㈠ 九年級英語10單元語法聚焦翻譯
托福閱讀考試離不開詞彙的考核，下面小編整理了托福閱讀考試的核心詞彙，希望能幫助大家備考。
31. be/become/get involved in 與…有關聯的
Two distinct processes are involved in molting.
32.benefit from 從…中受益
Students benefit from schools, which require long hours and homework.
33.break down 分解
All of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become clay.
34.by far 到目前為止
Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils.
35.by means of 通過，憑借
The topic of the passage is developed primarily by means of Adividing the discussion into two major areas.
36.by virtue of 由於
Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular characteristics
37.confine to 限制在一定范圍之內
The delivery service was at first confined to cities.
38.conform to 符合 Parks should be designed to conform to the topography of the area
39.contribute to 有貢獻，有助於
Transportation contributed to the development and maintenance of trade.
40.cope with 對付
Under certain circumstance the human body must cope with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure.
41.date back to 始於
In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.
42. depend on 依靠
The gulls depend on the falcons for protection.
43. deprive sb/sth of sth 剝奪..某事物
Plant stems die when deprived of water.
44.derive from 獲得，起源於
Babies obviously derive pleasure from sound input.
45.e to 由於，因為
Due to their dense structure, iron meteorites have the best chance of surviving an impact, and most are found by farmers plowing their fields.
46. evolve from/out of 從...進化來，從…發展來
The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.
47.extract from 提取
It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath.
48.feed on 以…為食物
Predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals.
49.focus on 集中(注意力)於
They focus on the meaning of their parents' words.
50. get rid of 處理掉
Atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without any outside intervention.
51.give access to 向…開放
To connect the pueblos and to give access to the surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces.
52.give birth to 使誕生，引起
Most insects lay eggs, but some give birth to live young.
53.give off 發散，發出
If Jupiter were larger, it would give off much less heat.
54.give rise to 引起，導致
The musical Renaissance was too short to give rise to a new musical style.
55.go beyond 超過，越過
An interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons.
56.go out of business 停業，關門
The shop went out of business.
57.have nothing to do with 與…無關
A species』 survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt.
58.impart to 傳授給
They functioned as sanctuaries where the elders impart tribal lore to the younger generation.
59.impose on 強加於
New regulations were imposed on nontraditional ecation.
60.in common 共同
No two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common.
㈡ 初三英語新目標14單元語法,解析
1.現在完成時
現在完成時用來表示之前已發生或完成的動作或狀 態，其結果的確和現在有聯系。動作或狀態發生在過去 但它的影響現在還存在；也可表示持續到現在的動作或 狀態。其構成： have (has) +過去分詞。
2.比較過去時與現在完成時
1）過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現在完成時為過去發生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。
2）過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語
共同的時間狀語:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
現在完成時的時間狀語
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不確定的時間狀語
3）現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態，動詞一般是延續性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
舉例：
I saw this film yesterday.
（強調看的動作發生過了。）
I have seen this film.
（強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?
（強調起床的動作已發生過了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
（強調有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。）
She has returned from Paris.
她已從巴黎回來了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回來了。
He has been in the League for three years.
(在團內的狀態可延續)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是團員的狀態可持續)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入團，joined為短暫行為。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現在完成時，要用過去時。
（錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
3. 比較since和for
Since 用來說明動作起始時間，for用來說明動作延續時間長度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I was born..
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.
My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.
I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：並非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。
I worked here for more than twenty years.
(我現在已不在這里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.
(現在我仍在這里工作。)
小竅門： 當現在完成時+一段時間，這一結構中，我們用下面的公式轉化，很容易就能排除非延續動詞在完成時中的誤使。
1) (對) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2) (錯) Harry has got married for six years.
= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然，第二句不對，它應改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
4. since的四種用法
1) since +過去一個時間點 (如具體的年、月、日期、鍾點、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段時間+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +從句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段時間+ since從句
It is two years since I became a postgraate student
5.延續動詞與瞬間動詞
1) 用於完成時的區別
延續動詞表示經驗、經歷； 瞬間動詞表示行為的結 果，不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項工作。 (表結果)
I've known him since then. 我從那時起就認識他了。(表經歷)
2) 用於till / until從句的差異
延續動詞用於肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動詞用於否定句，表示"到……，才……"
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.
他到10 點才回來。
He slept until ten o'clock.
他一直睡到10點。
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題後句強調對現在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復發生的動作，因此用現在完成時。
2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始，持續到現在，應用現在完成時
關於since;
since的用法主要有兩點：一是表示「自從……以來」，二是表示「既然」之意。但如果只了解詞的含義，而不了解其用法，在使用時就會造成錯誤。例如：I have not heard from him since I lived in Shanghai.
不少人會望文生義，將該句譯為：「自從我住在上海以來，就再也沒有收到他的信了。」而實際上這個句子的譯文並非如此，那麼正確的含義是什麼呢？
下面談談since作連詞引導時間狀語從句的用法。
一、若since引導的狀語從句的謂語動詞是終止性的過去時，則從句表示的時間是「從動作開始的那一時刻起」。如：
He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自從他來到我們學校，他學習就非常努力。
We have been missing them since they left here自從他們離開這里，我們就一直很想念他們。
這是最常見的一種用法，此處不再多述。
二、若since引導的狀語從句的謂語動詞是持續性動詞或表示狀態的動詞的過去時時，則從句表示的時間是「從那持續動作或狀態結束時算起」。如：
I haven』t heard any noise since I slept. Sleep 為持續性動詞，sleep的動作結束時，即「醒來」時，這句應譯為「我醒後還未聽到任何聲音」。
John is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a teacher約翰現在和父母一起住在紐約，他不當教師已經三年了。
本文開始出現的那個句子就可以譯為「自從我離開上海，就再也沒有收到他的信。」這種譯法常被人們誤用，我們不妨再多舉幾個例子看看：
How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?你離開（沒住在）上海多久了？
It is half a month since he was a League member.他退團（不當團員）半個月了。
It』s been quite some time since I was last in London我離開倫敦已很長時間了。
比較：He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自從我病癒以來，他屢次給我寫信。（從句謂語為狀態動詞）
He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自從我生病以來，他就屢次給我寫信。（從句謂語為終止性動詞）
三、若since引導的狀語從句的謂語為持續性動詞的現在完成時，則表示動作和狀態延續到現在（說話時刻），其表示的時間的起點應從動作發生之時算起。如：
I haven』t heard from him since he has lived there。
這里has lived表示動作的持續性，時間的起點應從：「開始居住」時算起。因此此句可理解為「自從他（開始）住在那兒起，我就一直沒收到他的來信」。
Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自從我們自己有了汽車，我們每年都去野營。
試比較：1. Since I』ve been at this school, we have had three headmasters.自從我到這所學校，我們已換了三個校長了。
Since I was at this school, they have had three headmasters.自從我離開這所學校，他們已換了三個校長了。
2.He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 自從我生病以來，他從未來看過我。
He has never been to see me since I was ill. 自從我病癒以來，他從未來看過我。
由此可見，since引導的從句持續動詞的一般過去時和現在完成時所表示的意思恰好相反。換言之，前者以肯定的語法形式反映著否定的邏輯內容，而後者的形式與內容是一致的。
至於It is +一段時間+since…的句型與It has been +一段時間+since…意思相同。前者是規范說法，後者是口語說法。
應注意的是，在這種結構中，since引導的從句絕對不能用否定式的謂語動詞來表示否定意義，下面兩句都錯了：
It is a long time since he didn』t study English.
It』s two months since you didn』t come to see me.
正確的說法為：
It』s a long time since he studied English 他好久沒學英語了。
You haven』t come to see me for two months. 你有兩個月沒來看我了。
解析：6B 詞義辨析語句連貫盡（as long as）作者所能記憶的。Remember是持續性動詞，與表示持續意義的as long as（象……一樣長；只要……）連用，引導條件狀語從句。as soon as，when，since三項均表示短暫意義，通常與短暫性動詞連用。
㈢ 初三英語語法
呵呵 希望對你有所幫助 祝樓主進步哈 記得採納O(∩_∩)O哈！
九年級英語復習---語法講解（1-7單元）
Unit1
By是個很常用的介詞（有時也用作副詞），在初中英語中的用法有以下幾種： 1.意為「在……旁」、「靠近」。如： Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大樹下唱歌跳舞，有的在湖邊畫畫兒。 2.意為「不遲於」、「到……時為止」。如： Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的兒子在晚飯前會好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上個學期末你們已經學了多少首英語歌曲？ 3.表示方法、手段，可譯作「靠」、「用」、「憑借」、「通過」、「乘坐」等。如： The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在樹上哈哈大笑。 The boy』s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父親是那麼的感激，於是他教愛迪生怎樣通過鐵路電報來傳達信息。 4.表示「逐個」、「逐批」的意思。如： One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他們一個一個得在黑暗中經過這張桌子。5.表示「根據」、「按照」的意思。如：What time is it by your watch? 你的表幾點了? 6.和take , hold等動詞連用，說明接觸身體的某一部分。如： I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手。 7.用於被動句中，表示行為主體，常譯作「被」、「由」等。如： English is spoken by many people. 英語被許多人所說。（即「許多人講英語。」） 8.組成其它短語。 1) by the way : 意為「順便說」、「順便問一下」，常做插入語。如： By the way , where』s Li Ping , do you know?
