恰當的10個填入空白處,使短文完整,有些詞要根據需要作適當的詞形變化。
than, so, tell, us, them, report, beause, love,composition, understand, to, that, much, for, what
A generation gap (代溝)has become a
serious problem. I read a _______(1)about it in
the newspaper. Some children have killed _______(2)after
quarrels (爭吵)with parents. I think this is _______(3)they don』t
have a good talk with each other. Parents now spend _______(4)time in the
office. _______(5)they don』t have much
time to stay with their children. As time passes, they both feel _______(6)they don』t
have the same topics(話題)to talk about. I want to _______(7)parents to be
more with your children, get to know them and understand them. And for children,
show your feeling _______(8)your parents.
They are the people who _______(9)you. So tell
them your thoughts (想法). In this way, you can have a better _______(10)of each
other.
完形填空選擇題的一般解題思路是:
1. 跳過空格、通讀全文、把握大意。先跳過空格,通讀試題所給的要完形填空的短文,獲得整體印象,做到弄清文脈、抓住主旨,較好地把握短文大意。要在閱讀理解短文意思的基礎上才開始判定選擇,切忌倉促下筆。
2. 結合選項、綜合考慮、初定答案。在理解全文意思的基礎上,再結合所給備選項細讀全文,聯繫上、下文內容,注意從上、下文的語法結構和詞語搭配及從選擇項中尋找解題的提示,以詞、句的意義為先,再從分析句子結構入手,根據短文意思、語法規則、詞語固定搭配等進行綜合考慮,對備選項逐一進行分析、比較和篩選,排除干擾項、初步選定答案。
3. 瞻前顧後、先易後難、各個擊破。動筆時要瞻前顧後、通篇考慮、先易後難。對比較明顯直接的、自己最有把握的答案先做,一下子不能確定答案的,先跳過這一空格,繼續往下做,最後回過頭來再集中精力解決難點。這時可結合已確定答案的選項再讀一遍短文,隨著對短文理解的深入,可以降低試題的難度,提高選擇的正確率。
4. 復讀全文、逐空驗證、彌補疏漏。完成各道題選擇後,把所選的答案代入原文,再把全文通讀一篇,逐空認真復查。看所選定的答案是否使短文意思前後連貫、順理成章,語法結構是否正確,是否符合習慣表達法。如發現錯誤答案或有疑問的,應再次推敲、反復斟酌、做出修正。
完形填空試題的一般解題思路是:
1. 跳過空格、通讀短文、了解大意。解題時先跳過空格,通讀完形填空的短文,了解全篇的內容和要旨。要重視首句,善於以首句的時態、語氣為立足點,理清文脈,推測全文主題及大意。
2. 復讀短文、確定語義、判斷詞形。把握短文大意後再認真復讀短文,利用上下文的語境,結合所學過的知識,先確定空格處所需詞語的意義,再根據空格在句子中的位置,判斷其在句中充當的成分,從而確定所填詞的詞性,再依據詞語搭配和語法規則,判斷所填的詞的正確形式。
3. 三讀短文、上下參照、驗證答案。在短文的每一空白處填上一個詞後,將完成的短文再細讀一遍,上下參照,連貫思考。把所填的答案放入短文中進行檢驗,可從上、下文內容是否協調一致、順理成章,語法結構是否正確無誤等進行綜合驗證,凡有疑問必須重新推敲考慮。
(三)課文閱讀指導
1. 初中閱讀
閱讀理解能力
(1)理解主旨要義
(2)理解文中具體信息
(3)根據上下文猜測生詞的意義
(4)做出簡單判斷的推理
(5)理解文章的基本結構
(6)理解作者的意圖和態度
2. 培養良好閱讀習慣
(1)擴大視距
(2)克服聲讀
(3)克服逐字讀
3. 猜測詞文
(1)通過標題或主題句進行預測
(2)文章的標題或主題句可包括作者的意圖和傾向、篇章的總體意義和深層意義,因此通過文章標題或主題句進行預測,以便正確理解。
(3)通過語篇標記進行預測
(4)語篇標記包括關聯詞、轉換詞也包括其他關鍵詞。
(5)利用背景知識預測
(6)利用圖片進行預測
『叄』 初二英語上半學期要掌握的語法有哪些
一、形容詞副詞比較級①構成1.一般單音節詞和少數以-er,-ow結尾的雙音節詞,比較級在後面加-er,最高級在後面加-est;
(1)單音節詞
如:small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest
tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest
(2)雙音節詞
如:clever→cleverer→cleverest narrow→narrower→narrowest
2.以不發音e結尾的單音節詞,比較在原級後加-r,最高級在原級後加-st;
如:large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest
3.在重讀閉音節(即:輔音+母音+輔音)中,先雙寫末尾的輔音字母,比較級加-er,最高級加-est;
如:big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest
4.以「輔音字母+y」結尾的雙音節詞, 把y改為i,比較級加-er,最高級加-est;
如:easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest
busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest
5.其他雙音節詞和多音節詞,比較級在前面加more,最高級在前面加most;
如:beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful
different→more different→most different
easily→more easily→most easily
注意:(1)形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞 the,副詞最高級前可不用。
例句: The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
(2) 形容詞most前面沒有the,不表示最高級的含義,只表示"非常"。
It is a most important problem.
=It is a very important problem.
6.有少數形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級是不規則的,必須熟記。
如:good→better→best well→better→best
bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst
old→older/elder→oldest/eldest
many/much→more→most little→less→least
far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest②用法1.「A + be +形容詞比較級 + than + B」 意思為「A比B更……」。
如:This tree is taller than that one. 這棵樹比那棵樹高。
注意:
① 在含有連詞than的比較級中,前後的比較對象必須是同一范疇,即同類事物之間的比較。
②在比較級前面使用much,表示程度程度「強得多」。
如:A watermelon is much bigger than an apple.
③ very, quite一般只能修飾原級,不能修飾比較級。
2.「比較級 + and + 比較級」或「more and more +原級」表示「越來越……」
如:It becomes warmer and warmer when spring comes.
春天來了,天氣變得越來越暖和了。
It is getting cooler and cooler.
天氣越來越涼爽。
The wind became more and more heavily.
風變得越來越大。
Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.
我們的學校變得越來越美麗。
3.在含有or的選擇疑問句中,如果有兩者供選擇,前面的形容詞要用比較級形式。
如:Who is taller,Tim or Tom? 誰更高,Tim還是Tom?
4. 「the +比較級……, the+比較級」,表示「越……越……」。
The more money you make, the more you spend.
錢你賺得越多,花得越多。
The sooner,the better.
越快越好。
5. 表示倍數的比較級用法:
①. A is …times the size /height/length/width of B.
如:The new building is three times the height of the old one.
這座新樓比那座舊樓高三倍。(新樓是舊樓的四倍高)
②. A is …times as big /high/long/wide/large as B.
如:Asia is four times as large as Europe.
亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。(亞洲比歐洲大三倍)
③. A is …times larger /higher/longer/wider than B.
如:Our school is twice bigger than yours.
我們學校比你們學校大兩倍。
6.形容詞、副詞的最高級形式主要用來表示三者或三者以上人或事物的比較,表示「最……」的意思。
句子中有表示範圍的詞或短語。如:of the three, in our class等等。
如:He is the tallest in our class.
他在我們班裡是最高的。
7."否定詞語+比較級","否定詞語+ so… as"結構表示最高級含義。
Nothing is so easy as this.
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
8. 比較級與最高級的轉換:
Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
Mike is more intelligent than any other student in his class
7.修飾比較級和最高級的詞
1)可修飾比較級的詞
①.a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。
②. 還可以用表示倍數的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。
③. 以上詞(除by far)外,必須置於比較級形容詞或副詞的前面。
注意: 使用最高級要注意將主語包括在比較范圍內。
(錯) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
(對) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2)下列詞可修飾最高級:by far, far, much, mostly, almost。
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
注意:
a. very可修飾最高級,但位置與much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序數詞通常只修飾最高級。
Africa is the second largest continent.
8.要避免重復使用比較級。
(錯) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(對) He is more clever than his brother.
(對) He is cleverer than his brother.
9.要避免將主語含在比較對象中。
(錯) China is larger that any country in Asia.
(對) China is larger than any other country in Asia.
10.要注意對應句型,遵循前後一致的原則。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
11.要注意冠詞的使用,後有名詞的時候,前面才有可能有名詞。
比較:Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.二、連詞but and or 表示並列用and 表示轉折用but 表示選擇用or三、條件狀語從句經典語句:If it dosen't rain tomorrow,we will go to the zoo.
If you open the door,i will come in.
條件狀語從句就是用以表示「在某種條件下,會……」
常用if ,in case , on condition等詞來引導
連接詞主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that,provided,suppose,supposing 等。.
主句用一般將來時,if或unless引導的條件狀語從句用一般現在時。
固定搭配:unless = if...not.
e.g. Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tired, let's go out for a walk.
if 引導的條件句有真實條件句和非真實條件句兩種:
真實條件句,
如:If it rains tomorrow, we won』t go on a picnic.
非真實條件句是虛擬語氣的一種,表示與事實相反,如:
If I were you, I would go with him.
so/as long as只要
由as (so) long as, in case引導。
So long as you』re happy, it doesn』t matter what you do.
只要你高興,你做什麼都沒有關系。
You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.
