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八年級下冊英語期中語法知識點

發布時間:2020-12-30 04:03:42

『壹』 初二英語下冊重點語法、句型歸納總結

下冊主要就是被動語態啦被動語態的主要用法
一.定義
語態是動詞的一種形式,它表示主語和謂語的關系。語態有兩種:主動語態和被動語態。如果主語是動作的執行者,或者是說動作是由主語完成的,要用主動語態;如果主語是動作的承受者,或者是說動作不是由主語而是由其他人完成的,則用被動語態。
■當不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執行者時,常用被動語態,這時往往不用by短語。
The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天,教室的前窗被打破了。(不知誰打破的)
They have been poorly paid. 他們的工資太低。(沒必要指出工資是誰付的)
■突出或強調動作的承受者,如果需要說出動作的執行者,用by短語。
The time-table has been changed. 時間表已變動了。(要突出的是「時間」)
These books are written especially for children. 這些書是專門為孩子們寫的。(強調的是「」這些書)
■為了使語言得體或圓滑等不願意說出動作的執行者。如:
You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 請您在下次會議上作個發言。
It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 據說她要嫁給一個外國人。
■出於修辭的原因,或是說為了更好地安排句子。如:
The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 這個提議特別遭到了那些在本地區投資很大的人的反對。(因those的定語太長了,若用它作主語,主語與謂語就相距太遠而顯得句子鬆散。)

8種常用時態的被動語態

由「助動詞be + 動詞的過去分詞」構成。助動詞be 有時態、人稱和數的變化。
(1) 一般現在時:am/is/are +過去分詞。如:
Rice is grown in south China. 華南種植水稻。
(2) 一般過去時:was/were+過去分詞。如:
The glass was broken yesterday. 這塊玻璃是昨天打爛的。
(3) 現在進行時:am/is/are being +過去分詞。如:
The project is being carried out. 這個計劃正在執行中。
(4) 過去進行時:was/were/being +過去分詞。如:
This road was being built this time last year. 這條路去年這個時候還在修建。
(5) 一般將來時:will be +過去分詞。如:
The cars will be sent abroad by sea. 這些汽車將由水路運往國外。
(6) 過去將來時:would be +過去分詞。如:
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. 經理說這個工程在年底前將會完成。
(7) 現在完成時:have/has been +過去分詞。如:
This novel has been translated into several languages. 這本小說已被譯成了幾種語言。
(8) 過去完在時:had been +過去分詞。如:
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. 我到達劇院時,發現票已賣完了。

使用被動語態「六注意」

一要注意被動語態的不同時態
被動語態由「be+過去分詞」,其中的助動詞 be 根據情況可使用各種不同時態。如:
She is respected by everyone. 她受到大家的尊重。(一般現在時)
The book will be reprinted soon. 這本書很快會重印。(一般將來時)
The road is being repaired. 路正在修整。(現在進行時)
They have been given a warning. 他們受到警告。(現在完成時)
二要注意帶情態動詞的被動語態
該結構的基本形式為「情態動詞+be(或be的適當形式)+過去分詞」。這類結構非常有可能作為語境題出現在考卷中。如:
The rules must be obeyed. 這些規章制度必須遵守。
They shouldn』t have been told about it. 這事是不應當告訴他們的。
三要注意非謂語動詞的被動語態
1. 不定式一般式的被動語態。由「to be+過去分詞」構成。如:
She asked to be given some work to do. 她要求給她一些工作做。
2. 不定式完成式的被動語態。由「to have been+過去分詞」構成。如:
I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想讓人把結果早點告訴我的。
3. 現在分詞一般式的被動語態。由「being+過去分詞」構成。如:
I saw him being taken away. 我看見有人把他帶走了。
4. 現在分詞完成式的被動語態。由「having been+過去分詞」構成。如:
Having been invited to speak, I』ll start making preparations tomorrow. 因為邀請我去講話,我明天就得做准備。
5. 動名詞一般式的被動語態。由「being+過去分詞」構成。如:

He hates being made a fool of. 他討厭被別人愚弄。
6. 動名詞完成式的被動語態。由「having been+過去分詞」構成。如:
Jenny』s not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 傑妮沒受過舞蹈的專業訓練是她感到遺憾的事。
After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence. 在接到把車開出城的指令後,我開始信心十足了。
註:過去分詞沒有被動式,因為它本身可以表示被動意義。如:
The door remained locked. 門仍然鎖著。
四要注意「get+過去分詞」構成的被動語態
英語被動語態通常由「助動詞be+過去分詞」構成,有時也可用「get+過去分詞」構成。如:
James got beaten last night. 詹姆斯昨晚被打了。
但總的說來,用get構成的被動語態不如用be構成的被動語態常見,尤其是在含有施動者的by短語時,用get構成被動語態更是少見。不過有時用be+過去分詞構成被動語態構成誤解時,人們可能會選get+過去分詞來避免這種誤解:
The window was broken. 窗戶破了(表狀態)。/ 窗戶被打破了(表動作)
The window got broken. 窗戶被打破了(表動作)
五要注意哪些動詞不用於被動語態
1. 不及物動詞沒有被動語態。因為不及物動詞沒有賓語,所以若將其用於被動語態則沒有主語,故不能用於被動語態。但是值得注意的是,有些英語中的不及物動詞,譯成漢語時卻可能是「及物」的,很容易出錯,這類動詞如:take place(發生),happen(發生),come about(發生),break out(爆發),appear(出現),disappear(消失),last(持續),arise(出現,發生)等:
Influenza usually breaks out in winter. 流感通常發生在冬季。
2. 英語中的靜態動詞(如have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble 等)通常不用於被動語態:
The young man lacks experience. 這個年輕人缺乏經驗。
英語不用被動語態幾種的情形
1.謂語為連系動詞時,不用被動語態。如:He looked fine. 他氣色好。The food tastes delicious. 這食物味道很好。
2. 謂語為不及物動詞(短語)時,不用被動語態。如:The war broke out in the end. 戰爭終於爆發了。
3. 賓語為不定式、動詞的-ing 形式或從句,表示主語的一些想法、愛好或願望時,一般不用被動語態。如:
He decided to go with us. 他決定跟我們一起去。4. 賓語是相互代詞、反身代詞、同源賓語等時,一般不用被動語態。如:
We should help each other. 我們應該相互幫助。He thinks of himself too much. 他對自己想得太多。
5. 賓語是處所、地點時,一般不用被動語態。如:
We will reach the station in two hours. 我們再過兩個小時就會到站了。
6. 謂語部分(動詞與賓語) 是一個不可分割的動詞短語時,一般不用被動語態。如:
The ship set sail this morning. 這艘輪船今天早晨起航了。
通常不用於被動語態的靜態動詞
那裡的人缺乏食物。正:People there lack food. 誤:Food is lacked by people there.
從形式上看,第2句是第1句的相應的被動形式,既然第1句為正句,那麼第2句從理論上說應該是成立的。而事實上第2句卻是個錯句。
在英語中,並不是所有的及物動詞都可以用於被動語態的,有些動詞(尤其是那些靜態動詞)盡管它們可以帶賓語,但卻不用於被動語態,這種動詞考生容易弄錯,其中主要的有:have,lack,fit,suit,cost,let,like等:
他有一台電腦。正:He has a computer.誤:A computer is had by him.
他當時正在洗澡。正:He was taking a bath. 誤:A bath was being had by him.
我的鞋不適合。正:My shoes don』t fit me. 誤:I am not fitted by my shoes.
這架鋼琴花了她6000美元。正:The piano cost her 6000 dollars.
六要注意兩類被動句型的相互轉換
英語中有一種主動句可以轉換成兩種被動句型,它們通常是一些表示客觀說明的句子。如:
People believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是誠實的。
It』s believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是誠實的。
She is believed to be honest. 大家相信她是誠實的。
比較上面兩類被動句型可以發現,一類是「it+be+過去分詞+that從句」,另一類則是「主語+be+過去分詞+不定式」(其中的「主語」為前一類句型中that從句中的主語),通常可用於這兩類被動句型的動詞有assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, suppose, think, understand等,比較(同時注意其中時態和動詞形式的變化):
It』s known that he was a good singer. / He is known to have been a good singer. 大家知道他曾是位優秀的歌手。
表示「據說」的三類被動句型