順便問一下，李平在哪兒。你知道嗎？ 2) by oneself : 意為「單獨」、「自行」。如： I can』t leave her by herself. 我不能把她單獨留下。 3) by and by : 意為「不久以後」、「不一會兒」。如： But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以後，越來越多的人開始學英語了。
二、動名詞的構成動詞後加動名詞doing，相當於名詞，在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語定語等。1）★作主語（這種用法常考）
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方與北方開戰了。2）作賓語Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
請問你介意調小一點收音機的音量嗎？3）作表語Babysister』s job is washing，cooking and taking care of the children。保姆的工作是洗衣服，作飯和照看孩子。
Unit2
used to 的用法：（1）肯定句：used這個詞沒有人稱的變化，to後面接動詞原形。
否定句是didn』t use to….
When I was a child, I didn』t use to like apples.當我還是孩子的時候我不喜歡蘋果.
疑問形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?當你來這兒之前你住哪兒？
（2）含有used to 的句子的反意疑問句不要usedn』t + 主語，而用didn』t ＋ 主語。He used to smoke, didn』t he? 他過去常常吸煙，是嗎？Yes, he did./ No, he didn』t. 是的，他吸。/ 不，他不吸。
（3）used to 表示過去的習慣動作， 而不是現在的。I am used to the weather here. 我已經習慣於這里的天氣了。He is used to hard work. 他習慣於艱苦的工作。
（4）used to 可以和be, have 以及其他狀態動詞連用，描寫過去的狀態。 I used to be a waiter, but now I』m a taxi-driver.我過去是一個服務員，但現在我是計程車司機。
★ 本單元的許多運用used to 的句子屬於描述過去的狀態。Mario used to be short.馬力奧過去總是很矮。Amy used to be outgoing.愛米過去性格外向。Tina used to have long and straight hair.蒂娜過去有一頭直的長頭發。He used to wear black shoes. 他過去常穿黑鞋。
Unit3
本單元重點講到了被動語態的用法英語動詞的被動語態由助動詞be加及物動詞的過去分詞構成。助動詞be有時態，人稱和數的變化，其變化規則與連系動詞be完全一樣。
一、被動語態的句式變化： 以一般現在時和動詞invite為例，列表說明被動語態的句式變化：
二、各種時態的被動語態結構總結如下： 被動語態的時態是由be的時態決定的，be是什麼時態，全句就是什麼時態，be動詞後面的過去分詞不變。一般現在時的被動語態為：主＋am / is / are （not）＋過去分詞一般過去時的被動語態為：主＋was / were ＋過去分詞
例如：我們學過的was / were born 生於，就是一個被動語態.born是個過去分詞（bear）－When were you born ? －I was born in 1989. 現在進行時被動語態的構成為: 主語＋is / am / are + being ＋過去分詞
現在完成時被動語態的構成為: 主語＋have / has ＋been ＋過去分詞
情態動詞的被動語態: 情態動詞＋be＋過去分詞
一般將來時的被動語態: 主語＋will ＋be ＋過去分詞
過去將來時的被動語態: 主語＋would / should + be ＋過去分詞
過去進行時的被動語態: 主語＋was / were + being ＋過去分詞
過去完成時的被動語態: 主語＋had + been +過去分詞
三、被動語態的用法：（1）不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執行者是誰，不用by＋動作執行者短語 Football is played widely all over the world. 全世界都廣泛地踢足球。
（2）強調動作的承受者，這時應用by短語。The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午這家銀行遭到搶劫。
（3）作客觀說明時，常採用一種被動語態句型It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA.
據報道美國大約二十名兒童死於流感。
四、主動語態的句子變為被動語態的方法是：（1）把原句中的賓語變為主語（2）動詞改為被動形式，即be+過去分詞（3）原來的主語，如果需要的話，放在by後面，如果沒必要，可省略。請看下錶:
主動語態 被動語態
They make trains in Zhuzhou． They use this key for locking the classroom door．Many people speak English．He wrote a letter．They are building a road． Trains are made in Zhuzhou．This key is used for locking the classroom door(by them)．English is spoken by many people．A letter was written by him．A road is being built (by them)．
Unit4
虛擬語氣：如果我們所說的不是事實，也不是要求、命令、勸告等，而只是一種假設、願望、建議或是一種實現不了的空想就用虛擬語氣
注意：條件句分兩種，真實條件句和虛擬條件句。只有在虛擬（非真實）條件句中，才用虛擬語氣，而在真實條件句中，要用陳述語氣。
請比較：
（1）If it is sunny tomorrow , we』ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天氣好，我們將會去公園。在這句話中，明天天氣好是完全有可能實現的，並非虛擬、幻想，因此是真實條件句。在本句中，適用「主將從現。」
（2）If I were you , I would go at once.
（如果我是你的話，我立刻就走。）在這句話中，條件句，「如果我是你」，但事實上，我不可能成為你，這只是假設的情況，沒有實現的可能。當條件實現的可能性很小，甚至可以說沒有時，就需要用虛擬語氣來表示，動詞發生了變化。
也就是說虛擬語氣表示和現實的事實相反時，從句用一般過時。
主句用 「should/would/could/ might +動詞原形。
1.If I had time, I would go for a walk.
2.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
3.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.
知識點2. He doesn』t know if he should bring a present.
此處if表示「是否」，引導賓語從句。Should此處表示「應該」。不是虛擬語氣。
E.g.1. I don』t know if I should go to the party.
2.If I have enough money, I will go to Hainan .
知識點3.If I were you , I』d wear a shirt and tie.
if 引導的條件狀語從句表示與現在事實相反的虛擬語氣時，be動詞只能用were，而不能用was。
E.g. If he were here, he would not agree with you .
知識點4. I don』t have a present. What if everyone else brings a present?
What if… 「如果……怎麼辦？」相當於 what would happen if…
E.g. What shall I do if it snows?
知識點5.Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble.
Trouble 麻煩事 ,名詞
常用搭配 ：get (sb)into trouble get out of trouble what』s the trouble
「if」引導的條件句。
Unit5
It must be--- (肯定是,100%)
It might/could be… (有可能,20-80%)
It can』t be… (肯定不是,0%)
程度 肯定句 否定句 疑問句
must ★ ★ ★ ★ √
may ★ ★ ★ √ √
might
/could ★ ★ √
√
√
√
can』t
can ★ √
√
1. --- Whose book is this?
--- It must be Mary』s. (肯定; 一定)
It must belong to Mary.
2. --- Whose French book is this?
--- It could be Ali』s. She studies French. (可能)
3. The hair band might belong to Linda.
might be Linda』s. (可能)
4. The T-shirt can』t be John』s. (不可能)
It』s much too small for him.
練習：1. --- Whose pen is this?
--- It ____ Liu Mei because I saw her use it the other day.
A. can』t be B. might be C. must belong to
2. That』s a piece of good news. They ___ glad to hear that.
A. can be B. might be C. must be D. can』t be
3. Mary ______ be in Paris. I saw her in town only a few minutes ago.
A. mustn』t B. shouldn』t C. can』t D. may not
Unit6
定語從句
1. who 指人,作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略）
The man who I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人,作賓語 (作賓語可省略,如介詞提前則不能省)
The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
3. which 指物，作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略, 如介詞提前則不能省)
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder （which） he is using is made in Japan.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
Is this the library from which you borrow books?
4. that 指人/物，作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略）
A plane is a machine. It can fly.→A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man. I told you about him. →He is the man (that) I told you about.
The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.
↓
The scientist Ø we met yesterday is very famous in the world.
who
whom
that
The dress is new. She is wearing it.
↓
The dress that she is wearing is new.
which
Ø
(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.
↓
He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.
who
whom
Ø
This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
↓
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
Ø
在選擇引導定語從句的關系代詞時，有如下要點：
1 由於關系代詞在主句與從句間既起到聯系作用，又在從句中充當一個成分，因此， 要正確判斷關系代詞在從句中的功能，如作主語還是賓語等。
2 當先行詞指人時，關系代詞可用who（做主語，賓語），that（做主語，賓語），whom（作賓語），whose（作定語）
3 當先行詞指物時，關系代詞可用that（做主語，賓語），which（做主語，賓語）
4 再定語從句中，作賓語的關系代詞長可省略，但在介詞後面的關系代詞不能省略。指人時，介詞後只用whom，指物時，介詞後只用which。
5 在非限制性定語從句中，指人時，只用who，指物時，只用which。
1．定語從句中that與who、which的區別
2．定語從句中關系詞的省略
典型例題
1. The first job ________I found was to be a cleaner.
A. where B. why C. which D. that
解析：指事物的先行詞前有序數詞修飾時，只能用關系代詞that。故本題的正確答案是D。
2. I don』t think history is as interesting as English.（改為同義詞）
I think history is ___________ interesting _________ English.
