㈠ 初中英語語法總結,要全啊
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11. 動詞的時態
11.1 一般現在時的用法
1) 經常性或習慣性的動作,常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點離開家。
2) 客觀真理,客觀存在,科學事實。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉動。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位於中國東部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
注意:此用法如果出現在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時,從句謂語也要用一般現在時。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實了地球是圓的。
4) 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那麼多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英語寫得不錯,講的可不行。
比較:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課。
第一句用一般現在時,用於操作演示或指導說明的示範性動作,表示言行的瞬間動作。第二句中的now是進行時的標志,表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況,所以後句用一般現在時。
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11.2 一般過去時的用法
1)在確定的過去時間里所發生的動作或存在的狀態。例如:時間狀語有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了?
2)表示在過去一段時間內,經常性或習慣性的動作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是個孩子的時候,常在馬路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went ring their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那時,布朗一家無論什麼時候去,都受到熱烈歡迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時間了" "該……了"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "時間已遲了" "早該……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧願某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時,作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等,而一般過去時表示的動作或狀態都已成為過去,現已不復存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義:她已不在人間。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義:她現在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義:達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義:現在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)
注意: 用過去時表示現在,表示委婉語氣。
1)動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您還要些什麼嗎?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。
2)情態動詞 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車,能借用一些嗎?
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do:"過去常常"表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態,但如今已不存在。例如:
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老媽過去沒那麼健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫過去常常散步。
be used to + doing: 對……已感到習慣,或"習慣於",to是介詞,後需加名詞或動名詞。例如:
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫現在已習慣於散步了。
典型例題
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語,但從語意上看出,在聽的時候沒有聽懂這個動作發生在過去,因此應用過去時。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.4 一般將來時
1) shall用於第一人稱,常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用於各人稱,在徵求意見時常用於第二人稱。例如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點回家好嗎?
2) be going to +不定式,表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖,即將做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什麼呢?
b. 計劃,安排要發生的事。例如:The play is going to be proced next month。這出戲下月開播。
c. 有跡象要發生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏雲,快要下雨了。
3) be +不定式表將來,按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報告。
4) be about to +不定式,意為馬上做某事。例如:
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.5 be going to / will 用於條件句時,be going to表將來,will表意願。例如:
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客觀安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主觀安排)
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.7 一般現在時表將來
1)下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現在時可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點開。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什麼時候開?十分鍾後。
2)以here, there等開始的倒裝句,表示動作正在進行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。
3)在時間或條件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比爾來後,讓他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那裡,就寫信給你。
4)在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如:
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間前,務必把窗戶關了。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.8 用現在進行時表示將來
下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現在進行時可以表示將來。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會在這兒呆到下周嗎?
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.9 現在完成時
現在完成時用來表示之前已發生或完成的動作或狀態,其結果的影響現在還存在;也可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態。其構成:have (has) +過去分詞。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.10 比較一般過去時與現在完成時
1)一般過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情,強調動作;現在完成時為過去發生的,強調過去的事情對現在的影響,強調的是影響。
2)一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用,而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用,或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆為具體的時間狀語。
現在完成時的時間狀語:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不確定的時間狀語。
共同的時間狀語:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態,動詞一般是延續性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (強調看的動作發生過了)
I have seen this film. (強調對現在的影響,電影的內容已經知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (強調起床的動作已發生過了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (強調有卷子未交,疑為不公平競爭)
He has been in the League for three years. (在團內的狀態可延續)
He has been a League member for three years. (是團員的狀態可持續)
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時,不能使用現在完成時,要用過去時。
(錯)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.11 用於現在完成時的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…結構中的從句部分,用現在完成時。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容詞最高級+that…結構,that 從句要用現在完成時。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。
典型例題
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 後面所加從句應為現在完成時,故選B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經或無論何時,反意詞為never,此兩詞常用於完成時。
注意:非延續性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續時間的狀語連用。即動作不發生的狀態是可以持續的。
(錯)I have received his letter for a month.
(對)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.12 比較since和for
Since 用來說明動作起始時間,for用來說明動作延續時間長度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。
注意:並非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現在已不在這里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(現在我仍在這里工作。)
注意:用句型轉換的方法,很容易排除非延續動詞在有for/since結構的完成時中的誤用。
