1. 高中英語必修二知識點
Unit 1
片語： survive
in search of / search for search
be amazed at
be designed for
fancy doing sth
be decorated with
in a fancy style
belong to
in return for
at war at peace
less than
there is no doubt that
I doubt whether….
be worth doing
be worthy of be worth to do / to be done
take apart
in a trial
think highly of think badly / much/ little / ill of
could / might / must/ should /need + have done
such + a/an + adj.+ n.
so + adj. + an/ a + n.
be used to do be used to doing used to do
serve as
agree with 適應
rather than 而不是
what he said what he heard
to tell the truth tell a lie to be honest
nor neither 倒裝
do with deal with
unit 2
片語： compete for / against
take part in
gold medal
stand for stand by
on a basis of
admit doing
as well
as well as 就前原則
replace take the place of take one』s place
in charge in the charge of
bargain with
in pain
one after another one by one year by year
deserve to do
be admitted as
so + much /little
such +little (小)
make a bargain with
ask for
marry get married to be married to
apart from besides
although VS though
unit 3
片語： sum up
solve settle
from.. on
as a result as a result of result in =lead in result from= lie in
personally
anyhow anyway
in a way
with the help of
watch over watch out look out be careful
spoil
from then on + 過去時
since + 完成時
as time went by
apply for
be filled with
provide … with
in size
signal to
after all
unit 4
片語： die out die away die off die down
hunt for/ after
in danger of
in relief
respond to
protect …. From
contain VS include
have an effect on
pay attention to doing
appreciate doing
succeed in doing success
do harm to do good to
come into being
according to
so that
intend to do be intended for
unit 5
片語： roll in roll on
pretend to do
be doing
have done
attach to doing
honestly speaking frankly speaking generally speaking
form a habit of
earn one』s living
in cash
play jokes on
rely on
get familiar with
or so
break up break out
in addition to
sort out
in brief
above all
passer-by
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2. 英語必修一、必修二語法總結
1. be concerned about
2. share sth. with sb.
3. feelings and thoughts
4. calm down
6. get along with
8. upset
9. suffer from
11. get tired of
12. be crazy about
13. join in
14. outdoor activities
15. on purpose
16. in addition
17. as far as I am concerned
1. settle down
2. based on
6. at present
7. play an important role in
8. native English speakers
9. make use of
11. be recognized as
12. have a good command of
13. have difficulty in doing
1. dream about / of sth. / doing …
3. have a chance to do …
4. be fond of
6. change one』s mind
7. make up one』s mind
8. give in to
11. persuade sb. to do ….
12. insist on doing …
4. lie in ruins
6. break out 無被動
7. think little of
8. at an end
9. a great number of
13. be injured
16. be trapped
18. be shocked
19. be frightened
20. damage
22. natural disaster
24. economic loss
25. be gone
1. quality
2. generous and selfless
3. be willing to do …
4. ask for no reward
5. turn to sb. for help
6. in trouble
7. take an active part in
8. be active in …
9. devote oneself to sth . / doing …
10. be devoted to sth. / doing …
12. fight against / for …
13. equality and fairness
14. equal rights
15. be put in prison
16. lose heart
17. peaceful
18. be hopeful about
19. answer violence with violence
20. out of work
21. be grateful to sb. for sth.
22. (a country) be founded
23. offer guidance to sb. on sth.
25. attack
27. escape from
29. reward sb. with sth. for sth.
1. cultural relics
2. go / be in search of
3. rare and valuable
4. serve as (無被動)
6. belong to (無被動，無進行時)
7. ask for nothing in return
8. be well worth doing
9. It is worthwhile to do …
11. local
13. think highly of
16. have a history of XX years
19. former – latter
20. formal – informal
21. survive vt.
23. be completed
1. the Olympics / the Olympic Games (復數)
2. compete in … with/against … for …
5. take part in
7. stand for
8. a sports event / sports events
9. host – hosted – hosted
10. hold – held – held
11. be admitted as
12. be admitted into
13. admit (to) doing …
14. every 4 years
15. take responsibility for
16. be responsible for
17. be in charge of
18. replace A with B
19. promise to do
20. deserve to do
21. one after another
22. charge sb. money for sth.
25. volunteer
26. on a regular basis
27. be fined
28. foolish
29. hopeless
32. be allowed to do
34. problems arise
35. changes take place
37. live a life of high quality
38. in a way
39. simplify
40. deal with
41. human race
42. think logically
43. watch over
44. personal
46. have … in common
47. explore the Internet
48. download
1. wildlife reserves
2. be at a loss
3. long to do
4. endangered species
5. in danger of dying out
6. succeed in
7. be successful in
8. distant adj. = faraway
9. according to
10. decrease to (by)
11. protect sth. / sb. from …
12. hunt
13. hunt for
14. affect = have an effect on
15. do harm to
16. pay (close / more / no) attention to
17. live in peace with
18. respond to
19. come into being (無被動)
20. fierce
21. be extinct
22. raise our awareness of wildlife protection
23. powerful
2. to be honest = honestly speaking
3. humorous
4. a sense of humor
5. attractive adj.
6. attract vt.
7. have confidence in = be confident in
8. painful
9. be sensitive to
10. afterwards
11. or so
12. as well as
13. attach great importance to
14. dream of / about
15. sort out
16. in addition
17. sth. be familiar to sb.
18. sb. be familiar with sth.
19. break up
20. pretend to do …
21. pretend that
22. play jokes on
23. earn extra money
24. rely on sb. for sth.
25. afterwards
26. be devoted to
27. painful
序號有點亂 因為有刪除 看看咯
3. 高一必修二英語語法。全一點。謝謝。
情態動詞有五類：
①只做情態動詞：,can(could),may(might)……
②可做情態動詞又可做實義動詞：need,dare
③具有情態動詞特徵：have(had,has) to,used to
④情態動詞表猜測
情態動詞有一定的詞義，但並不完整，必須與動詞原形一起構成謂語。
I can see you. Come here.
我能看見你，過來吧。
He must have been away.