『貳』 人教版八年級下冊英語所有知識點

我沒帶課本,大體給你說一下。
第一單元是一般將來時
第二單元主要是將一些建議,shuold或。
第三單元主要是講while與when的用法區別,還涉及到一般過去時
第四單元主要學了直接引語和間接引語。
第五單元是有if引導的條件狀語從句
第六單元現在完成進行時
第七單元是動詞作賓語
第八單元知識點以前就學到過建議之類的語法
第九單元是現在完成時,是重點
第十單元學習了反義疑問句。
給你提供一些網址,然後你去看看,或許有用
http://ke..com/view/201104.htm
http://ke..com/view/1929194.htm
http://ke..com/view/2285806.htm
http://ke..com/view/191047.htm
http://ke..com/view/201301.htm

『叄』 英語八年級下冊 主要語法知識點

直接引語和間接引語
1.直接引語 直接引用別人的原話叫做直接引語,直接引語通常置於引號內(「引用原話」)。
—「What is it all about?」
—「究竟是什麼事呢?」
—「Nothing serious, just a storm in a teacup.」
—「沒有什麼,大驚小怪而已。」
2.間接引語 用自己的話轉述別人的意思,或引用自己說過的話,
都叫做間接引語。間接引語多數用賓語從句來表達。
Mary said that she received a sugar report this morning.
瑪莉說她今天早上收到了一封情書。
He said that his hands were quite full at that moment.
他說那時他忙得不可開交。

過去進行時表示在過去某一時刻或某一段時間內進行或發生的動作。其形式為was /were + V-ing。常與表示過去的時間狀語連用,如:last night, last Saturday等;或者與when, while, as引導的過去時間狀語連用。
基本用法
1. 過去進行時的基本用法主要表示過去某一時間正在進行的動作。
如:He fell asleep when he was reading. 他看書時睡著了。
2. 用過去進行時表示現在主要是為了使語氣委婉、客氣。
如:I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否讓我搭一下車。
【注】一般過去時也有類似用法,但比較而言,用過去進行時顯得更客氣,更不肯定。
3. 過去進行時表示感情色彩與現在進行時相似,過去進行時也可表示滿意、稱贊、驚訝、厭惡等感情色彩,也通常與 always, forever, continually等副詞連用。
如:They were always quarrelling. 他們老是吵架。
4. 動詞be的過去進行時
動詞be的進行時也可表示過去一時的表現或暫時的狀態。
比較:He was friendly. 他很友好。(指過去長期如此)
He was being friendly. 他當時顯得很友好。(指當時一時的表現)
補充:when 的後面加一般過去時,而且動詞是不延續性動詞。 while 的後面加過去進行時,動詞是延續性動詞。

特殊用法
1、當句子意思很清楚時,我們也可以把兩個動詞都換成一般過去時
We listened carefully while the teacher read the text.
老師讀課文時,我們都仔細地聽著。
2、表示按計劃、安排過去將要發生的事。用於come, go, leave, start, arrive等表示位置轉移的動詞時,也可以用過去進行時表示過去將要發生的動作。
如:He told me that he was going soon.
他告訴我他很快就要走了。
3、表示故事發生的背景。
It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.
那支醫療小組往前線行進時,天正下著雪。
4、表示一個新的動作剛剛開始。
過去進行時可用來引出一個新的動作,這種用法頗有點兒像鏡頭轉換。
Five minutes later, he stood in the doorway smoking a cigarette.
5分鍾後,他已站在門口抽著煙。
5、過去進行時還可和when結構遙相呼應,含有意外之意。
I was walking in the street when someone called me.
我正在街上走時突然有人喊我。
6、用來陳述原因或用作借口。
She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.
她昨天去看病了。她患了很嚴重的心臟病。
7、與always, constantly等詞連用,表示感情色彩。
The girl was always changing her mind.
這女孩老是改變主意。

常用的時間狀語
this morning, the whole morning, all day ,yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while ,at that time,.just now,a moment ago My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself; It was raining when they left the station;嗎 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.