只要你保持書的清潔,你就可以把我的書借去。
Take your umbrella in case it rains.
帶著你的傘吧,以防下雨。
四、原因狀語從句(because和because of的用法) because+句子 because of+名詞短語/名詞五、五種基本句式 1、主語+謂語(S+V) 2、主語+謂語+直接賓語(S+V+DO) 3、主語+連系動詞+表語(S+V+P) 4、主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語(S+V+IO+DO) 5、主語+謂語+直接賓語+賓語補足語(S+V+DO+OC)六、副詞的構成 1、大多數形容詞直接+ly 2、以le結尾的形容詞-e+y 3、以不發音的e結尾的形容詞-y+ily七、過去進行時 ①用法:1.表示過去某一時間內(正在)進行的動作
如:I was doing my homework at 9 p.m. last Sunday.
2.表示一動作正在進行時,另一動作同時正在進行.
(1)用while連接(while只接doing)(註:如果主句和從句都是一般過去時,可以用while連接兩個句子)
例:My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework.(可以持續動作時態一致)
(2)when表示(when可以接doing或did,when後動作時間長,用doing,時間短,用did)
例:I was doing my homework when my mother came in.(間接表達了具體時間)
3.重復的動作
When he worked here, John was always making mistakes.
4.表示過去將要發生的動作
She told us Mr.Lee was arriving here.
5.用於故事,以提供其時間背景
6.表示禮貌
7有時可強調過去某一動作延續時間較長 [編輯本段]常用的時間狀語 this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. [編輯本段]典型例題 (1) Mary _C_ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割傷手指是已發生的事情,應用過去時。同 時,when表時間的同時性,"瑪麗在做衣服時"提供事情發生的背景,因此用過去進行時。
(2) As she _b__ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A.read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案C. 句中的as = when, while,意為"當……之時"。描述一件事發生的背景時,用過去進行;一個長動作發生的時候,另一個短動作發生。句意為 "在她看報紙時,奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell (fall的過去時),是系動詞,後跟形容詞,如:fall sick。 過去進行時的基本用法:表示過去某個時刻或時間正在進行過持續進行的動作,句中往往需要有時間狀語來表示這一特定的時間. What were they doing just now? 他們剛才在干什麼?②句型肯定句=主語(I/he/she/they/we)+was/were+doing+其它
否定句=主語(I/he/she/they/we)+was/were+not+doing+其它
一般疑問句及答語=Was/Were+主語(I/he/she/they/we)+doing+其它 答語:Yes,I was./No,I wasn't.
特殊疑問句=特殊疑問詞+was/were+主語(I/he/she/they/we)+doing+其它
過去進行時vs一般過去時
都強調過去發生的事
進行時強調過程,不一定完成
過去時強調事件,一定完成
p,s表示一個動作正在進行時,另一個動作發生了
如:He played when I was studying.
不用於進行時的動詞
感官動詞:hear,see,notice,feel,taste……
表示態度感情的動詞:like,love,hate……
表心理狀態:feel,want,prefer……
表佔有:own,have,……
表存在狀態和持續:look,owe,be……
when 和while的用法區別
兩者的區別如下:
①when是at or ring the time that, 既指時間點,也可指一段時間;
while是ring the time that,只指一段時間,因此when引導的時間狀語從句中的動詞可以是終止性動詞,也可以是延續性動詞,而while從句中的動詞必須是延續性動詞。
②when 說明從句的動作和主句的動作可以是同時,也可以是先後發生;while 則強調主句的動作在從句動作的發生的過程中或主從句兩個動作同時發生。
③由when引導的時間狀語從句,主句用過去進行時,從句應用一般過去時;如果從句和主句的動作同時發生,兩句都用過去進行時的時候,多用while引導,如:
a. When the teacher came in, we were talking.
當此句改變主從句的位置時,則為:
While we were talking, the teacher came in.
b They were singing while we were dancing.
『肆』 八年級上學期的英語語法總結(全部)!
一、只能修飾可數名詞的詞語有:
many, many a(n), a good / great many, a (great / large) number of, scores of, dozens of等。例如:
Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening.
開張後的頭幾天,很多人去了那兒。
I have been there dozens of times.
我已去過那兒很多次了。
There』re a number of students reading English in the classroom.
教室里有許多學生在讀英語。
Many a student has(=many students have)visited the Great Wall.(謂語動詞用單數)
很多學生都游覽過長城。
In winter, a good many animals sleep under the snow.
冬天很多動物在雪下冬眠。
注意: many所修飾的復數名詞前若有限定詞,many 後面要接of, 表示「……中的很多」。 例如:
A great many(of the) graates have found jobs.
畢業生中很多人已經找到了工作。
二、只能修飾不可數名詞的詞語有:
much, a great deal of, a great / large amount of等。例如:
Is there much water in the bucket?
桶里有很多水嗎?
He always has a great amount of work to do.
他總是有很多工作要做。
三、既能修飾可數名詞又能修飾不可數名詞的詞語有:
a lot of, lots of, plenty of (以上三個詞語後謂語動詞的數依of 後的名詞的單復數而定),a great / large quantity of (其後謂語用單數),quantities of (其後謂語用復數)。例如:
There is still lots of snow in the garden.
花園里還有許多雪。
There is plenty of rain here.
這兒的雨水很多。
A great quantity of flowers was placed in the hall.
大廳里放了很多鮮花。
There are large quantities of food in the cupboard.
櫥櫃里有許多食物。
在所有這些表示「很多」的詞語中many, much 是最常用的詞,它們既可以用於肯定句,也可以用於疑問句和否定句。例如:
Are there many people in the street?
街上有很多人嗎?
There isn』t much time left.
剩下的時間不多了。
其它的詞語都用於肯定句,日常會話中常用lots of, a lot of 或plenty of; 正式文體中常用 a great many, a (large) number of, a great deal of, scores of 或 dozens of 等。但若肯定句中有too, so, as, very或how 等詞修飾時,則必須使用 many, much。例如:
The number of the people who lost their homes reached as many as 250,000.
無家可歸的人數多達250,000人。
There is too much work to do.
要做的工作太多了。
或者是這樣的,你自己看下,哪Unit 1 How often do you exercise?
Grammar: 特殊疑問句:wh-questions: what, who, where, when, which, whose, why, whom等。
特殊疑問句的構成及用法:
結構:特殊疑問詞+ 一般疑問句, 即:特殊疑問詞+be/助動詞/情態動詞+主語+謂語/表語(+其他)
疑問代詞:
1) Who:誰。做主語,用來指人 Who is the boy under the tree?
2)Whom 誰,做賓語,用來指人 Whom are you writing to?
3) Whose 誰的,用來指所屬關系,如果做定語,一般後接名詞 Whose pen is this?
4) Which 哪個,哪些,用來指對人或物在一定范圍之內進行選擇 Which grils will in the sports meeting? Which pen is Lily』s?
5)What什麼,通常指物,也可指人,一般用在沒有指出范圍的情況下 What can you see in the picture? What are you doing now?
疑問副詞:
When:何時,詢問時間 When will she come back?
Where何地,詢問地點, Where do you come from?
Why為什麼,詢問原因, Why are you late for school?
How 如何,詢問手段、方式、工具以及程度等 How do you usually go to school?
How old多大,詢問年齡,How old is Jim』s little brother?
How many/much多少,詢問數量 How many birds are there in the tree?
How far多遠,詢問距離, How far is it form your home to school?
How long多長,多久,詢問時間的長度或距離 How long will you stay in Beijing?
How often多長時間按一次,詢問頻率 How often do you go to see your grandparents?
How soon多久,詢問時間 How soon will you come back?
頻率副詞:表示動作發生的頻率,never, sometimes, often, usually, always.
Unit 2 What』s the matter with you?
Grammar:
1. 用have 來描述身體不適 have/have got a +疾病名字;得了……病
2.情態動詞should,情態動詞should,can, may, must沒有人稱和時態的變化,後接動詞原形
Unit 3 What are you doing for vacation?
Grammar:現在進行時表將來 一般將來時
表示將要做某事或計劃打算做某事要用到句型「be+doing」其中be是助動詞,它有人稱和單復數的變化。Be: am, is, are. be + v.ing是現在進行時的形式,但用於表示將來。用進行時表將來,常用於表示即將來臨的未來預定要做的事情,一般指個人計劃要做的事。用於此情況的動詞一般是表示位置轉移的動詞,如,go, come, leave, start, arrive, move等。
一.肯定句中,結構為「be+doing.」
I am going shopping this afternoon.
二.否定句是在be之後加not. I』m not going to shopping this afternoon.
三.一般疑問句是將be置於句首 Are you going shopping this afternoon?—Yes, I am/ we are. No, I』m not./ We aren』t.
四.特殊疑問句「疑問詞+一般疑問句語序。」
What are you doing for vacation? When is he going camping?
Who are you going there with? Where is she going?
Unit 4 How do you get to school?
Grammar: How引導的特殊疑問句:是指以How, how far, how long, how old,how many, how much等詞開頭的疑問句。
How does he get to shool?---- He takes the train to get to shool.
How long does it take to walk? ----It takes about 35 minutes to walk.
How far is it from your home to school? It』s four miles from my home to school.
How old is he now? She is twelve years old now.
How many storybooks do you have? I have five storybooks.
How much is this coat? This coat is 200 yuan.