他一定走了。
What can I do for you?
我能幫你嗎？
How dare you treat us like that！
你怎能那樣對待我們！
情態動詞無人稱和數的變化, 情態動詞後面跟的動詞需用原形,否定式構成是在情態動詞後面加 "not"。 個別情態動詞有現在式和過去式兩種形式, 過去式用來表達更加客氣, 委婉的語氣, 時態性不強, 可用於過去，現在或將來。情態動詞屬非及物動詞，故沒有被動語態。
He could be here soon.
他很快就來。
We can't carry the heavy box.
我們搬不動那箱子。
I'm sorry I can't help you.
對不起，我幫不上你。
基本助動詞與情態助動詞最主要的區別之一是:基本助動詞本身沒有詞義，而情態助動詞則有自己的詞義，能表示說話人對有關動作或狀態的看法，或表示主觀設想：
What have you been doing since? （構成完成進行體，本身無詞義）
I am afraid I must be going. （一定要）
You may have read some account of the matter. （或許已經）
除此之外，情態助動詞還有如下詞法和句法特徵：
1） 除ought和used以外，其他情態動詞後面只能接不帶to的不定式。如果我們把ought to和used to看做是固定片語的話，那麼，所有情態動詞無一例外地只能接不帶to的不定式：
We used to grow beautiful roses.
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.
2） 情態助動詞在限定動詞片語總是位居第一：
They need not have been punished so severely.
3） 情態助動詞用於第三人稱單數現在時的時候，沒有詞形變化，即其詞尾無-s形式：
She dare not say what she thinks.
4） 情態動詞沒有非限定形式，即沒有不定式和分詞形式，也沒有相應的動名詞：
Still, she needn't have run away.
5） 情態助動詞的「時」的形式並不是時間區別的主要標志。在不少場合，情態助動詞的現在時和過去時形式都可以表示現在、過去或將來時間：
Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
She told him he ought not to have done it.
6） 情態助動詞之間是相互排斥的，即在一個限定動詞片語中只能出現一個情態助動詞，但有時卻可以與have和be基本助動詞連用：
You should have washed the wound.
Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.
首先它是動詞，而且不同於行為動詞，行為動詞表示的是可以通過行為來表達的動作（如寫，讀，跑），而情態動詞只是表達的一種想法（如能，也許，敢）。
用法是：情態動詞+行為動詞原形
例句：I can read this sentence in English.
我能用英語讀這句話。
情態動詞是一種本身有一定的詞義,表示說話人的情緒,態度或語氣的動詞,但不能單獨作謂語, 只能和其他動詞原形構成謂語。
We can be there on time tomorrow.我們明天能按時去那兒。
May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字嗎？
Shall we begin now?我們現在就開始嗎？
You must obey the school rules.你必須遵守校規。
情態動詞數量不多,但用途廣泛,主要有下列:
can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better.
情態動詞還有一個很重要的用法，即情態動詞表推測——
情態動詞表推測的用法小結
（一）情態動詞表推測的三種句式
1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定)，may（可能），might /can, could（也許，或許）。
（1）He must/may/might know the answer to this question?
他一定/可能/也許知道這個問題的答案。
（2）It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.
屋裡很冷，他們肯定把暖氣關了。
2.否定句中用can』t / couldn』t(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。
（1）It can』t/couldn』t be the headmaster. He has gone to America.
這不可能是校長，他去美國了。
（2）He may not/might not know the scientist.
他也許不認識那位科學家。
3.疑問句中用can/could (能……?)。
（1）Could he have finished the task?
他可能把任務完成了嗎？
（2）Can he be at home now?
他現在能在家嗎？
註：以上三種句式中情態動詞的語氣按程度都是依次遞減的。Might, could並非may, can的過去式，而表示語氣較為委婉或可能性較小。
（二）情態動詞表推測的三種時態
1.對將來情況的推測，用「情態動詞 + 動詞原形」。
（1）She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.
5:00前她一定/可能/也許到。
（2）She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.
她一定/可能/也許會在山裡一連走好幾英里而遇不到一個人。
2.對現在或一般情況的推測，用「情態動詞 + be」，「情態動詞 +be doing」或「情態動詞 + 動詞原形」。
（1）He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now.
他一定/可能/也許正在聽收音機。
（2）He can』t ( couldn』t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time.
這個時候他不可能/可能不在家。
（3）Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ?
布希先生一向准時，這次開幕式他怎麼可能遲到呢？
3.對過去情況的推測，用「情態動詞 + have +過去分詞」。
（1）It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.
地濕了，昨晚肯定/可能/也許下雨了。
（2）The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home .
門鎖著，他不可能/可能不在家。
（3）Can / Could he have gotten the book？
難道他找到書了嗎？
註：情態動詞 should /ought to表推測時，意為「想必會，理應……」但與「have +過去分詞」連用時，則又可構成虛擬語氣意為「本應該做某事卻沒做」。例如：
（4）It』s seven o』clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.
現在七點鍾了，傑克理應隨時到達。（推測）
（5）She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital. （虛擬）
她本該出席你的生日晚會的，可是她得在醫院照顧她媽媽。
（6）Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm. （虛擬）
湯姆本不該告訴我你的秘密，可是他並無惡意。
助動詞(auxiliary)主要有兩類：基本助動詞(primary auxiliary)和情態助動詞(modal auxiliary)。基本助動詞有三個：do, have和be；情態助動詞基本的有十四個：may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述兩類助動詞的共同特徵是，在協助主動詞構成限定動詞片語時，具有作用詞的功能：
1） 構成否定式：
He didn't go and neither did she.
他沒去，她也沒去。
The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.
會議可能直到五點才開始。
2） 構成疑問式或附加疑問式：
Must you leave right now?
你一定要馬上離開嗎？
You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?
你已經學了五年法語，不是嗎？
3） 構成修辭倒裝：
Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
他無處得到他姐姐的任何消息。
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
他剛到，她就開始抱怨起來。
4） 代替限定動詞片語：
A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
B: Tom can.
A: Shall I write to him?
