㈠ 淺析在英語語言學習中，語法和交際的關系的英語論文
英語的語法是你理解句式你叫復雜的言語的一個准備，也是你寫出來的英語別人專能看屬明白的一種保障。實際上語法是第二本能的一種東西，但是培養這種素質需要一些練習和一定程度的暴露，所以會學。如果你連語法都不會的話，那麼英語是學不好的。語法可以在學習中積累，可以在交流中培養，可能只學語法是錯的，但是終究你是要知道語法是什麼樣的。正確的語法可以簡化你的信息，簡單的一句話就能傳達很多信息，甚至包含多重意思，就像雙關語一樣。語法正確還能避免歧義，明確你的指代關系和修飾對象等，是很有用的，你學進去了就明白了。語文這個東西，還有教育有沒有意義的事情，你要是用寫作文和看不懂閱讀理解來衡量其效果的話，那麼你已經是學習的奴隸了，你要跳出學校這一畝三分地，發現學習能給你帶來什麼。
㈡ 英語畢業論文跨文化交際,最好是格式齊全的
網上不是有很多的範文和資料能搜到的資料，最起碼不會不清楚大概的情況啊，但是網上的大都不全面，一般都找不到開題報告跟論文一套的了，有個內容就不錯了，七拼八湊的好不容易弄了個差不多的，結果老師一句話就否決了。弄的我也沒心思再弄了，最後在VIP英語論文網，直接讓老師輔導我寫作，也輔導了論文答辯的問題，哎，專業的就是不一樣啊
參考下這篇文章，或許對你有幫助
自1924年Jespersen對名詞化進行的第一次嘗試性研究起,不同的語言學流派對名詞化這一英語書面語的典型特徵已作了數十年的研究。在所有名詞化理論中,系統功能視角的研究更深刻、更系統,因為系統功能語法對名詞化的研究並不是局限於句法分析,而是通過名詞化與語法隱喻的聯系,將研究擴展到名詞化在書面英語中的語篇功能。自系統功能語法對名詞化的研究之後,一些定性研究和定量研究便以此為理論框架,對英語文本進行研究。定性研究主要詳細說明了名詞化在語篇中的作用,研究表明,名詞化的作用主要包括提高語篇的銜接性,客觀性,簡潔性,邏輯性,信息量,可信度,權威性,不可協商性等,這些功能恰恰證明了本研究的重要性,也為本研究的定性分析部分提供了理論支撐。以往對名詞化的實證研究主要集中在名詞化的語類特徵和中國學習者英語名詞化習得兩個方面。關於第一個方面的研究結論相對統一,即名詞化的出現頻率與文本的正式程度成正比。關於第二個方面的研究則不僅數量很有限,而且研究結論存在爭議。一些基於語料庫的研究(如,席2006 &吳2009)證明,中國學習者和本族語者在使用名詞化方面存在顯著差異,而另一些研究(如,王&陳2008)指出此差異並不顯著。另外,以往對名詞化的實證研究大多以中國本科生(包括英語專業與非英語專業)為研究對象,語料主要由考試作文構成,這說明他們的研究對象為英語學習者而非英語使用者,因此,本作者選擇英語專業的碩士生作為研究對象,選用他們的碩士畢業論文作為語料,因為他們作為碩士畢業論文的撰寫者,僅把英語作為一個語言工具,應被視作高層次的英語使用者。還有,以往的定量研究大部分都是基於專門選取的文本或者小型語料庫,所以很有必要用大型的語料庫作進一步研究,而本研究的語料大於以往任何一個基於語料庫的名詞化研究所使用的語料。本研究所用的兩個語料由作者通過網上電子資源自建。語料CPEU由120篇選自英文核心期刊的學術期刊文章構成,語料CPGT由120篇中國英語專業碩士生的畢業論文構成。研究旨在回答以下兩個問題：1.中國英語專業碩士生作為高層次的英語使用者,他們在畢業論文中使用英語名詞化的水平是否已經達到專業水準?2.理工類、外語類和綜合類院校的英語專業碩士生在畢業論文中使用名詞化方面是否存在差異?通過檢索軟體Wordsmith和描述分析軟體SPSS,本作者在專業的英語使用者和中國英語專業碩士生之間,以及中國英語專業碩士生內部作了對比研究,並得出了以下結論：在宏觀層面,中國英語專業碩士生在使用名詞化方面與專業的英語使用者存在顯著差異,並且中國英語專業碩士生使用名詞化的總數量大於專業的英語使用者；而微觀層面研究表明,中國英語專業碩士生對名詞化的這種過度使用源於對以-tion,-ness和-ance結尾的名詞化的過度使用,其過度使用原因有兩個,一是中國英語專業碩士生積極詞彙相對專業的英語使用者較小,導致他們對某些詞反復使用；二是某些畢業論文的話題導致文中多次重復出現某些詞。但第一個原因是主要原因。另外,微觀層面的研究還表明,中國英語專業碩士生對以-acy結尾的名詞化使用顯著不足,而對以-sion,-ment,-ence,-ity,-ery和-encv結尾的名詞化的使用已經到達專業水平。還有,對所研究的10種名詞化基於量的排序顯示,兩個語料並無顯著差異。對於來自不同類型院校的英語專業碩士生之間的內部差異問題,本研究的結論是,在宏觀層面,外語類和綜合類院校英語專業碩士生在使用名詞化方面的水平高於理工類碩士生,因為顯著性檢驗表明,在使用名詞化的宏觀層面,外語類和綜合類類院校英語專業碩士生與專業的英語使用者並無顯著性差異,而理工類院校的英語專業碩士生與專業的英語使用者之間存在顯著差異。微觀層面的研究顯示,理工類院校英語專業碩士生與專業的英語使用者在三種名詞化的使用上差異顯著,而外語類和綜合類院校碩士生與專業的英語使用者只在兩種名詞化的使用上差異顯著。本文的定性分析部分表明,名詞化在「質」和「量」同樣重要,中國英語專業碩士生在名詞化的「質」方面基本能做到正確合理使用。
如果你還有什麼不懂的，自己咨詢VIP英語論文網也可以，老師的態度很好
㈢ 在英語語言學習中，語法和交際的關系
英語的語法是你理抄解句式你叫襲復雜的言語的一個准備，也是你寫出來的英語別人能看明白的一種保障。實際上語法是第二本能的一種東西，但是培養這種素質需要一些練習和一定程度的暴露，所以會學。如果你連語法都不會的話，那麼英語是學不好的。語法可以在學習中積累，可以在交流中培養，可能只學語法是錯的，但是終究你是要知道語法是什麼樣的。正確的語法可以簡化你的信息，簡單的一句話就能傳達很多信息，甚至包含多重意思，就像雙關語一樣。語法正確還能避免歧義，明確你的指代關系和修飾對象等，是很有用的，你學進去了就明白了。語文這個東西，還有教育有沒有意義的事情，你要是用寫作文和看不懂閱讀理解來衡量其效果的話，那麼你已經是學習的奴隸了，你要跳出學校這一畝三分地，發現學習能給你帶來什麼。不是嗎^_^
㈣ 求一篇關於英語語法的論文
分得了29分，對你或許有幫助！
Coordination of to-infinitive clauses
In English, the to-infinitive clause is a very important structure, by which a sentence may become compact, orderly, or even metrical. And the use of a coordination of two or more to-infinitive clauses in a sentence does more help to the expressing of the meaning of the sentence, different clauses with the same structure indicating different meanings. Now, I』 m going to talk about its use in the English language.
(A)The position of syntax function of coordinate to-infinitive clauses.
If coordinate to-infinitive clauses of a sentence is regarded as a whole, they can be used as any part of the sentence except predicate verb.