『肆』 八年級下冊英語知識點

1) leave的用法
1.「leave+地點」表示「離開某地」。例如:
When did you leave Shanghai?
你什麼時候離開上海的?
2.「leave for+地點」表示「動身去某地」。例如:
Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London.
下周五,愛麗斯要去倫敦了。
3.「leave+地點+for+地點」表示「離開某地去某地」。例如:
Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing?
你為什麼要離開上海去北京?
2) 情態動詞should「應該」學會使用
should作為情態動詞用,常常表示意外、驚奇、不能理解等,有「竟會」的意思,例如:
How should I know? 我怎麼知道?
Why should you be so late today? 你今天為什麼來得這么晚?
should有時表示應當做或發生的事,例如:
We should help each other.我們應當互相幫助。
我們在使用時要注意以下幾點:
1. 用於表示「應該」或「不應該」的概念。此時常指長輩教導或責備晚輩。例如:
You should be here with clean hands. 你應該把手洗干凈了再來。
2. 用於提出意見勸導別人。例如:
You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感覺不舒服,你最好去看醫生。
3. 用於表示可能性。should的這一用法是考試中常常出現的考點之一。例如:
We should arrive by supper time. 我們在晚飯前就能到了。
She should be here any moment. 她隨時都可能來。
3) What...? 與 Which...?
1. what 與 which 都是疑問代詞,都可以指人或事物,但是what僅用來詢問職業。如:
What is your father? 你父親是干什麼的?
該句相當於:
What does your father do?
What is your father's job?
Which 指代的是特定范圍內的某一個人。如:
---Which is Peter? 哪個是皮特?
---The boy behind Mary. 瑪麗背後的那個男孩。
2. What...?是泛指,所指的事物沒有范圍的限制;而 Which...?是特指,所指的事物有范圍的限制。如:
What color do you like best? (所有顏色)
你最喜愛什麼顏色?
Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow? (有特定的范圍)
你最喜愛哪一種顏色?
3. what 與 which 後都可以接單、復數名詞和不可數名詞。如:
Which pictures are from China?
哪些圖片來自中國?
什麼是助動詞
1.協助主要動詞構成謂語動詞片語的詞叫助動詞(Auxiliary Verb)。被協助的動詞稱作主要動詞(Main Verb)。
助動詞自身沒有詞義,不可單獨使用,例如:
He doesn't like English. 他不喜歡英語。
(doesn't是助動詞,無詞義;like是主要動詞,有詞義)
2.助動詞協助主要動詞完成以下功用,可以用來:
a. 表示時態,例如:
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已結婚。
b. 表示語態,例如:
He was sent to England. 他被派往英國。
c. 構成疑問句,例如:
Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學生活嗎?
Did you study English before you came here?你來這兒之前學過英語嗎?
d. 與否定副詞not合用,構成否定句,例如:
I don't like him. 我不喜歡他。
e. 加強語氣,例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來參加晚會。
He did know that. 他的確知道那件事。
3.最常用的助動詞有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
7) forget doing/to do與remember doing/to do
1.forget to do 忘記要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘記做過某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.
辦公室的燈還在亮著,它忘記關了。(沒有做關燈的動作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘記他已經關了燈了。 ( 已做過關燈的動作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.
別忘了明天來。 (to come動作未做)
一般將來時表示將來某一時刻發生的動作或狀態, 或將來某一段時間內經常進行的動作或狀態。一般將來時由助動詞shall / will+動詞原形,或be going to + 動詞原形構成。 美國英語則不管什麼人稱,一律用will。 be going to形式可以在任何情況下使用。 shall 和 will 常常縮寫成'll ,緊接在主語之後。其否定式 shall not 和will not 的縮寫式分別為 shan't 和 won't。肯定句:I/We shall/will go. You/He/She/They Will go. 否定句:I/We shall/will not go. You/He/She/They Will not go. 疑問句:Shall I/we go? Will you/he/she/they go? 簡略回答:(肯)Yes,主語shall/will (否) No,主語 shall/will not 特殊疑問句:一般將來時的特殊疑問句是將疑問詞放在句首,後接一般疑問句(就主語提問時,以疑問詞who開頭的疑問詞除外) ----- why will you be here on Sunday?(周日你為什麼將要在這兒?) -----I will have a meeting on Sunday(我將要在周日舉行一個聚會) (對特殊疑問句要進行具體回答) 一般疑問句:be或will提到句首,some改any,and改or,第一二人稱互換 We are going to go on an outing this weekend.-------Are you going to go on an outing this weekend? 被動句:will/shall+be+v.ed(及物動詞過去分詞) The letter will be sent tomorrow 這封信明天將寄出去 We shall be punished if we break the rule 如果我們違反規定,我們將受到懲罰。
●一般疑問句如用will you…?其簡略答語須是Yes,I will或 No,I won't;如用 Shall I…?(較少見)其簡略答語須是 Yes,I shall.或 No, I shall not. 進行時表將來,與瞬間動詞連用。
一、現在完成進行時 Have/has+been+動詞ING形式 1、強調動作在一段時間內反復發生。 We have been seeing quite a lot of each other recently. 最近我們常常見面。 Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere. 你剛才在哪兒?我們一直在到處找你呢! He has been saying that for years. 這話他已經說了好幾年了。 It has been raining every day this month. 這個月天天下雨。 2、強調動作在長時間內持續不斷。 All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine. 這些年來,他們一直為我們雜志寫稿。 She has been writing the letter since four o」clock in the afternoon. 從下午四點鍾到現在,她一直在寫信。 We have been studying in this school for three years. 我們一直在這所學校學習了三年。 How long have you been watching TV? 你看了多久電視了? 過去完成進行時與將來完成進行時,同現在完成進行時的含義大致相同,一是表示反復發生的事,二是表示一直持續不斷的事。 二、過去完成進行時 Had+been+動詞ING形式 1、表示反復發生的事 He had been mentioning your name to me. 他過去多次向我提到過你的名字。 You had been giving me everything. 你對我真是有求必應。 2、表示持續不斷的狀況 She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam. 她在考試之前一直患重感冒。 Had they been expecting the news for some time? 他們期待這個消息有一段時間了吧? Rafael was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong. 盡管拉斐爾沒做什麼錯事,但他還是挨罵了。 I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 這東西我找了好多天才找著的。 The doctor asked what he had been eating. 醫生問他吃了什麼。 I asked where they had been staying all those days. 我問他們那些天是呆在哪兒的。 3、含有某種感情色彩 I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in. 我剛看了幾分鍾他就進來了。 They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came. 他們只等了一會兒車就來了。 She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her. 她溫習功課才一會兒,她妹妹就打斷她了。 三、將來完成進行時 表示動作一直持續到將來某個時間的狀況。 He will have been playing on the piano by that time. 他將一直彈鋼琴到那個時間。 By the time the sun rises,I shall have been sleeping for nine hours. 當太陽升起的時候,我將睡了九個小時。 He will have been studying Chinese seven years by 1980. 到1980年的時候,他學中文就達到七年了。 We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到這個學期末,我們將學完12個單元。