B: Yes, do.
can和could的用法
1. 表示能力或客觀可能性，還可以表示請求和允許。如：
Can you finish this work tonight?
你今晚能完成這項工作嗎？
Man can not live without air.
人離了空氣不能活。
— Can I go now? — Yes, you can.
—我現在可以走了嗎？—你可以。
注意：①could也可表示請求，語氣委婉，主要用於疑問句，不可用於肯定句，答語應用can（即could不能用於現在時態的簡略答語中）。如：
Could I come to see you tomorrow?
我明天能來看您嗎？
Yes, you can. （否定答語可用No, I'm afraid not.）
是的，你可以。（不，恐怕不行。）
②can表示能力時，還可用be able to代替。如：
I'll not be able to come this afternoon.
我今下午不能來。
2. 表示驚異、懷疑、不相信的態度。（主要用在否定句、疑問句或驚嘆句中）
Can this be true?
這可能是真的嗎？
How can you be so careless!
你怎麼能這么粗心！
This can not be done by him.
這不可能是他做的。
3. 「can(could) + have + 過去分詞」的疑問或否定形式表示對過去發生的行為懷疑或不肯定。如：
He can not have been to that town.
他不可能去過那個鎮。
Can he have got the book?
他可能擁有這本書嗎？
4. 用在疑問句及否定句中,表示驚訝,不相信等.
5. can not```too\enough表示"無論怎樣``````也不過分","越``````越好"
6.can 可以表示體力活腦力方面的能力，能夠，能，會
Can you finish the work in such a short time ?
你能在那麼短的時間內完成這項工作嗎？
7. can 表示許可、允許 ， 在疑問句中表示要求，在否定句中表示不許，此時可以和may通用。
may和might的用法
1. 表示許可。
表示請求、允許時，might比may的語氣更委婉一些，否定回答時(口語中常用) no , you can't . or , yes, please 用mustn't表示「不可以」、「禁止」、「阻止」之意(具有強烈禁止的意思)如：
You may drive the car.
你可以開這輛車。
— Might I use your pen? — No, you mustn't.
—我可以用你的鋼筆嗎？—不，絕對不行。
用May I ... 征詢對方許可在文體上比較正式，在口氣上比較客氣。在日常口語中，用Can I ... 征詢對方意見在現代口語中更為常見。
2. 用於祈使句中表示祝願。如：
May you succeed!
祝你成功！
3. 表示推測、可能（疑問句不能用於此意）。
He may be very busy now.
他現在可能非常忙。
4. 「may(might) + have + 過去分詞」表示對過去發生的行為的推測。如：
He may not have finished the work.
他可能沒有完成工作。
must和have to的用法
1. 表示必須、必要。（must表示主觀多一些而have to則表示客觀多一些）如：
You must come in time.
你必須及時過來。
回答must引出的問句時，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn't，而要用needn't或don't have to。
— Must we hand in our exercise books today?
— Yes, you must. (No, you don』t have to.)
—我們今天必須交上練習冊嗎？
—是的。（不，不必。）
2. 「must be + 表語」的結構表示推測，它的否定或疑問式用can代替must。
This must be your pen.
這一定是你的鋼筆。
3. 「must + have + 過去分詞」的結構常用在肯定句中，表示對過去發生的行為的推測。它的否定或疑問式用can代替must。
He must have been to Shanghai.
他一定去過上海。
4. have to的含義與must相似，兩者往往可以互換使用，但have to有各種形式，隨have的變化而定。must與have to有下列幾點不同：
① must表示的是說話人的主觀看法，而have to則往往強調客觀需要。如：
The play is not interesting. I really must go now.
這部劇沒意思。我真的必須現在就走。
I had to work when I was your age.
當我像你這么大時，我不得不工作。
② must一般只表現在，have則有更多的時態形式。
③ 二者的否定意義不大相同。如：
You mustn't go. 你可不要去。
You don't have to go. 你不必去。
④ 詢問對方的意願時應用must。如：
Must I clean all the room?
我一定要打掃整個房間嗎？
注意：have to也可拼做have got to。
5. 表示一種與說話人 願望相反、不耐煩的感情色彩，偏偏、非要。
Why must you always bother me ?
為什麼你總是來煩我？
dare和need的用法
1. need表示「需要」或「必須」，作情態動詞時，僅用於否定句或疑問句中，在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。如：
You needn』t come so early.
— Need I finish the work today?
— Yes, you must.
注意：needn't + 不定式的完成式「表示本來不必做某事而實際上做了某事」。如：
You needn't have waited for me.
2. Dare作情態動詞時，主要用於疑問句、否定句和條件從句中，一般不用在肯定句中。如：
How dare you say I'm unfair.
He daren't speak English before such a crowd, dare he?
3. Dare和need常用作實義動詞，有時態、人稱和數的變化，所不同的是，作實義動詞時，在肯定句中，dare後面通常接帶to的不定式，在否定和疑問句中，dare後面可接帶to或不帶to的不定式。如：
I dare to swim across this river.
He does not dare (to) answer.
Don't you dare (to) touch it!
I wondered he dare (to) say that.
He needs to finish it this evening.
shall和should的用法
一.Shall的用法：
1. Shall用於第一人稱，表示徵求對方的意願。如：
What shall we do this evening?
2. Shall用於第一、第三人稱疑問句中，表示說話人徵求對方的意見或向對方請示。如：
Shall we begin our lesson?
When shall he be able to leave the hospital?
3. Shall用於第二、第三人稱，表示說話人給對方命令、警告、允諾或威脅。如：
You shall fail if you don't work harder. （警告）
He shall have the book when I finish reading. （允諾）
He shall be punished. （威脅）
二.Should的用法：
1. Should表示勸告、建議、命令，其同義詞是ought to；在疑問句中，通常用should代替ought to。如：
You should go to class right away.
Should I open the window?
