① 英語語法,獨立主格結構和獨立結構的區別是什麼,是一
一.獨立成分
句子成分包括主謂表賓定狀補和獨立成分,但獨立成分不作成分
獨立成分包括
1.感嘆語Aha!That is it!
2.呼語Waiter,a cup of tea,please.
3.插入語(句子的修飾語)包括:
陳述句The boy,I think,has come from the country.
獨立分詞Speaking of the football match,our teamwas rather disappointing.
獨立不定式To be frank,I have no money to share.
獨立副詞(短語)Life,in my opinion,is nothing but adream.
二.獨立主格
①一般獨立主格:n+名詞/adj/adv/介詞短語/(分詞/不定式)
②邏輯緊密型獨立主格:with+n+名詞/adj/adv/介詞短語/(分詞/不定式)表原因或伴隨
③強調型獨立主格:each+n(單數)+名詞/adj/adv/介詞短語/(分詞/不定式)第一種結構的特殊形式
獨立成分類似插入語,實則可有可無
獨立主格本身無謂語而依附於主句謂語起狀語作用,放在句首或句尾來修飾整個主句
② 英語中的獨立主格結構,要詳細說明解釋,有條理,要求沒要點都舉一例句,例句附帶翻譯
(一)獨立主格結構( 也稱為獨立結構 )的定義 「獨立主格結構」是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語,加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構成。在形式上與主句沒有關系,通常稱為「獨立主格結構」。 如何理解這句話?一個是「主格」怎麼理解?一個是「獨立」怎麼理解? 所謂「主格」是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語,「主格」就由此而來,邏輯主語不同於主句的主語。有了邏輯主語,就會有邏輯謂語,它的邏輯謂語就是由「分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語(作為邏輯謂語)構成」。這就意味著:獨立結構的類型包括不定式獨立結構、分詞獨立結構、無動詞獨立結構、介詞獨立結構等。 所謂獨立,就是在形式上與主句沒有關系,才稱之「獨立」。跟主句沒有任何句法聯系;但在意義上卻與主句緊密聯系在一起,共同構成一個完整的語義環境。獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。實質上並非真正的獨立,仍然屬於主句的從屬短語的一種結構,在句中有多種作用。如:表原因、表條件、表方式、表伴隨、表時間等,在句中通常起狀語作用,多用於書面語描述性文字,不常用於口語。在口語和非正式文體中,一般用從句或兩個句子來代替。 「獨立主格結構」實質就是帶有自己主語的非限定狀語從句。下面兩點很重要。 1.非限定性從句通常以主句的某一成分作為自己的邏輯主語,從而依附於主句。 2.有些非限定性從句和無動詞從句帶有自己的主語,在結構上與主句不發生關系,也可成為獨立主格結構。 英語的獨立結構的出現,使英語語言走出了一條經濟之路,可以用更少的字詞表達同樣豐富的內容,使英語表達更趨於簡潔。表面上看,獨立結構是個破碎的英語,而透過它的內涵,描述又是那麼簡明生動,是指導今後閱讀寫作的一種有效工具。寫作中學會用獨立結構,可幫助我們把英語表達提升到一個更高的層面。 為了加深對獨立結構的了解和認識,像學其他語法知識一樣,離不開其結構功能的例句。 (二)獨立主格的功能例句 下面打線的部分就是獨立結構,它們不是句子,它們沒有自己的主語和謂語,只有邏輯主語和邏輯謂語。他們各自依附於主句,但不充當主句的任何成分,是獨立而存的。 試分析下列例句中獨立結構的邏輯主語和邏輯謂語,並指出邏輯謂語的詞性或不同的短語(不定式短語、分詞短語還是介詞短語?) 1) 表示時間 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會後,我們都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她幹完了活,坐下來喝茶。 2) 表示條件 The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若條件有利,他或許能成功。 3) 表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有計程車,我們只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得嚴嚴實實的。 4) 表示伴隨情況 Almost all metals are good conctors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體,而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almost all metals are good conctors, and silver is the best of all.) (三)獨立主格結構的構成 要了解和把握獨立主格結構的構成,首先要認識獨立結構的特點: 1)獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。 2)名詞或代詞與後面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定式,介詞等是主謂關系。 3)獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。 4)獨立結構的位置比較靈活,可置於句首、句中或句尾。 構成形式有: 名詞(代詞)+現在分詞、過去分詞 名詞(代詞)+形容詞 名詞(代詞)+副詞 名詞(代詞)+名詞 名詞(代詞)+不定式 名詞(代詞) +介詞短語 記住獨立主格結構包括兩部分,第一部分都是一樣的:名詞或代詞;第二部分,分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語。名詞(代詞)+形容詞,名詞(代詞)+副詞,名詞(代詞)+名詞和名詞(代詞) +介詞短語也稱為無動詞的獨立結構。 分別舉例如下: 如同前面的思維方法,下面打線的部分就是獨立結構,它們不是句子,它們沒有自己的主語和謂語,只有邏輯主語和邏輯謂語。他們各自依附於主句,但不充當主句的任何成分,是獨立而存的。 試分析下列例句中獨立結構的邏輯主語和邏輯謂語,並指出邏輯謂語的詞性或不同的短語(不定式短語、分詞短語還是介詞短語?)有的詞彙是多詞性,看起來是動詞,但此時此地是形容詞,如3)中例2,open不是動詞,是形容詞。 1 )名詞 / 代詞 + 現在分詞 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天來了,天氣越來越冷了。 The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停了,他出去散步。 The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 問題解決之後,我們結束了會議。 2 ) 名詞 / 代詞 + 過去分詞 「Marquis,」 said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised. 3) 名詞 / 代詞 + 形容詞 The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them. It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open. 4 ) 名詞 / 代詞 + 副詞 Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away. Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking. 5 ) 名詞 / 代詞(主格) + 不定式 We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我們十點四十五分集合,隊伍十一點准時出發。 Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 這是前兩卷,第三卷將於下月問世。 We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我們進行了分工,他擦窗戶,我掃地。 The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend』s. 兩個男孩彼此道了別,一個回了家,另一個去了他朋友家。 6 ) 名詞 / 代詞 + 介詞短語(注意與名詞短語、動詞短語的區別) I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand. The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位獵人手裡提著槍走進了樹林。 (gun in hand 也可看成無動詞的獨立結構) He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand. 7 ) 名詞 / 代詞 + 名詞 He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏鬥著,唯一的武器是一根棍棒。 8 )無動詞獨立結構的形式為 「 邏輯主語 + 名詞 / 形容詞 / 副詞 / 介詞短語 」 ,常用作狀語,表示方式或伴隨等。 例如: a. The children, many of them infants, were left with nothing to eat. b. She sat down on the ground, her face pale with great pain. c. The class over, the students made for the dining hall. d. The teacher entered the classroom, a book in hand. 9 )介詞獨立結構的形式為 「with/without + 邏輯主語 + 形容詞 / 副詞 / 介詞短語 / 不定式 / 現在分詞 / 過去分詞 」 ,常作狀語,表示方式、伴隨、原因等。 例如「 a. He left in a hurry, with the door open. b. The boy entered the room, without shoes and socks on. c. With all the work on hand, he shouldn』t have gone to the cinema last night.d. With a lot of homework to do, I couldn』t go to bed. e. Without anyone noticing, Tom slipped out of the classroom. f. Without a word more spoken, she left. 四、獨立分詞結構作狀語與分詞短語作狀語及狀語從句的比較 1 .獨立分詞結構作狀語與分詞短語作狀語的區別 獨立分詞結構作為句子中的一個語言單位,其邏輯主語而與句子的主語並不一致。如: The day being fine, we decided to go swimming. They』ll send you the book for $10, postage included. We explored the caves, Peter acting as the guide. 但分詞短語作狀語時,其邏輯主語與句子的主語一致。也就是說,分詞短語的邏輯主語就是主句謂語動詞的主語。如: Given more practice, the students could have made still greater progress. Driving along an almost deserted country road, they run out of gas. 2. 獨立分詞結構作狀語和狀語從句的區別 1) 前者是一個短語,有邏輯主語但沒有句子結構,後者是一個從句,有主謂結構; 2) 前者的邏輯主語與主句不同,後者的主語與主句的主語不一定相異; 3) 前者不需用從屬連詞,後者必須用從屬連詞。試比較: It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. As it was a holiday, all the shops were shut. 五、 不定式獨立結構和分詞獨立結構功能的區別 (什麼時候用動詞不定式獨立結構?什麼時候用分詞結構?) 1. 不定式獨立結構的形式為 「邏輯主語 + 不定式」,常作狀語,表示說明或伴隨,偶爾也作主語。例如: a. We divided the work, she to clean the window and I to sweep the floor. b. I to bear this is some burden. 我擔負此物頗不輕松。 2. 分詞獨立結構的形式為 「邏輯主語 + 現在分詞/過去分詞」,常用作狀語,用來表示時間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨等;有時可作同位語,起補充說明的作用。例如: a. The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again. (時間) b. This down, he left the home. (時間) c. Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed. (原因) d. All his savings gone, he started looking for a job. (原因) e. Weather permitting, we』ll have a football match tomorrow. (條件) f. Everything taken into account, his plan seems to be more workable. (條件) g. He guiding her, they crossed the street. (方式) h. He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. (方式) i. He climbed slowly up the mountain, his courage slipping away at every step. (伴隨) j. He returned, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into piece. (伴隨) k. Three were 50 entrances for the competition, the youngest being a girl of 14. (同位語) 六、如果一句中含有幾個 「 獨立結構 」 ,通常是把表示概括意義(粗像意義的內容)的結構置於最後。 例如: The professor was slammed against the wall, his body frisked, his wrists handcuffed, his dignity lost. 教授被猛推倒牆上,被搜了身,手被拷著,尊嚴盡失。 七、使用獨立主格四點注意 1.獨立主格與狀語從句的轉換當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時,可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句,但不再保留連詞。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課後,學生很快離開了課室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列兩種情況下,獨立主格結構中的being(或having been)不能省略。 (1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天,我們去了做禮拜。 (2)在There being+名詞的結構中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車,所以我們不得不步行回家。 3. 通常不用物主代詞或冠詞在「名詞(或代詞)+介詞短語」構成的獨立主格結構中,一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走進了課室,手裡拿著一本書。比較with的復合結構。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. 4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了,我們開始開會。(比較動名詞復合結構。) 望採納.