現在完成時:基本結構:主語+have/has+動詞的過去分詞(p.p)(V-ed) e.g done ①肯定句中:主語+have/has+動詞的過去分詞(p.p)(V-ed)+賓語. ②否定句中:主語+have/has+not+動詞的過去分詞(p.p)(V-ed)+賓語. ③一般疑問句中:Have/Has+主語+動詞的過去分詞(p.p)(V-ed)+賓語. ④特殊疑問句中:特殊疑問詞或片語+一般疑問句(have/has+主語+過去分詞(V-ed)+其他)
定義
(1)強調動作是從過去持續到現在,並有可能繼續持續下去。 (2) 強調對現在的影響或結果,此用法容易和一般過去時混淆。兩者的區別是:一般過去時有動作發生的時間點,即過去某一時間發生某一動作;現在完成時則沒有,即不強調是哪個時間點發生的動作,而強調過去的動作對現在造成的影響和結果。 (3)在過去不確定的時間里發生的動作,但是結果對現在有影響。 但過去分詞一定要選擇准確。 時間狀語:recently,lately,since...for...,in the past few years。etc.yet.never.ever.次數
1 、規則動詞:規則動詞的過去分詞的構成規則與規則動詞的過去式的構成規則相同。四點變化規則: (1)、一般動詞,在詞尾直接加「 ed 」。 work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited (2)、以「 e 」結尾的動詞,只在詞尾加「 d 」。 live---lived---lived, (3)、以「輔音字母 + y 」結尾的動詞,將 "y" 變為 "i" ,再加「 ed 」。 study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried (4)、重讀閉音節結尾,末尾只有一個輔音字母,先雙寫該輔音字母,再加「 ed 」。 stop---stopped---stopped,drop---dropped--dropped
(1)當陳述部分有never,seldom, hardly,few,little,barely, scarcely, nothing,none,rarely 等否定意義的詞彙時,後面的反意疑問句則為肯定形式: There are few apples in the basket, are there? He can hardly swim, can he? They seldom come late, do they? (2)當陳述部分含有否定意思的詞是unhappy,dislike,unfriendly,等含有否定詞綴的派生詞,也就是有un,dis,no-前綴、less-後綴等含有詞綴而意思否定的詞,當做肯定句處理,疑問部分要用否定形式。如: He looks unhappy,doesn'the?他看上去不高興,不是嗎? The girl dislikes history,doesn'tshe?這女孩不喜歡歷史,不是嗎?有less,fewer等詞視為肯定詞,疑問部分用否定形式。如:There will be less pollution, won't there?
表示主語主觀意願的詞
含有think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等動詞後接賓語從句構成的主從復合句在構成反意疑問句時,視情況不同有兩種不同的構成方式。 (1)當主句的主語為第一人稱時,其後的簡短問句應與從句相一致。例如: I expectour English teacher will be back this weekend, won't she/he? We supposeyou have finished the project, haven't you? 值得注意的是,當這些動詞後接的賓語從句的否定轉移到主句時,其仍屬否定句,故其後的簡短問句應用肯定式,而非否定式。例如: I don't believe that he can translate this book, can he? We don't imagine the twins have arrived, have they? 此類句子的回答同"前否後肯"型反意疑問句一樣,如上述後一個句子,若雙胞胎已經到了,則回答為"Yes, they have.";若尚未到達,使用"No, they haven't."。 (2)當主句的主語為第二、三人稱時,其後的簡短問句則應與主句相一致(此時,否定只看主句,與從句無關)。例如: Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesn't she? You thought they could have completed the project, didn't you? They don't believe she's an engineer, do they? She doesn't expect that we are coming so soon, does she? (3)但如果主句的時態是過去時等等,疑問句應和主句的人稱時態保持一致。
had better或have
陳述部分有had better,或其中的have表示完成時態時,疑問句應用hadn』t等開頭: You』d better get up early, hadn』t you? 其他情況句中有have時疑問句應用don't等開頭 如have表示「有」的時候,有兩種形式:(have 表示有 可用do或 have來改寫) -He has two sisters,doesn't he? =He has two sisters,hasn't he? -He doesn't have any sisters,doeshe?
祈使句
當陳述部分是祈使句時,疑問句要根據語氣來表達,分三種情況: 1)一般情況下用will you 或 won't you。 Give me a hand,will you? Leave all the things as they are,won't you? 2)以Let's開頭的祈使句,前肯後可肯可否,前否後只用will you,疑問句必須用shall we;只有以Let us(聽話人不被包括在「us」裡面)或Let me開頭的祈使句,問句才用will you。 Let us know the time of your arrival,will you? Let」s try again,shall we? Let me help you,will you? Let』s have a look on your book,shall we? 3)當陳述句是否定的祈使句時,問句可用will you 或 can you 。 e.g. Don't make much noise,will/can you?
There be句型
There be 句型中,反義疑問部分必須為be 動詞 + there There are some apples in the basket, aren't there? There isn't any milk left, is there?
must
.當陳述部分有情態動詞must,問句有4種情況: (1)mustn't表示「禁止,不可,不必」時,附加問句通常要用must. You mustn't stop your car here,must you? 你不能把車停在這地方,知道嗎? (2)must表示「有必要」時,附加問句通常要用needn't. They must finish the work today,needn't they? 他們今天要完成這項工作,是嗎? (3)當must用來表示對現在的情況進行推測時,問句通常要根據must後面的動詞採用相應的形式。 He must be good at English,isn'the? 他英語一定學得很好,是嗎? (4)當must+have done表示對過去的情況進行推測(一般句中有明確的過去時間狀語),問句要根據陳述部分謂語的情況用「didn't+主語」或「wasn't/weren't+主語」;如果強調動作的完成(一般沒有明確的過去時間狀語),問句要用「haven't/hasn't+主語」。 She must have read the novel last week,didn't she? 她上星期一定讀了這本小說,是嗎? You must have told her about it,haven't you? 你一定把這事告訴她了,是嗎?
編輯本段非反義疑問句
非反義疑問句的陳述部分和疑問部分要麼同是肯定的,要麼同是否定的。這類反義疑問句有時帶有感情色彩,表示驚奇,憤怒,諷刺,不服氣等。例如:You call this a day's work,do you?你說這就叫一天的活兒,是嗎?
編輯本段回答
反意疑問句的回答:前肯後否,正常回答;前否後肯,根據事實從後往前翻譯。如: (1)They work hard,don』t they?他們努力工作,不是嗎? Yes, they do.對,他們工作努力。/No, they don't.不,他們工作不努力 (2)They don』t work hard, do they? 他們不太努力工作,是嗎? Yes, they do. 不,他們工作努力。/No, they don't. 對, 他們工作不努力
否定反義疑問句的回答
當陳述部分為肯定式,反義疑問句為否定式時,其回答一般不會造成困難,一般只需照情況回答即可: "It』s new, isn』t it?" "Yes, it is." 「是新的,對嗎?」「對,是新的。」 "He wants to go, doesn』t he?" "No, he doesn』t." 「他想去,對嗎?」「不,他不想去。」 此時,"Yes"即是,對前面"It's new."的肯定。
回答反義疑問句的原則
回答反意疑問句通常應根據實際情況來確定,如有人問你You are asleep, aren』t you? 你應回答No, I』m not. 因為既然你能回答,肯定你還沒有asleep。但如果別人問你 You aren』t asleep, are you?(你還沒有睡著,對嗎),你也只能回答No, I』m not.(是的,還沒有睡著),而不能回答為Yes, I』m not. 也不能回答成 Yes, I am. 「It is a beautiful flower,isn't it?」 「It isn't a beautiful flower,is it?」 上述兩句句子的回答肯定均為「Yes,it is."否定為「No,it isn't." 由上述例子可知,反義疑問句回答與句子本身所包含的中文肯定與否的含義並無太大關聯,只需注意事實,肯定即用yes,否定用no,無需考慮句子原本是前否後肯或是前肯後否。
看在找了那麼多的份上,望採納