1)(對) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(錯) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然,第二句不對,它應改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.13 since的四種用法
1) since +過去一個時間點(如具體的年、月、日期、鍾點、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:
I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在這兒。
2) since +一段時間+ ago。例如:
I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒,已經有五個月了。
3) since +從句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走後,變化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走後,變化可大了。
4) It is +一段時間+ since從句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。
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11.14 延續動詞與瞬間動詞
1) 用於完成時的區別
延續動詞表示經驗、經歷; 瞬間動詞表示行為的結果,不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。例如:
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項工作。 (表結果)
I've known him since then. 我從那時起就認識他了。(表經歷)
2) 用於till / until從句的差異
延續動詞用於肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動詞用於否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 點才回來。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10點。
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題後句強調對現在的影響,我知道她的模樣,你不用描述。再次,several times告知為反復發生的動作,因此用現在完成時。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始,持續到現在,應用現在完成時。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.15 過去完成時
1) 概念:表示過去的過去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構成是had +過去分詞構成。
那時以前 那時 現在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞後的賓語從句。例如:
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中,發生在先,用過去完成時;發生在後,用一般過去時。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達時,小偷們早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時我們希望你能來,但是你沒有來。
3) 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學過一些英語。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年,愛迪生開始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了,因為他到達晚會時,大部分客人已經走了。
典型例題
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發生在"去取書"這一過去的動作之前,因此"忘了書"這一動作發生在過去的過去,用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點,表示在"同學們正忙於……"這一背景下,when所引導的動作發生。因此前一句應用過去進行時。
注意: had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我剛打開門,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車,轉眼又賣了。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.16 用一般過去時代替過去完成時
1) 兩個動作如按順序發生,又不強調先後,或用then,and,but 等連詞時,多用一般過去時。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起來。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子,我把它丟了。
2 ) 兩個動作相繼發生,可用一般過去時;如第一個動作需要若干時間完成,用過去完成時。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 敘述歷史事實,可不用過去完成時,而只用一般過去時。例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.17 將來完成時
1) 構成will have done
2) 概念
a. 狀態完成:表示某事繼續到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時他們結婚將有二十年了。
b. 動作完成:表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前,已經完成的動作或獲得的經驗。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時,你已經到達上海了。
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11.18 現在進行時
現在進行時的基本用法:
a. 表示現在(指說話人說話時)正在發生的事情。例如:
We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。
b. 習慣進行:表示長期的或重復性的動作,說話時動作未必正在進行。例如:
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部小說。(說話時並未在寫,只處於寫作的狀態。)
c. 表示漸變,這樣的動詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:
The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復發生的動作或持續存在的狀態,往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如:
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。
典型例題
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一個仍在持續的狀態,應用進行時,由於沒有找到,其影響仍然存在,應用完成時,瞬間動詞用於否定式時可用於完成時。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.19 不用進行時的動詞
1)表示事實狀態的動詞,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有兩兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 這房子是我姐的。
2)表示心理狀態的動詞,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的幫助。
He loves her very much. 他愛她很深。
3)瞬間動詞,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:
I accept your advice. 我接受你的勸告。
4)系動詞,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有點累。
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11.20 過去進行時
1)概念:表示過去某時正在進行的狀態或動作。
2)過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發生的背景;一個長動作延續的時候,另一個短動作發生。
3) 常用的時間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟騎車時摔了下來,受了傷。
It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時,正下著雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到達山頂時,陽光燦爛。
典型例題
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割傷手指是已發生的事情,應用過去時。同時,when表時間的同時性,"瑪麗在做衣服時"提供事情發生的背景,因此用過去進行時。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意為"當……之時"。描述一件事發生的背景時,用過去進行;一個長動作發生的時候,另一個短動作發生。句意為 "在她看報紙時,奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell(fall的過去時),是系動詞,後跟形容詞,如:fall sick。
㈡ 初中英語語法知識
中學英語語法精典總結 1.sometimes/some times/sometime/some time: sometimes: 「有時」=at times. He is sometimes late for school. some times: 「幾次」I have been to Nanjing some times. sometime: 「某一時刻」I bought it sometime last spring. some time: 「一段時間」We have to stay here for some time. 2.need 的用法:1.need可當情態動詞(和can等用法類似,但need只用於疑問句或否定句中):Need I go now? (need 在一般疑問句的開頭) I needn』t tell you the answer. (否定句中直接在need後加not) 【當情態動詞時,need無時態變化。】 need 可當行為動詞(和want 等用法類似): He needs a bike. (後可直接加名詞) I need to go over my lessons. (後接帶to不定式) Do you need to have a rest? (一般疑問句中do, does, did在句首) We don』t need to wait for her coming. (否定句中do,does,did提前) 【註:need 後接表被動的內容時,可表達為: The TV needs to be repaired. = The TV needs repairing.】 3.do with 與deal with: 都譯為「處理,對付,安排,應付」 What have you done with the milk? 用what提問。 How shall we deal with this problem? 用how提問。 下面兩句由此而來:Could you tell me what to do with the milk? Could you tell me how to deal with this problem?4.就近原則:常見的有:Either you or Lucyis wrong. There is a dog and two cats in the yard. (there be句型) Not only you but (also) Iam strict in the work. Neither you nor Lucy has seen the film before. 5.主謂一致:One/Neither of you is right. (單數謂語) Tom, with his friends, has gone. (主語是Tom, 單數謂語) This pair of shoes looks beautiful. (主語是pair, 單數謂語) The shoes look beautiful. (主語無pair, 復數謂語) Every boy and every girl has a chance to do it. (單數謂語) The old need to be looked after carefully. The young are energetic. (the 加形容詞表一類人,謂語用復數) Mr. and Mrs Green are from America. 指格林夫婦 (復數謂語) The teacher and writer is an able man.