特殊疑問句的簡略結構:how about…?+ 名詞或動詞-ing形式,用於提出建議、請求或徵求意見、詢問消息等。如:How about playing tennis?
Unit 5 Can you come to my party?
Grammar:情態動詞can及邀請句式及其問答
情態動詞can的用法:
Can 是最長用的情態動詞,其後跟動詞原形,can的否定形式為cannot,can』t.
can表「能力」,意思是:能,會 I can paly basketball,but I can』t swim.
can表示能力時可和be able to 互換,be able to有更多的時態,常被用來表示can所 不能表示的將來或完成的概念。E.g. They will be able to run this machine on their own in three months.
表示「可能性」,意思是:可以,可能。That big cinema can seat 5,000 people.
表示允許,意思是可以能夠 You can have the book when I have finished it.
表示「驚訝、不相信等(用於疑問句、否定句或感嘆句中」。意思是「會、可能。」
This can』t be true. Can it be true?
如何發出、接受和謝絕別人的邀請
表達邀請的常用句型:
Can you come to…?
Could you come to…?
Would you like to come to…?
Do you want to come to…?
接受邀請的常用句型:
Sure. Certainly. OK. I』d love to.
謝絕邀請的常用句型:
I』m sorry, I can』t. I have to…
I』m afraid I can』t. I have to…
I don』t think I can. I have to…
Unit 6 I』m more outgoing than my sister.
Grammar:形容詞的比較級
規則變化、不規則變化(課本P93)
than 是比較級中最常見的標志詞,意思是「比」。用於引出比較的對象。1.He draws better than me.2.You』re older than I am. You are older than me.
形容詞比較級前,有時可以用much,far, a little,a bit, even, three times等詞來修飾。Much 和far表示「……得多」,much better好得多,a little, a bit表示稍微,一些,一點。a little shorter, 稍微矮點;even表示「甚至,更加,還要……」even bigger還要大些,three times表示 「…三倍」,如three times bigger than 比……大三倍
Very絕不可以用來修飾比較級,very,so,too, quite 修飾原級
Unit 7 How do you make banana milk shake?
Grammar: 可數名詞與不可數名詞
一.可數名詞
英語中的物質名詞大體上可分為可數名詞和不可數名詞。可數名詞指物體的數量可數。其單數形式可在名詞前加a或an,表示一個,如a pear. 其負數形式要在詞尾加-s,或-es(特殊情況除外),如two bananas, three tomatoes. Many many apples a few students few bags
二.不可數名詞
1.不可數名詞指物體的數量不可數。不可數名詞沒有單復數之分,也不能在詞前直接加冠詞a 或an.表示不可數名詞的數量時可在不可數名詞前加相應的由量詞構成的短語。如a bag of… 2.常見的量詞短語有:
a piece of… a cup of… a teaspoon of… a bottle of…
3.不可數名詞還可以用下面的詞表示數量:much much rain a little little
4.既可以修飾不可數名詞又可以修飾不可數名詞的詞有:
Lots of= a lot of許多,大量 some一些(用於肯定句)any一些(用於否定句和一般疑問句)
Unit 8 How was your school trip?
Grammar:
一般過去時:指在過去某一時間內發生的動作或存在的狀態,常和表示過去意義的時間狀語連用。如:yesterday, last year(week,month…),two years ago, in2006等。有時也可用when,after,before, as soon as引導的時間狀語從句。該時態在句中的體現是謂語動詞用過去式。謂語be動詞→was/were 否定:wasn』t /weren』t
Be動詞句型
一般疑問句:was/were +主語…
特殊疑問句:疑問詞+was/were+主語
陳述句:主語+was/were+…(肯定句) 否定句:主語+wasn』t/weren』t+…
行為動詞句型(當句中的動詞為行為動詞時,要藉助動詞did構成一般疑問句和否定句)
肯定式:主語+動詞過去式
否定式:主語+didn』t+動詞原形
一般疑問句:Did +主語+動詞原形
特殊疑問句:Did+主語+動詞原形
Unit 9 When was he born?
Grammar: 一般過去時的特殊疑問句
一般過去時的特殊疑問句的變法同一般現在時一樣,不同之處在於須將be動詞或助動詞改為過去時態,即「特殊疑問詞+were或was(第三人稱單數)+主語+(表語)+其他成分」或「特殊疑問詞+助動詞did+主語+實義動詞+其他成分。」
以when引導的特殊疑問句,對某人的出生年月進行提問,句型是:
When was/were…born? … was/were born in +時間
When was David beckham born? 大衛.貝克漢姆是什麼時候出生的?He was born in 1975.
二.以how long 引導的特殊疑問句,對表示某一短時間的狀語進行提問。句型是:
How long did + 主語+動詞?
How long did Charles Smith hiccup? He hiccupped for 69 years and 5 months.
三.When did he start hiccupping? 他什麼時候開始打嗝?When +did+主語+動詞?
Unit 10 I』m going to be a basketball player.
Grammar:一般將來時
表示將來某個時間要發生的動作或存在的狀態,也表示將來經常或反復發生的動作,常與表示將來的時間狀語連用。
1. be going to + 動詞原形 What are you going to do next Sunday?
2. will/shall + 動詞原形 I will go to my hometown next week.
3.be +v.ing The Greens are moving to another city the day after tomorrow.
4. be +動詞不定式 You are to be back by 10 o』clock.
5. be + about + 動詞不定式 The meeting is about to begin.
Unit 11 Could you please clean your room?
Grammar:情態動詞
情態動詞,表示說話者對某一動作的看法和態度,包括可能、懷疑、允許、願望、必要、猜測等。Can(能、會),may( 可以),must( 必須、一定)等。
情態動詞的特點:(1)情態動詞有一定詞義,但不能單獨作謂語,必須和另一個動詞原形一起構成謂語,且沒有人稱和數的變化。1. I can speak English. 2. She must be a teacher. 3. We may go home now.
(2)變否定句時,直接在情態動詞後面加not,無需加助動詞。He can』t play the guitar well.
He can』t answer the question. You mustn』t be late.
(3)含有情態動詞的句子變一般疑問句時,須將情態動詞提前。Can you help me? Must I go there at once?
(4)can 可表示能力、允許、可能性、懷疑猜測,意為「能,會,可以。」can』t, 意為「不能,不會,不可以。」,還有「不可能」之意。
--Can you drive? – Sorry, I can』t. It can』t be true.
(5)can 也可表示請求與邀請
Can you please sweep the floor?
Unit12 What』s the best radio station?
Grammar:形容詞/副詞的最高級,用於三者或三者以上的人或事物之間的比較,表示在一群人或事物中,其中一個 「最……」見課本p93語法
the +最高級 She is the tallest of all her classmates.
最高級可被序數詞以及much, by far,nearly,almost, by no means, not quite,not really, nothing like等修飾。This hat is by far the biggest.
表示最高程度的形容詞,excellent, extreme, prefect等沒有最高級也不能用比較級。He is an excellent teacher.
形容詞最高級間修飾做表語或介詞並與的名詞代詞是,被修飾的詞往往省略。
He is the youngest (boy) in his class.
Who/Which +be+最高級,A,B,or C? Who is the most useful, a bicycle, a motorcycle,or a car?
the +序數詞+最高級 He is the second tallest student in our class.
One of the +最高級+復數名詞 The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China.個完整你選擇哪個吧!