③ 請幫我詳細講解一下英語語法中的「獨立主格結構」
獨立主格結構有兩部分組成,前一部份是名詞或者代詞,後一部分是非謂語動詞或其他的一些詞。前後兩部分具有邏輯主謂關系。獨立主格結構在句中做狀語,多用於書面語。
獨立主格結構本身不是句子,在句子中作狀語,表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨等。
獨立主格結構的功能
獨立主格結構主要用於描繪性文字中,其作用相當於一個狀語從句,常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如:
1) 表示時間
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會後我們都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她幹完了活,坐下來喝茶。
2) 表示條件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若條件有利,他或許能成功。
3) 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有計程車,我們只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得嚴嚴實實的。
4) 表示伴隨情況
Almost all metals are good conctors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體,而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almost all metals are good conctors, and silver is the best of all.)
常見的獨立主格結構有如下幾種:
1. 名詞/主格代詞+現在分詞。名詞/主格代詞與現在分詞之間主謂關系。如:
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn」t know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他,他不知道說什麼好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話,我們明天去郊遊。
2. 名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞。名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間的動賓關系。如:
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決,質量已經提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn」t see the words on the blackboard. 由於眼鏡摔壞了,她看不見黑板上的字。
3. 名詞/主格代詞+不定式。名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關系,且強調的是一次具體性的動作。如:
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 藉助於一些舊零件,他要做一個飛機模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別後,一個回了家,一個去了書店。
4. 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞。如:
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飛機遭遇了空難,無一人生還。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席,會議不得不取消。
5. 名詞/主格代詞+副詞。如:
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結束,他們就都回家了。
6. 名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語。如:
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手裡拿著書去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著,背對著門。
7. There being +名詞(代詞)如:
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做,我們就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了,我宣布散會。
8. It being +名詞(代詞)如:
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由於聖誕節的緣故,政府機關都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由於今天是假日,所有商店都關門了。
獨立主格結構的特點:
1)獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。
2)名詞或代詞與後面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定 式,介詞等是主謂關系。
3)獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。
舉例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考試結束了,我們開始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
總統被謀殺了,舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成後,我們才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
會議結束後,每個人都想早點回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵凍壞了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館
註:獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞with。
如:Don』t sleep with the windows open. 別開著窗睡覺。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手裡拿著一本書走了進來。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。