『伍』 八年級英語下冊主要知識點

I重點句式Talking about hobbies1)I collected...when I was.. 當我……時,我收集……2)I have a collection fo .. 我有……的收藏3)I spent a lot of money on .. 我在……上花了很多錢4)What is your hobby? 你的愛好是什麼?5)My hobby is... 我的愛好是……6)Do you collect...? 你收集……嗎?7)How often do you collect...? 你多久收集……一次?8)Where do you collect..? 你在哪兒收集……?9)Why do you enjoy..? 為什麼你喜歡……?10)When did you start doing? 你什麼時候開始做……?1)掌握簡單句的五種基本句式和There be 句型。2)了解並掌握現在完成時和一般過去時的區別。可以參照本單元學過的課文結構模式,並應用上本單元所學的重點詞彙、句型和語法內容,寫一篇文章來介紹你同學的愛好。答案補充 詞彙……典句……剖析1.collect v.收集I like collecting stamps. 我喜歡集郵1)擴展詞:collection n.收藏品;收藏物2)collect和gather的區別: gather是常用詞,指「收集」「聚集」「集合在一起」 collect指「有計劃、有選擇地收集」1.用所給詞的適當形式填空My mother has a _________of stamps.(collect)答案:collection
我推薦一個口譯教材韓剛口譯入門學習法。

『陸』 八年級下冊英語復習資料(語法和重點短語,少點)

Unit 1 Will people have robots?
重點語法:一般將來時態的應用
do/does 的一般將來時態形式:(shall/will) do
do/does 的一般將來時態的被動語態:(shall/will) be done
一般將來時態的肯定句、否定句、疑問句形式:
肯定句例句:People will have robots in a few years.
否定句例句:People (will not/won't) have robots in a few years.
一般疑問句例句:Will people have robots in a few years?
特殊疑問句例句:What will people have in a few years?
重點短語:Reading Strategy(閱讀方法)
Look at the title and picture, and predict what you will read about. (看著標題和圖片,預知你要閱讀那些方面的內容。)This helps you get ready to acquire new information. (這樣可以幫助你獲得一些新的信息。)
Unit 2 What should I do?
重點語法:過去將來時態(將來時態的委婉說法)
do/does 的過去將來時態形式:(should/would) do
do/does 的過去將來時態的被動語態:(should/would) be done
過去將來時態的肯定句、否定句、疑問句形式:
肯定句例句:You should write a letter to him.
否定句例句:You shouldn't write a letter to him.
一般疑問句例句:Should I write a letter to him?
特殊疑問句例句:What should I do?
重點短語:keep sb. out 不讓某人進入
What's wrong? = What's the matter? = What's the problem? 怎麼了?

out of style 不時髦的;過時的
call sb. up 給某人打電話
pay for sth. 為某事付款
part-time job 兼職工作
the same as = be same (to/with) 與……同樣
in style 時髦的;流行的
get on [well] with sb. = get along [well] with sb. 與某人相處(好)
didn't = did not
couldn't = could not
as ... as possible 盡可能……(eg/ as soon as possible 盡快)
all kinds of 各種;許多
on the one hand 一方面
on the other hand 另一方面
ask sb. for sth. = ask sb. to do sth. 請求某人做某事
ask sb. not to do sth. 請求某人不要做某事
spend (money) on sth. = spend (money) [in] doing sth. 花錢做某事
sth. cost sb. (money) 某人花錢為了某事
take sb. sometime to do sth. 花某人時間做某事
find out 查明
find sb. doing sth. 發現某人做某事
be angry with sb. 生某人的氣
be angry at sth. 生某事的氣
the same age as = as old as 與某人年齡一樣
have fight with sb. 與某人打架
learn to do sth. 學會做某事
not ... until ... 直到……才……
compare sth.(A) with sth.(B) 把某事(A)與某事(B)作比較
it's time for sth. = it's time to do sth. 到該做某事的時間了
maybe adv. 或許
may be (情態動詞 + 動詞原形)可能是
shall → should 情態動詞 shall 的原形和過去式
pay → paid → paid 動詞 pay 的原形、過去式和過去分詞

Reading Strategy(閱讀方法)
You will learn to use new words better if you use a learner's dictionary. (時刻學著應用新單詞來學習比時刻使用字典這種途徑方法更好。)A bilingual dictionary sometimes gives the wrong meaning for the situation you want. (在某些你需要的場合下,一本雙語字典有時會給你錯誤的解釋。)
Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?
重點語法:過去進行時態
do/does 的過去進行時態形式:(was/were) doing
do/does 的過去進行時態的被動語態:(was/were) being done
過去將來時態的肯定句、否定句和疑問句形式:
肯定句例句:I was walking down the street when a UFO landed.
否定句例句:I wasn't walking down the street when a UFO landed.
一般疑問句例句:Were you walking down the street when a UFO landed?
特殊疑問句例句:What were you doing when a UFO landed?