『伍』 跪求初二上學期英語重點語法
八種時態的具體用法: 一般現在時 表示現階段經常或習慣發生的動作或存在的狀態,或說明主語的特徵。 ① 一般現在時句子中常有的時間狀語:often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如:They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他們每年去一次故宮)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他們經常在晚上商談生意) ② 表示客觀真理、事實、人的技能或現在的狀態時句子里一般不用時間狀語。如:The earth turns round the sun.(地球繞著太陽轉)/ Light travels faster than sound.(光傳播比聲音快) ③ 表示十分確定會發生(如安排好的事情)或按照時間表進行的事情,用一般現在可以表達將來,句子中可以有將來時間。如:The train for Haikou leaves at 8:00 in the morning.(開往漢口的列車上午8點開車) ④ 在時間狀語從句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引導)和條件狀語從句中(以if,unless引導),用一般現在時代替一般將來時,句子可以有將來時間。如:Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德國就給我打電話) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我們就只好獃在家) ⑤ 一般現在時用於倒裝句中可以表示正在發生的動作,動詞以come, go為主。如:Here comes the bus. (車來了) / There goes the bell.(鈴響了)。 ⑥ 一般現在時常用於體育比賽的解說或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it. ⑦ 人的心理活動和感官動作一般用一般現在時而不用現在進行時表達,常見動詞有:like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(認為),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如:I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在這兒) 一般過去時 表示過去某時發生的動作或狀態,這種動作或狀態可能是一次性,也可能經常 發生。 ① 表示過去具體時刻發生的一次性動作時,時間狀語有:at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引導的時間狀語從句。如:I got up at 6:00 this morning.(我是早上六點鍾起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小湯姆今天早上九點半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走進房間時發現一個陌生人正和他父親談話) ② 表示過去一段時間內不知何時發生的一次性動作時,時間狀語有:yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如:He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年來到我們市) ③ 表示過去一個階段中經常發生的事情時,時間狀語有:last…, in…, from…to…, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如:Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him. ④ 講故事、對過去經歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過去事件等一般用過去時,而且經常省略時間狀語。如:I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西) 一般將來時 表示將來某一時刻或經常發生的動作或狀態。 ①一般將來時的時間狀語有:tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon, someday,sometime, in the future, when引導的從句等。 ② 用will構成的將來時,表示動作與人的主觀願望無關。「shall」用於第一人稱,「will」 用於所有人稱。如:I will graate from this school soon.(我很快就要從這所中學畢業了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之後你就要一個人過了) ③ 「am/is/are going to+動詞原形」表示打算或准備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發生的事情,而「am/is/are to +動詞原形」表示安排或計劃中的動作。如:A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一個人告訴他們那個婦女就會生下那個特別的男孩)/ It』s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了) ④ 表示一個人臨時決定要做某事,可以用will表達。如:I will go to the lab to get some chemicals(化學葯劑). So please wait until I return.(我要到化學實驗室去取些葯品,請等我回頭) ⑤ 現在進行時、一般現在時也可以表示將來。(見相應時態) ⑥ shall和will 在口語的一些疑問句中相當於情態動詞。Shall一般與第一人稱連用,will與第二人稱連用。如:Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我們下周六去動物園好嗎?)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把門打開好嗎?) ⑦ 「be to +動詞原形」表示按照計劃將要發生的事情。如:An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy. (4)現在進行時 現在進行時表示現在正在進行的動作或是現階段正發生而此刻不一定在進行的動作。 ① 現在進行時由「助動詞be (am is are ) +現在分詞」構成。 ② 現在進行時的時間狀語有: now, this …, these…等,但經常不用。如:What are you doing up in the tree?(你在樹上干什麼?)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在寫一本長篇小說) ③ 表示即將發生的動作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常見的動詞有:come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如:I』m coming now.(我就來)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什麼?)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了) ④ 表示頻繁發生或反復進行的動作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如:He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借錢,過一些時候就忘得一干二凈) (5)過去進行時 過去進行時表示過去某一時刻或某階段正在進行的動作。 ① 過去進行時由「was(第一、三人稱單數)或were(第二人稱單數和各人稱的復數)+現在分詞」構成。 ② 過去進行時的時間狀語有:then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時間狀語從句。如:He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天這個時候他正在做晚飯)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的時候她正在玩玩具) ③ 用於賓語從句或時間狀語從句中,表示與主句動作同時進行而且是延續時間較長。句子中通常不用時間狀語。如:She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路過時看到事情的發生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們在黑暗的森林裡走時唱了很多歌) ④ 也可以表示過去一個階段頻繁發生或反復進行的動作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如:He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在這里時老向我借錢) (6)現在完成時 現在完成時表示一個發生在過去的、對現在仍有影響的動作,或表示開始在過去,並且一直延續到現在,甚至還可能延續下去的動作。 ①在完成時由「助動詞have (has)+動詞的過去分詞」構成。 ②表示發生在過去的對現在仍有影響的動作時,時間狀語有:already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如:I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前從來沒有看過這么好的畫)/ He has just gone to England.(他剛去英國) ③表示在過去開始一直延續到現在(可能延續下去)的動作或狀態時,時間狀語有:for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導的狀語從句。如:I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我離開家鄉有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自從這家工廠開張,王叔叔一直在那兒工作) ④口語中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如:They have got thousands of books in their library.(他們圖書館有上萬本書) ⑤have been to與have gone to的區別:have gone to(「已經去了」)表示人不在這里,have been to(「去過」)表示人在這里。如:--Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪裡?他去了英國。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing? –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情況嗎?是的,我去過那裡三次。) ⑥在完成時中,一個瞬間性動詞(一次性動作)不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用,此時須將該瞬間動詞改為延續性動詞或狀態動詞。具體變化見下表: 瞬間性動詞的完成時 → 延續性動詞或狀態動詞的完成時 have (already) gone to… have been in / at … for (two years) has come to… has been here since (1990) (had) left… (had) been away from… arrived… been in… died been dead begun been on ended been over bought... had… borrowed… kept… joined… been in … 或者使用下面這個句型:It is / has been + (多久)+ since + 主語(人)+謂語(過去時)+……+過去時間狀語 [注意] 在其它的時態中也存在類似問題,記住,關鍵是:瞬間動詞不能和表達一段時間的狀語連用。如:How long may I keep the book?(這本書我能借多久?)(句子中keep取代了borrow) (7) 過去完成時 過去完成時表示過去某一時間或某一動作發生之前已經完成的動作。簡言之, 過去完成時所表示的時間是「過去的過去」。 ①過去完成時由「助動詞had+動詞的過去分詞」構成。 ②過去完成時時間狀語有:by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或者由when,before等引出狀語從句。有時句子中會有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語,也會有for… 或since…構成的時間狀語。如:They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(當老師來的時候他們已經打掃完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他發覺那個婦女是個騙子時她已經走掉了) ③過去完成時常用於賓語從句中、after引導的從句中,或者從句是before引導的主句中。如:After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走進了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他說他以前從來沒有見過袋鼠) (8) 過去將來時 過去將來時表示在過去預計將要發生的動作或存在的狀態。 ①過去將來時由「助動詞should(第一人稱)或would(第二、三人稱)+動詞原形」構成。在美國英語中,過去將來時的助動詞一律用「would +動詞原形」。 ②過去將來時常由於賓語從句中,時間狀語有:later, soon, the next (day). ③在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中不可以使用過去將來時,而應該使用一般過去時。如:He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他答應付給我許多錢如果我幫助他搞那個項目)/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他有空他就會坐下來看看書) ④表示純粹的將來時用would或should,表示打算或主觀認為的事情用was/were going to (+動詞原形)。如:She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告訴我她下個月就18歲了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告訴我她打算帶她的寵物狗去散步) ⑤過去將來時還可以表示一個過去經常性的動作。如:When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨時他會隨身帶一把雨傘) (9)現在完成進行時:現在完成進行時指一個從過去就開始一直延續到現在並由可能繼續下去的動作,它具有現在完成時和現在進行時雙重特徵,結構是:「have/has + been +動詞的現在分詞」。如:I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已經在冰冷的水裡遊了將近兩個小時)/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在這里一直等了多久?)
『陸』 初一和初二上學期 所有英語語法
幫樓主來找了幾個源比較實用的地址。
http://www.sinoya.com/search_1.asp
http://ke..com/view/328219.htm
http://www.pep.com.cn/
望採納。
『柒』 初二第一學期英語語法總結
Invite sb. to do sth邀請某人干某事
Than 是比較級的標志
The 是最高內級的標志
Of all是最高級的標志
Even是比較級的標志
Enough 修飾形容詞後置容
Decide to do sth 決定干某事
形容詞最高級前加the
One of the+形容詞的最高級+名詞復數 表示「最……的……之一」
Do a survey of 做……的調查,賓語從句由疑問詞引導,後接陳述句語序。
At the end of…在……末
表示……中一個也沒有用none
Have fun doing sth 干某事高興
Just now 剛才,與一般過去時連用
Let』s 後接動詞原形
Stop doing sth 停止干某事
Be good with sb 跟某人相處得好
基本上都是必考的吧
希望可以幫助到你、
『捌』 初二英語新目標上學期語法要點
初二英語語法知識重點總結
一、知識強化
1.掌握本單元的重點詞彙及句型。
2.談論最好做某事和正確做某事,培養提高自己的交際能力。
3.正確使用should和ought to。
二、重難點知識講解
1.First, we decided to elect the chief editor. 首先我們決定選出主編。
decide 動詞,意為「決定」,常用結構:
decide (not) to do sth. 決定(不)做某事
decide on doing sth 決定做某事
decide + 疑問代詞/副詞+不定式 決定……
decide+從句 決定……
e.g.I decided to go to Beijing on Monday.
我決定星期一去北京。
He has decided on going for a trip next week.
他已決定下周去旅行。
He decided when to go to Beijing.
他已經決定了什麼時候去北京。
We decided that we didn』t take part in the basketball match.
我們決定不參加籃球比賽。
2.We should choose Joyce because she has experience.
我們應該選喬伊斯因為她很有經驗。
(1)experience n. 經驗;經歷
①經驗(不可數名詞)
e.g.He is a math teacher with 5 years』 experience.
他是一名有五年工作經驗的數學老師。
②經歷(可數名詞)
e.g.It was a strange experience.
真是一次奇特的經歷。
Please tell us your experiences in America.
請你告訴我們你在美洲的經歷。
(2)experience v. 體驗;經歷
e.g.Our country has experienced great changes in the last thirty years.
我國在過去三十年經歷了巨大變化。
3.Then we all voted for her. 然後我們都投票贊成(選喬伊斯為主編)。
vote for sb. 意為「投票贊成某人」。
e.g.I shall vote for Ben because he has experience.
我將投票選本因為他有經驗。
Vote for Johnson—the people』s friend!
請投約翰遜一票——他是人民的支持者。
vote against 意為「投票反對」。
e.g.People vote against Henry.
人們投票反對亨利。
4.Then Joyce took charge of the meeting. 於是,喬伊斯主持會議。
take charge of意為「主管,主持;負責」。
e.g.Who will take charge of the meeting?
誰將主持這次會議?
She took charge of the family business after her father died.
父親去世後,家務事全由她負責。
The department was badly organized until she took charge(of it).