指教師兼作家, 一個人,單數謂語。 Both you and I are excited about the news. (復數謂語) the number of與a number of6.quite/such/really用法之一:如果出現不定冠詞時,常放在後面。 It』s quite an easy question. He is quite a clever boy. It』s such an important lesson.(另見33) Lily is really a lazy girl. 7.部分用what 提問的句型: What size do you want? What will you do with the problem? What』s the population of China? What day is it today? What』s the date today? What』s the price of this one? 8.there be部分用法:1There is only a student taking notes now. There is no need to open the box. There are 20 trees to be planted. 2常有以下結構: there may/will/must/is going to/used to/…be. … 3there be中不可再出現have/has/had(有)的詞。 9.常見表否定的詞或短語:no, not, hardly, few, little, neither, nor, nothing, nobody, none, nowhere等. 有些有時在某些句型中也相當於否定,如without, too…to… without anything, too tired to go any further 但前綴如dis--, un--, in--或後綴如--less,並不表否定。 10.常見後接動詞原形的詞或短語: why not / had better / please /would you please / let / make / 情態動詞,等等。【注意否定形式:had better/ would you please/ let直接加not + 動原;而please加don』t+動原】 11.常見後接動詞ing的詞或短語:finish /enjoy /practice /give up / end up /put off /consider /keep /feel like /prefer…to…/can』t help / be busy /be worth /take turns /miss(錯過) /spend /have fun /介詞等。 12.常見後接帶to不定式的詞或短語:want /hope /wish /allow /encourage /ask /tell /pretend /decide /plan/invite /urge/ advise/warn/ seem /in order (為了) /疑問詞,等等。 另外it作形式主語,後也常有帶to不定式。 【否定:以上大多詞 + not + to do sth】 13.被動語態(be +v.過去分詞)用法:I did it. →It was done. 雙賓:He told us a story.→We were told a story.→A story was told to us. She passed me a pen.→I was passed a pen.→A pen was passed to me. 情態動詞:We can make a plan. →A plan can be made. 進行時態:Tom is writing a letter.→A letter is being written by Tom. 完成時態:I have finished the work. →The work has been finished. 14.名詞或所屬格作定語:1強調性別時a man doctor / two men doctors ; a woman teacher / six women teachers 被修飾詞是單數時,性別也用單數;被修飾詞是復數時,性別也用復數。 2a girl actor / four girl actors a boy player / two boy players a bus station / some bus stations 復數只變被修飾的詞。 3a boys』 team / a gentlemen』s holiday / the Teachers』 Day / the Children』s Day 「復數 + 』s 」作定語,譯為「…的…」 4Father』s Day / Mother』s Day 此處「單數 + 』s 」作定語。 附:and連接的名詞所屬格:Lucy』s and Ann』s fathers are workers. 分別是兩個人的爸爸,所以應分別加「』s」 Lucy and Ann』s father is very interesting. 兩個人共有的爸爸,所以在兩人後只加一個「』s」。) 15.win與beat區別:win後加物:I』m sure Jim will win the match. We won the first place in the sports meeting. 而beat後加的是人:I』m afraid they will beat us. I hope we can beat the boys』 team. (男子隊,相當於人。) 16.it/that/one的部分用法:1it 指上文的某個事物,和上文是同一個。This book is very useful. I will take good care of it. it也可指上文所說的事:My son has lost himself in the computer games. I』m worried about it. 2that與上文所說是同一類,但不是同一個,常指不可數名詞。The food in China is quite different from that in America. The weather of Hainan is better than that of Gansu. that也可指上文所說的事:A: I had an accident and broke my legs. B: I』m sorry to hear that. 3one 指代上文所說的某類可數名詞單數,但不是同一個物。This sweater is too expensive, do you have another one?(也指毛衣,但不是上文那個) 17.at/by the end of, in the end 的區別: 1at the end of +時間點或地點,「在…的盡頭,在…的末尾」 They will have a sports meeting at the end of March. (加時間) He put some books at the end of the bed. (加地點) 2by the end of +時間點,「截止到…末」 若接過去的時間點,常用過去完成時:They had planted six thousand trees by the end of last month. 若接將來的時間,常用一般將來時:We shall finish the work by the end of next month. 3in the end 「最後」,後不加of 短語:They wanted to find a place to rest in, in the end, they saw a village. 18.have gone to/have been to/have been in: 1have gone to+地點「已去了…(還未回來)」-I can』t find those children, where are they? -They have gone to the farm. (去了農場,不在這兒) 2have been to+地點「去過…(原來去過,現在已回)」句尾常接次數或多個地點或before,或句中常有ever, never等。 She has been to Qing three times. I have been to two big cities. Have you been to Dalian before? I have never/ever been to Dalian. I have never been there before. (此短語省略了to) 3have been in+地點,「已在…(多久了)」句尾常接for+時間段,或since +時間點/一般過去時的句子。 Peter has been in China for a long time. I』ve been here for 2 hours/since 2 hours ago. (此短語省略了in) 19.all/whole用法:all (of) the land / all (of) the class / all (of) the students…【all 在定冠詞the 前】 the whole school / the whole country / the whole area…【whole 在定冠詞the 後】 20.a bit / a little區別:都可作副詞,後直接加形容詞和副詞。 I』m a bit / a little hungry. She feels a bit / a little tired. 也可作代詞或形容詞,後接名詞時有所不同: I have only a little drink. She ate a little bread and went out. (a little 直接加名詞) 而下文:I have only a bit of drink. She ate a bit of bread and went out. (a bit 先加of再加名詞) 21.「擅長」與「不擅長」; 「對…有利」與「對…有害」: 「擅長」:be good at / do well in 「不擅長」:be bad in / be poor in / be weak in / do badly in 「對…有利」:be good for 「對…有害」:be bad for 22. 表數量的詞和短語的部分用法:1none / all / some / most / plenty of / a lot of (lots of) 後既可接可數名詞復數,也可接不可數名詞。2many / (a) few / a number of / several只接可數名詞復數。3much / (a) little / a bit of只接不可數名詞。 23.易用錯的副詞:1really可修飾動詞、副詞和形容詞,常在它們前面。I really love reading. I really miss you. (修飾動詞) Tom speaks really quickly. 湯姆說得非常快。(修飾副詞) It』s really kind of you. 你真好。 (修飾形容詞) 2very much常修飾動詞want, miss, hate, love, like, dislike, enjoy, take after(長得像…), move(使…感動), excite(使…激動)等等。常在句尾。Jack wants to go there very much. 傑克很想去那 23very修飾形容詞和副詞,放在它們前面: She is very kind. I am very happy. Peter speaks very slowly. (very不可修飾動詞:I very like English. He very misses you.等類似結構都是錯誤的。) 24.常用於現在完成時的詞或短語:for(後加時間段,句中謂語用延續性動詞);since(後加時間點或一般過去時的句子,主句謂語用延續性動詞);How long(對時間段或for與since引導的內容提問,句中謂語也用延續性動詞)in/all one』s life(在某人一生);in/ring the past/last+時間段 (在最近的…時間內) ;so far(到目前為止);yet(用於句尾,用在疑問句或否定句中);already (用於句中或句尾,用在肯定的陳述句中) ;ever;never;just;before(單獨用在句子末尾,常用此時態。但若時間段加before, 常用過去完成時) 以及recently等. 25.形容詞與副詞區別:1形容詞修飾名詞,作定語(劃線部分): She is a kind girl. What bad weather! I bought a new bike. 形容詞可在系動詞後,作表語(劃線部分): The girl is kind. His face turned red. It tastes sweet. 2副詞(劃線部分)修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞,也可修飾整個句子。 He ran quickly. Please speak loudly. Tim lives alone. 修飾動詞 She is very angry. He felt too tired. I』m so lucky. 修飾形容詞 He got up quite early. She did it very well. 修飾副詞 Unluckily, I failed the English exam. 修飾整個句子26.everyday與every day: everyday是形容詞,後接名詞,「日常的」。He is practicing everyday English. every day是副詞,作時間狀語,「每天」。We speak English every day.