動詞 when 和 while 的選擇:when 後加瞬間動詞,while 後加延續性動詞。
例句:The boy was walking down the street when the UFO landed.
=While the boy was walking down the street, the UFO landed.

感嘆句
結構:(1) How + adj. + the + 主語 + 謂語動詞
=(2) What + (a/an) + [adj.] + n. + 主語 + 謂語動詞
例句:What a beautiful flower [it is]!
=How beautiful the flower is!
What beautiful flowers [they are]!
=How beautiful the flowers are!

重點短語:get out 出去;離開
take off 起飛
run away 逃跑;跑掉
come in 進來
hear about = hear of 聽說
take place 發生
as ... as 像……一樣(eg/ as old as him 像他一樣老)
anywhere = everywhere = here and there 任何地方
think about 考慮
think of 認為
get up = get out of the bed 起床
at the doctor's 在診所
every day 每一天
everyday adj. 日常的
most adj. 大部分
the most 最多的
in space 在太空中
national hero 民族英雄
all over the world = in the world 全世界

Reading Strategy(閱讀方法)
The title can be helpful for you to understand a text. (一篇文章的標題可以幫助你理解整篇文章。)It's also a good idea to read the first sentence of each paragraph before you read. (在閱讀整篇文章之前,閱讀每段的第一句話也是一個很有效的方法。)

Unit 4 He said I was hard-working.
重點語法:賓語從句
結構:主語 + 謂語動詞 + 賓語從句(主語 + 謂語動詞 + 賓語/表語)
例句:----I'm good at English. He says. (改為加賓語從句的復合句)
----He says I'm good at English.
注意:①主句是一般現在時態,賓語從句的時態不受其影響。
例句:He says I'm good at English now.
He says I was good at mathematics when I was young.
②主句是過去時態,賓語從句也要用過去時態。
例句:He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday.
He said I was good at English now yesterday.
③賓語從句是客觀真理時永遠用一般現在時態。
例句:Our teacher says 24 hours make a day.
Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday.
④動詞原形不能作主語,必須用其 -ing 形式。
例句:She said helping others changed her life.
重點短語:direct speech 直接引語
reported speech = indirect speech 間接引語
first of all = at first 首先
pass on 傳遞
be supposed to do sth. 應該做某事
be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好
in good health 身體健康
get over 克服
open up 打開
care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顧
not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再
have a cold 感冒
end-of-year exam 年終考試
get nervous 變得緊張
forget to do sth. 忘記做某事(該事未做)
forget doing sth. 忘記做某事(該事已做)
it's + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[對某人來說]……(加形容詞)
context 上下文

Reading Strategy(閱讀方法)
First read for meaning, not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思,不在於文段的細節部分。)You can understand the meaning of a word you don't know from the context. (至於不懂的單詞,你可以通過上下文來尋找它的正確釋義。)

Unit 5 If you go to the party, you'll have a great time!
重點語法:if 引導的條件狀語從句
結構:主句 + if + 條件狀語從句
if + 條件狀語從句 + [(comma)] + 主句
注意:在 if 引導的條件狀語從句中,主句應用將來時態,狀語從句用一般現在時態。
例句:You'll have a great time if you go to the party.
=If you go to the party, you'll have a great time.
重點短語:take away 拿走
around the world = all over the world 在世界各地
make a living 謀生
all the time = always 一直
What's the problem? = What's the matter? = What's wrong? 怎麼了?
in order to do sth. 為了做某事
make sb. do sth. 使得某人做某事(to 省略,該結構是一個不帶 to 的不定式。)
make sb. adj. 使得某人……(加形容詞)
make sb. done 使得某人被做
be famous for 為……而出名
be famous as 作為……而出名
in class 在課堂上
spend ...(time/money) on sth. = spend ...(time/money) in doing sth. 花……(時間/錢)用於做某事
see sb. do sth. 看見某人做某事(強調整個過程)
see sb. doing sth. 看見某人做某事(強調偶然性)
say → said → said 動詞 say 的原形、過去式和過去分詞
tell → told → told 動詞 tell 的原形、過去式和過去分詞
eat → ate → eaten 動詞 eat 的原形、過去式和過去分詞
speak → spoke → spoken 動詞 speak 的原形、過去式和過去分詞

Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?
重點語法:現在完成進行時態
do/does 的現在完成進行時態形式:have/has been doing
do/does 的現在完成進行時態的被動語態:have/has been being done
現在完成進行時態所應用的場合:
①某事從過去發生一直持續到現在都在做
②過去發生的動作對現在造成影響
例:我已上了三年初中。
I have been in Junior School for 3 years.
自從那次他與我談過心後,我天天都在進步。
I have been making progress since he talked with me that time.
現在完成進行時態的肯定句、否定句和疑問句形式:
肯定句例句:I have been skating for five hours.
否定句例句:I haven't been skating for five hours.
一般疑問句例句:Have you been skating for five hours?
特殊疑問句例句:How long have you been skating?
注意:瞬間動詞不能和一段時間連用。

例句:你借這本書已經多長時間了?
How long have you been keeping this book?
重點短語:run out of 用完;用盡
by the way 順便說說
be interested in doing sth. 對某事感興趣
more than 比……多
far away 在遠處
would like to do sth. = want to do sth. = feel like doing sth. 想要做某事
send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物贈送給某人
in fact 實際上
room 房間(用於可數名詞);空間(用於不可數名詞)
common → more common → the most common 形容詞 common 的原級、比較級和最高級

Reading Strategy(閱讀方法)
Let your eyes "scan" the text quickly to find details that you're looking for. (在閱讀文章之前,用眼睛「橫掃」整篇文章,快速尋找你需要的文章要點。)You can find information quickly without reading the whole text. (這樣你就不用細讀整篇文章,就能尋找到你需要的一些信息。)