I won』t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因為媽媽有病,我無法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個下午他都鎖著門在房裡工作。
I can』t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服,我無法出去了。
使用獨立主格四點注意:
1.獨立主格與狀語從句的轉換當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時,可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句,但不再保留連詞。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課後,學生很快離開了課室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列兩種情況下,獨立主格結構中的being(或having been)不能省略。
(1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天,我們去了做禮拜。
(2)在There being+名詞的結構中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車,所以我們不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代詞或冠詞在「名詞(或代詞)+介詞短語」構成的獨立主格結構中,一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走進了課室,手裡拿著一本書。比較with的復合結構。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了,我們開始開會。(比較動名詞復合結構。)
獨立主格結構的用法
獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等,相當於一個狀語從句或並列句。
1. 用作時間狀語:The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成後,我們就回家了。
2. 用作條件狀語:Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話,他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。
3. 用作原因狀語:An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發表一個重要的演講,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴隨狀語:He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上,兩手交叉枕在腦後。
5.表示補充說明:We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力,一個人干兩個人的活。
*註:獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時,相當於一個狀語從句,一般放在句首,表示原因時還可放在句末;表伴隨狀況或補充說明時,相當於一個並列句,通常放於句末。
獨立主格結構妙題賞析
請看下面一道題:
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
【分析】此題很容易誤選B,許多同學會認為句中逗號後是一個非限制性的定語從句,whose 在定語從句中用作定語修飾其後的名詞 owner。此分析從表面上看,似乎天衣無縫,但實質上是錯的,原因是空格後根本不是一個句子,因為沒有謂語。盡管句中有兩個動詞,但它們都是非謂語動詞。也許有的同學認為,其中的 seated 可視為謂語動詞,但是注意,seat 用作動詞時,它總是及物的,其後要麼接賓語,要麼它就用於被動語態,所以若在 seated 前加上助動詞 is,則可以選擇B(當然若將 seated 改為sitting,也應選擇B)。所以此題最佳答案選A。
請再看一個類似的例子:
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. this D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)應選B,而不能選C,是因為句中的 translated 是過去分詞(非謂語動詞),若選C,則該從句無謂語;第(2)應選D,因為句中有謂語 were translatedD。
再請看下面一例:
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
【分析】此題與上面的第(2)題不同,兩句間多了一個並列連詞and,說明這是一個並列句,故應選B,則不能選C。
請做做以下三題(答案均為B):
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
④ 英語裡面的獨立主格結構是什麼意思
獨立主格結構(Absolute Structure)是由名詞或代詞加上分詞等構成的一種獨立結構,用於修飾整個句子。獨立主格結構中的名詞或代詞與其後的分詞等構成邏輯上的主謂關系。它的位置相當靈活,可置於主句前、主句中或主句末,常由逗號將其與主句分開。
獨立主格結構的基本構成形式:名詞(代詞)+現在分詞(過去分詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、介詞短語等)。
例如:There being nothing else to do,they have goneaway.由於無事可做,他們離開了。(代詞+現在分詞)
獨立主格結構的用法:主要用於描繪性文字中,其作用相當於一個狀語從句,常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如:
1、 表示時間
His first play a success, he wrote another.
他第一個劇本成功後,又寫了另一個劇本。
2、 表示條件
The teacher to help us, we will succeed.
有老師的幫助,我們就能成功。
3、表示原因
It being Sunday, they had no classes.
由於是星期天,他們不上課。
4、表示伴隨情況
He lay on his back, his face up and his hands crossed under his head.
他臉朝天,頭枕著手躺著。
(4)英語獨立主格結構語法講解擴展閱讀
需要注意的問題:
1、 獨立主格結構中分句和主句的主語不一致。含有獨立主格結構的句子,前後主語是不一致的,這也是獨立主格結構和非謂語分句作狀語的最重要區別。
2. 在獨立主格結構中,動詞是用現在分詞還是過去分詞: 一般來說如果邏輯主語和動詞之間是主謂關系,用現在分詞。但如果邏輯主語和動詞之間是動賓關系,並且有被動的意思,用過去分詞。
3. 獨立主格結構相當於一個狀語從句。
4. 完成時態的運用,在獨立主格結構中如果強調分詞的時間發生在主句動作時間之前,常用現在分詞的完成時態having done, 根據情況確定是用主動還是被動。
⑤ 英語語法問題——獨立主格結構
see sb do(省略to的不定式)或者doing的結構歸類是
及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語,(又稱復合賓語)
為什麼說do或者doing是賓語補足語,或者如何判斷賓語補足語,一個很好的方法:
在賓語後面加一個be動詞,通順的話就是賓語補足語了,如
see sb. is (to)do/doing sth,通順吧?
