A. 初三英語語法
常用時態六種：一般現在時，現在進行時，一般將來時，一般過去專時，現在完成時，過去屬進行時。還有兩種過去將來時和過去完成時要求了解的。句子成分、簡單句的五種基本類型和復合句（重點為並列句、狀語從句、賓語從句、定語從句等）；十大詞類的用法；你只要翻開每冊書後面的語法部分就知道要掌握那些語法了。祝你成功。
B. 初中英語語法大全 新目標
初中英語語法總結 一）在後面加。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas 二）x, sh, ch, s, tch後加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes 三）1）以輔音字母加y結尾的變y為i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, ty-ties, comedy- comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories 2）以母音字母加y結尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways 四）以o結尾加s（外來詞）。如：radios, photos, 但如是輔音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西紅柿, potatoes馬鈴薯 五）以f或fe結尾的變f為v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves 六）單復數相同（不變的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese 七）一般只有復數，沒有單數的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks 八）單詞形式不變，既可以是單數也可以是復數的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同學, family家，家庭成員 九）合成的復數一般只加主要名詞，多數為後一個單詞。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所組成的合成詞的復數則同時為復數。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers 十）有的單復數意思不同。如：fish魚 fishes魚的種類, paper紙 papers報紙，卷子，論文, work工作 works作品，工廠, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼鏡, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光線 lights燈, people人 peoples民族, time時間 times時代, 次數, chicken 雞肉 chickens 小雞 十一） 單個字母的復數可以有兩種形式直接加s或』s。如：Is (I』s), Ks (K』s)。但如是縮略詞則只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs 十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen B）名詞的格 當我們要表示某人的什麼東西或人時，我們就要使用所有格形式。構成如下： 一）單數在後面加』s。如：brother』s, Mike』s, teacher』s 二）復數以s結尾的直接在s後加』，如果不是以s結尾的與單數一樣處理。如：Teachers』 Day教師節, classmates』; Children』s Day六一節, Women』s Day三八節 三）由and並列的名詞所有時，如果是共同所有同一人或物時，只加最後一個』s，但分別擁有時卻分別按單數形式處理。如：Mike and Ben』s room邁克和本的房間（共住一間），Mike』s and Ben』s rooms邁克和本的房間（各自的房間） 2、代詞 項目 人稱代詞 物主代詞 指示代詞 反身代詞
人 稱 主格 賓格 形容詞 名詞性
第一人稱 單數 I me my mine myself
復數 we us our ours ourselves
第二人稱 單數 you you your yours yourself
復數 you you your yours yourselves
第三人稱 單數 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its this that itself
復數 they them their theirs these those themselves
3、動詞 A） 第三人稱單數 當動詞是第三人稱單數時，動詞應該像名詞的單數變動詞那樣加s，如下： 一）一般在詞後加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains 二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch後加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes 三）1）以輔音字母加y結尾的變y為i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries 2）以母音字母加y結尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys 四）以o結尾加es。如：does, goes 五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has B） 現在分詞 當我們說某人正在做什麼事時，動詞要使用分詞形式，不能用原形，構成如下： 一）一般在後加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing 二）以不發音e的結尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having 三）以重讀閉音節結尾且一個母音字母＋一個輔音字母（注意除開字母組合如show –showing, draw-drawing）要雙寫最後的輔音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning 四）以ie結尾的變ie為y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位於 4、形容詞的級 我們在對兩個或以上的人或物進行對比時，則要使用比較或最高級形式。構成如下： 一） 一般在詞後加er或est(如果是以e結尾則直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest 二）以重讀閉音節結尾且1個母音字母＋1個輔音字母(字母組合除外，如few-fewer fewest)結尾的雙寫結尾 的輔音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest 三） 以輔音字母＋y結尾的變y為i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest 四）特殊情況：(兩好多壞，一少老遠) good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest 5、數詞 (基變序，有規則；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它後接th；y結尾，變為i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth 二、句式 1.陳述句 肯定陳述句 a) This is a book. (be動詞) b) He looks very young. (連系動詞) c) I want a sweat like this. (實義動詞) d) I can bring some things to school. (情態動詞) e) There』s a computer on my desk. (There be結構) 否定陳述句 a) These aren』t their books. b) They don』t look nice. c) Kate doesn』t go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate can』t find her doll. e) There isn』t a cat here. (=There』s no cat here.) 2. 祈使句 肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let』s learn English! c) Come in, please. 否定祈使句a) Don』t be late. b) Don』t hurry. 3. 