這個部門在她負責管理以前組織工作做得很差。
5.Then the others voted for me. 於是其他人投票選我。
句中的the others指參加會議的除我以外的所有人即:Lucy, Joyce, Tony和Jessica。
辨析:other, the other, the others與another
(1)other表示「其他的」,表示泛指,沒有特定的范圍。
e.g.Lei Feng always helped other people.
雷鋒總是幫助別人。(指其他的任何人)
(2)the other意為「另一個」,一般用於兩者之間。其句型為:one…the other…一個……另一個……
e.g.The old man has two sons. One is a soldier, the other is a worker.
那位老人有兩個兒子,一個是士兵,另一個是工人。
注意:the other和other後均可加名詞,但意思有所不同,「the other+名詞」表示一定范圍內除一部分外其餘的全部,而「other+名詞」表示除去部分以後的另一些,但不是剩下的全部。
(3)the others 特指一定范圍內的其餘的全部人或事物。
e.g.I have three pencils. One is long, and the others are short.
我有三支鉛筆,一支是長的,另外(兩個)是短的。(代詞)
(4)another表示三者或三者以上的其他任何一個,意為「再一;又一」。
e.g.Would you like another cup of tea?
你還要一杯茶嗎?
6.You will be responsible for different sections of the paper.
你們將負責報紙的不同部分。
be responsible for意為「對……負責」。
e.g.Who is responsible for breaking the mirror?
鏡子是誰打破的?
The bus driver is responsible for the passengers safety.
公共汽車司機應對乘客的安全負責。
7.Should it be free for readers, or should they pay for it?
讀者應免費閱讀還是花錢購買呢?
辨析:pay, spend, cost與take
四個單詞都可以表示「花費」,但用法卻不盡相同。
(1)pay的基本用法是:
①pay (sb.) money for sth. 付錢(給某人)買某物。
e.g.I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month.
我每個月要付給他們20英鎊的房租。
②pay for sth. 付某物的錢
e.g.I have to pay for the lost book.
我不得不賠償丟失的書款。
③pay for sb. 替某人付錢
e.g.Don』t worry! I』ll pay for you.
別擔心,我會給你付錢的。
(2)spend的主語必須是人,常用於以下結構:
①spend time/ money on sth. 在某物上花費時間/ 金錢。
e.g.I spent two hours on this maths problem.
這道數學題花了我兩個小時。
②spend time/ money(in)doing sth. 花費時間/金錢做某事。
e.g.They spent two years (in) building this bridge.
造這座橋花了他們兩年時間。
(3)cost的主語是物或某種活動,還可以表示「值」,常見的用法如下:
①「sth. cost (sb.)+金錢」表示「某物花了(某人)多少錢」。
e.g.A new computer costs a lot of money.
買一台新電腦要花一大筆錢。
②「(doing)sth. cost(sb.)+時間」表示「(做某事)某物花了(某人)多少時間」
e.g.Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time.
他花了大量的時間才記住了這些新單詞。
(4)take 常見的用法有以下幾種:
①「It takes/took sb.+時間+ to do sth. 」表示「做某事花了某人多少時間」。
e.g.It took them three years to build this road.
他們用了三年時間修完了這條路。
②「doing sth. takes sb.+時間」表示「做某事花了某人多少時間」。
e.g.Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon.
他花了一整下午修這輛小汽車。
8.Well, I usually try to get one for free from outside the library…
哦,我通常試圖從圖書館外免費拿一份……
try to do sth.,意為「盡力、設法去做某事」,強調付出一定的努力或想方設法地去完成。
I』ll try to come early tomorrow.
我明天盡量早點兒來。
辨析:try doing sth. 意為「嘗試著做某事」,不一定付出很大努力。
e.g.If you like, you can try watching it.
如果你喜歡,你可以試著看一下。
拓展:
①try/do one』s best to do sth.意為「盡某人全力去做某事」。
e.g.We should try our best to practice speaking English.
我們應盡力來練習說英語。
②try on意為「試穿」。
e.g.Can I try it on?
我可以試穿一下嗎?
③try也可用作名詞,意為「嘗試」。
e.g.I can』t open this door—will you have a try?
我打不開這扇門——你來試試行嗎?
9.I also have the habit of reading English for half an hour every morning.
我也有每天早上讀半小時英語的習慣。
have the habit of doing…意為「有干某事的習慣」。
e.g.My mother has the habit of getting up early.
我媽媽有早起的習慣。
He has habit of smoking ring meals.
他有吃飯時吸煙的習慣。
10.Were you nervous before the speech? 在演講前你緊張嗎?
nervous意為「焦慮的,緊張的」,形容詞作表語,可以與動詞get/ feel,系動詞be連用。
e.g.Don』t be nervous! The doctor just wants to help you.
別緊張!醫生只是想幫助你。
I felt very nervous when I went into his office.
當我走進他的辦公室時,我感到很緊張。
11.She was on her way to the library to return the books.
她正走在去圖書館還書的路上。
(1)the way to…意為「去……的路」。其中the可以用物主代詞替換。如果表示地點的詞是副詞home, there, here等時,則不用介詞to。way為名詞,意為「路;道路」,其常用的搭配還有on one』s way to+n. 或on one』s way+adv.,意為「在去……的路上」。
e.g.I see some beautiful flowers on my may home.
在回家的路上,我看到一些美麗的花。
On my way to the school I met my head teacher.
上學路上我遇到了班主任。
(2)return在句中意為「歸還」,相當於give sth. back.
e.g.Return the book to the library.
把書歸還給圖書館。
12.but I haven』t felt lonely at all. 但我一點也不感到孤獨。
(1)辨析:lonely與alone
①lonely一般只用作形容詞,表示「孤單的,孤獨的,寂寞的」,在句中既可作表語,又可作定語。lonely修飾物時,意為「荒涼的」。
e.g.When his wife and two little children left him, he was very lonely.
妻子和兩個孩子離他而去後,他很孤獨。
This is a lonely mountain village.
這是一個荒涼的小山村。
②alone作形容詞時,意為「單獨的,獨自的;獨一無二的」,通常只用作表語。用作副詞,表示「獨自地,單獨地」之意,相當於by oneself。此外,alone用在名詞或代詞之後,意為「只有,唯有,僅僅」。
e.g.Tom alone knew what had happened.
只有湯姆知道發生了什麼事。
③lonely指人孤獨寂寞,或指地方荒無人煙,有濃厚的傷感色彩。alone表示「單獨,獨自一人」,不含感情色彩。
e.g.He doesn』t feel lonely though he lives alone.
盡管他獨自生活,但他並不感到孤獨。
(2)not…at all 意為「一點……也不;根本不」,是完全否定。
e.g.I don』t like it /them at all. 我根本不喜歡它(它們)。
He can not swim at all. 他根本就不會游泳。
She doesn』t love me at all. 她根本就不愛我。
三、語法點撥——should與ought to的用法
1.一般說來,兩者可替換,只是ought to語氣稍重。
e.g.You ought to (should) go and see Mary sometime.
你應該什麼時候去看看瑪麗。
The train ought to (should) have arrived at six.
火車本應該6點鍾到的。
Such things ought not to be allowed.
這種事情是不允許的。
2.表示出於法令規則、行為准則、道德責任等客觀情況而「應該」做某事時,一般應用ought to,若用should則含有個人意見,強調主觀看法。
e.g.We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don』t think we will.
明天我們按理應該去看看瑪麗,但是我認為我們不會去(此句不宜用should)。
3.在公告、須知或條例中,出於禮貌,常用should。如:
e.g.You should not run alongside the swimming-pool.
不準在游泳池邊奔跑。
『玖』 初二上學期英語語法全部
1) leave的用法
1.「leave+地點」表示「離開某地」。例如:
When did you leave Shanghai?
你什麼時候離開上海的?
2.「leave for+地點」表示「動身去某地」。例如:
Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London.
下周五,愛麗斯要去倫敦了。
3.「leave+地點+for+地點」表示「離開某地去某地」。例如:
Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing?
你為什麼要離開上海去北京?
2) 情態動詞should「應該」學會使用
should作為情態動詞用,常常表示意外、驚奇、不能理解等,有「竟會」的意思,例如:
How should I know? 我怎麼知道?
Why should you be so late today? 你今天為什麼來得這么晚?
should有時表示應當做或發生的事,例如:
We should help each other.我們應當互相幫助。
我們在使用時要注意以下幾點:
1. 用於表示「應該」或「不應該」的概念。此時常指長輩教導或責備晚輩。例如:
You should be here with clean hands. 你應該把手洗干凈了再來。
2. 用於提出意見勸導別人。例如:
You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感覺不舒服,你最好去看醫生。
3. 用於表示可能性。should的這一用法是考試中常常出現的考點之一。例如:
We should arrive by supper time. 我們在晚飯前就能到了。
She should be here any moment. 她隨時都可能來。
3) What...? 與 Which...?
1. what 與 which 都是疑問代詞,都可以指人或事物,但是what僅用來詢問職業。如:
What is your father? 你父親是干什麼的?
該句相當於:
What does your father do?
What is your father's job?
Which 指代的是特定范圍內的某一個人。如:
---Which is Peter? 哪個是皮特?
---The boy behind Mary. 瑪麗背後的那個男孩。
2. What...?是泛指,所指的事物沒有范圍的限制;而 Which...?是特指,所指的事物有范圍的限制。如:
What color do you like best? (所有顏色)
你最喜愛什麼顏色?
Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow? (有特定的范圍)
你最喜愛哪一種顏色?