have sth done也是一樣的,就是sth is done。
在第一個賓語之後加了be動詞之後如果不通順的話就是雙賓語
如 give the boy a book 在the boy後加了is之後,就成了the boy is a book 不通,故是雙賓語
獨立主格結構:簡單的說吧,這個「主」就是「主語」,但又不完全等於「主語」,因為主語是相對於句子而言的,「獨立主格結構」是一個結構,不是一個句子,所以我們把這個「主」叫作「邏輯主語」,主語一般是動作的「執行者」(主動語態)或者「承受者」(被動語態),也就是說,結構中還有一個動詞或者表示狀態的詞,常稱其為非謂語,為什麼不稱其謂語動詞的原因在於:謂語動詞出現在句子中,而獨立主格結構中的動詞就是非謂語了。
簡單的幾個形式:
邏輯主語+doing(主動,可有時態變化)
There being a heavy rain ,we have to stay at home
區別:There is a heavy rain 。So,we have to stay at home
邏輯主語+done(被動,可有時態變化)
Most of the work left undone,the manager order the staff to move faster than before。
區分:Most of the work lwas eft undone
and the manager order the staff to move faster than before
邏輯主語+形容詞或者副詞、介詞短語
He is seating on the sofa,pen in his hand。
區分:He is seating on the sofa and there is a pen in his hand
with+邏輯主語+doing/done或者形容詞、副詞等
They were so surprised and worried when they got home ,with all the things gone 。
一般前三個結構前加個with都是可以的
⑥ 講解一下英語語法「獨立主格」
834108119 所給的例句具有代表性,可以借用或幫助理解。
但他/她沒有觸及到這個語法點的關鍵。估計摟主或其他的讀者看完後依然抓不住要點,未必能真正理解。在她/他的例題的基礎上,筆者補充幾個關鍵點。
首先要明白,「分詞的獨立主格結構」是個什麼概念?是什麼意思?
所謂 「…獨立主格」= 獨立的(邏輯)主語, 主格即主語的形式。
「獨立的」 = 不同的,通俗地解釋就是:分詞有自己的(邏輯)主語,這個邏輯主語與句子的主語是不同的人/物。如果出現這種情況,就該用 「獨立主格結構了」。
這是有別於通常的情況下:
非謂語動詞的(省略的)邏輯主語必須是「句子的主語」,即是同一個人或物。(這種情況下是不用「獨立主格結構的」。
1、非謂語動詞作各種狀語,是很常見的表達,但通常情況下,都不是「獨立主格形式」。
2、通常的非謂語動詞作某種狀語時,都是相對應的狀語從句的簡化或縮略形式,也就是說,可以把做某種狀語的非謂語形式,還原成完整的對應的狀語從句。
3、做狀語的非謂語動詞(或短語)通常是沒有或省略了器(邏輯)「主語」的,因為,要遵循一個基本原則:即,非謂語動詞的(省略的)邏輯主語必須是「句子的主語」,即是 同一個人或物因此,還原時,很容易找到它的(邏輯)主語。
4、會不會出現 分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致的呢? 會的:
下面2種情形下,就要使用所謂的 「分詞的獨立主格結構」了。
a. 習語,沒有特定的「邏輯主要」,分詞表達的觀點、評價是「公眾的,通行的」標准,不是特定的說話人的。這時,就無法也沒有必要,根據「主語一致原則」還原成對應的狀語從句了。
e.g. Generally speaking, Tom is a good student.
Frankly speaking, I don't know about it at all.
b. 分詞的邏輯主語是「另一人/物」,與句子主語不同的,需要加在分詞前。
e.g. There being too many cars, the drivers are often caught in traffic jams.
分詞的邏輯主語是「too many cars", 而句子的主句則是 the drivers.
不可說:There are too many cars, the drivers are....
但可以說:As/ Because/ Since there are too many cars, the drivers are....
另外,獨立主格結構,並不限於(現在/過去)分詞,不定式也有獨立主格結構的用法。
e.g. To be honest,....