解析：答案是：less; than。意思是「我認為歷史不如英語有趣」。
3. The woman who is wearing the hat is my mother.（改為同義句）
The woman ________ the hat is my mother.
解析：讀題後可知：上句含義是「戴帽子的那個婦女旭我的媽媽」，對應下句，可知空格處應填「戴」，故正確答案是in。
選擇填空
1. The poor boy ________ lost both his parents last year is called Mike．
A．which B．what C．who D．／
2. The bridge ________ has been there for nearly fifty years still looks nice．
A．which B．what C．／ D．who
3. I』m one of the students _______well in English in my class．
A．who does B．who do C．which does D．who did
4. Is this factory ________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A．that B．where C．which D．the one
5. All______ they have done is good for us．
A．what B．which C．why D．that
Unit7
表達意願的幾個基本句子
a. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
b. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
c. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
d. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
答案：a. I hope to b. I』d like to c. I』d love to d. I want to
She would like to go to New York. （對劃線部分提問）
答案：Where would she like to go?
注意：where在本句中為副詞，go後面不能再加to，而Which city would she like to go to? 中which為代詞。
九年級英語復習---語法講解(Units8-15)
Unit8
1、短語動詞小結
常見短語動詞結構有下面幾種：
1.動詞+副詞 如：give up 放棄 turn off 關掉 stay up 熬夜
這種結構有時相當於及物動詞，如果其賓語是代詞，就必須放在動詞和副詞之間，如果是名詞，則既可插在動詞和副詞之間，也可放 在短語動詞後。
2. 動詞+介詞 如：listen of 聽 look at 看 belong to 屬於
這種結構相當於及物動詞，後面跟賓語。
3. 動詞+副詞+介詞 如：come up with 提出，想出 run out of 用完，耗盡
4. 動詞+名詞(介詞) 如：take part in參加 catch hold of 抓住
2、倒裝句
not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用來連接兩個並列的成分
(1)引導以 not only …but (also)… 開頭的句子往往引起部分倒裝。
因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒裝句。也是說得要
把前面的句子中的助動詞或者是情態動詞放在主語的前面。如：
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不僅能做到而且做得最好。
⑵Not only…but (also)… 接兩主語時，謂語動詞隨後面的主語人稱和數的變化 也就是就近原則 如：
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不僅莉莉而且你也喜歡貓。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不僅你而且莉莉喜歡貓。
常見的就近原則的結構有：
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (兩者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜歡他。
Either… or… 不是…就是… (兩者中的一個)
Either Lily or you are a student.
Not only …but (also)…
There be
㈣ 初三英語第一單元語法
介詞來後面可以加名詞作為賓語，源還可以加上動名詞，也就是動詞的ing形式。這個叫做介賓結構
例如：
介詞+名詞
by bike
介詞+動名詞
by doing (表示「通過做某事」來完成目的，是一種方式)
study 和後面的by不是一個結構的
但是study可以有其他結構，如study sth.或study doing或study to do都可以
㈤ 初三英語1到3單元語法復習提綱。
九年級英語各單元知識點小結
Unit1
1. by + doing 通過……方式 如：by studying with a group
by 還可以表示：「在…旁」、「靠近」、「在…期間」、「用」 、「經過」、「乘車」等
如：I live by the river.
I have to go back by ten o』clock.
The thief entered the room by the window.
The student went to park by bus.
2. talk about 談論，議論，討論
如：The students often talk about movie after class. 學生們常常在課後討論電影。
talk to sb. = talk with sb. 與某人說話
3. 提建議的句子：
①What/ how about +doing sth.? 如：What/ How about going shopping?
②Why don』t you + do sth.? 如：Why don』t you go shopping?
③Why not + do sth. ? 如：Why not go shopping?
④Let』s + do sth. 如： Let』s go shopping
⑤Shall we/ I + do sth.? 如：Shall we/ I go shopping?
4. a lot 許多 常用於句末 如：I eat a lot. 我吃了許多。
5. too…to 太…而不能 常用的句型 too + adj./adv. + to do sth.
如：I』m too tired to say anything. 我太累了，什麼都不想說。
6. aloud, loud與loudly的用法
三個詞都與"大聲"或"響亮"有關。
①aloud是副詞,重點在出聲能讓人聽見,但聲音不一定很大,常用在讀書或說話上。通常放在動詞之後。aloud沒有比較級形式。
如: He read the story aloud to his son. 他朗讀那篇故事給他兒子聽。
②loud可作形容詞或副詞。用作副詞時,常與speak, talk, laugh等動詞連用,多用於比較級,須放在動詞之後。如: She told us to speak a little louder. 她讓我們說大聲一點。
③loudly是副詞,與loud同義,有時兩者可替換使用,但往往含有令人討厭或打擾別人的意思,可位於動詞之前或之後。
如: He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. 他不當眾大聲談笑。
7. not …at all 一點也不 根本不
如：I like milk very much. I don』t like coffee at all. 我非常喜歡牛奶。我一點也不喜歡咖啡。
not經常可以和助動詞結合在一起，at all 則放在句尾。
8. be / get excited about sth.
= be / get excited about doing sth.
= be excited to do sth. 對…感到興奮
如：I am / get excited about going to Beijing.
=I am excited to go to Beijing. 我對去北京感到興奮。
9. ① end up doing sth 終止做某事，結束做某事 如：
The party ended up singing. 晚會以唱歌而結束。
② end up with sth. 以…結束 如：
The party ended up with her singing. 晚會以她的歌唱而告終。
10. first of all 首先
. to begin with 一開始
later on 後來、隨後
11. also 也、而且（用於肯定句）常在句子的中間（實義動詞之前，be動詞之後）
either 也（用於否定句）常在句末
too 也 (用於肯定句) 常在句末
12. make mistakes 犯錯 如：I often make mistakes. 我經常犯錯。
make a mistake 犯一個錯誤 如I have made a mistake. 我已經犯了一個錯誤。
13. laugh at sb. 笑話；取笑（某人） 如：Don』t laugh at me! 不要取笑我!
14. take notes 做筆記，做記錄
15. enjoy doing sth . 喜歡做…樂意做…
如：She enjoys playing football. 她喜歡踢足球。
enjoy oneself 過得愉快 如：He enjoyed himself. 他過得很愉快。
16. native speaker 說本族語的人
17. make up 組成、構成
18. one of +(the+ 形容詞最高級)+名詞復數形式 …其中之一
如： She is one of the most popular teachers. 她是最受歡迎的教師之一。
19. It』s +形容詞+(for sb. ) to do sth. (對於某人來說)做某事…
如：It』s difficult (for me ) to study English. 對於我來說學習英語太難了。
句中的it 是形式主語，真正的主語是to study English
20. practice doing 練習做某事 如：
She often practice speaking English. 她經常練習說英語。
21. decide to do sth. 決定做某事 如：
Li Lei has decided to go to Beijing . 李雷已經決定去北京。
22. unless 假如不，除非 引導條件狀語從句
如：You will fail unless you work hard..假如你不努力你會失敗。
I won』t write unless he writes first. 除非他先寫要不我不寫
23. deal with 處理 如：I dealt with a lot of problem.
24. worry about sb./ sth. 擔心某人/ 某事
如：Mother worried about his son just now. 媽媽剛才很擔心他的兒子。
25. be angry with sb. 對某人生氣 如：I was angry with her. 我對她生氣。
26. perhaps = maybe 也許
27. go by (時間) 過去 如： Two years went by. 兩年過去了。
28. see sb. / sth. doing 看見某人正在做某事 強調動作正在發生
see sb. / sth. do 看見某人在做某事
如： She saw him drawing a picture in the classroom. 她看見他正在教室里畫畫。
29. each other 彼此
30. regard…as … 把……看作為……
如：The boys regarded Anna as a fool. 這些男孩把安娜看成傻瓜了。
31. too many 許多 修飾可數名詞復數 如：too many girls
too much 許多 修飾不可數名詞 如：too much milk
much too 太 修飾形容詞 如：much too beautiful
32. change…into… 將……變為……
如：The magician changed the pen into a book. 這個魔術師將鋼筆變為一本書。
33. with the help of sb. = with one』s help 在某人的幫助下
如：with the help of Li Lei = with Li Lei』s help 在李雷的幫助下
34. compare …to … 把……與……相比
如：Compare you to Anna, you are lucky. 你和安娜相比，你是幸運的。
35. instead 代替 用在句末，副詞（字面上常不譯出來）
instead of sth. / doing sth. 代替，而不是 用在句中，做動詞
如：Last summer I went to Beijing. This year I』m going to Shanghai instead.去年夏天我去了北京, 今年我將要去上海。
I will go instead of you. 我將代替你去。
He stayed at home instead of going swimming. 他呆在家裡而不是去游泳。
Unit2
1. used to do sth. 過去常常做某事
否定形式： didn』t use to do sth. / used not to do sth.