Should的含義較多，用法較活，現介紹三種其特殊用法。請看下面的句子：
① I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是認為最好再試一試。
② You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看，你是搞錯了。
③ I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是勸你別這樣做。
④ This is something I should have liked to ask you. 這是我本來想問你的。
從以上例句可以看出：情態動詞should用於第一人稱時可以表示說話人的一種謙遜、客氣、委婉的語氣。
Should還可以用在if引導的條件從句，表示一件事聽起來可能性很小，但也不是完全沒有可能。相當於「萬一」的意思。從句謂語由should加動詞原形構成，主句謂語卻不一定用虛擬語氣。如：
⑤ Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你萬一見到她，請讓她給我打個電話。
⑥ If you should change your mind, please let us know. 萬一你改變主意，請通知我們。
⑦ Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 萬一我明天有時間，我就來。
此外，Why(or How) + should結構表示說話人對某事不能理解，感到意外、驚異等意思。意為「竟會」。如：
⑧ Why should you be so late today? 你幾天怎麼來得這么晚？
⑨ — Where is Betty living? — 貝蒂住在哪裡？
— How should I know? — 我怎麼會知道呢？
⑩ I don't know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你憑什麼認為這件事是我乾的。
2. 「should + have + 過去分詞」結構一般表示義務，表示應該做到而實際上沒有做到，並包含一種埋怨、責備的口氣。如： She should have finished it.
I should have helped her, but I never could.
You should have started earlier.
will和would的用法
1. 表示請求、建議等，would比will委婉客氣。如：
Would you pass me the book?
2. 表示意志、願望和決心。如：
I will never do that again.
They asked if we would do that again.
The door won't open
3. 用「will be」和「will(would) + have + 過去分詞」的結構表示推測，主要用於第二、三人稱。前者表示對目前情況的推測，後者表示對已經完成的動作或事態的推測。如：
This will be the book you want.
He will have arrived by now.
The guests would have arrived by that time.
I thought you would have finished this by now.
4. Would可表示過去反復發生的動作或某種傾向。Would表過去習慣時比used to正式，並沒有「現已無此習慣」的含義。如：
The wound would not heal.
During the vacation he would visit me every week.
5. 表料想或猜想。如：
It would be about ten when he left home.
What would she be doing there?
I thought he would have told you all about it.
ought to的用法
1. Ought to表示應該。如：
You ought to take care of him.
2. 表示推測。注意與must表示推測時的區別：
He must be at home by now. （斷定他已到家）
He ought to be home by now. （不十分肯定）
This is where the oil must be. （比較直率）
This is where the oil ought to be. （比較含蓄）
3. 「ought to + have + 過去分詞」表示過去應做某事而實際未做。如：
You ought to have asked him (but you didn't).
這時，ought to和should可以互相換用。
注意：在美國英語中，ought to用於否定句和疑問句時，to可以省略。如：
Ought you smoke so much?
You oughtn't smoke so much.
ought和should的區別：
1.ought語氣略強。
2.should較常用。
3.ought在美國英語中用的很少，而should卻相當常用。
4.ought屬正式用語。
註：由於ought to 沒有過去式，所以在直接引語變間接引語的過程中，就不再變化.
used to，had better，would rather的用法
1. Used to表示過去的習慣動作或狀態，現在已不存在，在間接引語中，其形式可不變。如：
He told us he used to play football when he was young.
在疑問句、否定句、否定疑問句或強調句中，可有兩種形式：
疑問句
Did you use to go to the same school as your brother?
Used you to go to the same school as your brother?
否定句
I usedn't to go there.
I didn't use to go there.
Usedn't 亦可拼作usen't，但發音皆為['ju:snt]。
否定疑問句
Usen't you to be interested in the theatre?
Didn't you use to be interested in the theatre?
強調句
I certainly used to smoke, but it was a long time ago.
I certainly did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.
其反意疑問句或簡略回答中，也有兩種形式：
She used to be very fat, didn't she? （口語+常用）/ use(d)n't she? （正式+過時）
Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did.
Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did. (Yes, I used to.)
2. Had better意為「最好」，後接不帶to的不定式。如：
Hadn't we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)
I think I'd better be going. （用於進行時態，表「最好立即」）
You had better have done that. （用於完成時態，表未完成動作）
註：①had best與had better同意，但較少用。②You had better … 用於同輩或小輩，對長輩不可用。
3. Would rather意為「寧願」，表選擇，後接不帶to的不定式。如：
I'd rather not say anything.
由於would rather表選擇，因而後可接than。如：
I would rather work on a farm than in a factory.
I'd rather you didn't talk about this to anyone. （句中的'd rather不是情態動詞，would在此是表願望的實義動詞）
註：由於used to，had better同ought to一樣沒有過去式，所以在直接引語變間接引語的過程中，也不再變化.
can (could), may (might)的用法
can (could) 表示說話人能,可以,同意,准許,以及客觀條件許可,could 為 can 的過去式。
Can you pass me the books?
你能給我遞一下書嗎 ?
can 和could 只能用於現在式和過去式兩種時態,將來時態用 be able to 來表示。
He could help us at all.
他完全可以幫助我們。
may (might) 可以, 表示說話人同意,許可或請求對方許可。
You may take the book home.
你可以把書帶回家去.
May I come in?
我可以進來嗎?
may 否定式為 may not, 縮寫形式是 mayn't.
might 是may 的過去式, 有兩種用法, 一種表示過去式，一種表示虛擬語氣, 使語氣更加委婉, 客氣或對可能性的懷疑。
He might be alive.
他可能還活著。
must, need, ought to, dare (dared)用法
Must 必須,應該,一定,準是, 表示說話人認為有必要做某事, 命令, 要求別人做某事以及對事物的推測。
must 用來指一般現在時和一般將來時, 過去式可用 have to 的過去式代替。
I must finish my work today. 我今天必須完成我的工作。
You mustn't work all the time. 你不能老是工作。
must + have + 過去分詞,表示現在對過去事物的推測。
It's six o'clock already, we must have been late again.
已經六點鍾了，我們一定又遲到了。
must 和 have to 的區別: must 表示說話人的主觀思想, have to 表示客觀需要。
You must do it now.
你必需現在就干。(說話人認為必須現在干)
I have to go now.