㈢ 初中生英語語法大全
1.一般現在時:主語+do/does(現在分詞) We clean the room every day.
一般現在時:(n't)/does(n't)
2.一般過去時:主語+did We cleaned the room just now.
一般過去式:did(n't)+V.原
3.現在進行時:主語+am/is/are doing We are cleaning the room now.
現在進行時:am(not)/is(n't)/are(n't)+V.ing
4.過去進行時:was/were doing .We were cheaning the room at 5:00 yesterday afternoon.
過去進行時:was(n't)/were(n't)+V.ing
5.現在完成時: have/has done We have cleaned the room already.
現在完成時:have(n't)/has(n't)+過去分詞(p.p.)
6.過去完成時: had done We had cleaned the room before he arrived.
過去完成時:had+p.p.
7.一般將來時: will do/ We will clean the room tomorrow.
一般將來時:will(not)+V.ing / is(n't)/are(n't)+going to +V.原
8.過去將來時: was/were to /would do He said he would clean the room next
過去將來時:would(n't) / was(n't)/were(n't)+V.原
動詞不定式:to+V.ing
一、 一般現在時:
概念:經常、反復發生的動作或行為及現在的某種狀況。
時間狀語:often,usually,always,sometimes,every week(day,year,month...),once a week,on Sundays,etc.
基本結構:①be動詞;②行為動詞
否定形式:① am /is /are +not;②此時態的謂語動詞若為行為動詞,則在其前加don't,如主語為第三人稱單數,則用doesn't,同時還原行為動詞。
一般疑問句:①把be動詞放於句首;②用助動詞 do提問,如主語為第三人稱單數,則用does,同時,還原行為動詞。
二、一般過去時:
概念:過去某個時間里發生的動作或狀態;過去習慣性、經常性的動作、行為。
時間狀語:ago,yesterday,the day before yesterday,last week(year,night,month...),in 1989,just now,at the age of 5,one day,long long ago,once upon a time,etc.
基本結構:①be動詞;②行為動詞
否定形式:① was/were +not;②在行為動詞前加didn't,同時還原行為動詞。
一般疑問句:①was或were放在句首;②用助動詞do的過去式did提問,同時還原行為動詞。
三、現在進行時:
概念:表示現階段或說話時正在進行的動作及行為。
時間狀語:now,at this time,these days,etc.
基本結構:am/is/are +doing
否定形式:am/is/are +not+doing
一般疑問句:把be動詞放在句首
四、過去進行時:
概念:表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正在發生或進行的行為或動作。
時間狀語:at this time yesterday,at that time或以when引導的謂語動詞是一般過去時的時間狀語等。
基本結構:was/were +doing
否定形式:was/were +not+doing
一般疑問句:把was或were放在句首
五、現在完成時:
概念:過去發生或已經完成的動作對現在造成的影響或結果,或從過去已經開始,持續到現在的動作或狀態。
時間狀語:recently,lately,since...,for...,in the past few years,etc.
基本結構:have/has +done
否定形式:have/has +not+done
一般疑問句:have/has放於句首
六、過去完成時:
概念:以過去某一時間為標准,在此以前發生的動作或行為,或在過去某動作之前完成的行為,即「過去的過去」。
時間狀語:before,by the end of last year(term,month...),etc.
基本結構:had +done
否定形式:had +not+done
一般疑問句:had放於句首
七、一般將來時:
概念:表示將要發生的動作或存在的狀態及打算、計劃或准備做某事。
時間狀語:tomorrow,next day(week,month,year....),soon,in a few minutes,by...,the day after tomorrow,etc.
基本結構:①am/is/are/going to +do;②will/shall+do
否定形式:①am/is/are +not+going to +do;② will/shall+not+do
一般疑問句:①be放於句首;② will/shall提到句首
八、過去將來時:
概念:立足於過去某一時刻,從過去看將來,常用於賓語從句中。
時間狀語:the next day(morning,year...),the following month(week...),etc.