(1) Subject
To enjoy the things we ought and to hate the things we ought has the greatest bearing on excellence of character. [Aristotle]
(2) Object
He loved to run down dry watercourses, and to creep and spy upon the bird life in the woods.
[The Call of the Wild]
He knew how to take advantage of every cover, to crawl on his belly like a snake, and like a snake to leap and strike. [The Call of the Wild]
(3) Subject complement
To fight was to disobey the law, to risk his head, to make at once an enemy of a minister more powerful than the king himself, all the young men perceived, and yet, to hid praise be it said, he did not hesitate a second. [The Three Musketeers]
It is to make the worlds fairer, and to liberate it from the distorting influence of antiquated beliefs---at the very least, by removing them from the public arena, allowing everyone there to be an indivial human being rather than a label, and inviting our respect accordingly.
[ Disaster crushes one man now, afterwards others---Euripides]
(4) Object complement
「His eminence; then orders me---「said the lady, 「 To return instantly to England and to inform him immediately should the ke leave Lundon」 [The Three Musketeers]
As Francois' whip backed him up, Buck found it to be cheaper to mend his ways than to retaliate. [The Call of the Wild]
(5) Adverbial
To understand, to observe, to draw conclusions, a man must first of all be conscious of himself as living. [War and Peace]
It is better to keep your mouth closed and not to have them than to have them and not to deserve them. [Mark Twain]
(B) The function of coordinate to-infinitive clauses in respect of meaning in a sentence.
To-infinitive clauses can show diverse meanings in sentences. Most of the times, some other structures can also convey the same meanings, such as ing-participles, subordinate clause and so on, but in some special situations, the use of infinitive clauses may favor the sentence immensely better.
(1) Indicating time
The general stood with Major Ekonomov at the bridge, watching the retreating companies go by, a soldier to run up to him and to hold of his stirrup, almost clinging to it. [War and Peace]
In the days, nine suitors to gather up and to kneel round her in a circle, she guarded her nakedness apprehensively, as though trying to express the value of her body in terms of the modesty she accorded it. [The Unbearable Lightness of Being]
(2) Explaining reason
Either he to have stolen wine orgave away the secrets of Zeus，or he to have become so proud as to test the gods by serving up the flesh of his son Pelopsto them，he incurred the wrath of Zeus and was hurled down to the everlasting darkness of Tartarus. [Ancient Greek Stories]
I call him my neighbour, his plantation to lay next to mine and we to have gone on very sociably together. [The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Franders Robinson Crusoe]-
(3) Expressing conditions or qualifications
If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers』 case; so every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
[Of Studies Francis Bacon]
(4)Expressing intention or purpose
You will make some desirable acquaintances, and from time to time you can call upon me, just to tell me how you are getting on, and to say whether I can be of any service to you.