我得走了。(客觀條件必須現在走)
need 是一個情態動詞, 他的用法完全和其他情態動詞一樣, 但 need 還可當作實義動詞使用, 這時 need 就象其他動詞一樣,有第三人稱,單復數, 後面加帶 to 的動詞等特性。
needn't + have + 過去分詞 表示過去做了沒必要做的事情。
dare 敢 多用在否定或疑問句中。
dare 除用作情態動詞外,更多的是當實義動詞使用, 用法同實義動詞一樣,要考慮人稱,單復數,時態等。
have to , ought ，will ，Shall , should . ought 應當,應該 後面跟帶有 to 的動詞不定式。
ought + to have done 句型。指過去動作,表示一件事情該做而未做。
ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不該做的事情卻做了。
will (would)決心,願望。 would 為 will 的過去式,
will, would用於疑問句表示說話人向對方提出請求或詢問,用 would 比 will 更婉轉,客氣。
Shall, should表示命令,警告,允諾,徵求,勸告,建議驚奇。
have to,不得不,必須,表示客觀條件只能如此, 而must 則表示主觀思想必須。
4. 英語 必修二 語法
Mole 1 Grammar
I. be going to 的用法
be going to結構表示按計劃、打算去做某事，表示人的主管意圖，有時還可表示預測有跡象要發生某事。如：
. How long is your aunt going to stay in China for a visit?
(計劃、打算)
. Look at the clouds. It』s going to rain.
(有跡象要發生)
. George is putting on weight. He is going to be quite fat.
(預測)
II. be going to與will的區別
. will表示說話人認為、相信要發生的事, 不含具體時間, 可以指遙遠的將來; be going to 表示按計劃、打算即將發生的事。
. 二者都可以表示「意圖」 。但是表示事先考慮的事情用be going to, 否則用will。如:
I am not going to / won』t tell him about it.
--This is a very heavy box.
--I』ll help you to carry it.
. be going to 可以用在條件句中表示 將來, will則不行。 如:
If you are going to attend the party, you』d better leave now.
Mole 2 Grammar
不定式作狀語
不定式作目的狀語
He broke into the house to steal something.
Many drug addicts are now in treatment centers to stop taking drugs.
He』s saving up to buy a new car.
He uses a computer to send emails.
2)有時候在不定式前面加上in order to或 so as to, 否定式為 in order not to 和so as not to:
Let』s hurry so as to go to school in time.
Let』s hurry so as not to be late for school.
She studied very hard in order to catch up with others.
She studied very hard in order not to lag behind.
3) 不定式表示目的時,通常它的邏輯主語就是句子的主語,但如果不是的話,就要用for… 結構表示邏輯主語,如：
Mom opened the door for Jane and Betty to come in.
Mole 3 Grammar
I. 時間狀語從句
II. 過去完成時
時間狀語從句
. 常見的連接時間狀語從句的連接詞有:
when, while, as, before, after, until/till, since, ever since, whenever, as soon as, no sooner… than,
hardly / scarcely… when 等
When
When 還有意義為『這時』，(at this time)『那時』(at that time) 常用於下列句型：
Somebody was doing something when……某人正在做 ……突然 ……
Somebody was about to do something when…….某人正要做 ……突然 ……
Somebody had just done something when……某人剛剛幹了……這時……
1, I was reading English when my teacher came in.
2, I was about to talk in the classroom when the teacher came in.
3, I had just made the mistake when the teacher came in .
While
觀察：
While they were doing homework, someone broke into the house.
While he was still a teenager, he was a big star.
分析：while引導的從句表示「在……過程中」，強調某一段時間內主句和從句的動作在同一時期發生。從句的動作表示較長時間，因此常用延續性動詞。
While 表示強烈的對比關系，可譯成「然而」
She is tall while I am short.
While I was studying English, he was playing football.
As
試觀察：
1) As they were picking tea, the girls were singing happily.
強調兩個動作同時進行
2) As he grew older, he found it difficult to compose good music.
兩種情況一起發展變化
分析：as引導的從句表示「當……時；一邊……一邊……」，主句和從句的動作同時發生，強調伴隨。有時可譯為「隨著」。
過去完成時
1過去完成時的構成:
「助動詞had+過去分詞」
The public wondered why the president hadn』t attended the top conference.
2. 過去完成時的用法:
1). 過去完成時主要用來表明在某個時間或動作之前已經發生的動作, 它表示時間是「過去的過去」。如:
The patient had died when the doctor arrived.
Up until then they had just finished half the work.
He had pressed the button before we could stop him.
When I had finished my everyday work, I did some gardening.
2). 如果發生的動作很短暫, 或兩個動作緊接著發生, 則常用一般過去時代替過去完成時。尤其是在含有before, after, as soon as的復合句中, 因為它們本身的詞義就可以表示出先後順序。如:
Just before I left New York, I sent an e-mail to Mr White, my teacher in the university.
3). 過去完成時還可以表示未能實現的希望、願望等, 常用的動詞有except, hope, mean, suppose, think 等。如:
I had hoped to send him a telegram to congratulate him on his marriage, but didn』t manage it.
Mother had expected me to come to her birthday party, but I really had a lot of important work to do.
Note:
當動作緊接著發生, 次序明顯時, 只需用一般過去時。
When he got home from work, he was very tired. He opened the door, turned on the light, washed his face and went to bed without taking off his clothes.
2.與某個時間段或時間點連用時, 一般過去時表示動作在這個時間發生, 而過去完成時表示動作在這個時間之前就已經完成。如:
He learned Russian ring his stay in Russia.
He had already learned Russian ring his stay in Russia.
3. 在間接引語中，與過去完成時連用的時間狀語從句常用一般過去時代替過去完成時。如：
He told me somebody had phoned when I was out.
John said the film had been on five minutes when he got to the cinema.
Mole 4 Grammar
–ing form and the infinitive
作主語
(1) -ing形式和不定式都可在句中用作主語。一般情況下可以互換。
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
=Learning a foreign language is not easy. 學習外語是不容易的。
(2) 表示具體的, 特定情況下的或有待於完成的動作時, 常用不定式。
① To finish such a novel will take me several days.