如：He used to play football after school. 放學後他過去常常踢足球。
Did he use to play football? Yes, I did. No, I didn』t.
He didn』t use to smoke. 他過去不吸煙。
2. 反意疑問句
①肯定陳述句＋否定提問 如：Lily is a student, isn』t she?
Lily will go to China, won』t she?
②否定陳述句＋肯定提問 如：She doesn』t come from China, does she?
You haven』t finished homework, have you?
③提問部分用代詞而不用名詞如：Lily is a student, isn』t she?
④陳述句中含有否定意義的詞，如little, few, never, nothing, hardly等。其反意疑問句用肯定式。 如：He knows little English, does he? 他一點也不懂英語，不是嗎？ They hardly understood it, did they? 他們幾乎不明白，不是嗎？
3. play the piano 彈鋼琴
4. ①be interested in sth. 對…感興趣
②be interested in doing sth. 對做…感興趣
如：He is interested in math, but he isn』t interested in speaking English. 他對數學感興趣，但是他對說英語不感興趣。
5. interested adj. 感興趣的，指人對某事物感興趣，往往主語是人
interesting adj.有趣的，指某事物/某人具有趣味，主語往往是物
6. still 仍然，還：
①用在be 動詞的後面 如：I』m still a student.
②用在行為動詞的前面 如：I still love him.
7. the dark 天黑，晚上，黑暗
8. 害怕… be terrified of sth. 如：I am terrified of the dog.
be terrified of doing sth. 如：I am terrified of speaking.
9. on 副詞，表示（電燈、電視、機械等）在運轉中/打開，其反義詞off.
with the light on 燈開著
10. walk to somewhere 步行到某處 walk to school 步行到學校
11. spend 動詞，表示「花費金錢、時間」
①spend…on sth. 在某事上花費（金錢、時間）
②spend…doing sth. 花費（金錢、時間）去做某事 如：
He spends too much time on clothes. 他在衣著上花費了太多的時間。
He spend 3 months building the bridge.他花費了三個月去建這座橋。
pay for 花費 如：I pay 10 yuan for the book. 我花了10元買這本書。
12. take 動詞 有「花費」的意思 常用的結構有：
It take sb. some time to do sth. 如：It takes me a day to read the book.
take … to do sth.
13. chat with sb. 與某人閑聊 如：I like to chat with him. 我喜歡和他聊天。
14. worry about sb./ sth. 擔心某人/某事 worry 是動詞
be worried about sb./sth. 擔心某人/某事 worried 是形容詞
如：Don』t worry about him. 不用擔心他。
Mother is worried about her son. 媽媽擔心他的兒子。
15. all the time 一直、始終
16. take sb. to + 地方 送/帶某人去某個地方 如：
A person took him to the hospital. 一個人把他送到了醫院。
Lui took me home. 劉把我送回了家。(home 的前面不能用to)
hardly adv. 幾乎不、沒有
17. hardly ever 很少
hardly 修飾動詞時，通常放在助動詞、情態動詞之後，實義動詞之前:
助動詞/情態動詞＋hardly
hardly + 實義動詞
如：I can hardly understand them. 我幾乎不能夠明白他們。
I hardly have time to do it. 我幾乎沒有時間去做了。
18. miss v. 思念、想念、 錯過
19. in the last few years. 在過去的幾年內 常與完成時連用
如：I have lived in China in the last few years. 在過去的幾年內我在中國住。
20. be different from 與…不同
21. how to swim 怎樣游泳
不定式與疑問詞連用：動詞不定式可以和what, which, how, where, when 等引導的疑問句連用，構成不定式短語。如：
The question is when to start. 問題是什麼時候開始。
I don』t know where to go. 我不知道去哪。
22. make sb./ sth. + 形容詞 make you happy
make sb./ sth. + 動詞原形 make him laugh
23. move to +地方 搬到某地 如：I moved to Beijing last year.
24. it seems that +從句 看起來好像…… 如：
It seems that he has changed a lot. 看起來他好像變了許多。
25. help sb. with sth. 幫某人某事She helped me with English. 她幫助我學英語。
help sb. (to ) do sth. 幫某人做某事 如：She helped me (to) study English。 她幫助我學習英語。
26. fifteen-year-old 作形容詞 15歲的
fifteen-year-olds 作名詞 指15歲的人
fifteen years old 指年齡 15歲 如：
a fifteen-year-old boy 一個15歲的男孩
Fifteen-year-olds like to sing. 15歲的人喜歡唱歌。
I am fifteen years old . 我是15歲。
27.支付不起… can』t /couldn』t afford to do sth.
can』t / couldn』t afford sth.
如：I can』t/couldn』t afford to buy the car.
I can』t/couldn』t afford the car. 我買不起這輛小車。
28. as + 形容詞/副詞＋as sb. could/can/possible 盡可能……的 如：
Zhou run as fast as her could/can. 周盡可能快的在跑。
29. get into trouble with 遇到麻煩
30. in the end 最後
31. make a decision 下決定 下決心
32. to one』s surprise 令某人驚訝的是 如：
to their surprise 令他們驚訝的是 to Li Lei』s surprise令李雷驚訝的是
33. take pride in sth. 以…而自豪 如：
His father always take pride in him. 他的爸爸總是以他而自豪
34. pay attention to sth. 對…注意，留心 如：
You must pay attention to your friend. 你應該多注意你的朋友。
35. be able to do sth. 能做某事 如：She is able to do it. 她能夠做到。
36. give up doing sth. 放棄做某事 如：
My father has given up smoking. 我爸爸已經戒煙了。
37.不再 ①no more = no longer 如：
I play tennis no more/ longer.我不再打網球。
②not …any more = not …any longer 如：
I don』t play tennis any more/longer. 我不再打網球。
38. go to sleep 入睡
Unit3
1.語態：
①英語有兩種語態：主動語態和補動語態
主動語態表示是動作的執行者
被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者
Cats eat fish. （主動語態）貓吃魚。
Fish is eaten by cats. (被動語態) 魚被貓吃。
②被動語態的構成
由「助動詞be ＋及物動詞的過去分詞」構成
助動詞be 有人稱、數和時態的變化，其變化規則與be 作為連系動詞時完全一樣。
時態 被動語態結構 例句
一般現在 時 am
are +過去分詞
is English is spoken in many countries.
一般過去 時 was +過去分詞
were + 過去分詞 This bridge was built in 1989.
情 態
動 詞 can/should
may +be+過去分詞
must/… The work must be done right now.
③被動語態的用法
當我們不知道誰是動作的執行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動作的執行者，或者只需強調動作的承受者時，要用被動語態。
2. allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事（主動語態）如：
Mother allows me to watch TV every night. 媽媽允許我每晚看電視。
be allowed to do sth. 被允許做某事（被動語態）如：
Lily is allowed to go to Qinzhou. 莉莉被允許去欽州。
3. get their ears pierced 穿耳洞
讓/使（別人）做某事 get sth. done (過去分詞)
have sth. done (過去分詞)
如：I get my car mended. = I have my car mended. 我讓別人修好我的車
4. enough 足夠
形容詞＋enough 如：beautiful enough 足夠漂亮
enough＋名詞 如：enough food 足夠食物
enough to 足夠…去做…
如：I have enough money to go to Beijing. 我有足夠的錢去北京。
She is old enough to go to school. 她夠大去讀書了。
5. stop doing sth. 停止做某事 Please stop speaking.請停止說話。
stop to do sth. 停止下來去做其他事 Please stop to speak. 請停下來去說話。
6. 看起來好像…sb. seem to do sth. = it seems that +從句
He seems to feel very sad.=It seems that he feels very sad. 他看起來好像很傷心。
7. 系動詞不能獨立作謂語，要和表語一起構成謂語。常用的連系動詞有：look, feel, be, become, get, turn, smell, taste, stay(保持), kept等。連系動詞除be 和become 等少數詞可接名詞作表語外，一般都是接形容詞。 如：
They are very happy. He became a doctor (n.)two years ago. She felt very tired.
8. 倒裝句:
由so＋助動詞(be/do/will/have)/情態動詞＋主語 意為：…也是一樣
She is a student. So am I. 她是一個學生，我也是。
She went to school just now. So did I . 她剛才去學校了，我也是
She has finished the work. So have I . 她已經完成了工作,我也完成了。
She will go to school. So will he. 她將去學校，他也是。
9. yet 仍然，還 常用在否定句或疑問句當中
10. stay up 熬夜如：I often stay up until 12:00pm.我經常熬夜到12點。
11. clean up 打掃 整理 如：I have cleaned up the bedroom. 我已經打掃完了卧室。
12. 程度副詞：
always總是 usually經常 sometimes有時 never從不
如：I am always/usually/sometimes/never late for school.