Unit 7 Would you mind turning down the music?
重點語法:mind [one's] doing sth. 介意(某人)做某事
重點短語:not at all 一點也不
turn down 調節使音量變小
right away = in a minute = at once 立刻;馬上
wait in line 排隊等候
cut in line 插隊等候
hasn't = has not
keep ... down 壓低聲音;使緩和
at first = first of all 首先
take care 當心;小心
take care of = care about = look after 關心;照顧
break the rule 違規
obey the rule 遵守規定
put out 熄滅
pick sth. up 撿起某物
wait for sb. 等候某人
depend on 依賴;依靠
get back = return 要回
mean → meant → meant 動詞 mean 的原形、過去式和過去分詞

Reading Strategy(閱讀方法)
As we read, we need to find "topic sentences".(在我們閱讀的時候,我們需要尋找「主題語句」,也就是和文章中心最相關的語句。) These sentences usually gives us a "summary", or overall
meaning of each paragraph and help us understand what the paragraph is about.(這些語句通常會給我們一些文章的「概要」,或者每個文段的全部意思,來幫助我們理解段落大意。) After the topic sentence comes more detail and explanation.(當「主題語句」出現後,該段的一些解釋和細節也就會隨之出現。)

Unit 8 Why don't you get her a scarf?
重點語法:詢問別人為什麼要做或者不做某事
why don't you do sth. = why not do sth.
例句:Why don't you get her a camera? = Why not get her a camera?
what about = how about
例句:How about some tennis balls? = What about some tennis balls?
重點短語:fall asleep 入睡
give away 贈送;分發
hear of = hear about 聽說
take an interest in = be interested in 對……感興趣
make friends with 與……交友
make progress 取得進步
keep → kept → kept 動詞 keep 的原形、過去式和過去分詞
feed → fed → fed 動詞 feed 的原形、過去式和過去分詞
fall → fell → fallen 動詞 fall 的原形、過去式和過去分詞
hear → heard → heard 動詞 hear 的原形、過去式和過去分詞

Reading Strategy(閱讀方法)
To understand the important ideas from the text, we must "summarize".(為了了解文段最主要的意圖,我們必須要進行總結。) Do this by answering "who, what, where, why" questions as you read.(在閱讀時,常注意回答時間、地點、人物這些基本要素問題,達到總結的目的。)

Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement?
重點語法:現在完成時態
do/does 的現在完成時態形式:(have/has) done
do/does 的現在完成時態的被動語態:(have/has) been done
現在完成時態主要強調過去發生的事情對現在的影響。
例句:我去年去過美國,那是我第一次出國。
I have ever been to America. It's the first time for me to go abroad.
重點短語:have a great time = have a good time = have fun = enjoy oneself 玩得高興
on board 在船上
end up doing sth. 結束做某事
all year round = all over the year 終年
understand → understood → understood 動詞 understand 的原形、過去式和過去分詞

Reading Strategy(閱讀方法)
After reading, write down three or more things you have learned. (在閱讀整篇文章之後,把你學到的三樣或更多事物寫下來。)We always remember things better if we take time to reflect. (如果我們花時間去思考一些問題的話,那麼我們就能更容易地記住一些事情。)

Unit 10 It's a nice day, isn't it?
重點語法:反意疑問句
反意疑問句由肯定陳述句加否定問句構成,或者由否定陳述句加肯定問句構成。
例句:He's a student, isn't he?
She's not his mother, is she?
回答反意疑問句時,要根據事實來回答。若事實是肯定的,則必須用 yes 回答。若事實是否定的,則必須用 no
回答。
例句:你還沒有準備好,對吧?
You're not ready, are you?
是的,我沒有準備好。
No, I'm not.
不,我准備好了。
Yes, I am.

重點短語:look through 瀏覽
come along 出現;發生
get along 相處
at least 至少
at most 至多
a thank-you note 感謝信
forget → forgot → forgotten 動詞 forget 的原形、過去式和過去分詞
little → less → least 形容詞 little 的原級、比較級和最高級
many/much → more → most 形容詞 many/much 的原級、比較級和最高級