3. what 與 which 後都可以接單、復數名詞和不可數名詞。如:
Which pictures are from China?
哪些圖片來自中國?
4) 頻度副詞的位置
1.常見的頻度副詞有以下這些:
always(總是,一直)
usually(通常)
often(常常,經常)
sometimes(有時候)
never(從不)
2.頻度副詞的位置:
a.放在連系動詞、助動詞或情態動詞後面。如:
David is often arrives late for school.
大衛上學經常遲到。
b.放在行為動詞前。如:
We usually go to school at 7:10 every day.
我們每天經常在7:10去上學。
c.有些頻度副詞可放在句首或句尾,用來表示強調。如:
Sometimes I walk home, sometime I rides a bike.
有時我步行回家,有時我騎自行車。
3.never放在句首時,主語、謂語動詞要倒裝。如:
Never have I been there.
5) every day 與 everyday
1. every day 作狀語,譯為「每一天」。如:
We go to school at 7:10 every day.
我們每天7:10去上學。
I decide to read English every day.
我決定每天讀英語。
2. everyday 作定語,譯為「日常的」。
She watches everyday English on TV after dinner.
她晚飯後在電視上看日常英語。
What's your everyday activity?
你的日常活動是什麼?
6) 什麼是助動詞
1.協助主要動詞構成謂語動詞片語的詞叫助動詞(Auxiliary Verb)。被協助的動詞稱作主要動詞(Main Verb)。
助動詞自身沒有詞義,不可單獨使用,例如:
He doesn't like English. 他不喜歡英語。
(doesn't是助動詞,無詞義;like是主要動詞,有詞義)
2.助動詞協助主要動詞完成以下功用,可以用來:
a. 表示時態,例如:
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已結婚。
b. 表示語態,例如:
He was sent to England. 他被派往英國。
c. 構成疑問句,例如:
Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學生活嗎?
Did you study English before you came here?你來這兒之前學過英語嗎?
d. 與否定副詞not合用,構成否定句,例如:
I don't like him. 我不喜歡他。
e. 加強語氣,例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來參加晚會。
He did know that. 他的確知道那件事。
3.最常用的助動詞有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
7) forget doing/to do與remember doing/to do
1.forget to do 忘記要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘記做過某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.
辦公室的燈還在亮著,它忘記關了。(沒有做關燈的動作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘記他已經關了燈了。 ( 已做過關燈的動作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.
別忘了明天來。 (to come動作未做)
典型例題
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh,I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off
C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案:C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著,即關燈的動作沒有發生,因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth 表示燈已經關上了,而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。
2.remember to do 記得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 記得做過某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school.
記著放學後去趟郵局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?
8) It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1.for sb. 常用於表示事物的特徵特點,表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學兩門外語是很難的。
2.of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主觀感情或態度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我,你真是太好了。
3.for 與of 的辨別方法:
用介詞後面的代詞作主語,用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語,造個句子。如果道理上通順用of,不通則用for。如:
You are nice. (通順,所以應用of)。
He is hard. (人是困難的,不通,因此應用for。)
9) 對兩個句子的提問
新目標英語在命題中有將對句子劃線提問這一題型取消的趨勢,現在採取的作法是對一個句子進行自由提問。例如:
句子:The boy in blue has three pens.
提問:1.Who has three pens?
2.Which boy has three pens?
3.What does the boy in blue have?
4.How many pens does the boy in blue have?
很顯然,學生多了更多的回答角度,也體現了考試的靈活性。再如:
句子:He usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday.
提問:1.Who usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?
2.Where does he usually go with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?
3.What does he usually do with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?
4.With whom does he usually go to the park at 8:00 on Sunday?
5.What time does he usually go to the park with his friends on Sunday?
6.When does he usually go to the park with his friends?
10) so、such與不定冠詞的使用
1.so與不定冠詞a、an連用,結構為「so+形容詞+a/an+名詞」。如:
He is so funny a boy.
Jim has so big a house.
2.such與不定冠詞a、an連用,結構為「such+a/an+形容詞+名詞」。如:
It is such a nice day.
That was such an interesting story.
11) 使用-ing分詞的幾種情況
1.在進行時態中。如:
He is watching TV in the room.
They were dancing at nine o'clock last night.
2.在there be結構中。如:
There is a boy swimming in the river.
3.在have fun/problems結構中。如:
We have fun learning English this term.
They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.
4.在介詞後面。如:
Thanks for helping me.
Are you good at playing basketball.
5.在以下結構中:
enjoy doing sth 樂於做某事
finish doing sth 完成做某事
feel like doing sth 想要做某事
stop doing sth 停止做某事
forget doing sth 忘記做過某事
go on doing sth 繼續做某事
remember doing sth 記得做過某事
like doing sth 喜歡做某事
keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事
find sb doing sth 發現某人做某事
see/hear/watch sb doing sth 看到/聽到/觀看某人做某事
try doing sth 試圖做某事
need doing sth 需要做某事
prefer doing sth 寧願做某事
mind doing sth 介意做某事
practice doing sth 練習做某事
be busy doing sth 忙於做某事
can't help doing sth 禁不住做某事
miss doing sth 錯過做某事
12) 英語中的「單數」
1.主語的第三人稱單數形式,即可用「he, she, it」代替的。如:
he, she, it
my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle
2.名詞有單數名詞和復數名詞。如:
man(單數)---men(復數) banana(單數)---bananas(復數)
3.動詞有原形,第三人稱單數形式,-ing分詞,過去式,過去分詞。如:
go---goes---going---went---gone
work---works---working---worked---worked
watch---watches---watching---watched---watched
當主語為第三人稱單數的時候,謂語動詞必須用相應的第三人稱單數形式。如:
The boy wants to be a sales assistant.
Our English teacher is from the US.
Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself.
12) 英語中的「單數」
1.主語的第三人稱單數形式,即可用「he, she, it」代替的。如:
he, she, it
my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle
2.名詞有單數名詞和復數名詞。如:
man(單數)---men(復數) banana(單數)---bananas(復數)
3.動詞有原形,第三人稱單數形式,-ing分詞,過去式,過去分詞。如:
go---goes---going---went---gone
work---works---working---worked---worked
watch---watches---watching---watched---watched
當主語為第三人稱單數的時候,謂語動詞必須用相應的第三人稱單數形式。如:
The boy wants to be a sales assistant.
Our English teacher is from the US.
『拾』 英語初二上學期(人教版)的所有知識要點 像什麼後面加什麼 還有經常用的語法上面的 總之要點都說說
一、一般現在時
★ 一般現在時指經常性或習慣性的動作或狀態,常和often, usually, always, sometimes, every……等時間狀語連用。肯定句謂語動詞用動詞原形(單三+s), 否定句用don』t /doesn』t +動詞原形,疑問句用Do/Does…+動詞原形?
e.g. Tom does his homework every day. 湯姆每天都做家庭作業。
否定句:Tom doesn』t do his homework everyday. 湯姆每天都不做家庭作業。
疑問句:Does Tom do his homework everyday? 湯姆每天都做家庭作業嗎?
Yes, he does./No, he doesn』t. 是的。(不,不做。)
二、現在進行時
現在進行時的基本用法
1.表示說話時正在進行的動作
常和now 連用,有時用一個look、listen ,來表now 這一時間概念。
*Look! A train is coming .看,火車來了。
*Listen! He is playing the piano.聽,他在彈琴。
2.表示現階段正在進行的動作
但不一定是說話時正在進行。常和at present ,this week ,these days…等時間狀語連用。
*What lesson are you studying this week?你們本周學哪一課了?(說話時並不在學)
3.現在進行時有時可用來表示一個在最近按計劃或安排要進行的動作
即是說可以用來代替將來時,但此時,一般要與表示將來時的時間狀語連用,而且僅限於少量動詞。如:go, come, leave, start, arrive, return . sleep
*Are you going to Tianjin tomorrow? 你明天去天津嗎?
*How many of you are coming to the party next week? 你們有多少人下周要來參加晚會?
三、一般將來時
█一般將來時
1.be going to+ 動詞原形~
對於將要發生的事,或打算、計劃、決定要做的事情時,皆以be going to + 動詞原形的句型來表示。
因此此句型有be動詞,所以是否用am, is, are ,決定於主語。
1.肯定句:主語+be (is, am, are) going to +動詞原形
I am going to play football next Sunday.
下周日我打算踢足球。
◇He is going to travel around the world. 他計劃周遊世界。
◇They are going to meet outside the school gate. 他們打算在校門口見面。
◇It is going to rain. 要下雨了。
2.否定句:主語+be (am, are, is) not going to +動詞原形
We are not going to have any classes next week. 下周我們不上課。
◇I』m not going to be a teacher. 我不打算當老師。
◇He isn』t going to see his brother tomorrow. 他明天不準備去看他哥哥。
3.疑問句:Be (Am, Is, Are) +主語+ going to + 動詞原形
◇Are you going to be a doctor when you grow up? 你長大了,打算當一名醫生嗎?
Yes, I am. 是的,我打算當。
No, I』m not. 不,我不打算當。
will 同be going to 的用法相同
以今天為起點的所有將來時間,如:
this afternoon / this evening = tonight / tomorrow/
tomorrow morning / afternoon / evening ,
the day after tomorrow / next week ,
next Wednesday / next month,
next September / next year.
例句:
1.I』m going to be a teacher later on.
2.We』ll wait for you at the school gate.