我總是/經常/有時/從不上學遲到。
13. 曾經做某事：
Do you ever get to school late? Yes, I do. /No, I don』t.
Have you ever got to school late? Yes, I have. /No, I haven』t.
14. go shopping(去購物), go fishing(去釣魚), go swimming(去游泳), go boating(去劃船), go hiking(去登山), go trekking(去徒步)
15. be strict with sb. 對某人嚴厲 如：Mother is strict with her son. 媽媽對她的兒子很嚴厲。
be strict in sth. 對某（事）物要求嚴格
16. take the test 參加考試
pass the test 通過考試
fail the test 考試失敗
17. the other day 前幾天
18. agree 同意 反義詞 disagree不同意 動詞
agreement 同意 反義詞 disagreement 不同意 名詞
18. keep sb/ sth. ＋形容詞 使某人/某物保持…… 如：
We should keep our city clean.我們應該保持我們的城市干凈。
19. both…and…+動詞
如： Both Jim and Li Ming play basketball.
20. learn (sth.) from sb. 向某人學習(什麼) 如：
Jim learnt English from his English teacher. 吉姆向他的英語老師學習英語
21. have an opportunity to do sth. 有機會做某事
have a chance of doing sth. 有機會做某事
如：I have an opportunity to go to Beijing. I have a chance of going to Beijing.
22. at present 目前
23. at least 最少 at most 最多
24. 花費 take ,cost, spend , pay
sth. take (sb.) time to do sth. It took (me) 10days to read the book.
sth. cost (sb.) … The book cost (me) 100yuan.
sb. spend … on sth. She spent 10days on this book.
sb. spend …doing sth. She spent 10days reading this book.
sb. pay … for sth. She paid 10yuan for this book.
25. have +時間段+off 放假，休息 如：have 2 days off
26. reply to 答復某人 如：She replayed to MrGreen.
27. agree with sth. 同意某事 如：I agree with that idea.
agree to sb. 同意某人的意見 如：I agree to LiLei.
28. get in the way of 礙事，妨礙 如：
Her social life got in the way of her studies. 她的社會生活妨礙了她的學習。
29. success n. succeed v. successful adj. successfully adv.
30. think about 與think of 的區別
①當兩者譯為： 認為、想起、記著時，兩者可互用
I often think about/ of that day. 我經常想起那天。
②think about 還有「考慮」之意 ，think of 想到、想出時兩者不能互用
At last, he thought of a good idea. 最後他想出了一個好主意。
We are thinking about going to Qinzhou. 我們正在考慮去欽州。
31. 對… 熱衷， 對…興趣
be serious about doing 如：She is serious about dancing. 她對跳舞熱衷。
be serious about sth. 如：She is serious about him. 她對他感興趣。
32. practice doing 練習做某事 She often practice speaking English.
33. care about sb. 關心某人 如：Mother often care about her son.
34. also 也 用於句中 I am also a student. 我也是一個學生
either也 用於否定句且用於句末 I am a student too. 我也是一個學生。
too 也 用於肯定句且用於句末 I am not a student either. 我也不是一個學生。
希望對你有所幫助！
㈥ 初三英語1~7單元語法
九上Unit1教學語法點
A:
語態是動詞的一種形式，它用來表示句中主語同謂語動詞之間的關系。
英語有兩種語態， 主動語態和被動語態， 主動語態表示主語是謂語動詞動作的執行者，被動語態表示主語是謂語動詞動作的承受者。例如：
I have repaired the radio.
我修好了收音機。
The radio has been repaired.
收音機被修好了。
The students cleaned the classroom.
學生們打掃了教室。
The classroom was cleaned by the students.
教室被學生們打掃了。
被動語態的構成：
be + 過去分詞
A building was damaged by the storm.
暴風雨毀壞了一座建築物。
Our plate was made in China.
我們的盤子是中國生產的。
My bike was stolen.
我的自行車被盜了。
常用的被動語態的時態變化如下，以 ask 為例：
一般 進行 完成
現在I am asked, I am being asked, I have been asked
過去I was asked,I was being asked,I had been asked
將來I shall be asked, I shall have been asked
過去將來I shall be asked
被動語態的疑問句是把助動詞提前到句首。
Has your TV set been repaired?
你的電視機修了嗎？
Was the kite broken?
風箏破了嗎？
Has the work been done?
工作結束了嗎？
被動語態的否定式是在助動詞後面加 not.
The letter has not been sent out.
信還沒有發出去。
The little boy has not been found out.
小孩還沒有找到。
The cap has not been mended yet.
帽子還沒有補好。
Their money has not been sent to them.
他們的錢還沒有送到他們手中。
被動語態的用法：
被動語態表示一種主語和謂語之間的關系，當主語是動作的承受者時， 就需要用到被動語態，漢語中所說的，「汽車被撞壞了」「鋼筆被修好了」 等句子就是一種被動語態的句子，在漢語中常用「被」「由」等詞來表示這種被動語態。在英語中則用動詞的被動語態形式來表示。被動語態中還可用 by 短語加在句後表示被動語態中動作的發出者。也就是謂語動詞動作的邏輯上的主語，被動語態常用在下列情況。
1) 不知道誰是謂語動詞動作的執行者時，或者沒有必要說出誰是執行者時。
The glass was broken last night.
玻璃昨天被打破了。
His bike has been stolen.
他的自行車被偷了。
He was asked to go there once more.
他被要求再去那兒一次。
The bag was put into the box.
袋子放在了箱子里。
2) 為了強調或突出動作的承受者時。
The plan has been sent to the headmaster.
計劃已經送給校長了。
Kilinton was elected the President of U.S.A.
柯林頓被選為美國總統。
Five people were hurt in the explosion.
五個人在這次爆炸中受傷。
A new building was set up in a short time.
新大樓短期就建成了。
3) 被動語態也可以說出動作的執行者，構成如下：
動作承受者 + be + 過去分詞 + by + 動作執行者。
The picture was praised by everybody.
照片得到了大家的好評。
The classroom was cleaned by us.
教室被我們打掃過。
The bridge was built by workers from Shanxi.
這座橋是山西的工人建的。
The little boy was found by the police.
小孩被警察找到了。
有關被動語態的幾個問題：
1) "be + 過去分詞" 並非都是被動語態，系動詞 be, feel, seem,look,等詞後面的過去分詞已轉化為形容詞，作表語用，表示某種狀態。
I'm interested in mathematics.
我對數學感興趣。
He seems unsatisfied with his work.
他看起來對他的工作不滿意。
We are determined to catch up with the developed countries.
我們決心要趕上發達國家。
The song is called "Don't forget me".
歌曲的名字叫「勿忘我」。
某些動詞用主動語態來表示被動含義。
The food tastes good.
食物很香。
It smells strange.
這有怪味。
The stone feels very cold.
石頭摸起來很冷。
The woman's clothes sell well.
女裝賣的快。
3) 一般情況下，及物動詞才能構成被動語態，但有些不及物動片語成短語後，也可構成被動語態。
He was looked down upon because of his egoism.
他因自私而受人冷落。
The children were taken good care of in the the orphanage.
孩子們在孤兒院受到了良好的照顧。
㈦ 九年級英語12單元重點語法
1. be supposed to do .應該如：
We are supposed to stop smoking.我們應該停止吸煙。
知識拓展表示應該的詞有：should, ought to ,be supposedto
2. shake hands握手shake 本意是「搖動、震動」
3. You should have asked what you were supposed to wear.
你本應該問清楚怎麼樣穿才得體。中的「should have asked」是
「情態動詞＋現在完成時」表示過去本應該做某事，事實上沒有做
如：She should have gone to Beijing.她本應該去了北京。（沒有去）
4. be relaxed about sth.對某事隨意、不嚴格如：
They are relaxed about the time. 他們對時間很隨意。
5. pretty adv. 相當,很＝veryShe is pretty friendly. 她相當友好。
adj. 美麗的 She is a pretty girl.她是一個美麗的女孩。
6. make plans to do == plan to do. 打算做某事如：
She has made plans to go toBeijing.==She has planed to go to Beijing.
7. drop by 訪問看望拜訪串門
We just dropped by our friends』homes.我們剛剛去朋友家串門。
8. on time 按時
9.after all 畢竟終究如：
You see I was right after all.你看，畢竟還是我對了。
10. invite sb. to do sth. 邀請某人做某事如：
Lily invited me to have dinner.莉莉請我吃晚飯。
11. without 沒有
12. around the world == all over the world 全世界
13. pick up 撿起挑選如：He picked up his hat. 他撿起他的帽子。
14. start doing == start to do 開始做某事如
He started reading.== He startedto read. 他開始讀。
15. point at 指向
16. stick v. 剌截n. 棒，棍
chopstick 筷子是由chop(砍)＋stick(棒)合成，
通常用復數形式：chopsticks
17. go out of one』s way to do 特意，專門做某事如：
He went out of his way to make mehappy. 他特意使我高興。
18. make mistakes 犯錯誤（復數）make a mistake 犯錯誤（一個）
19. be different from 與…不同如：
Chinese food is different fromtheirs. 中國菜與他們的不同.