[The Three Musketeers]
(5)Denoting or implying result
When Buck earned sixteen hundred dollars in five minutes for John Thornton, he made it possible for his master to pay off certain debts and to journey with his partners into the East after a fabled lost mine, the history of which was as old as the history of the country. Many men had sought it; few had found it; and more than a few there were who had never returned from the quest.
[The Call of the Wild]
To be sure, it was an unwonted performance but he had learned to trust in men he knew, and to give them credit for a wisdom that outreached his own. [The Call of the Wild]
(6)Expressing a kind of concomitance or method
D』 Artagnan and Cahusac sprang forward at the same instant, the one to recover, the other to obtain, the sward; but D』 Artagnan, being the more active, reached it first and placed his foot upon it. [The Three Musketeers]
Did you ever expect a corporation to have a conscience, when it has no soul to damned, and no body to be kicked? [Edward Thurlow]
(7) complementary explanation or supplementary information
I came to these words: He is exalted a prince and a saviour, to give repentance, and to give remission. [The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Franders Robinson Crusoe]
I had a great desire to make a mare perfect discovery of the island, and to see what other proctions I might find, which I yet knew nothing of.
[The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Franders Robinson Crusoe]
(C)The relationship on function or meaning between the coordinate to-infinitive clauses themselves.
In many cases, the to-infinitive clauses are often connected with some conjunctions or some conjunctional structures. Maybe sometimes the conjunctions are the same, but the meanings expressed by the to-infinitive clauses are different.
(1)Option
But M.de Tre』ville promised this favour after a novitiate of two years---a novitiate which might, besides, be abridged if an opportunity should present itself for D』 Artagnan to render the king any signal service, or to distinguish himself by some brilliant action. [The Three Musketeers]
And now I was to launch out into the ocean, and either to venture, or not to venture.
[The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Franders Robinson Crusoe]
(2)Order of the preceding and the following
So I resolved to stay at home, and if I could find means for it, to dispose of my plantation.
[The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Franders Robinson Crusoe]
(3)Comparison
It is better to keep your mouth closed and let people think you are a fool than to open it and remove all doubt. [Mark Twain]
In short, the things he did were done because it was easier to do them than not to do them.
[The Call of the Wild]
(4)Juxtaposition
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. [Of Studies Francis Bacon]
I always tried to keep things moving in the right direction, to give more people a chance to live their dreams, to lift people』s spirits, and to bring them together. [My Life Bill Clinton]
(5)Sequence of going forward one by one
Remember not only to say the right thing in the right place, but far more difficult still, to leave unsaid the wrong thing at the tempting moment. [Benjamin Franklin]
These examples show us the great power of to-infinitive clauses, which are rather complicated in some cases and relate to many interesting phenomena.
㈤ 英語語法論文
論英語語法與修辭
語法和修辭既是相通的，又是有區別的。語法是語言的組織規律，講的是語言的結構形式；因此語法學家研究的對象是語言本身規律的一部分，是研究如何造出合乎語法的句子。因為只有合乎語法規則的句子才具有可理解的性質，才有可能被用作表達思想的基本語言單位。修辭不同於語法，它是研究語言使用的規律，是和語言的使用目的和使用場合密切相關的。因此，修辭學研究的對象是如何在具體交際場合中取得最好的語言表達效果，即如何根據不同的對象和場合把話說好，把文章做好，以便更好地達到交際目的。但是，修辭和語法又密切相關，可以說，修辭知識是語法知識的延伸，前者是建築在後者基礎上。因為語法告訴我們，同一個意思可以有不同的合乎語法的表達方式，而修辭則告訴我們如何恰當地選用語法形式，以達到最好的語言表達效果。語法結構形式的選用，關繫到使用領域（即語體）的問題。比如在學術論文中，不可用適合於口頭的表達方式；在法律文書中，不可用形象生動的文學語言；對上級或者長輩講話，用語不可太隨便；跟朋友談心，用語又不可太莊重。因此，一本好的語法書必然要涉及修辭問題。我們學習語法不能只重視分析語言的能力；更重要的是要培養自覺、恰當地運用語言的能力。從這個角度來看，語法必須結合修辭，語法書的編寫不能局限於詞法和句法而必須超越句法的范圍，講一點如何恰當地使用語法知識的規律。恰當地使用語法知識規律可以簡單地歸納為以下內容：
表達思想，分清主次；關系明確，避免歧義；言語簡練，用詞經濟；句式多樣，靈活交替。
一、表達思想，分清主次
這是修辭的第一條要求。在使用語言進行交際時，總是要把主要的住處突出起來，以便引起對方的注意，能為對方所理解並把握住意義的重心。這就涉及語法中一系列強調手段的運用問題。這些強調手段包括後置和前置、主從句、分裂句、層進法等，只要用之得當，便可在組詞成句中突出主要的信息，分清主要次要的意思。
1、後置
後置，作為一種突出主要思想的手段，是現代英語的詞序特徵。眾所周知，英語在其長期發展中形成一種相對固定的詞序。根據這種詞序，句子的意義重心往往落在句子的尾部分，從而句尾成為一種受到強調的部位。根據這條原則，說話人要強調什麼意思，便可讓它出現在句尾，從而傳遞信息便主次分明了。在前面提到的句尾信息焦點和尾重原則就是採用的這一原理。
對比下面兩句話：
The patient was taken good care of, and began to recover immediately.