讀完這本小說需要花去我幾天的時間。
② It』s impossible to get to Beijing in three hours this time, because there is something wrong with our car. 看來這次三個小時是到不了北京了, 因為我們的車出問題了。
在 「It is + 形容詞(如necessary) + for/ of sb. 」的結構後, 通常用不定式作真正的主語。而 「It is no use/no good/a waste of time」後通常接ing形式。
It』s quite impossible to finish the work with so little money.
用這么少的錢想完成這項工作是不可能的。
② It』s no use asking him for help.
向他求助是沒有用的。
There is no 結構後只能接ing形式。There is no knowing whether he is dead or alive. 無從得知他是死是活。
作表語
(1) 兩者都可用作表語, 而且一般情況下可以互換。
His work is to paint houses. = His work is painting houses.
他的工作就是粉刷房屋。
表示具體的, 特定情況下的, 將來的動作, 通常用動詞不定式。
Our homework today is to finish the exercises 2 and 3 on page 10.
我們今天的作業就是完成第10頁的練習2和3。
(3) 主語與表語通常要保持形式一致。
To see is to believe. =Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
作賓語
(1) 有些動詞後面只能用不定式作賓語，常見此類動詞有：
ask, agree, beg, decide, determine, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, set out, want, wish, expect, demand
① She decided to help him.
她決定幫他。
admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, can』t help, consider(考慮), delay, deny, enre, enjoy, excuse, escape, face, fancy, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, keep, keep on, mind, miss, mention, pardon, permit, practise, put off, risk, resist, suggest, understand等。
① The doctor advised taking more exercise. 醫生建議多做運動。
② I suggest doing it in this way. 我建議這樣做。
注意: 一些動詞短語中含有介詞to, 不要和不定式中的to混淆。常見此類短語:
be used to, come to, devote to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, pay attention to, refer to, stick to等。
①I really must get down to considering it seriously. 我真的必須認真考慮一下這事了。
② We are looking forward to seeing you again. 我們盼望著再次見到你。
有些動詞後既可接ing形式, 也可接不定式, 而且意義上沒有差別。常見此類動詞: can』t stand, prefer, learn, continue等。
① I can』t stand seeing/to see good food going to waste. 我無法忍受看到好好的糧食被浪費掉。
② She continue to work/working after having a baby. 有了孩子後她仍然繼續工作。
(4) begin, start後跟不定式或動名詞皆可, 通常可以互換, 但在下列情況下, 只用不定式。
1) start, begin本身為時行時時。
The boy noticed his father was beginning to get angry, so he ran away. 那個小男孩注意到他的父親開始生氣了, 所以就跑開了。
2) 當主語為非生物名詞或it時。
A strong wind started to blow.
一陣強風開始颳起來。
3) 當其後接表示心理活動的詞時, 如understand, realize, know, see等。
He began to realize the importance of foreign languages.
他開始意識到外語的重要性。
4) 在hate, like, love後, 表示經常性, 習慣性的動詞時, 通常用動名詞; 表示特定的、具體的某次行為則用不定式。
I don』t like bothering him when he is busy. 我不喜歡在他忙得時候打擾他。
② I usually like staying with him, but I even hate to see him that night. 我通常喜歡和他在一起，但是那天晚上我甚至不想見到他。
(5) 在remember, forget, try, go on, regret, mean, stop, want, need, require等動詞後既可接ing, 也可接不定式, 但含義不同。
1) remember to do記著去做(還沒有做的事)
remember doing記得做過某事
2) forget to do 忘記要去做某事
forget doing 忘記了做的事
3) go on to do 繼續做另一件事
go on doing 繼續做(原來做的)同一件事
4) regret to do 遺憾將要做某事
regret doing 後悔做過某事
5) mean to do 打算做某事
mean doing 意味著做某事
6) stop to do 停止(正在做的事)去做另一件
stop doing 停止正在做的事
7) try to do 努力做某事
try doing 償試著做某事
8) want to do 想要做某事
want doing 需要被
9) need/require to do 需要做某事
need/require doing 需要被
① Please remember to turn off the light when you leave.
離開時請記著關燈。
② Certainly I posted your letter—I remember posting it.
我當然給你寄信了, 我記得寄過它。
③ The machine needs cleaning.( needs to be cleaned).
這台機器需要清潔了。
作賓補
(1) 常見用不定式作賓補的動詞。
allow, help, warn, ask, force, tell, expect, promise, wish, want
① We expected him to win an Olympic gold medal. 我們期盼他贏一枚奧運金牌。
② Tell him to come early.
告訴他早點來。
(2) 不定式(不帶to)和動詞ing形式都可在感官動詞和使役動詞(feel, make, let, see, hear, watch, listen to, look at, notice, observe)後作賓補。不定式強調動作發生了, 完成了; ing形式則強調動作正在進行。
① I saw a man walk into the garden and pick some flowers. 我看到一個男的進入花園, 摘了一些花。(進園摘花的動作已完成)
② I saw a man walking into the garden. 我看到一個男的正在進入花園。(walk這個動作在「我看的時候」正在進行)
③ We heard him sing a song at the party.我們在晚會上聽他唱了一首歌。(他唱了一首, 我們完整的聽了一首。)
④ I heard him singing a song when passing his window.