20. get/be used to sth. 習慣於…
get/be usedto doing習慣於…
be used to do 被用於做…
be used for doing被用於做…
used to do 過去常常做…如：
I washclothes everyday. But I』m used to it.
我每天都洗衣服，但我習慣了
I am used towashing clothes. 我習慣於洗衣服了。
The knives are used tocut things. 小刀被用來切東西。
The knives are used for cuttingthings. 小刀被用來切東西。
She used to watch TV after school. 她過去放學後常常看電視。
21. 我發現要記住每一樣事是困難的。
I find it difficult to remembereverything.
形式賓語 真正賓語
常見的形式賓語有：
find / think + it/them +形容詞 to do sth. 如：
I think it hard to study English.
22. cut up 切開切碎如：Let』s cut up the water melon.
讓我們切開這個西瓜吧。
23. make a toast 敬酒
24. crowd v.擠滿 其形容詞和過去式及過去分詞都是：crowded
25. set n. 一套 v. 設置
26. can』t stop doing 忍不住做某事I can』t stop laughing. 我忍不住笑
27. make faces做鬼臉
28.face to face 面對面
29. learn…by oneself 自學如：
I learn English by my self. 我自學英語。
㈧ 初三英語語法都有些什麼啊幾個單元的給我總結下吧.
.不定代詞（some any,all both,either neither,no none,each every,many much,few little的區別與聯系） A復合不定代詞12個 Bsome any的用法 2.時態 A一般現在、過去、將來時 B現在、過去完成時 C過去、現在、將來進行時 D現在完成進行時 3.賓語從句（3種） 4.定語從句（以that為主） 5.構詞法，主要詞綴（un dis bi ab inter tele re ful tion less ese y ing ed ly able al等） 6.主要縮寫 7.形容詞與副詞的比較級，最高級 A特殊變化與一般變化 B用法 8.動詞的種類 行為、情態、聯系、助動詞 9.句子的成分 主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補語 10.簡單句5大基本句型（順便掌握及物與不及物動詞的區別） 11.動詞不定式 A基本結構（to+動詞原型，否定式為not to+動詞原型） B用法 C疑問詞+不定式 12.被動語態 A主動與被動的概念 B構成 C情態動詞被動語態 13.虛擬語氣（以「現在不可能發生」為主） 結構為If+主+V-ed,主+would do。 注意從句裡面be用were 14.雙賓語 15.情態動詞 caN could,should,would,would like,might may,have to must,need 特別注意掌握情態動詞表推測 16.直接引語，間接引語 注意指示代詞、時間與地點詞、動詞轉換的情況 注意不轉換的情況 注意主從一致 17.狀語從句（特別是IF ，WHEN和UNTIL） 注意主句一般將來時，從句用一般現在表將來。 18.名詞 A專有名詞與普通名詞 B可數與不可數 C可數名詞單數與復數 D所有格 19.代詞 A人稱代詞 B物主代詞 C指示代詞 20.數詞 A基數詞 B序數詞 21.動詞縮略形式 22.介詞 A時間介詞 B地點介詞 C其他 23.冠詞 24.分詞 A現在與過去分詞 B現在分詞做主語等 C分詞做定語 25.倒裝 A so+動詞+主語 B部分倒裝 26.特殊 A季節，星期，月份，年份讀法 B報時 C動詞+介詞，動詞+副詞的各種特殊意義 D其他（如7大洲，4大洋，撲克花色，電影.音樂的類型，國家與首都等）
㈨ 初三英語語法全部 新目標的 要求每個單元的分開 就80分啦，拿走
新目標九年級英語重點基礎語法歸納輔導
(一)現在完成時態
1,現在完成時的定義:現在完成時是表示在過去發生但與現在情況有聯系的動作或狀態的時態.
2,現在完成時的構成:現在完成時是由"助動詞have/has+動詞過去分詞"構成的.
①助動詞have/has可以與主語縮寫為've/'s.
e.g. I have → I've We have → We've He has → He's It has → It's
②規則變化的過去分詞與動詞過去式一樣.
③不規則變化的動詞過去分詞見表.Book 3 P255—257
3,現在完成時的基本句型.
①陳述句肯定形式.
e.g. I have had lunch. 我已經吃過午飯了. He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了.
②陳述句否定形式.(在助動詞have/has後+not,可縮寫為haven't/hasn't)
e.g. I haven't had lunch. 我還未吃午飯. He hasn't gone to Beijing. 他還沒有去北京.
③一般疑問句形式及其答語.(將助動詞have/has提前,答語一般用have, has回答)
e.g. Have you had lunch 你吃過午飯了沒 Yes, I have. No, I haven't.
Has he gone to Beijing 他去過北京了沒有 Yes, he has. No, he hasn't.
否定回答還可以用:No, not yet. / No, never. / No, not even once等.
④特殊疑問句形式.(疑問詞+一般疑問句)
e.g. Where has he gone 他去了哪裡
4,現在完成時的三個基本用法.
(1) 現在完成時的第一個基本用法表示過去發生或已完成的某一個動作對現在造成的影響或結果.
e.g. Have you had lunch Yes, I have. I've just had it.
你吃過午飯沒 有,吃過了,我剛剛吃的.(影響及結果:我現在飽了,不需要了)
He has gone to Beijing.
他已經去北京了.(影響及結果:他人現在不在這里了)
該用法常already(已經), never(從不), ever(曾經), yet(仍然), just(剛剛), before(以前)等副詞(作狀語)連用.
① already, just, ever, never常用於助動詞之後,實義動詞之前.
already, just多用於肯定陳述句.
e.g. She has already finished her work. 她早已幹完了活.
Would you like to go to see the film No, I've seen it already.不,我已經看過了.(already偶爾會出現於句末)
They have just won a game. 他們剛剛贏了一場比賽.
有時already可以用於疑問句,表示期待肯定回答,或表示驚訝,意外.
e.g. Have you finished reading the book already 你真的已經讀完這本書了 (表示驚訝)
ever多用於疑問句,問初次經歷.
e.g. Have you ever spoken to a foreigner 你跟外國人講過話嗎 (問初次經歷)
never多用於否定陳述句(注:本身表示否定意義)
e.g. He has never done such a thing, has he 他從來沒有做過這樣的事,不是嗎 (否定)
② yet一般用於疑問句(已經)或否定句(還),常位於句末.
e.g. Have you got ready yet 你已經准備好了嗎
He hasn't finished his homework yet. 他還沒完成作業.
③ before一般位於句末.
e.g. I have never seen the film before. 以前我從未看過那部電影.
現在完成時的第一種用法常與以上的副詞連用,因此這些詞有時可以作為現在完成時的標志詞.
(1) 現在完成時的第二個基本用法表示過去已經開始,持續到現在的動作或狀態.該用法常和表示過去某一時刻延
續到現在的一段時間的狀語連用.
①與for +一段時間連用,表示多久.
e.g. He has learned English for two years. 他已經學習兩年英語了.
I have been here for three days. 我在這里已經3天了.
②與since +時間(起點)連用,表示自…以來.
e.g. His father has worked in that factory since 1991. 他爸爸自1991年以來都在這家工廠工作.
I've had a cold since last Friday. 自上星期五起我就感冒了.
③與since +一段時間+ ago連用,表示自…以前就….
e.g. Jim has waited there since half an hour ago. 吉姆自半個小時前就已經在那裡等候了.
He has stayed here since three weeks ago. 他在這兒已呆了三個星期.
④與since +從句(從句用一般過去時)連用,表示自某事發生後就一直….
e.g. The Greens have lived in Beijng since they came to China. 格林一家自從來到中國後就一直住在北京.
I've known her since I came to work here. 自從我來這里工作就認識他了.
(3) 現在完成時的第三個基本用法表示到現在為止這一時期中多次動作的總和或所做過的工作的量的積累.
e.g. I have been to Beijing twice. 我去過北京兩次.
We've learnt five English songs this year. 今年我們學了五首英語歌曲.
How many pages of the book have you read 這本書你讀了多少頁了
5,延續性與非延續性動詞在現在完成時態中的使用.
(1)有一些動詞是瞬間動詞,也叫非延續性動詞,這些動詞一發生就結束了,常見的有:come, go, arrive, reach, leave,
begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等.這些動詞雖然可以用於現在完成時(說明某個
動作的結果還存在),但由於它們不能延續,因此不能跟表示一段的時間狀語連用.(也即現在完成時的第二個
基本用法中不能使用非延續性動詞).
e.g. Jim has come back. (正) 吉姆已經回來了.
Jim has come back for a month. (誤) come back的動作不能延續一個月,因此錯誤.