The patient was taken good care of, and immediately began to recover.
這兩個句子的意思都是病人受到很好的照顧，很快開始康復。但第一句的意義重心是immediately, 強調了康復之快，而第二句的意義重心則在於「康復」而不強調「馬上」。
再如：
Though we started off early, we were late for the last bus.
We were late for the last bus, though we started off early.
We were late for the last bus. We started off early, though.
以上三個句子所表達的意思是一致的，但所強調的重點是不一樣的。第一句強調我們晚了，第二句強調我們的確出發不晚，第三句突出強調了出發得早然而卻晚了這一驚訝。
We had a long enough holiday on the beach.
We had a holiday, long enough, on the beach.
兩個句子的意義差別不大，但第一句只是普通的句子，而第二句強調了long enough。
2、主從結構
在主從結構中（這里主要指主句與從句），主句通常攜帶主要的信息，從句表達次要的信息。因此，人們在交流思想時，可以把主要意思放在主句中表達，而把次要意思放在從句中。這也可以成為表達思想分清主次的手段。如：
After I had visited this country, I was even more struck by its beauty.
Having visited this country, I was even more struck by its beauty.
After my visit to this country, I was even more struck by its beauty.
I was even more struck by its beauty, after I had visited this country.
以上四個句子意思上的差別是不大的，但所要表達的具體內涵和感情就有些差異了。第一句after從句是個時間狀語從句，為了更加突出主要的意思，通常它放於主句的前面，從而突出主句的信息。第二句把時間狀語從句改為了非限定分句，那就加重了它的從屬地位，從而主句的意思也就更加突出。如果再把非限定分句改為介詞片語，那末，主句的意思進一步得到突出。第四句把從句置於句末，根據末端中心的原則，從句的意義比在句首是加重了，它相當於一種補敘，為主句表達的思想內容提供某種比較重要的條件，意思相當於「只有當我參觀了這個國家之後，才被這個國家的美更加深深地打動了。」
在這樣的結構中，有兩條語法規則在交叉地起作用：主從結構的表意作用和詞序的作用。正由於從屬的意思能以各種方式增加其分量，使之能夠對主句所表達的意思起一定的平衡作用，有時甚至起到修改和對抗作用，這種「主句＋從句」的結構往往可在修辭上取得幽默、諷刺或戲劇性等特殊效果，在閱讀時您不妨仔細體味。如：
We don』t bother much about dress and manners in England, because as a nation we don』t dress well and we』ve no manners.
這句話是主句在前，從句在後。主句的意思是：在英國，我們不為衣著和禮貌而煩神，為什麼不煩神呢？都穿得很好嗎？都很講禮貌嗎？不是的。請看下文：因為，作為一個民族，我們穿得不好，而且不講禮貌。這樣一來，後置的原因狀語分句便對主句的意思起抵消的作用，從而帶有辛辣的諷刺味道。
再如：
Even though men may deny it, women may soon be able to compete with men in most sporting events.
Women may soon be able to compete with men in most sporting events, though men may not deny(否定)it.
Women may soon be able to compete with men in most sporting events, but men may deny it.
第一句，主句位於從句之後，突出了主句的意思，對婦女在體育運動中不斷提高的地位持肯定態度；第二句，從句位於主句之後，抵消了或削弱了主句的意思，但是主要意思還是認為婦女即將在大多數體育運動項目中與男子進行競爭，只是這種意思被後面的從句削弱了一；第三句是個並列句，其意義主要受著分句順序的支配。這句話的主要意思是媽婦女能否在大多數體育運動項目中與男了相抗衡表示一種懷疑的態度。
3、前置
除採用後置和主從結構來突出主要思想外，語法還提供了第三種方法，這就是前置。由於句首也是一種引人注目的位置，如果把一個通常不出現在句首的成分前移至句首，這也會起強調作用，產生特殊的修辭效果。例如句子的賓語和補足語通常出現在謂語動詞之後，如果由於某種原因，比如為了與上文相銜接，而把賓語或補語移至句首，這時，前置的賓語或補語就會特別引人注目。如：
Mr White fried two small pieces of fish. One of these he fed to his cat. The other he ate himself. 懷特先生煎了兩條魚，一條餵了狗，另一條他自己吃了。
It is important to prevent pollution. Equally important is to take measures to check the rise in prices. 阻止污染是非常重要的。同時同等重要的是採取措施核實價格是不能提高。
有時狀語的前置也能起強調作用。比如在否定結構中，否定詞及其強調詞通常是比較貼近謂語動詞的。如：
The manager will not in any case stand rudeness from his employees.
在這里，not in any case 是「決不」之意，位於句子當中，這是不受強調的位置。如果把這個結構移至句首並引起倒裝：
In no case will the manager stand rudeness from his employees.