3.Shall we go and get some food?
★ 「be going to + 動詞原形」 表示計劃、打算、將來發生的動作,常和this afternoon (今天下午),this evening = tonight (今晚),tomorrow (明天),tomorrow morning (afternoon , evening ) (明早,午,晚),the day after tomorrow(後天),next Sunday (下個星期天), next week (下周), next month (下個月), next year (明年)等的時間狀語連用,前不加任何介詞。另外,動作性動詞go ,come 和leave 等的現在進行時表示一般將來時動作。
e.g.
1. I』m going to Beijing. 我要去北京。
2.He』s leaving for Japan in two days. 他兩天後要奔赴日本。
四、形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級
1.比較級:句子表示兩者之間的比較時用比較級,其標志詞是than, much, a little , even和still等。
e.g. ① Her hair is much longer than mine. 她的頭發比我的長多了。
② I』m a little older than you. 我比你大一點兒。
2.最高級:句子表示三者或多者的比較時用最高級,其標志詞是表示範圍的in…或of …介詞短語。在句子中,形容詞最高級前必須加the。
e.g. ① The boy is the tallest in our class. 這個男孩是我們班最高的。
② Which is the biggest, the sun, the moon or the earth?
★形容詞的比較級和最高級:
形容詞有三種等級:原級、比較級、最高級。
3.原級:句中只有一者時用原級,其標志詞是very, so, too, quite等。
e.g. His handwriting is very good.他的書法很好。 (一個人不作比較。)
太陽、月亮和地球那個大?
★ 形容詞比較級和最高級的構成:
1.一般在原級後加er 構成比較級,加est構成最高級。
e.g. small smaller smallest
young younger youngest
2.以不發音的字母e 結尾的形容詞,直接加r 或st 構成比較級和最高級。
e.g. nice nicer nicest
late later latest
3.以輔音字母+y 結尾的形容詞,變y為i ,再加er 或est, 構成比較級和最高級。
e.g. busy busier busiest
heavy heavier heaviest
4.在重讀閉音節中,末尾只有一個輔音字母的形容詞,要先雙寫這個輔音字母,再加er或est, 構成比較級和最高級。
e.g. hot hotter hottest
big bigger biggest
5.個別形容詞的比較級和最高級是不規則變化,需個別記憶。
e.g. good (well) better best
bad (badly, ill) worse worst
many (much) more most
little less least
far farther farthest
或 further furthest
★ 副詞的比較級和最高級:
1.以ly 結尾的副詞,除early 變為 earlier 和 earliest 外, 其餘一律在其前加more 和most。 如:carefully – more carefully – most carefully
2.規則變化直接加er 和 est 。 如:fast – faster—fastest
3.個別詞是不規則變化,需要特別記憶。
如:well – better – best
far – farther – fastest
badly – worse – worst
4.句子中,副詞最高級前的the 可省略也可以不省略,但形容詞最高級前面的the 絕對不能去掉。
e.g. Who runs (the) fastest, Tom, Jim or Mike?
五、提建議的表達方法、表示需要、詢問方向、指點方向
★ 表示建議的基本句型
1. Shall I / we + 動詞原形?
2. Why don』t you + 動詞原形 = Why not + 動詞原形
3. Let』s + 動詞原形
4. What/ How about + doing sth.
★ 表示需要的基本句型
1.表示需要用need。 它可當情態動詞和行為動詞用。
e.g. ① We need your help.(行為動詞)
我們需要你的幫助。
② They need finish reading the book today. (情態動詞)
他們需要今天看完這本書。
2.詢問方向,主要有以下幾種表達方式:
⑴ Is there a bus station near here? 附近有汽車站嗎?
⑵ Where is the nearest bus stop / station? 最近的汽車站在哪裡?
⑶ Which is the way to the bus station ? 去汽車站的路是那一條?
⑷ How can I go to the bus station? 如何去公共汽車站?
3.指點方向,主要有以下幾種表達方式:
⑴ Go / walk along the road / street. 沿著這條路/街走。
⑵ Take the first (second…) turning on the right / left. 在第一(二……)個路口向右/左轉。
⑶ It』s next to (in front of , behind…) 它在……旁邊(前面,後面……)
⑷ It』s about a hundred metres along on the left. 它在左前方大約一百米處。
⑸ Turn right / left. = turn to the right / left. 向右/左拐。
六、一般過去時
◆一般過去時主要表示過去的動作或狀態。在句子中由主語+動詞的過去式來表達。
1.He walks to school. (一般現在時)
2.He walked to school. (一般過去時)
例如:
例1.中的動詞walks時現在式, 由於主語是第三人稱單數he, 因此原因的walk必須加上 「s」,表示目前習慣性、經常性動作。可譯為「他現在經常步行上學」。
例2.中的動詞walked是過去式,過去式是敘述過去事情的動詞形式,所以這句話時表示的是過去的某時,例如昨天、上周或學生時代等過去的某一時間,這句可譯為「他曾經步行上學」。
◆be 動詞的過去式
be 動詞的過去時的句型如下:
肯定句: 主語 +be動詞的過去式(was, were)~
否定句: 主語 + be動詞的過去式(was, were)+ not ~
疑問句: be動詞的過去式(was, were)+ 主語 ~?
○He was busy yesterday. (肯定句) 他昨天很忙。
○He was not busy yesterday. (否定句) 他昨天不忙。
○Was he busy yesterday? (疑問句) 他昨天忙嗎?
1.be動詞過去時的肯定句
Mike was in the United States last year. 麥克去年在美國。
比較be 動詞的現在式和過去式:
現在時
過去時
I(第一人稱單數)
am
was
He, She, It(第三人稱單數)
is
You(第二人稱單、復數)
are
were
○I was very tired last night.
我昨天晚上很累。
○You were absent from school two days ago.
兩天前你沒到學校(缺席)。
○There were some books there.
那曾經有一些書。
There is (are ) 的句型用於一般過去時需把is ,are 變為它們的過去式:There was (were) …
2.be動詞過去式的否定句
He was not in Canada last year.
他去年不在加拿大。
be動詞過去時的否定句的結構和現在時一樣,只要在be動詞過去式(was, were)後面加上not就可以了。否定式的was not , were not 大多使用縮寫形式wasn』t 和 weren』t .
○I wasn』t busy the other day.
前幾天我不忙。
○There weren』t any boys in the classroom.
教室里一個男孩兒也沒有。
3.be動詞的過去時的疑問句(一般疑問句/特殊疑問句)
Was it raining in Beijing yesterday?
No, it wasn』t . I t was cloudy.
昨天北京下雨了嗎?不,沒下雨。昨天北京陰天。
Where were you yesterday morning? I was at school.
你昨天上午上去哪了?我在學校。
be 動詞過去時一般疑問句的結構和一般現在時一樣,只要把be 動詞的過去式was, were 調到主語前面即可。 was (were ) + 主語 ~? 回答時,需要用Yes, … was (were) .或 No… wasn』t (weren』t)
○Was your father free this morning? 今天上午你爸爸有空嗎?
Yes, he was . 是的,他有空。
No, he wasn』t . 不,他沒空。
○Was there any water in the bottle? 瓶子里有過水嗎?
Yes, there was. 是的,曾經有過。
NO, there wasn』t 不, 沒有過。
◆一般動詞的過去時
一般動詞過去式的基本句型如下:
肯定句: 主語+ 動詞的過去式~
否定句: 主語+ did not + 動詞原形~
疑問句: Did + 主語 + 動詞原形~?
○He played tennis last week. (肯定句) 他上周打網球了。
○He did not play tennis last week. (否定句) 上周他沒打網球。
○Did he play tennis last week? (疑問句) 上周他打網球了嗎?
1.一般動詞過去式的肯定句
We had a good time yesterday.
昨天我們過得很愉快。
He had a good time yesterday.
昨天他過得很高興。
一般過去時沒有人稱和數的變化。因此,主語即使是單數、第三人稱,也和其他人稱一樣變化。
○I watched TV for an hour.
我看了一個小時的電視。
○She studied Russian two years ago.
兩年前他學俄語。
○We said good-bye to Li Ming at five.
五點鍾時,我們和李明說過了再見。
2.一般動詞過去時的否定句
We did not have a good time yesterday.
昨天我們過得不好。
He did not do his homework.
他沒有做作業。
一般動詞過去時的否定句的結構和一般現在時夠定句的結構一樣, 不論主語是第幾人稱,還是單、復數,在主語後面加上did not (而不是do not ,或 does not)就可以了。
否定式did not 常用縮寫形式didn』t 。
○He didn』t have classes this morning.
今天上午他沒課.
○You didn』t do your best to do it.
你沒有盡力去做。
3.一般動詞過去時的疑問句
Did he go there?
他去那了嗎?
Yes, he did. (No, he didn』t .) 是的,他去了。 (不,他沒去。)
When did you get up this morning? At six.
今天早晨你幾點鍾起床的? 六點鍾。
一般動詞過去時一般疑問句的結構和一般現在時一般疑問句的結構一樣,無論主語是第幾人稱,單數、復數,在主語前面加上did即可。
○Did Tom go with you?
湯姆和你一起去的嗎?
Yes, he did . (No, he didn』t .)
是的。(不,不是的)
○How many subjects did you study last term?
上學期你們學習幾門功課?
We studied seven.