經過他的窗戶時，我聽到他正在唱歌。(我只聽了一部分, 沒有聽完, 我過去後他可能還在唱）
(3) 不定式在感官動詞和使役動詞後作賓補時，在主動語態時，不能帶to, 而變為被動語態時，要加上to。
① They saw him steal Tom』s money. 他們看到他偷了湯姆的錢。
② He was seen to steal Tom』s money. 他被看到偷了湯姆的錢。
作狀語
不定式作狀語, 通常表示目的, 結果, 有時也放在形容詞、過去分詞後表示原因; ing形式作狀語時通常表示時間、原因、條件或伴隨等。
① I』ve taken some money out of the bank to buy a laptop. (目的)
為了買手提電腦, 我從銀行了取了錢。
② He hurried to the school (only) to find nobody there.(結果) 他匆忙趕到學校, 卻發現那兒沒人。
③ I』m glad to hear that.(原因) 聽到那件事我很高興。
④ Seeing the picture, he couldn』t help
thinking of those memorable days.(時間) 看到這張照片(的時候), 他情不自禁地想起了那些難忘的日了。
⑤ Not knowing his address, we couldn』t get in touch with him. (原因) 不知道他的地址, 我們無法和他取得 聯系。
⑥ Working hard, you will get what you want. (條件) 努力工作, 你會得到你想要的東西的。
⑦ The baby was lying in bed crying. (伴隨) 嬰兒在床上哭泣。
Mole 5 Grammmar
狀語從句
原因狀語從句
結果狀語從句
時間狀語從句
地點狀語從句
條件狀語從句
讓步狀語從句
時間狀語從句
1. 由when, whenever, as , while, after, before, until, till, since, once, as soon as, 等引導的時間狀語從句。
1> When the bell rang, the guard was waiting in his seat.
2> While ants grow they change their forms three times.
3> Three months went by before Aqiao knew it.
2. 由the minute, the moment, the instant, the day, the week, the year, the first time, any time, every time, each time, the last time, all the time, from the time, by the time, immediately, instantly, directly 等引導的時間狀語從句。
1> 我一見到你就認出了你。
I recognized you the minute I saw you.
3. 其中the minute, the moment, the instant, the second, 以及immediately, instantly, directly 表達的意思一樣, 都是 「一…就…」 可以相互替換。
Eg: You must show the gentleman in immediately he comes.
You must show the gentleman in the minute /the moment/instantly he comes.
另外還要注意 hardly …when… ,scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…的意義和用法。
這三者的意思都是 「一…就…」. 通常都是hardly, scarcely, no sooner 位於句首,他們後面的主句用had done,且倒裝.而when, than 後面的從句用一般過去時。
Eg: Hardly/scarcely had I got home when it started to rain.
when, while, as 引導的時間狀語從句的區別。
1> 作為 「當…時」講,when可以和延續性動詞連用,也可以和短暫性動詞連用,而while 和as 只能和延續性動詞連用。
2> when 從句的謂語動詞可以在主句動詞之前或之後發生或同時發生.而while 和as 從句的動詞必須是和主句的動詞同時發生。
When he had finished his homework, he took a rest.
When I got to the airport, the guests had left.
也就是說當主從句動作同時發生,切從句動作為延續性動詞時, 三者可互換。
When/While/As she was making a phone call, I was writing a letter.
3> when 還有 「在那時」 通常用在以下句型中。
be about to do …when…
had done…when…
be doing…when…
be on the point of doing…when…
4> as 還有 「因為」 「作為」 「隨著」 「一邊….一邊」
As the time went on, the weather got worse.
The little girl sang as she went.
5> 在將來時的從句中常用when, 且從句必須用一般現在時。
You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it.
6> when還用在表示 「一…就…」的句型中。
Hardly/Scarcely had I entered my room when the telephone rang.
7> while 還做並列連詞 「然而」 表對比。和從屬連詞 「盡管」 的意思, 相當與though/although。
While he is a little boy, he knows a lot.
I』m working while my wife is watching TV.
5. 高一英語必修二，三，四語法點
高一主要語法點
必修一：直接引語和間接引語(賓語從句)；現在進行時表將來；版定語從句
必修二：定權語從句(非限定定從、定從中的介詞前提)；被動語態(一般將來時、現在完成時及現在進行時的被動語態)
必修三：情態動詞；名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句及同位語從句)
必修四：主謂一致；非謂語動詞(V-ing) ；構詞法
6. 高一英語必修二人教版重點知識語法
學好五種基本句型 註：英語中絕大多數句子歸根到底是由基本句子變化而來的。所以，熟練掌專握它們是很屬有必要的
還有三大從句：名詞從句、定語從句、狀語從句。這三大從句基本囊括了高中時期你要認識和讀懂的句子的句子。
其次就是每天除了要學習課堂上老師講的單詞之外，自己再堅持背另外一些，哪怕只有五個。堅持下來，日後你會覺得，他們對你受益匪淺。
7. 人教版必修二英語語法知識點
高一英語必修一語法要點
一． 一般現在時
1. 表示主語現在所處的狀態及其所具備的特徵、性格、能力等
例如：I am a girl.
2. 表示習慣性、經常性的動作
例如：I usually go to bed at 9:00.
3. 標志性的詞語
Always often sometimes now and then
4. 若助於為第三人稱單數（he she it）則動詞要用單三現
二． 現在進行時
1． 說話時正在進行的動作
例如：I am reading.
2.表示即將發生的動作，多用於go come start leave return arrive stay fly等詞語之中，句子中常常有時間狀語
例如：The plane is going to Beijing.
3.當句子中出現了always 、forever 、constantly 、continually 、
All the time等
例如：I am always thinking of you.
三． 倍數比較
1.A+系動詞+倍數詞+as+ adj \adv的原型+as+B
例如：The class is twice as big as that one.
2.A+系動詞+倍數詞+adj\adv的比較級+than+B
例如：The class is twice bigger than that class.
3.A+系動詞+倍數詞+the size\amount(數量)\ength\width\height
\depth\+of+B
例如：The class is twice the size of that class.
四． With的復合結構
1． With+賓語+賓語補足語
賓語補足語根據邏輯意義的不同可以是不同的詞語，如形容詞、現在分詞、過去分詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式等，with在復合結構中常作狀語
2.常用結構
○1with+賓語+doing
表主動與進行
例如：Tom was quite safe with Lucy standing behind him.
○2with+賓語+done
表被動與完成
例如：With all things she need bought,she went home.
○3with+賓語+to do
表將來
例如：With so many thing to deal with.
五． 現在完成進行時
現在完成進行時
1．基本表達式（I have been doing ）
I/ we/ you/ they have been doing sth.
he/ she/ it has been doing sth.