這時，狀語in no case便處於突出的地位，受到了強調。當然，在這種結構中，句尾仍然起著信息中心的作用。
4、分裂句
語法向我們提供的另一強調手段是一種特殊的、專門突出主要意思的句子結構――分裂句（又稱強調句型）。分裂句的基本結構是：
It is/was＋中心成分＋that-分句
在這種句式中，中心成分是最受強調的部位，它可以是一個句子中主語、賓語、狀語和賓語補足語等。（本部分詳細請參閱本章《強調部分》）
During the summer vacation I worked in a hotel as a part-time job to make some money for ecation. 在暑假裡，為了嫌點錢上學，我在一家旅館找了份業余工作。
這個句子可以改用分裂句式強調除謂語動詞以外的任何成分。如：
It was ring the summer vacation that I worked in a hotel as a part-time job to make some money for ecation.
It was I that/who ring the summer vacation worked in a hotel as a part-time job to make some money for ecation.
It was in a hotel ring the summer vacation I worked as a part-time job to make some money for ecation.
It was as a part-time job that During the summer vacation I worked in a hotel to make some money for ecation.
對於謂語及其後續成分突出出來就得採用另外一種分裂句：
What-分句＋is＋不定式結構。
如：
What I did ring the summer vacation was to work in a hotel as a part-time job to make some money for ecation.
由此可見分裂句It is/was＋中心成分＋that-分句的主要強調重心不在句尾而在句中；分裂句What-分句＋is＋不定式結構的主要強調重心仍然在句尾。
5、層進法
還有一種強調的方法就是採用「層進法」，即在排列兩個以上並列成分時，採取由次要到重要到最重要的排列方式，從而突出位於句尾的成分。如：
Einstein was a fair violinist, a great mathematician, and a deeply philosophical (哲理的)man.
愛因斯坦三重身份：他既是偉大的數學家，又是個懂得精深哲理的人，同時還是個業余小提琴手。在這三重身份中，哪一種最重要呢？當然，精通哲理最重要，數學家次之，會演奏小提琴又次之，所以按照a vilionist, a great mathematician, and a deeply philosophical man 這樣的排列，是符合一般修辭原則的，即要求由次要到重要至最重要的排列。這是故意違反一般修辭原則，而把不太重要的意思放在最後最重要的位置上，從而達到諷刺、幽默的修效果。
He referred his success to hard work, his parents and his teachers.
一個人事業的成功，最重要因素本應為「埋頭苦幹」，可是現在卻把「父母、老師」放在最重要的位置，這無疑就是一種人際交流的需要。
層進法不僅適用於句子成分之間，而且適用於句子和句子、語段和語段、段落和段落之間。
二、關系明確，避免歧義
修辭的另一條重要原則是要求表意明確，而不是模稜兩可。一句話如果既可作這樣解釋，又可作那樣解釋，這就叫做歧義。引起歧義的原因是多種多樣。其中重要的一種是句子成分之間的關系不明確，特別是照應關系、修飾關系、比較關系不明確往往引起歧義。照應必須有被照應的對象，修飾也必有被修飾的對象，如果這些關系搞不清，意思就含糊不明。因此，關系明確是避免歧義的重要方法。
1、要處理好照應關系
英語中代詞照應是照應關系中最重要的。處理好照應關系是理解篇章的最基本的前提。如：
? Since my grandfather was a doctor, it is not surprising that I have chosen that for a job.
在這里that所指不明，不論是指doctor, 還是指my grandfather was doctor, 在本句中都講不能。因此在這個句中，have chosen 的賓語以不用代詞為宜：
Since my grandfather was a doctor, it is not surprising that I have chosen medicine for my job.
再如：
? The players and umpires (裁判)know one another well and sometimes they call them by their first names.
這個並列句後半部的they, them, their含義不明。如果是運動員對他們認識的裁判員有時直呼其名，可以說：
Players who know umpires well sometimes call them by their first names.
如果是裁判員對他們認識的運動員有時直呼其名，那就說：
Knowing the players well, the umpires sometimes call them by their first names.
2、要處理好修飾關系
關於名詞修飾語和狀語(特別是副詞)的位置問題分別相關章節，這里再從修辭角度作一些補充。
狀語的位置如果處理不當往往會引起歧義。如：
? I have followed the advice sincerely given by the teacher.
? The woman scolded the boy for playing with fire bitterly.
上述諸句中，sincerely, bitterly 叫「偏斜修飾語」，因為它們在句中位置不正，以致sincerely既可理解為修飾follow, 也可理解為修飾given；bitterly 本應修飾scolded，但在句中卻好象在修飾playing，從而產生了歧義。這些修飾語的位置應作如下調整：
I have sincerely followed the advice given by the teacher.
The woman bitterly scolded the boy for playing with matches.
再如：
He sent us the full story of his rescue from Lake of the Ozarks(美國奧沙克湖).
在這里from Lake of the Ozarks既可理解為修飾sent，也可理解修飾his rescue。根據「靠近」的原則，可將該句調整如下：
He sent us from the Ozarks the full story of his rescue.