我們學習七門課。
比較一般動詞的現在時和過去時
一般現在時
一般過去時
肯定句
I go ~.
He goes ~.
I went ~.
He went ~.
否定句
I don』t go ~.
He doesn』t go ~.
I didn』t go ~.
He didn』t go ~.
疑問句
Do you go ~?
Does he go ~ ?
Did you go ~?
Did he go ~?
◆一般過去時的基本用法
1.帶有確定的過去時間狀語時,要用過去時
如:yesterday (昨天) , two days ago(兩天前), last year(去年)., the other day(前幾天), once upon a time(過去曾經) , just now(剛才), in the old days(過去的日子裡), before liberation(解放前), when I was 8 years old(當我八歲時).
○Did you have a party the other day?
前幾天,你們開了晚會了嗎?
○Lei Feng was a good soldier.
雷鋒是個好戰士。
2.表示過去連續發生的動作時,要用過去時
這種情況下,往往沒有表示過去的時間狀語,而通過上下文來表示。
○The boy opened his eyes for a moment, looked at the captain , and died.
那男孩把眼睛張開了一會兒,看看船長,然後就去世了。
3.表示過去一段時間內經常反復的動作。
常與always, never 等連用。
○Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella.
彼得太太過去老是帶著一把傘。
(只是說明她過去的動作,不表明她現在是否常帶著傘。)
試比較:
○Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella.
彼得太太老是帶著傘。
(說明這是她的習慣,表明她現在仍然還習慣總帶著一把傘。)
○I never drank wine.
我以前從不喝酒。
(不涉及到現在,不說明現在是否喝酒。)
4.如果強調已經終止的習慣時要用used to do
○He used to drink.
他過去喝酒。
(意味著他現在不喝酒了。喝酒這個動作終止了。)
○I used to take a walk in the morning.
我過去是在早晨散步。
(意味著現在不在早上散步了。)
5.有些句子,雖然沒有表示過去確定時間的狀語,但實際上是指過去發生的動作或存在的狀態的話,也要用過去時,這一點,我們要特別注意。
○I didn』t know you were in Pairs.
我不知道你在巴黎。
(因為在說話時,我已經知道你在巴黎了。這句話指的是說話前,所以只能用過去時表示。實際上,這句話暗指:But now I know you are here.)
○I thought you were ill.
我以為你病了呢。
(這句話應是在說話前,我以為你病了,但是現在我知道你沒病。)
○Li Ming studied English this morning.
(把此句變為一般疑問句。)
(χ)1.Did Li Ming studied English this morning?
(動詞應該用原形)
(χ)2.Does Li Ming study English this morning?
(時態應該用原句子的時態。)
(χ)3.Was Li Ming studied English this morning?
(應該用一般動詞,而不是be動詞)
(√)4.Did Li Ming study English this morning?
七、反意疑問句
█.反意疑問句 (Tag questions)
在陳述句之後加上一個意思與之相反的簡短問句,這種句子叫做反意疑問句。反意疑問句必須由意思相反的兩部分組成,在前一部分(陳述句)之後用逗號,後一部分(簡短問句)之後用問號。反意疑問句的否定句必須用縮略形成,同時它的主語必須用人稱代詞,不能用名詞。前一部分用降調,後一部分在表示疑問句時用升調。
反意疑問句分為兩類:
1.前一部分為肯定式,後一部分是否定式。
2.前一部分為否定式,後一部分是肯定句。
★陳述句(肯定式),+ 疑問部分(否定式)?
1.be 動詞和一般動詞(實意動詞)構成的反意疑問句
be動詞句型
現在…… ,isn』t (aren』t ) + 主語?
過去……, wasn』t (weren』t ) + 主語?
一般動詞句型:
現在…… , don』t (doesn』t ) + 主語?
過去…… , didn』t + 主語?
◇The pen is yours, isn』t it?
這筆是你的,不是嗎?
◇Lucy likes English, doesn』t she?
露西喜歡英語,不是嗎?
Yes, she does. 是的,她喜歡。
No, she doesn』t 不,她不喜歡。
◇That was a wonderful night , wasn』t it ?
那是個奇妙的夜晚,不是嗎?
Yes, it was. 是的,它是。
No, it wasn』t. 不,它不是。
◇Your sister helped him, didn』t she?
◇你姐姐幫助了他,不是嗎?
◇Yes, she did. 是的,她幫助他。
◇No, she didn』t. 不。她沒有幫助他。
◇Tom is skating, isn』t he? (進行時)
湯姆在滑冰,不是嗎?
Yes, he is. 是的。
No, he isn』t. 不。
◇She is loved by her parents, isn』t she? (被動語態)
她被她的父母疼愛著,是嗎?
Yes, she is. 是的。
No, she isn』t. 不。
2.情態動詞的反意疑問句
◇Your brother can swim, can』t he?
你的哥哥會游泳,不是嗎?
Yes, he can.
No, he can』t.
◇We have to finish it, don』t we?
我們不得不完成它,不是嗎?
Yes, we do.
No, we don』t.
◇The workers had to take the first bus, didn』t they?
工人們不得不上頭班車,不是嗎?
Yes, they did.
No, they didn』t.
★陳述句(否定式),+ 疑問句(肯定句)?
這種反意疑問句的結構和第一部分一樣,只不過顛倒一下肯定句和否定句的位置。 這部分的難點在於回答,回答和漢語習慣不同。 在這種問句中,先不要管yes和no ,按實際情況,如果答語是肯定式的,就要用Yes + 肯定結構,如果答語是否定的,就要用No+ 否定結構
◇You aren』t a teacher, are you?
你不是老師,是嗎?
Yes, I am. 不,我是。
No, I am not. 是的,我不是。
◇You don』t study Chinese, do you?
你們不學中文,是嗎?
Yes, we do. 不,我們學中文。
◇Your classmates didn』t have a good time last summer, did they?
你的同學們去年暑假沒過好,是嗎?
Yes, they did. 不,他們過得很好。
No, they didn』t. 是的,他們過的不好。
★其他類型的反意疑問句
1.祈使句的反意疑問句
a.在肯定的祈使句後,為了使祈使句聽起來比較婉轉、客氣,可加一個簡短的問句,如:Will you? would you? won』t you? can you ? could you ? can』t you?最常見的是will you ?或 won』t you?
◇Speak louder, will you?
請大聲點兒,好嗎?
◇Open the window, will you?
請打開窗子,好嗎?
◇Give me a hand, won』t you?
請幫我一下,好嗎?
b.在let』s 祈使句後加上shall we? 或 shan』t we? 在let us (me , him…)後加上will you? 或won』t you?
◇Let』s go , shall we?
咱們走吧,好嗎?
◇Let』s have a cup of tea, shall we?
我們去喝茶,好嗎?
◇Let her play the piano, will you?
讓她彈鋼琴吧,你說行嗎?
◇Let me sing a song for you, will you?
讓我為你唱一首歌,好嗎?
2.陳述部分如果有表示否定意義的某些詞,如:never, seldom, hardly, few, little, nobody, no one, nothing, neither…,疑問部分必須用肯定式。
◇He never watches TV, does he?
他從不看電視,是嗎?
Yes, he does. 不,他看。
No, he doesn』t 是的, 他不看。
◇No one can help me, can he (they)
沒人能幫助我,是嗎?
Yes, he (they ) can. 不,有人會幫你。
No, he (they) can』t. 是的,沒人會幫你。
◇Very few people understand what he said, do they?
很少人聽得懂他說的話,是嗎?
Yes, they do. 不,很多人聽得懂。
No, they don』t. 是的,很少人聽得懂。
3.陳述部分是there be 結構時,疑問部分用there,省略主語代詞。
◇There is something wrong with the radio, isn』t there?
收音機出毛病了,是嗎?
◇There won』t be any meetings next week, will there?
下周什麼會也沒有,是嗎?
◇There is a post office near your house, isn』t there?
在你家附近有一個郵局,是嗎?
4.陳述句部分如果有everything, nothing …. 表示事物的詞作主語時,疑問部分的主語用it ,陳述部分如果有everyone , no one, someone ….. 表示人的不定代詞作主語時,疑問部分常用they (有時也用he).
◇Everything here is dirty, isn』t it?
這的所有東西都臟,不是嗎?
◇Everybody knows the answer, don』t they?
任何一個人都知道答案,不是嗎?
八、邀請和應答、請求許可
█英語中表達請求允許的句型很多,在不同的場合要用不同的句式來表達。
1.常見表示「請求」「允許」的句式。
① May I …? 我可以干……嗎?
② Can / Could I … ? 我能幹……嗎?
③ Shall I / we … ? 我/咱們干……好嗎?
④Would you like / love to …? 你願意干……嗎?
⑤Will (would) you please…? 請你干……好嗎?
⑥What / How about doing …? 干……怎麼樣?
2.常見「應答」的句式:
①Yes, of course. 當然可以。
②Sure/ Certainly. 當然可以。
③That』s OK. / That』s all right. 好吧,行。
④Yes, please. 好的,請(做吧)。
⑤I』d love / like to. 很樂意。
⑥With pleasure. 很樂意。
⑦Good idea! 好主意。
3.表示「不允許」的答語有:
①I』m sorry, but …… 對不起,不過……
②I』m sorry , but …. 對不起,你不能。
③You』d better not …. 你最好別……
④I』m afraid I can』t. 恐怕我不行。
⑤No, thanks. 不,謝謝。