To tell the truth,....
⑦ 求英語獨立主格語法說明
10.1 獨立主格
獨立主格結構的構成:名詞(代詞)+現在分詞、過去分詞;
名詞(代詞)+形容詞;
名詞(代詞)+副詞;
名詞(代詞)+不定式;
名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構成。
獨立主格結構的特點:1)獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。
2)名詞或代詞與後面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定式,介詞等是主謂關系。
3)獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。
例如:
The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考試結束了,我們開始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統被謀殺了,舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天氣允許,我們明天去看你。
This done, we went home. 工作完成後,我們才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 會議結束後,每個人都想早點回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里,耳朵凍得紅通通的。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館
⑧ 英語語法問題 獨立主格結構 最好有詳細解釋
本題選C
翻譯:因為昨天天氣很好,我們出去散步了。
詳細解釋:
1.對獨立主格的理解。獨立主格的本質就是句子的狀語,可能是伴隨狀語、時間狀語、條件狀語、原因狀語等,其中以伴隨狀語比較常見。獨立主格的結構一般是這樣的:
【主謂賓/主系表,獨立主格】或者【獨立主格,主謂賓/主系表】
2.獨立主格的發展過程。
從上面兩個結構中可以看到,無論使用哪個結構,中間都使用了逗號。在英語中,逗號不能連接兩個主謂賓或主系表,那麼如果逗號前後都出現了動詞或者be動詞,就要做出下列結構的改變之一:
1)使用並列連詞做成並列句;
2)使用從句連詞做成從句;
3)不使用連詞,把其中一個動詞做成非謂語動詞。
獨立主格屬於第3)種情況中的一種。
一般來說,我們做非謂語動詞結構的句子,句子的謂語和非謂語動詞,都是句子主語所發出,就是非謂語動詞的主語,為了清晰描述,可以簡化成下面的圖:
it是being的邏輯主語。
3.不選其他三個選項的原因。
A選項使用 as 開頭,要求後面的句子主幹部分的主語也是as句的主語,這顯然是不對的;
B選項句意正確,但是做成了一個主系表的句子,使用逗號連接,在語法上錯誤,詳見上述第2點;
D選項使用了連詞for,for可以作為原因狀語從句的連詞,但是常規使用方法如下:
1)for句放在後半句。
2)for表示的原因,是推測某種情況時所依據的表象,但不一定是真正的原因或根本原因,例如:He cannot be in the office, for the door is locked.
⑨ 英語獨立主格結構的詳解
獨立主格結構(Independent Genitive)有兩部分組成,前一部份是名詞或者代詞,後一部分是非謂語動詞(不定式、動名詞和分詞)或形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語。前後兩部分具有邏輯主謂關系。獨立主格結構在句中做狀語,多用於書面語。 獨立主格結構本身不是句子,在句子中作狀語,表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的等。
非謂語動詞作狀語,其邏輯主語須與主句主語保持一致。若不一致,非謂語動詞形式須另帶主語,從而構成復合結構的形式作狀語。這種結構稱為「獨立結構」。其中,非謂語動詞主動用現在分詞,被動用過去分詞。 非謂語動詞及其短語前面帶有邏輯主語,邏輯主語的代詞又是主格,故常稱為「獨立主格」。「獨立結構」在句中起狀語作用,相當於狀語從句,表示時間、原因、條件、方式或伴隨等情況。
編輯本段功能
獨立主格結構主要用於描繪性文字中,其作用相當於一個狀語從句,常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如:
表示時間
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會後我們都回家了。 Her work being done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她幹完了活,坐下來喝茶。
表示條件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若條件有利,他或許能成功。
表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有計程車,我們只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得嚴嚴實實的。
表示伴隨情況
Almost all metals are good conctors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體,而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almost all metals are good conctors, and silver is the best of all.)