3、要避免中途改變語態或主語
在主動結構和被動結構的使用上，一般修辭原則是要保持前後一致。如果中途改變語態，則往往意義不明。如：
? He left the examination after his answer had been checked.
這句話，主句用了主動結構，從句忽然改為被動結構，這樣一來，到底是誰「核對子答案」便不明確了。要改進這個句子，最好把前後的動詞語態一致起來，從而主語也一致了：
He left the exmination after he had checked his answer.
再如：
As the guests entered the church, proper seats were arranged by the ushers leading them.(迎客的人).
這句話的毛病是中途改變主語，以致「座位指定給誰」，含義不明。應將前後主語一致起來，盡管語態有變，但不影響意義：
As the guests entered the church, they were led to the proper seats by the ushers.
4、要處理好比較關系
比較關系也是一種修飾關系。比較結構如果不完整或不確切也會引出歧義。請觀察：
? He is as tall, if not taller, than his brother.
在這句話中，比較結構不完全，因為不可能說He is as tall than his brother, 而只能說as tall as his brother。 所以這句話應該調整為：
He is as tall as his brother, if not taller.
或調整為：
He is as tall as, if not taller than his brother.
再如：
Leonardo had one of the greatest, if not the greatest minds of all times.
這個最高級結構也是不完全的，從而非常費解，因為在這里有兩個名詞片語「one of the greatest minds」和「the greatest mind」。應補足為：
Leonardo had one of the greatest minds, if not the greatest mind, of all times.
有時，比較結構不完全，導致表意不合邏輯。如：
?Her salary was lower than a typist.
怎麼會一個人的薪水比打字員低呢？應該說成：
Her salary was lower than that of a typist.
或者：Her salary was lower than a typist』s.
再如：
?The food here costs no more than any other resaurant.
這句話從字面上看可以理解為The food here costs no more than any other restaurant costs, 這樣以來，就變成拿食品價格和其它飯店的相比了，顯然不合邏輯。應該拿這里的食品價格和任何其它飯店的食品相比：
The food here costs no more than (it does) at any other restaurant.
由上述諸例可以看出，在使用比較結構時，必須把被比較的對象明確起來。如果被比較的對象不明確，那就意義含糊。如：
?Claremont is farther from Los Angeles than Pomona.
這句話的意思很含糊。到底是Claremont 距離Los Angeles 比Pomona 距離Los Angeles 遠呢？還是Claremont距離Los Angeles 比Claremont距離Pomona遠呢？如果是前一種意思，應該說成：Claremont is farther from Los Angeles than Pomona is.
如果是後一種意思，則應該說：
Claremont is farther from Los Angeles than it is from Pomona.
有時，在比較結構中使用than any…不當，其表意不合邏輯。如：
?For many years the Empire State building was taller than any building in New York.
這句話不合邏輯，因為Empire State Building 坐落在紐約市。它怎能和包括它自己在內的紐約市建築物相比呢？處理這類問題，只要在any之後加個other就可以了：
From many years the Empire State Building was taller than any other building in New York.
三、言語簡練，用詞經濟
言語簡練，用詞經濟是修辭的另一條重要原則。所謂「簡練」就是不用多餘的詞，即在表情達意中每一個詞都起到自己的表意作用，而沒有冗長、累贅的現象。「簡練」和「簡短」是兩個不同的概念。「簡練」是修辭上的優點；「簡短」有時是優點，但有時就不一定是優點。一個簡短的句子或者一篇簡短的文章有時鏗鏘有力，擲地有聲，便有時也可能言之無物，讀來無味；文章長而空固然不妙；而空也未嘗足取。一個句子或者一篇文章可能比較長，但內容充實，組織嚴密，沒有廢話，沒有敗筆，照樣可以算是「簡練」。因此「簡練」是修辭的一個努力方向，它和「簡短」是有區別的。
1、要避免冗贅
盡管一個句子或者一篇文章並不一定是「越短越好」，但是小題而大作，短話而連篇，言之無物，總是要不得的。講一句話，造一個句子，在能充分表達思想的前提下，用詞應該十分經濟，必須避免使用多餘的詞。如：
Whenever anyone called for someone to help him do something, Jim was always the first to lend his help for the cause.
這個句子如果變為下面的句子就更加簡練：
Whenever anyone called for help, Jim was always the first to lend his help.
這個句子即是「簡練的」，又是「簡短」的。在這里，這二者就一致起來了。
2、要避免不必要的重復
重復有時是修辭的需要，但是，不必要的重復往往會造成言語累贅，表達無力。語法為我們提供了避免重復的手段，這重要是省略和替代。一般原則是，在能充分表意的前提下，能省略的就應省略，能替代的就應替代。省略和替代不僅能夠避免不必要的重復，而且可使主要的思想內容得到應有的突出。反之，如果該省略而不省略，該替代而不替代，反而會沖淡主要的內容，贊成煩冗無力的表達。如：
My father planned (all these houses) and my brother built all these houses.
Brian can (do the work well) and (he) should do the work well, but he won』t (do the work well).
Mary is going to sweep the floor though Alice won』t (sweep the floor).