2．表示從過去某時開始一直持續到現在的動作，並且還將持續下去。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中國有2000年的造紙歷史。（動作還將繼續下去）
I have been learning English since three years ago.
自從三年前以來我一直在學英語。（動作還將繼續下去）
3．表示在說話時刻之前到現在正在進行的動作。
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我們已經等你半個鍾頭了(人還沒到，如同在電話里說的，還會繼續等)
4．有些現在完成進行時的句子等同的句子。
例如：They have been living in this city for ten years.
They have lived in this city for ten years.
他們在這個城市已經住了10年了。
I have been working here for five years.
I have worked here for five years.
我在這里已經工作五年了。
5．大多數現在完成進行時的句子不等同於現在完成時的句子。
例如：I have been writing a book.（動作還將繼續下去）
我一直在寫一本書。
I have written a book.（動作已經完成）
我已經寫了一本書。
They have been building a bridge.
他們一直在造一座橋。
They have built a bridge.
他們造了一座橋。
6．表示狀態的動詞不能用於現在完成進行時。
例如：I have known him for years.
我認識他已經好幾年了。
I have been knowing...
這類不能用於現在完成進行時的動詞還有：love愛，like喜歡， hate討厭，等。
注意：比較過去時與現在完成時
1．過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現在完成時為過去發生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。
2．過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語
共同的時間狀語:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
現在完成時的時間狀語
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不確定的時間狀語
3．現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態，動詞一般是延續性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
例如： I saw this film yesterday.
（強調看的動作發生過了。）
I have seen this film.
（強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?
（強調起床的動作已發生過了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
（強調有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。）
She has returned from Paris.
她已從巴黎回來了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回來了。
He has been in the League for three years.
(在團內的狀態可延續)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是團員的狀態可持續)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入團，joined為短暫行為。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現在完成時，要用過去時。
（錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
六．過去完成時
1． 概念：表示過去的過去
其構成是had +過去分詞構成。
那時以前 那時 現在
2． 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞後的賓語從句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中，發生在先，用過去完成時；發生在後，用一般過去時。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3．過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
例如：He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
七．現在完成進行時
1．其構成形式如下：
I / we / they have been + 動詞的現在分詞
He / she / it has been + 動詞的現在分詞 功用如下：
2． 表示一個在過去開始而在最近剛剛結束的行動，如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
3．表示一個從過去開始但仍在進行的行動，如：
It has been raining for two hours. (現在還在下)
Jack hasn』t been feeling very well recently.
4． 表示一個從過去開始延續到現在，可以包括現在在內的一個階段內，重復發生的行動，如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
5． 現在完成時強調動作行為的結果、影響，而現在完成進行時只強調動作行為本身，如：
Tom』s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
注意：
現在完成時有否定結構、而現在完成進行時沒有否定結構。 現在完成時態可表示做完的時期以及已有的經驗、但現在完成進行時不可以 現在完成進行時的否定結構 現在完成進行時有時也可用否定結構。
如： Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven』t been sleeping at all well. 自從上周發生了那次不幸事故之後，我一直睡得很不好.
He hasn』t been working for me and I haven』t has that much contact with him. 他並沒有給我工作過，我和他沒有過那許多接觸。
6．否定句構成：
主語+has/have+not+been+現在分詞
7．一般疑問句構成:
Have/has+主語+been+現在分詞+其他好好努力吧！
8. 高一英語必修二期末語法總結
情態動詞
情態動詞表推測的三種句式
1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定)，may（可能）， /can, could（也許，或許）。 （1）He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 他一定/可能/也許知道這個問題的答案。
2.否定句中用can』t / couldn』t(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。 （1）It can』t/couldn』t be the headmaster. He has gone to America. 這不可能是校長，他去美國了。 3.疑問句中用can/could (能……?)。 （1）Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任務完成了嗎？ （2）Can he be at home now? 他現在能在家嗎？
註：以上三種句式中情態動詞的語氣按程度都是依次遞減的。Might, could並非may, can的過去式，而表示語氣較為委婉或可能性較小。
（二）情態動詞表推測的三種時態
1.對將來情況的推測，用「情態動詞 + 動詞原形」。
（1）She must / may / might / could arrive before 5. 5:00前她一定/可能/也許到。
2.對現在或一般情況的推測，用「情態動詞 + be」，「情態動詞 +be doing」或「情態動詞 + 動詞原形」。 （1）He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也許正在聽收音機。
註：情態動詞 should /ought to表推測時，意為「想必會，理應……」但與「have +過去分詞」連用時，則又可構成虛擬語氣意為「本應該做某事卻沒做」。例如： （4）It』s seven o』clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment. 現在七點鍾了，傑克理應隨時到達。（推測） （5）She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital. （虛擬） 她本該出席你的生日晚會的，可是她得在醫院照顧她媽媽。 （6）Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm. （虛擬） 湯姆本不該告訴我你的秘密，可是他並無惡意。
助動詞(auxiliary)主要有兩類：基本助動詞(primary auxiliary)和情態助動詞(modal auxiliary)。基本助動詞有三個：do, have和be；情態助動詞基本的有十四個：may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述兩類助動詞的共同特徵是，在協助主動詞構成限定動詞片語
名詞性從句
主語從句
作句子主語的從句叫主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether，if和連接代詞what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導。that在句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當從句的成分。
賓語從句
名詞從句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導賓語從句的關聯詞與引導主語從句表語從句的關聯詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語動詞或介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語。
表語從句
在句中作表語的從句叫表語從句。引導表語從句的關聯詞與引導主語從句的關聯詞大致一樣，表語從句位於連系動詞後，有時用as if引導。其基本結構為：主語 + 系動詞 + that從句。例如： The fact is that we have lost the game. 事實是我們已經輸了這場比賽。 That』s just what I want. 這正是我想要的。
【注意】whether 可引導表語從句，但與之同義的if卻通常不用於引導表語從句。
同位語從句
同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內容。同位語從句通常由that引導，可用於同位語從句的名詞有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。