編輯本段用法
獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等,相當於一個狀語從句或並列句。
用作時間狀語
The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成後,我們就回家了。
用作條件狀語
Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話,他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。
用作原因狀語
An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發表一個重要的演講,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
用作伴隨狀語
He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上,兩手交叉枕在腦後。
表示補充說明
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力,一個人干兩個人的活。 *註:獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時,相當於一個狀語從句,一般放在句首,表示原因時還可放在句末;表伴隨狀況或補充說明時,相當於一個並列句,通常放於句末。
編輯本段形式
1>一般獨立主格形式:與主句邏輯關系鬆散
形式為: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. + 不定式 ; n. + 介詞短語; n. + 形容詞; n. + 副詞. ;
名詞/主格代詞+現在分詞
名詞/主格代詞與現在分詞之間是主謂關系。 如: The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他,他不知道說什麼好。 Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話,我們明天去郊遊。
名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞
名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間是動賓關系。 如: The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決,質量已經提高了。 Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由於眼鏡摔壞了,她看不見黑板上的字。
名詞/主格代詞+不定式
名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關系,且強調的是一次具體性的動作。 如: He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 藉助於一些舊零件,他要做一個飛機模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別後,一個回了家,一個去了書店。
名詞/主格代詞+形容詞
如: An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飛機遭遇了空難,無一人生還。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席,會議不得不取消。
名詞/主格代詞+副詞
如: He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結束,他們就都回家了。
名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語
如: The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手裡拿著書去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著,背對著門。 2>with 引導的獨立主格:與主句邏輯關系緊密 形式為: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. + 介詞短語 3>each引導的強調型獨立主格:強調句尾的復數名詞 形式為:句子 + 復數名詞結尾 , each + 介詞短語/形容詞短語/名詞短語/-ing形式/-ed形式 如: Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive.(題源:《GMAT語法全解》白勇著,Page38) 4>其他形式
There being +名詞(代詞)
如: There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做,我們就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了,我宣布散會。
It being +名詞(代詞)
如: It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由於聖誕節的緣故,政府機關都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由於今天是假日,所有商店都關門了。
編輯本段特點
1)獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。 2)名詞或代詞與後面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定 式,介詞等是主謂關系。 3)獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。 舉例: The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考試結束了,我們開始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統被謀殺了,舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成後,我們才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 會議結束後,每個人都想早點回家。 He came into the room,his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里,耳朵凍壞了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館 註:獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞with。 如: Don』t sleep with the windows open.別開著窗睡覺。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手裡拿著一本書走了進來。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。 I won』t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因為媽媽有病,我無法去度假。 He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整個下午他都鎖著門在房裡工作。 I can』t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服,我無法出門了。
特殊
當獨立主格與主句主語不同時可有:eg:We walking through the garden,the flowers are beautiful.
1.獨立主格轉換成狀語從句,當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時,可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句,但不再保留連詞。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課後,學生很快離開了課室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形:在下列兩種情況下,獨立主格結構中的being(或having been)不能省略。 (1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天,我們去了做禮拜。 (2)在There being+名詞的結構中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車,所以我們不得不步行回家。 3. 在「名詞(或代詞)+介詞短語」構成的獨立主格結構中,一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走進了課室,手裡拿著一本書。比較with的復合結構。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了,我們開始開會。(比較動名詞復合結構。)
編輯本段示例
請看下面一道題: Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】此題很容易誤選B,許多同學會認為句中逗號後是一個非限制性的定語從句,whose 在定語從句中用作定語修飾其後的名詞 owner。此分析從表面上看,似乎天衣無縫,但實質上是錯的,原因是空格後根本不是一個句子,因為沒有謂語。盡管句中有兩個動詞,但它們都是非謂語動詞。也許有的同學認為,其中的 seated 可視為謂語動詞,但是注意,seat 用作動詞時,它總是及物的,其後要麼接賓語,要麼它就用於被動語態,所以若在 seated 前加上助動詞 is,則可以選擇B(當然若將 seated 改為sitting,也應選擇A)。所以此題最佳答案選A。 請再看一個類似的例子: (1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C.which D. that (2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that 第(1)應選B,而不能選C,是因為句中的 translated 是過去分詞(非謂語動詞),若選C,則該從句無謂語;第(2)應選C,該句是典型的非限制性定語從句,因為該句修飾的是前面的novels,即指物,所以只能用which做of的賓語,故本題選C。 再請看下面一例: (3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 【分析】此題與上面的第(2)題不同,兩句間多了一個並列連詞and,說明這是一個並列句,故應選B,則不能選C。 請做做以下三題(答案均為B): (1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.(獨立主格結構) A. which B. them C. whom D. that (2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners. (非限制性定語從句) A. which B. whom C. who D. that (3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.(兩個句子) A. which B. them C. whom D. that