以上各句中括弧內為省略的部分。第一句中，省略了all these houses, 便突出了planned; 第二句省略了do the work well和he，突出了can, should和won』t; 同樣地，第三句省略了sweep the floor, 便強調了Alice won』t。
再如：
Here is a white silk blouse and a pink one. (one替代silk blouse)
He said he would tell me the news, but he didn』t do so. (do so替代tell me the news)
We are told that he will come back tonight, and if so our meeting will be held tomorrow. (if so替代if he comes back tonight)
在上述第一句中，用了名詞替代詞one, 不僅避免了silk blouse的重復，而且使pink的意義突出起來；第二句用do so替代tell me the news, 突出了didn』t 的意義；第三句用if so替代if he comes back tonight, 突出了其後主句的含義。
3、要避免拖沓現象
句尾是傳遞最重要信息的位置。因此，通常不宜在句尾附加過多的補敘。如果在句尾加上長串的並不重要的細節，往往會出現拖沓現象。「拖沓句」也是累贅的一種表現。如：
It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8, 2000, when I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly amn came out of the park on the other side of the street. Then I saw a yellow car drive up Third Street and make a right turn into Park Road. The next moment the car hit the man while he was crossing the road. The man was badly hurt and he fell with a cry. The car didn』t stop but drove off at great speed which was heading west. I noticed the driver wa a young woman who pretended not to be noticing all of this and the plate number was AC 864. About two minutes later I stopped a car which was passing near here and took the old man to the nearest hospital where the old man could be taken good care of.
在這篇短文中，似乎用了太多的定語從句，從而使讀者的視線容易因為讀這些長句子而轉移對整個交通事故的描述。如若改成下面的短文，就會顯得簡潔明了。
I was walking along Park Road towards the east on the morning of February 8, 2000 when an elderly man came out of the park on the other sde of the street. Then a yellow car drove up Third Street and made a right trun into Park Road. The next moment the car hit the man while he was crossing the road. He fell with a cry. The car didn』t stop but drove off at great speed heading west. I noticed the dirver was a young woman and the plate number was AC864. About two minutes later I stopped a passing car and took the old man to the nearest hospital where he was taken good care of.
這樣整篇短文中含有一個定語從句，兩個並列句，一個時間狀語從句，一個賓語從句，一個分詞結構，四個並列謂語，調整了主要信息的位置，刪除了多餘的詞，主句和從句的次序進行了調換，使句式錯落有致、重點突出。
四、句式多樣，靈活交替
修辭的另一個要求是，言語要生動活潑，形式，最忌單調乏味，平淡無奇。避免單調可以通過各種不同的手段來實現。從語法角度看，多種句式的靈活交替是達到生動活潑，避免單調的重要方法。寫一篇文，講一段話，如果通篇用的都是簡單句或者通篇都是很長很長的復雜句，往往會給人以句式單調的感覺。如下面一篇短文：
My name is Li Hua. I was born in Dalian, Liaoning province in February 1977. I started school in 1984 at 7. I studied in Guangming Primary School from 1984 to 1990. After that I went to No. 62 Middle school of Dalian and graated this summer. The main subjects I studied at school included Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer.I like English and computer best. I am very good at them. Last year I won first prize in the school computer competition. In my spare time I enjoy listening to popular music and collecting stamps. My favourite sports are swimming in summer and skating in winter.
上面的短文是對自己作的一個簡介，內容很全面，但句式太單調，不活潑不生動，給人一種平淡之感。如果將這篇短文的句式進行調整，充分運用分詞結構，使句式靈活多樣，本短文將會變得活潑，讀起來朗朗上口。修改如下：
My name is Li Hua and I was born in Dalian, Liaoning province in February 1977. In 1984 when I was seven years old, I started school. From 1984 to 1990 I studied in Guangming Primary School. And after that I went to No. 62 Middle School of Dalian, where I graated this summer. The main subjects I studied at school included Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer. I like best English and compuer which I am very good at. Last year I won first prize in the school computer competition. In my spare time, what I enjoy doing is listening to music, collecting stamps, swimming and skakting, of which I love swimming and skating most.