基本結構:①was/were/going to +do;② would/should +do
否定形式:①was/were/not+going to +do;②would/should +not+do
一般疑問句:①was或were放於句首;②would/should提到句首
take sb sth=take sth to sb
play sports=do sports
a lot of=lofs of
want+名詞 想要某物
當主語是人want to do sth想做某事
當主語是物want doing 意思同上
12個月及說出生年月的順序
go不能直接跟賓語(除了副詞外,如:go home,go here,go there)
play直接加體育運動,不能直接加樂器,要加上a或the,如:play a guitar
介詞後跟名詞代詞動名詞
at+時間,如:at 7:00
主語+謂語+賓語(my name is lin)
一. 詞彙
⑴ 單詞
1. 介詞:in, on, under, behind, near, at, of
1). in表示"在……中", "在……內"。例如:
in our class 在我們班上
in my bag 在我的書包里
in the desk 在桌子里
in the classroom 在教室里
2). on 表示"在……上"。例如:
on the wall 在牆上
on the desk 在桌子上
on the blackboard 在黑板上
3). under表示"在……下"。例如:
under the tree 在樹下
under the chair 在椅子下
under the bed 在床下
4). behind表示"在……後面"。例如:
behind the door 在門後
behind the tree 在樹後
5). near表示"在……附近"。例如:
near the teacher's desk 在講桌附近
near the bed 在床附近
6). at表示"在……處"。例如:
at school 在學校
at home 在家
at the door 在門口
7). of 表示"……的"。例如:
a picture of our classroom 我們教室的一幅畫
a map of China 一張中國地圖
2. 冠詞 a / an / the:
冠詞一般位於所限定的名詞前,用來署名名詞所指的人或事物。冠詞有不定冠詞和定冠詞兩種。不定冠詞有兩個形式,即a和an。a用在以輔音音素開頭的詞前,如a book; an用在以母音音素開頭的字母前,如an apple.
a或an與可數名詞單數連用,泛指某類人或某物中的一個。
This is a cat.
這是一隻貓。
It's an English book.
這是一本英語書。
His father is a worker.
他的爸爸是個工人。
the既可以用在可數名詞前,也可以用在不可數名詞前,表示某個或某些特定的人或事物,也可以指上文提到過的人或事物。
Who's the boy in the hat?
戴帽子的男孩是誰呀?
------ What can you see in the classroom?
------ I can see a bag.
------ Where's the bag?
------ It's on the desk.
------- 你能在教室里看到什麼呀?
------ 我能看見一個書包。
------ 書包在哪呀?
------ 在桌子上。
3.some和any
①在肯定句中用some.例如:
There are some books on the desk.桌子上有一些書。
Lucy has some good books露西有一些好書。
②在疑問句和否定句中用any。例如:
Is there any ink in your pen?你的鋼筆里有墨水嗎?
Do you have any brothers and sisters?你有兄弟姐妹嗎?
There isn't any water in the glass.杯子里沒有水。
⑵記住它們的特殊用法。
①some亦可用於表示盼望得到對方肯定的答復或表示建議、委婉請求的疑問句中,這一點我們不久就會學到。例如:
Would you like to have some apples?你想吃蘋果嗎?
②any也可用於肯定句中,表示"任何的"。例如:
Any one of us can do this.我們當中任何一個都能做這個。
some 和any的用法是經常出現的考點,希望大家能准確地掌握它們的用法。
4.family
family看作為一個整體時,意思是"家庭",後面的謂語動詞be用單數形式 is ;如把family看作為家庭成員時,應理解為復數,後面的謂語動詞be應用are。
My family is a big family. 我的家庭是個大家庭。
My family are all at home now. 我的家人現在都在家。
Family強調由家人組成的一個集體或強調這個集體中的成員。home指個人出生、被撫養長大的環境和居住地點。 house指"家"、"房屋",側重居住的建築本身。
His family are all workers. 他的家人都是工人。
My home is in Beijing. 我的家在北京。
He isn't at home now. 他現在不在家。
It's a picture of my family. 這是一張我全家的照片。
5. little的用法
a little dog 一隻小狗,a little boy 一個小男孩。little常用來修飾有生命的名詞。
*但little還可表示否定意義,意為"少的",加不可數名詞。
There is little time. 幾乎沒時間了。
There is little water in the cup. 杯中水很少。
⑵ 片語
on the desk 在桌子上
behind the chair 在椅子後
under the chair 在椅子下面
in her pencil-box 在她的鉛筆盒中
near the door 在門附近
a picture of a classroom 一個教室的圖片
look at the picture 看這張圖片
the teacher's desk 講桌
a map of China 一張中國地圖
family tree 家譜
have a seat 坐下,就坐
this way 這邊走
二. 日常用語
1. Come and meet my family.
2. Go and see. I think it's Li Lei.
3. Glad to meet you.
4. What can you see in the picture?
I can see a clock / some books.
5. Can you see an orange?
Yes, I can. / No, I can't.
6. Where's Shenzhen?
It's near Hong Kong.
7. Let me see.(口語)讓我想想看。
see 在這是"明白、懂了",不可譯作"看見"。例如:
8. Please have a seat.
seat表示"座位",是個名詞。have a seat表示"就坐",也可以說take a seat, 和sit down的意思相同。
三. 語法
1. 名詞所有格
名詞如要表示與後面名詞的所有關系,通常用名詞所有格的形式,意為"……的"。一般有以下幾種形式:
(1). 一般情況下在詞尾加"'s"。例如:
Kate's father Kate的爸爸
my mother's friend 我媽媽的朋友
(2). 如果復數名詞以s結尾,只加"'"。例如:
Teachers' Day 教師節
The boys' game 男孩們的游戲
(3). 如果復數名詞不以s結尾,仍加"'s"。例如:
Children's Day 兒童節
Women's Day 婦女節
(4). 表示兩個或幾個共有時,所有格應加在後一個名詞上。例如:
Lucy and Lily's room Lucy 和Lily的房間
Kate and Jim's father Kate 和Jim的爸爸
動物和無生命事物的名詞的所有格一般不在詞尾加"'s",而常常用介詞of的短語來表示。
a map of China 一幅中國地圖
the name of her cat 她的貓的名字
a picture of my family 我的家庭的一張照片
the door of the bedroom 卧室的門
2. 祈使句
祈使句主要用來表示說話人的請求、命令、建議、叮囑等意圖。祈使句一般不用主語,讀時用降調。為使語氣委婉、禮貌,常在句首或句尾加please 。在句尾時,please前多用逗號。
(1). 祈使句肯定形式的謂語動詞一律用動詞原形。
Go and see. 去看看。
Come in, please. 請進。
(2). 祈使句的否定形式常用don't於句首。
Don't look at your books. 不要看書。
Don't play on the road. 不要在馬路上玩。
3. There be 的句子結構
There be是一個"存在"句型,表示"有"的意思,
肯定句的形式為:There be + 名詞(單數或復數)+地點狀語或時間狀語。
be動詞單復數的確定,看be後邊第一個名詞,當所接主語為單數或不可數名詞時,be動詞形式為is;當所接主語為復數名詞時,be動詞為are;當be動詞後接兩個以上主語時,be動詞與最臨近主語保持數上的一致。意思為"某地有某人或某物"。如:
There is an eraser and two pens on the desk. 桌子上有一塊橡皮和兩支鋼筆。
There are two pens and an eraser on the desk. 桌上有兩支鋼筆和一塊橡皮。
(1)there be的否定句,即在be的後面加上not。
否定形式為:There be + not + (any) + 名詞+地點狀語。
There is not any cat in the room. 房間里沒貓。
There aren't any books on the desk. 桌子上沒書。
(2)there be句型的疑問句就是將be提到句首:Be there + (any) +名詞+地點狀語?肯定回答:Yes, there is / are. 否定回答:No, there isn't / aren't.
---Is there a dog in the picture? 畫上有一隻狗嗎?
---Yes, there is. 有。
---Are there any boats in the river? 河裡有船嗎?
---No, there aren't. 沒有。
(3)特殊疑問句:How many . . . are there (+地點狀語)?"某地有多少人或物?"回答用There be . . .
There's one. / There are two / three / some . . .
有時直接就用數字來回答。One. / Two . . .
---How many students are there in the classroom? 教室里有多少學生?
---There's only one. / There are nine. 只有一個。/有九個。
(4)如果名詞是不可數名詞,用:How much + 不可數名詞 + is there + 地點狀語?
How much water is there in the cup? 杯中有多少水?
How much food is there in the bowl? 碗里有多少食物?
㈣ 初中三年的英語語法知識點總結,謝謝了啊....
你好,我抄是英語教育專襲業大三的學生,
從事家教兼職已經兩年了。
如果需要中學相關的英語學習或者考試資料的話,
可以發郵件到我的郵箱:[email protected]
我會即使將資料發給你的。
《中考英語語法知識難點大全》
㈤ 初三英語語法總結
沒什麼難的地方.
1.不定代詞(some any,all both,either neither,no none,each every,many much,few little的區別與聯系)
A復合不定代詞12個
Bsome any的用法
2.時態
A一般現在、過去、將來時
B現在、過去完成時
C過去、現在、將來進行時
D現在完成進行時
3.賓語從句(3種)
4.定語從句(以that為主)
5.構詞法,主要詞綴(un dis bi ab inter tele re ful tion less ese y ing ed ly able al等)
6.主要縮寫
7.形容詞與副詞的比較級,最高級
A特殊變化與一般變化
B用法
8.動詞的種類
行為、情態、聯系、助動詞
9.句子的成分
主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補語
10.簡單句5大基本句型(順便掌握及物與不及物動詞的區別)
11.動詞不定式
A基本結構(to+動詞原型,否定式為not to+動詞原型)
B用法
C疑問詞+不定式
12.被動語態
A主動與被動的概念
B構成
C情態動詞被動語態
13.虛擬語氣(以「現在不可能發生」為主)
結構為If+主+V-ed,主+would do。
注意從句裡面be用were
14.雙賓語
15.情態動詞
caN could,should,would,would like,might may,have to must,need
特別注意掌握情態動詞表推測
16.直接引語,間接引語
注意指示代詞、時間與地點詞、動詞轉換的情況
注意不轉換的情況
注意主從一致
17.狀語從句(特別是IF ,WHEN和UNTIL)
注意主句一般將來時,從句用一般現在表將來。
18.名詞
A專有名詞與普通名詞
B可數與不可數
C可數名詞單數與復數
D所有格
19.代詞
A人稱代詞
B物主代詞
C指示代詞
20.數詞
A基數詞
B序數詞
21.動詞縮略形式
22.介詞
A時間介詞
B地點介詞
C其他
23.冠詞
24.分詞
A現在與過去分詞
B現在分詞做主語等
C分詞做定語
25.倒裝
A so+動詞+主語
B部分倒裝
26.特殊
A季節,星期,月份,年份讀法
B報時
C動詞+介詞,動詞+副詞的各種特殊意義
D其他(如7大洲,4大洋,撲克花色,電影.音樂的類型,國家與首都等)
{你是老師就很容易看懂上面這些了,如果是學生.那就去查查語法書吧.}
㈥ 初三英語語法總結~~~~
句子成分:主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、賓語補足語和狀語
1、主語:
(1)由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞用主格)、動詞不定式、動名詞等充當,說明動作是「誰」發出的,主語是句子陳述的對象,說明是誰或什麼,表示句子說的是「什麼人」,或」什麼事「,如「我寫字」中的「我」,做出寫字這個動作。「寫」則是謂語,「字」是賓語,是接受謂語「寫」這個動作的對象,因此是賓語。如:The painter painted a very nice picture. (畫家畫了一幅漂亮的畫。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他們勇敢地與非典搏鬥。) / To see is to believe. (耳聽為虛眼見為實). / Helping animals is to help people. (幫助動物就是幫助人類。)
(2)動詞不定式或動名詞做主語時可用it代替,而不定式或動名詞移至表語或賓語之後。如:It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat ring the long journey. (在長途旅行中能有個甲等座位簡直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多對你的身體不利。)(比較好看,避免頭重腳輕)
(3)口語中常見主語或「主--系」省略:(It is) nothing. ((那)沒有什麼。)/ (It) doesn』t matter. ((那)沒有關系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)謝謝你。)
(4)反意問句的附加問句,主語必須是代詞:The man looks worried, doesn』t he? (這個人看上去很著急不是嗎?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren』t they? (老虎是危險的動物不是嗎?)