『柒』 初二下半學期英語語法知識點

片語:
八年級下 Unit1
1. 免費 be free
3. 活到200歲 live to be 200 years old
5. 更少的污染 less pollution
7. 更少地使用地鐵 use the subway less
9. 更多的高樓 more tall buildings
11. 十年後 in ten years
13. 住的地方 places to live
15. 住在太空站 live on the space station
17. 住在公寓 live in an apartment
19. 一個人住 live alone/by oneself
21. 去滑冰 go skating
23. 看起來很時髦 look smart
25. 穿著隨意 dress casually
27. 實現 come true
29. 在未來 in the future
八年級下 Unit 2
argued with sb. 與某人生氣
have an argument with sb.與某人生氣
out of style 不時髦的
in style 時髦的
keep out 不讓……進入
call sb. up 打電話給……
on the phone 用電話交談
pay for 付款
part-time job 兼職工作
Teen Talk 青少年論壇
the same as 與…同樣的
get on 相處
as much as possible 盡可能多
all kinds of 各種
on the other hand一方面
borrow sth. from sb.向某人借某物
found out 找出
is popular at school 在學校受歡迎
except me 除了我
have a quick supper 去吃快餐
not……until 直到……才
try to do 試著去做
complain about doing sth.抱怨做某事
seem to do
comparing…with 把…與…做比較
think for 為…著想
find it +adj.+to do sth.發現做某事很怎樣
learn to do 學會做某事
八年級下 Unit 3
barber shop 理發店
get out 出去
take off 起飛
train station 火車站
come in 進來
Beijing International Airport北京國際機場
hear about 聽說
take place 發生
World Trade Center世界貿易中心
as…as 和…一樣
in front of 在…的前面
clean my room打掃我的房間
sleep late 睡懶覺
make a smooth做思木西
cook dinner 做晚飯
eat lunch 吃中午飯
cut hair 剪頭發
have…experience有…經歷
in the morning 在早晨
walk down 走下來
very surprised 非常驚奇
souvenir shop 紀念品商店
TV station 電視台
in the museum 在博物館
climb a tree 爬樹
jump down 跳下
take a photo 照相
called the police報警
rode his bicycle 騎自行車
buy a newspaper買一份報紙
run away 逃跑
think about 考慮…做某事
for example 舉例子
heard about 聽說
having fun 玩的高興
in silence 在…
told us 告訴我們
in space 在太空
over the world遍及全世界
became famous因…而出名
next to 挨著
1. arrive at/in
2. a TV reporter
3. in front of
4. in the front of
5. get out of
6. sleep late
7. in(at) the library
8. the Museum of Flight
9. buy a souvenir
10. call the police
11. call the TV station
12. call the newspaper
13. take off
14. an unusual experience
15. jump down from
16. take photos of
17. too scared
18. walk to school
19. in the tree
20. on the tree
21. police officer
22. at the doctor』s
23. go shopping( do some shopping)
24. a barber shop
25. on/in the playground
26. ten minutes ago
27. in silence
28. keep silent/quiet
29. take place
30. become a national hero
31. become/be famous for
32. become/be famous as
33. all over the world (in the world)
34. in turn
35. have fun (enjoy oneself)
36. on the moon
37. be murdered
38. be destroyed
39. on this day
40. hear about/of
41. be born
42. cut hair ( have one』s cut)
八年級下 Unit 5
Have a great time玩的高興
let in ` ```進來
stay at home 呆在家
Help sb. (to) do sth..幫助某人做某事
take away 拿走
ask sb. To sth
At the party 在晚會上
go to college 去大學
be\become famous變的有名
Travel around the world環游世界
make money 掙錢
work hard 努力工作
A professional soccer player
一名職業足球運動員
seem like 看起來像
Make a living 謀生
all over the world世界各地
give money to 捐錢
All the time 一直
for a living 為``````謀生
get injured 受傷
in fact 事實上
Be able to 能夠
be going to
spend time 消磨時間
too much 太多
laugh at 笑話某人
go back
In order 為了``````
八年級下 Unit 9
be late for 遲到
look like 看起來象
in order 按順序
by noon 到中午為止
on the weekend 在周末
have a good day!玩的愉快
looking through 瀏覽
waiting inline 排隊
really low 降低
tell sb. about yourself告訴某人有關你的事
a ball game fan 球迷
be friendly to sb.對某人友好
feel like 感覺像
a friend like you 像你一樣的朋友
get along 相處
thanks for 因……而感謝
ask sb. To do sth.要求某人做某事
go with me 和我一起去
think of 想起
leave early 早早離開
at least 至少
be careful 小心
八年紀 下冊 Unit 10
most of 大多數
make sb. Laugh讓某人笑
like to do 喜歡做某事
like doing
both like 都喜歡
the same like 和``````一樣
for me 對我來說
get the job 上班
enjoy doing sth

make sb. do sth
want sb. to do sth.
let sb. to do sth.

take spend cost:
take spend cost 區別的用法都可以表示「花費」,但用法卻不盡相同。
spend的主語必須是人, 常用於以下結構:
(1) spend time /money on sth. 在……上花費時間(金錢)。例:I spent two hours on this maths problem. 這道數學題花了我兩個小時。
(2) spend time / money (in) doing sth. 花費時間(金錢)做某事。例:They spent two years (in) building this bridge. 造這座橋花了他們兩年時間。
(3)spend money for sth. 花錢買……。例:His money was spent for books. 他的錢用來買書了。

cost的主語是物或某種活動, 還可以表示「值」, 常見用法如下:
(1)sth. costs (sb.) +金錢,某物花了(某人)多少錢。例:A new computer costs a lot of money. 買一台新電腦要花一大筆錢。
(2) (doing) sth. costs (sb.) +時間,某物(做某事)花了(某人)多少時間。例:Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time. 他花了大量時間才記住了這些單詞。

注意:cost的過去式及過去分詞都是cost,並且不能用於被動句。

take後面常跟雙賓語, 常見用法有以下幾種:
(1) It takes sb. +時間+to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少時間。例:It took them three years to build this road. 他們用了三年時間修完了這條路。
(2)doing sth. takes sb. +時間,做某事花了某人多少時間。例:Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修車。 希望能幫到你,雖然你只要語法總結,但是我把片語總結也給你了,應該能用到\(^o^)/~

『捌』 初二英語下冊語法重點

下冊主要就是被動語態啦被動語態的主要用法
一.定義
語態是動詞的一種形式,它表示主語和謂語的關系。語態有兩種:主動語態和被動語態。如果主語是動作的執行者,或者是說動作是由主語完成的,要用主動語態;如果主語是動作的承受者,或者是說動作不是由主語而是由其他人完成的,則用被動語態。
■當不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執行者時,常用被動語態,這時往往不用by短語。
The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天,教室的前窗被打破了。(不知誰打破的)
They have been poorly paid. 他們的工資太低。(沒必要指出工資是誰付的)
■突出或強調動作的承受者,如果需要說出動作的執行者,用by短語。
The time-table has been changed. 時間表已變動了。(要突出的是「時間」)
These books are written especially for children. 這些書是專門為孩子們寫的。(強調的是「」這些書)
■為了使語言得體或圓滑等不願意說出動作的執行者。如:
You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 請您在下次會議上作個發言。
It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 據說她要嫁給一個外國人。
■出於修辭的原因,或是說為了更好地安排句子。如:
The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 這個提議特別遭到了那些在本地區投資很大的人的反對。(因those的定語太長了,若用它作主語,主語與謂語就相距太遠而顯得句子鬆散。)

8種常用時態的被動語態

由「助動詞be + 動詞的過去分詞」構成。助動詞be 有時態、人稱和數的變化。
(1) 一般現在時:am/is/are +過去分詞。如:
Rice is grown in south China. 華南種植水稻。
(2) 一般過去時:was/were+過去分詞。如:
The glass was broken yesterday. 這塊玻璃是昨天打爛的。
(3) 現在進行時:am/is/are being +過去分詞。如:
The project is being carried out. 這個計劃正在執行中。
(4) 過去進行時:was/were/being +過去分詞。如:
This road was being built this time last year. 這條路去年這個時候還在修建。
(5) 一般將來時:will be +過去分詞。如:
The cars will be sent abroad by sea. 這些汽車將由水路運往國外。
(6) 過去將來時:would be +過去分詞。如:
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. 經理說這個工程在年底前將會完成。
(7) 現在完成時:have/has been +過去分詞。如:
This novel has been translated into several languages. 這本小說已被譯成了幾種語言。
(8) 過去完在時:had been +過去分詞。如:
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. 我到達劇院時,發現票已賣完了。

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