(2)瞬間動詞不可以用於有段時間的現在完成時態中,因此,若要解決這一問題,就應把它改為相應的延續性動詞
或短語,主要有以下幾種:
①用相應的延續性動詞
如: buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become → be
put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold
②轉換成be+名詞
如: join → be a member of go to school → be a student
③轉換成be+形容詞或副詞
如: die → be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be over
fall asleep — be asleep open → be open get up → be up close → closed
④轉換成be+介詞短語
如: come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach …→ be in/at… join the army → be in the army(軍隊)
e.g. I have borrowed the book. 我已經借了那本書.
I have kept the book for two days. 我已經借那本書兩天了.
Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已經加入那樂隊了.
Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已經加入那個樂隊一個月了.
His grandfather has died. 他祖父已經死了.
His grandfather has been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已經死了兩年了.
My father has arrived in China. 我父親已經到達中國了.
My father has been in China for a week. 我父親已經在中國一個星期了.
(3)在否定句中,非延續性動詞也可以與時間段連用.
e.g. I haven't borrowed books from the library since last year. 自去年以來我就沒有在圖書館借過書.
Jim hasn't come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年沒回來了.
6,現在完成時的幾種常見的句型轉換.
現在完成時可以轉化成一般過去時,還可以轉化成"It is/has been +時間段+since從句(用一般過去時)"等句型.
e.g. Jim has been back for a month. 吉姆已經回來一個月了.
= Jim came back a month ago. 吉姆一個月前就回來了.
= It is/has been a month since Jim came back. 自吉姆回來已經有一個月了.
= A month has passed since Jim came back.
I have kept the book for two days.
= I borrowed the book two days ago.
= It is / has been two days since I borrowed the book.
= Two days has passed since I borrowed the book.
7,現在完成時和一般過去時的區別:
現在完成時強調的是過去的動作對現在的影響,它和現在有密切的聯系.現在完成時經常會出現下列的標志詞.
如:already, yet, just, ever, never, several times, before, so far, for +時間段, since +時間點或從句等.一般過去時強調的是動作發生的時間,地點,不涉及對現在的影響,所以凡含有表示過去的時間狀語的句子,都必須用一般過去時,不能用現在完成時.
(二)賓語從句
1,賓語從句的概說:賓語從句在復合句中作主句的賓語.
整個復合句結構如下:
I think (that) I have lost it. 我想我已經把它丟了.
主語 + 謂語 +(引導詞)+ 主語 + 謂語
主句 賓語從句
由此可見賓語從句就是作及物動詞,介詞或某些形容詞的賓語的句子.
2,由that引導的賓語從句.(即陳述句作賓語從句)
(1) 主句的謂語.
① 很多及物動詞後都可接由that引導的賓語從句,如:think, hope, say, tell, know, see, hear, remember, mean等.
② 一些表示人的感情的形容詞如sure, happy, glad, pleased, surprised, sorry, afraid等後面也可接由that引導的賓
語從句,表示產生這種感情的原因.
e.g. I'm sure (that) he will come tomorrow. 我肯定他明天會來.
I'm happy (that) I see you here. 我很高興看到你在這里.
注意:如果主句與從句的主語一致,可把從句改為不定式,如果不一致,則只可用that從句.如②句可改寫為
I'm happy to see you here. 而①句則不可改.
(2) 從句的引導詞,即that.
在連詞that引導的賓語從句中,that本身無意義,在句子中不但任任何成分,在口語或非正式文體中常常省略.
e.g. I hope (that) you'll have a good holiday. 希望你們假日愉快.
He says (that) the Chinese people are very friendly. 他說中國人民很友好.
(3) 從句的語序:賓語從句永遠用陳述語序.
e.g. Does he know (that) she is a scientist 他知道她是科學家嗎
Are you sure (that) you will win 你肯定你會贏嗎
(4) 從句的時態.
若主句為一般現在時態時,則賓語從句要根據具體情況選擇所需要的時態.
e.g. He says (that) he is ill now. 他說他現在病了.
He says (that) he has been ill for ten days. 他說他已經生病十天了.
He says (that) he was ill last week. 他說他上周生病了.
He says (that) he will return soon. 他說他很快就回來.
若主句為一般過去時,則賓語從句也要用某種過去時態.
e.g. He said (that) he was ill then. 他說他那時病了.
He said (that) he was doing his homework then. 他說他那時正在做作業.
若賓語從句說的是客觀真理,自然現象等,要用一般現在時.
e.g. The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老師說地球繞著太陽轉.
(5) 否定的轉移.
若主句的主語是第一人稱(I, we),且謂語動詞是think, guess, believe, suppose等時,如果要否定,只能否定主句,
而不能否定從句.
e.g. I don't think he will come tonight. 我認為他今晚不會來.
Page 3
(6) 含賓語從句的復合句的反意疑問句,一般情況下,根據主句主謂語來確定附加疑問句.
e.g. The teacher didn't say that he would come here, did he
但對於有否定轉移的主從復合句來說,其附加疑問句的主謂語須根據從句來確定.
e.g. I don't think he can swim, can he 我認為他不會游泳,對嗎
I believe he is a student, isn't he 我相信他是個學生,不是嗎
3,由連接代詞或連接副詞引導的賓語從句.(即特殊疑問句作賓語從句)
(1) 主句的謂語:可由連接代詞或連接副詞引導的賓語從句的動詞有see, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out,
show, choose, remember, forget等.
e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk 你知道誰將給我們做演講嗎
We asked him why he was late. 我們問他為什麼遲到.
I am going to see how Kate is. 我准備去看凱特怎麼樣了.
(2) 從句的引導詞.
由連接代詞who, whom, whose, what和which引導,這些詞在賓語從句中可作主語,賓語,表語和定語,因而不能省略.
e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk 你知道誰會給我們做演講嗎 (who在賓語從句中作主語)
Can you tell me whom you are waiting for 你能告訴我你在等誰嗎 (whom在賓語從句中作賓語)
She asked whose jacket it was. 她問這是誰的夾克衫.(whose在賓語從句中作定語,修飾jacket)
I don't know whose that is. 我不知道那是誰的 (whose在賓語從句中作表語)
由連接副詞when, where, why和how引導,這些詞在賓語從句中作狀語,不能省略.
e.g. Do you know when he will be back 你知道他何時回來嗎
We asked him why he was late. 我們問他為何遲到.
I want to know where she lives. 我想知道她住在哪裡.
(3) 從句的語序:特殊疑問句坐賓語從句,仍用陳述句的語序.
e.g. What day is it today Do you know → Do you know what day it is today
When will the train leave I want to know. → I want to know when the train will leave.
Where does she live Can you tell me → Can you tell me where she lives
How did you do it Please tell me. → Please tell me how you did it.
(4) 從句的時態:與that引導的賓語從句的時態一樣.
(5) 注意:① 當what, which, whom, who等疑問代詞作賓語從句里句末介詞的賓語,又引導賓語從句時,句末的
介詞不可隨意省掉.
e.g. I don't know what they are looking for 我不知道他們正在找什麼.
Do you know which room she lives in 你知道她住在哪個房間嗎
②當賓語從句的主語與主句的主語(或賓語)一致,且從句謂語時態為將來時或表示將來意義,如should
時,從句可簡化為疑問詞(why 除外)+不定式.
e.g. I don't know where I should go. = I don't know where to go. 我不知道要去哪裡.
I'll show you how you should do it. = I'll show you how to do it. 我將教你該怎麼做它.
4,由if和whether引導的賓語從句
(1) if和whether用以引導賓語從句時意為"是否",該賓語從句是由一般疑問句變來的.其語序,時態變化和前兩
種賓語從句一致.
e.g. Did he like this coat She asked. → She asked if / whether he liked this coat.
Will Mary be free tomorrow I don't know. → I don't know if / whether Mary will be free tomorrow.
(2) 一般情況下,whether和if用於引導賓語從句時可以通用,但在下列情況下,whether和if的用法有區別:
whether後可以接不定式短語,而if不能.
e.g. I can't decide whether to go to Beijing. 我不能決定是否去北京.
當引導的從句作介詞賓語時,只能用whether,不能用if.
e.g. They're talking about whether they can finish the work on time. 他們正在談論他們是否能按時完成工作.
whether引導的從句可移至句首,if則不行.
e.g. Whether this is true or not, I can't say. 這是不是真的,我不敢說.
動詞discuss後面的賓語從句,只用whether引導,不用if.
e.g. We discussing whether we will have a sports meeting next week. 我們正在討論下周是否舉行運動會.
當從句中有 "or not" 時,or not可以緊接whether之後,也可以位於句末,此時,一般不用if.
e.g. Please tell me whether or not he'll come here. = Please tell me whether he'll come here or not.
請告訴我他是否會來這兒.
whether和if一般引導肯定形式的賓語從句,若賓語從句是否定形式,表示"是否"的連詞只能用if.
e.g. We want to know if they won't come truly. 我們想知道他們是不是真的不來.
whether和if除共同可以引導賓語從句,各自還可以用來引導其他類型的從句.