(5)祈使句一般省略主語。加主語時往往用來指定某個人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子們請保持鍵盤的清潔。) (省略了主語) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去給我弄一杯水來。)
(6)主語一般在句首,但在問句中會處於第二位和句尾;倒裝句及there be句型主語在動詞之後。如:Computers are made in this factory. (計算機生產於這家工廠。) / Where are they? (他們在哪兒?) / Does the boy like staying home? (這個男孩喜歡呆在家裡嗎?)
(7)主語與謂語必須保持單、復數的一致, 而謂語與表語或賓語之間沒有這一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都沒有通過考試。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中華民族是一個勤勞勇敢的民族。)
(8)主語可以由從句充當,詳見「主語從句」。
2、謂語:是對主語動作或狀態的陳述或說明,指出「做什麼」,「是什麼」或「怎麼樣」,在主語後接賓語,又稱受詞,是一個動作的接受者。
(1)由「不及物動詞」、「及物動詞+賓語」或「系動詞+表語」等構成,說明主語所表示的人物「干什麼」或「怎麼樣」。如:
He travelled in space for the first time .(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語?) / The pizza has gone bad. (那塊烤餡餅已經變壞。) /
(2)謂語動詞必須反映出人稱、單復數、時態等信息,謂語動詞往往由下列詞語依序排列構成:[情態動詞]+[時態助動詞](現在完成時)+[語態助動詞](如被動語態)+[主要動詞](不一定全部出現)。(見動詞的時態和語態構成表)記住:謂語部分第一個動詞往往是變形動詞。如:
I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (對不起我發出了太大的聲音但是只能這樣。) / He can』t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能讀完了那本長達800頁的小說。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (該採取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)
(3)謂語動詞切忌用「行為動詞1 + 原形動詞」、「be + 原形動詞」。
記住使用下列正確形式:
①情態動詞+原形動詞。如:You』d better go over the lesson.(你最好復習這一課。)
②shall/ will/ would+原形動詞。如:They should have been there once.(他們應該去過那兒。)
③be+現在分詞或者過去分詞。如:What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什麼?)---表示一般將來時/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自從20世紀70年代大批樹木被砍伐。)
④have+過去分詞。如:Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上)
⑤一般時問句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形動詞。如:He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子過的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你們當中有誰見過恐龍蛋嗎?)
⑥行為動詞1+行為動詞2 (不定式、動名詞、現在分詞、過去分詞等形式)。如:He made up his mind to be a vet.(他拿定主意要做個獸醫。)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.(自尊自愛是享受生活的根本。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,「Merry Christmas!」(他們叫醒家庭的其他成員,呼喊著:聖誕快樂!)/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及國王讓人給他們自己修建堅固的墳墓。)
(4)不可用形容詞、名詞、代詞、副詞、介詞短語等獨立作謂語,必須在此之前加連系動詞。
(5)謂語動詞單復數形式:單數形式的動詞有:is,was,has,does以及「動詞+s」;復數形式的動詞有:are,were,have以及動詞原形。其他動詞不分單、復數。
謂語部分第一個動詞的形式 單數形式 復數形式
一般現在時be(是)動詞;
現在某些時態和語態的助動詞be am (單一); are (單二); is (單三); are
一般過去時be(是)動詞;
過去某些時態和語態的助動詞be was (單一); were (單二); was;(單三) were
一般現在時have(有)動詞;
現在完成時態的助動詞have have (單一); have (單二); has (單三); have
一般現在時行為動詞和助動詞do do (單一、單二); does (單三) do
實意動詞和連系動詞的一般現在時動詞(否定和疑問句除外) 原形動詞(單一、單二); 動詞+s /es (單三) 原形動詞
其他各時態語態的謂語動詞 單復數形式相同
記住:主語、謂語單復數必須保持一致。(參見「4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復數的一致問題:」) Air and water is necessary to us all.(空氣和水對於我們大家是必不可少的。)
(6)一般問句和反意問句的回答不使用行為動詞,應該使用「是」動詞、情態動詞、助動詞(be,will,have,do以及變形)。如:The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn』t it? ----Yes, it is.(奧運會每兩年舉辦一次,是嗎?----是的。)
3、賓語:又稱受詞,是指一個動作(動詞)的接受者。賓語分為直接賓語和間接賓語兩大類,其中直接賓語(經常指被做的人)指動作的直接對象,間接賓語說明動作的非直接,但受動作影響的對象。一般而言,及物動詞後面最少要有一個賓語,而該賓語通常為直接賓語,有些及物動詞要求兩個賓語,則這兩個賓語通常一個為直接賓語,另一個為間接賓語。
(1) 由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞要用賓格)、不定式、動名詞、(賓語)從句充當,表示動作的承受者是「誰」或者是「何物」。如: The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那個天使同樣來到約瑟夫面前並且告訴他同樣的事情。)(代詞和名詞充當兩個賓語) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告訴我說公司付不起他那麼多的錢。) (不定式作賓語) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons. (他們如此喜愛看足球以至於常常忘記了他們的功課。) (動名詞作賓語) / I think to be a children』s doctor is very rewarding.(我認為當個兒童醫生是很值得的。) (從句作賓語)
(2) 只有及物動詞或介詞才有賓語,不及物動詞沒有賓語,如果涉及到事物,則必須在不及物動詞後面加合適的介詞。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物動詞,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能聽到什麼令人興奮的消息嗎?)