修改過的短文包括一個並列句，五個定語從句，一個分裂句，同時在上下文的銜接上注意了關聯詞的運用，從而使整個短文句式靈活多變，思路清晰，讀起來朗朗上口。
㈥ 英語語言學習中語法和交際的關系
語法影復響交際，但語法制不決定交際。
實際的英語口語交際中，你會發現，老外是可以聽懂不符合語法的句子的。比如你對一個老外說
Can you speak Germany? *
Germany是德國的意思，顯然沒法被說，German才是正確的詞彙選擇，但老外可以明白你想說的是「德語」這個詞，雖然用詞是錯的。
再比如這個句子，she like coffee. 這個句子就是不符合語法的，正確的應該是she likes coffee.但完全不影響意思表達。
有的語法點會影響交際，比如 I loved you 和I love you 表達的就是完全不同的意思。
很多時候要看上下文的語境，有時語境會幫助理解不符合語法的表達。
書面交際要正式很多，所以要更注重語法的正確性，而且書面語不是即時的反應，也給了說話人更多時間去准備准確的表達。
㈦ 關於跨文化交際的英語的論文和外文文獻有嗎
http://www.discourse-in-society.org/teun.html
這是一個荷蘭學者做的這方面研究，版你可以看看權
㈧ 英語語法教學、語言能力與交際能力三者之間的關系 求大家幫幫忙 。
看你的目的是什麼了，從事英語教學，研究，或者需要大量閱讀英文材料的，你就多注意語法吧~
如果想交流為主，那就選後者~
如果是留學生，兩者最好兼顧~
㈨ 英文論文：【文化差異對交際的影響】救命！（高分）
中文:文化差異影響跨文化交際
隨著價值觀與道德標准、社會關系、社會禮儀和社會風俗等方面，即西方文化主張個人榮譽、自我中心、創新 精神和個性自由，而中國文化主張謙虛謹慎、無私奉獻、中庸之道和團結協作；西方人平等意識較強、家庭結 構簡單，由父母以及未成年子女組成核心家庭；而中國人等級觀念較強，家庭結構較復雜，傳統的幸福家庭多 為四代同堂等。
在跨文化交際中，由於文化障礙而導致的信息誤解，甚至傷害對方的現象屢見不鮮。有時善意的言談會使 對方尷尬無比，禮貌的舉止會被誤解為荒誕粗俗。因此，研究文化差異，研究正確的跨文化交際行為已成為不 可忽視的問題。
在中國，對別人的健康狀況表示關心是有教養、有禮貌的表現。但對西方人的健康表示關心，就不能按中 國的傳統方式了。一個中國學生得知其美籍教師生病後，會關切地說「you should go to see a doctor！（你 應該到醫院看看）」。不料，這句體貼的話反而使這位教師很不高興。因為在這位教師看來，有病看醫生這種 簡單的事情連小孩都知道，用不著任何人來指教。如果就某種小事給人以忠告，那顯然是對其能力的懷疑，從 而大大傷害其自尊心。
中國人在飯桌上的熱情好客經常被西方人誤解為不文明的行為。因西方人認為：客人吃多吃少完全由自己 決定，用不著主人為他加菜添酒；而且飲食過量是極不體面的事情，因此客人吃飯後，主人不必勸他再吃。一 位美國客人看到中國主人不斷地給他挾菜很不安，事後他抱怨說「主人把我當豬一樣看待」。
中國人路遇熟人時，往往會無所顧忌地說：「啊呀，老兄，你近來又發福了！」或者以關切的口吻說：「 老兄，你又瘦了，要注意身體啊！」而西方人若聽你說「you are fat」或「you are so thin」，即使比較熟 悉，也會感到尷尬和難以答。
從以上例子不難看出：文化障礙的確會影響跨文化交際。因此有必要研究不同文化間的差異。
Cultural differences affect cross-cultural communication
With values and ethical standards, social relations, social etiquette and social customs, and other aspects, that is, Western culture advocated personal honor, self-centeredness, innovative spirit, and indivial freedom, and Chinese culture advocates modest and prudent, selfless dedication, and the doctrine of the mean and unity, cooperation ; Westerners strong sense of equality, the family structure is simple, by the parents and minor children of the nuclear family, while the Chinese hierarchy and stronger family structures more complicated, more traditional happy families for four generations, and so on.
In cross-cultural communication, because of cultural barriers and lead to misunderstanding of information, or even hurt each other's are common occurrences. Sometimes goodwill remarks will embarrass the other side incomparable, appearance will be misunderstood as absurd vulgar. Therefore, the study of cultural differences on the right of cross-cultural communication has become a problem that can not be overlooked.
In China, others expressed concern about the health status of the cultured, polite performance. But Westerners expressed concern about the health, we can not by the traditional Chinese way. A Chinese-American students know their teachers became ill, will concern, saying: "you should go to see a doctor! (You should see to the hospital)." Unexpectedly, this considerate words to the contrary, the teachers very unhappy. Because in the view of teachers, sick to see a doctor this simple matter even children know, do not need anyone to tell. If on some trivial advice to people it is clearly doubt their ability, thus greatly hurt their self-esteem.
Chinese people at the dinner table and the hospitality of Westerners often misunderstood as uncivilized behavior. For Westerners think: eat fewer guests to eat their own decision entirely, there is no need for him加菜Tim masters of wine; and excessive diet is extremely shameful thing, so after dinner guests, the owner advised him not eating. A master of American guests to see China continue to Jiacai very disturbing to him after he complained that "the masters, like pigs when I look at."
Chinese路遇acquaintances, often unscrupulous and said: "啊呀,老兄, you recently made a further blessing!" Or to the tone of concern, said: "老兄, you lost, we should pay attention to physical ah!" And the West if you listen to people say "you are fat" or "you are so thin," even more familiar with, will feel awkward and difficult FOR.
It is easy to see from the above examples: cultural barriers will truly affect cross-cultural communication. It is therefore necessary to study the differences between different cultures.
㈩ 如何提高英語交際能力的措施論文
盡可能多地給學生提供口語交流的機會 學好英語口語，語言環境很重要。目前的英語教學活動，學生接觸英語口語的機會少，學生在言語交際中普遍存在語音語調不準確、表達沒有邏輯性、甚至基本語法使用錯誤等問題。