① if可以引導條件狀語從句,意為"如果",whether不能.
e.g. The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny tomorrow. 如果明天天氣晴朗,學生們要去野餐.
② whether可以引導讓步狀語從句,意為"不管,無論"之意.
e.g. Hainan Island is the place to be, whether it's summer or winter.
不管是夏天還是冬天,海南島都是應該去的地方.
(一)過去將來時
1,表示的意義和用法:過去將來時表示在過去的某一時間看來將要發生的動作或存在的狀態,判斷這一時態一定要
有用於表示"過去"的動作,而不是時間,過去將來時常用於主句是一般過去時的賓語從句中,少單獨使用.
2,謂語結構.
(1). should / would +動詞原形,第一人稱用should / would 都可以,其他人稱只用would.
e.g. You knew I should / would come. 你知道我會來的.
They told us that they would come back two days later. 他們告訴我們他們兩天後會回來.
She said she would be free next week. 她說她下周會有空.
(2). was / were going to +動詞原形
e.g. I thought they were going to visit me tonight. 我原以為他們今晚會來拜訪我.
The radio said it was going to snow tomorrow. 收音機說明天將下雪.
3. 某些"移位"動詞如go, come, arrive, travel, start, begin, leave, move, fly, return等的過去進行時也可用來表示
過去將來時.
e.g. He didn't say when he was coming. 他說沒什麼時候會來.
I was not sure if he was leaving for shanghai the next week. 我不確定他是否下周會去上海.
3,注意:
1. 在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中用一般過去時表示過去將來時.
e.g. She said she would ring you when he got to shanghai. 她說她到上海時將給你打電話.
Li Lei told me that he would go to the park alone if you didn't. 李雷告訴我,如果你不去公園的話,他獨自去.
2. should / would 不一定都表示過去將來時,should可以作為情態動詞,表示義務,"應該,應當" 而would 可以
表示客氣,禮貌的請求,你能……嗎
e.g. We should keep our classroom clean. 我們必須保持教室清潔.
Would you lend me your ruler 你能把尺子借給我嗎
(二)過去完成時
1,過去完成時的定義:表示在過去某一時間或動作以前已完成的行為或存在的狀態,即動作或狀態發生在"過
去的過去".
2,過去完成時的構成:過去完成時是由"助動詞had+動詞過去分詞"構成的.助動詞had可以與主語縮寫為'd
e.g. I had… → I'd He had… → He'd
3,過去完成時的基本句型與現在完成時的基本句型基本一樣.
陳述句肯定形式:
e.g. They had read the book. She had arrived at Chaozhou.
陳述句否定形式:在助動詞had後+not, 可縮寫為hadn't
e.g. They hadn't read the book. She hadn't arrived at Chaozhou.
一般疑問句形式及其答語:將助動詞had提前,答語一般也用had回答
e.g. Had they read the book Yes, they had. / No, they hadn't.
Had she arrived at Chaozhou Yes, she had. / No, she hadn't.
特殊疑問句形式:疑問詞+一般疑問句
e.g. What had they read Where had she arrived
4,過去完成時的基本用法.
(1). 表示在過去某一時間之前已經發生或完成的動作,常與介詞"by / before+過去的時間"構成的短語連用.
e.g. We had learned one thousand English words by the end of last term.
到上學期結束時,我們已經學了一千個單詞.
By the time he was ten, Edison had built a lab for himself.
到愛迪生10歲的時候,他已給自己建了一個實驗室.
He had got up before six o'clock yesterday morning. 昨天早上6時以前他就起床了.
Page 1
They had planted 1000 trees before 2000. 2000年以前他們已經種了1000顆樹.
(2). 表示在過去某一動作之前就已經發生或完成了的動作,動作在前的用過去完成時,在後的用一般過去時.
e.g. He told me that he had sent a letter to me.
他說他已經給我寄來了一封信.("寄"先於"告訴")
該用法也常與when, before等引導的從句連用.
e.g. When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun.
當我來到電影院時,電影已經開始了.("開始"先於"到達")
Mother had already cooked supper before I returned home.
在我回到家之前,媽媽已做好了晚飯.("煮飯"先於"到家")
After I had finished reading the novel, I went to sleep.
在我讀完這部小說之後,我睡覺了.("讀完"先於"睡覺")
注意,因為after和before本身已表達了動作的先後關系,所以謂語動詞常用一般過去時代替過去完成時.
e.g. After he finished his homework, he went to bed. 做完作業後他便上床睡覺了.
Where did you study before you came here. 你來這兒之前你在哪裡學習.
還可以通過上下文表示.
e.g. I met him yesterday. We hadn't met each other for a long time.
昨天我遇到了他,我們彼此很久沒有見面了.
(3). 表示從過去某一時間開始,持續到過去另一時間的動作或狀態,往往與for, since引導的表示一段時間的短語或
從句連用.
e.g. Mr. Wang had taught in the school for six years before I came here.
在我來這兒之前,王老師已在這所學校任教了六年.
I received a letter from Tom last week. We had not heard from him since 1998.
上周我收到了湯姆的一封信.自從1998年以來我從未收到他的來信.
5,不用過去完成時的三種情況.
句子如有yesterday, last year, in 1996, three years ago等表示很確定的過去時間的狀語,強調某動作或狀態在該時間發生,謂語動詞必須用一般過去時.
e.g. He was a worker three years ago. 三年前他是個工人.
He came here yesterday. 他昨天來過這兒.
漢語中雖然有"了""曾""過"等表示動作完成的字眼,但沒有說明該動作是在過去某一時間或動作之前完成的,譯成英語時要用一般過去時,不用過去完成時.
e.g. They finished reading five English story-books last year. 去年他們讀完了五本英語故事書.
They went to Japan last year. 他們去年曾去過日本.
敘述在過去連續發生的兩件以上的事,雖然時間有先後之別,但仍用一般過去時.
e.g. He got up quickly, ate a light breakfast and hurried to school by bike.
他飛快的起床,稍稍地吃了早飯,快速地騎車奔學校而去.
(三)動詞不定式作主語.
動詞不定式(短語),可以直接放置於句首擔當句子主語.
e.g. To say is easy, but to do is difficult. 說起來容易,做起來難.
To learn a foreign languages is not easy. 學好一門外語不容易.
動詞不定式作主語的句子,通常可以用形式主語"it"代替,同時把真正的主語,即動詞不定式(短語)放在後面,以使句子平衡.即構成句型It + be +形容詞+to do sth.
e.g. It's easy to say, but it's difficult to do. It's not easy to learn a foreign language.
如果要表示不定式動作的執行者,就在It + be +形容詞+to do sth該句型中的不定式之前加for sb或of sb.
①在形容詞hard, difficult, easy, necessary, important, impossible, good, helpful, useful, dangerous, safe等之後常用for sb,即構成句型:It + be + 形容詞+for sb to do sth.
e.g. It's not easy for us to learn a foreign language well. 對我們來說學習好一門外語不容易.
It's dangerous for you to swim in the river. 在那河裡游泳對你來說很危險.
該句型中的形容詞修飾的是不定式,強調的是做某事怎麼樣.
②在形容詞nice, kind, clever, foolish(愚蠢的), polite(有禮貌的), careless, careful等之後,常用of
Page 2
sb,即構成句型:It + be + 形容詞+of sb + to do sth
e.g. It is very kind of you to help me. 你能幫助我,你真是太好了.
It was wrong of them to cut the trees. 他們砍伐樹木是不對的.
該句型中的形容詞主要修飾人,表示某人的性質或特徵,強調的是這個人怎麼樣.
it作形式主語時,其後的謂語也可以是實義動詞.
e.g. It took us five hours to get there. 我們用了5小時到達那裡.
It made me happy to find my friends there. 發現朋友在那裡令我很高興.
動詞不定式與疑問詞how, what, when, where, which等構成不定式短語,也可作主語.
e.g. How to use the computer is the question. 如何使用電腦是個問題.
Where to go has not been decided. 去哪兒還沒有定下來.
注意:主語,表語都為動詞不定式時,不能用形式主語it代替不定式.
e.g. To see is to believe. 眼見為實.
(四)定語從句
定語從句的概念:在復合句中,用來修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句.被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞,定語從句必須放在先行詞之後,對先行詞起修飾限定作用.
e.g. He is the man who I want to see.
先行詞 關系詞 定語從句
定語從句的引導詞:
定語從句的引導詞有關系代詞that, which, who (whom, whose)和關系副詞where, when, why兩種,關系代詞和關系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間,起聯系作用,同時又在定語從句中充當一定成分.
關系代詞引導的定語從句:
如果先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞,關系代詞應用who (whom, whose) 和that.
e.g. This is Xiao Wang who / that gave us a talk yesterday. (who / that在從句中作主語)
這就是昨天給我們作報告的小王.
The man whom / that you saw last week has left the town. (whom / that