(3) 賓語一般放在及物動詞或介詞的後面,但是在疑問句中,如果賓語是疑問詞,則賓語要放在句首。介詞的賓語如果是疑問詞,則可以放在介詞後或句首。如:What did he see? (他看見了什麼?) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什麼寫的信?) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什麼寫的信?)
(4)「動詞+副詞+賓語」結構中,如果賓語是代詞,則代詞必須放在「動」「副」之間。如:Please put the shoes away. (請把鞋子收起來。) / Please put away the shoes. (請把鞋子收起來。) / Please put them away. (請把它們收起來。)
(5) 動詞後面跟雙賓語時可以採用兩種結構:
①動詞+間接賓語(人)+直接賓語(物)。如:He often gives me some help. (他常常幫我。)
②動詞+直接賓語+介詞+間接賓語。注意,一般情況介詞用to,但動詞是make, buy, borrow時,介詞用for.如: Please make me a kite. (請給我做個風箏。)或Please make a kite for me.
(6) 在「動詞+賓語+賓補」結構中,如果賓語是不定式、動名詞、賓語從句,則常用it做形式賓語,而將實際的賓語移到補語後面去。如:I found the job rather difficult. (我發覺這個工作相當難做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.
(7) 賓語可以由從句充當,詳見「賓語從句」。
4、表語:
(1) 說明主語的身份、性質、狀況等含義的成分,通常由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞、代詞等充當。如:He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中畢業他當上了醫生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡膠輪子在那邊。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何東西因為他得了重感冒。) / Who is it?(誰呀?)
(2) 表語只能放在連系動詞(如:be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之後,對表語進行提問的句子除外。
(3) 代詞做表語一般用主格,口語中常用賓。如:It』s I. (It』s me.)是我。
(4) 只能作表語的形容詞有:sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很為他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(請不要發出響動,嬰兒正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是對獨坐孤舟無所事事感興趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(並非只有我才這樣想的。)
(5) 表語也可以由從句充當,詳見「表語從句」。
5、定語:
(1) 修飾名詞或代詞的成分,常由形容詞、名詞(含所有格)、代詞(物主、指示、疑問、不定)、介詞短語、不定式(短語)充當,在初三階段還學習了定語從句做定語的知識。如:Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上層的抽屜里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法國和瑞士是歐洲國家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大學教師。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(這是我一輩子難忘的日子。)
(2) 單詞做定語時一般放在被修飾的名詞前面,而且有一定的次序:
冠詞/
物代 年齡/形狀/
大小/溫度 色彩 來源 質地/
材料 目的/
用途 被修飾的名詞(中心詞)
a
the
my
his
… old,young,… red,
yellow,
blue,
… Chinese,
English,
American,
… wooden,
woolen,
glass,
silk,
paper
… meeting,
tennis,
sports,
reading,
swimming,
… box,
shoes,
room,
pig
…
long,short,
round, square…
big, large,
small, little…
hot, cold,
warm, cool…
(3) 時間副詞(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地點副詞(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定語時放在被修飾的名詞後面。如:I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那兒。)
(4) 介詞短語修飾名詞時只能放在名詞的後面:The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (籠子里的猴子是昨天逮著的。)
(5) 形容詞修飾復合不定代詞時,往往後置。如:He remembered everything unusual. (他記得所有不尋常的事情。)
(6) 定語還可以用從句充當,詳見 定語從句。
(7) 注意:由於定語屬於修飾性的成分,因此它常歸入主語、賓語、表語之中,不作為句子的主要成分。
6、狀語:
(1) 說明動作「何時」、「何地」、「如何」發生,或者說明形容詞或副詞的程度,一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式、狀語從句等充當。如:I was not born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/ For many of these families a college ecation was something new.(對其中的許多家庭來說,大學教育是件新事物。)/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒來發現房子著火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能離開)
(2) 副詞作狀語位置較為靈活,詳見《六•2》「副詞在句子中的位置以及作用」;介詞短語作狀語,位置基本固定,詳見《七•4》「介詞短語在句子中的位置」;不定式作狀語,一般表示目的、結果,詳見《八•7》「動詞的非謂語形式」;從句作狀語,詳見《主從復合句》的「狀語從句」。
(3) 多個狀語相連時,一般先單詞、後短語,先地點、後時間,先小概念、後大概念。如:He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22點3刻從房間里出來,然後消失在黑暗之中。) /
(4) 狀語還可以用從句來充當,有時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結果狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句等。詳見「狀語從句」。
(5) 注意:由於狀語屬於修飾性的成分,常歸入謂語,因此不作為句子的主要成分。
7、賓語補足語:
(1) 補充說明賓語的動作、狀態的成分為賓語補足語,常由名詞、形容詞、動詞非謂語形式(不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞等)、介詞短語等充當。如:Call him Jim, please. (請叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭盡所能讓他開心。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (請他明天來。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他讓小動物們給他帶食物來。)
(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副詞也可以作賓語補足語。如:Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你說,讓他進來!)/ Please put it away. (請把它收起來。)
(3) 不定式或分詞作賓語補足語的情況 (略)