疑問句 1) 一般疑問句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad? d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading? 肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is. 否定回答: a) No, he isn』t. b) No, you can』t. c) No, she doesn』t. d) No, they don』t. e) No, she isn』t. 2) 選擇疑問句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It』s big./ It』s small. 3) 特殊疑問句 ① 問年齡 How old is Lucy? She is twelve. ② 問種類 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies. ③ 問身體狀況 How is your uncle? He is well/fine. ④ 問方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K. How do we contact you? My e-mail address is [email protected]. ⑤ 問原因 Why do you want to join the club? ⑥ 問時間 What』s the time? (=What time is it?) It』s a quarter to ten a.m.. What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o』clock. When do you want to go? Let』s go at 7:00. ⑦ 問地方 Where』s my backpack? It』s under the table. ⑧ 問顏色 What color are they? They are light blue. What』s your favourite color? It』s black. ⑨ 問人物 Who』s that? It』s my sister. Who is the boy in blue? My brother. Who isn』t at school? Peter and Emma. Who are Lisa and Tim talking to? ⑩ 問東西 What』s this/that (in English)? It』s a pencil case. What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers. 11問姓名 What』s your aunt』s name? Her name is Helen./She』s Helen. What』s your first name? My first name』s Ben. What』s your family name? My family name』s Smith. 12 問哪一個 Which do you like? I like one in the box. 13 問字母 What letter is it? It』s big D/small f. 14 問價格 How much are these pants? They』re 15 dollars. 15 問電話號碼 What』s your phone number? It』s 576-8349. 16 問謂語(動作) What』s he doing? He』s watching TV. 17 問職業(身份) What do you do? I』m a teacher. What』s your father? He』s a doctor. 三、時態 1、一般現在時 表示普遍、經常性的或長期性的動作時使用一般現在時，它有： Be 動詞：She』s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn』t a worker. 情態動詞：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can』t play the piano. 行為動詞：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don』t want to eat any tomatoes. Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn』t have a watch. 2、現在進行時 表示動詞在此時正在發生或進行就使用進行時態，結構為sb be v-ing sth + 其它. I』m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I』m not playing baseball
C. 初三英語語法有哪些
你指的是只初三，還是初中三年的。
沒想語法，要講清楚，都不易，只初三的也不容易了。
D. 初三英語語法
被動語態http://ke..com/view/135.htm
主謂一致http://ke..com/view/84523.htm
定語回從句答http://ke..com/view/56536.htm
E. 初三英語語法（新目標版）
1.不定代詞（some any, all both, ither neither, none, each every, many much, few little的區別與聯系）
A復合不定代詞12個
B some any的用法
2.時態
A一般現在、過去、將來時
B現在、過去完成時
C過去、現在、將來進行時
D現在完成進行時
3.賓語從句（3種）
4.定語從句（以that為主）
5.構詞法，主要詞綴（un dis bi ab inter tele re ful tion less ese y ing ed ly able al等）
6.主要縮寫
7.形容詞與副詞的比較級，最高級
A特殊變化與一般變化
B用法
8.動詞的種類
行為、情態、聯系、助動詞
9.句子的成分
主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補語
10.簡單句5大基本句型（順便掌握及物與不及物動詞的區別）
11.動詞不定式
A基本結構（to+動詞原型，否定式為not to+動詞原型）
B用法
C疑問詞+不定式
12.被動語態
A主動與被動的概念
B構成
C情態動詞被動語態
13.虛擬語氣（以「現在不可能發生」為主）
結構為If+主+V-ed,主+would do。
注意從句裡面be用were
14.雙賓語
15.情態動詞
caN could,should,would,would like,might may,have to must,need
特別注意掌握情態動詞表推測
16.直接引語，間接引語
注意指示代詞、時間與地點詞、動詞轉換的情況
注意不轉換的情況
注意主從一致
17.狀語從句（特別是IF ，WHEN和UNTIL）
注意主句一般將來時，從句用一般現在表將來。（需特別注意）
18.名詞
A專有名詞與普通名詞
B可數與不可數
C可數名詞單數與復數
D所有格
19.代詞
A人稱代詞
B物主代詞
C指示代詞
20.數詞
A基數詞
B序數詞
21.動詞縮略形式
22.介詞
A時間介詞
B地點介詞
C其他
23.冠詞
24.分詞
A現在與過去分詞
B現在分詞做主語等
C分詞做定語
25.倒裝
A so+動詞+主語 （類似於so am i/so is he/ so do I so does he.）
B部分倒裝
26.特殊
A季節，星期，月份，年份讀法
B報時
C動詞+介詞，動詞+副詞的各種特殊意義
D其他（如7大洲，4大洋，撲克花色，電影.音樂的類型，國家與首都等
片語
Unit 1 How do you study for a test ?
1 not at all =not in the slightest 根本不
2 end up 結束
3 make mistakes in sth 在某方面出錯
4 later on 隨後
5 be afraid to do sth 害怕做某事
be afraid of sth/sb 害怕……
6 laugh at sb 嘲笑某人
7 take notes=write down the notes 做筆記
8 make up 組成
9 deal with=do with 處理
10 be angry with 對……感到生氣
11 go by （時間）過去、消逝 Time goes by. 時間流逝
12 try one』s best to do sth 盡力做謀事
13 break off 突然終止
14 make/use flashcards 製作使用抽認卡
15 make a vocabulary list 製作詞彙表
16 read/speak aloud=read loudly 大聲說
play the CD too loud 把CD放開大聲
sweep the floor clean 把地板掃干凈
17 practice the pronunciation 練習發音
18 get the pronunciation right =pronounce right發音準確
19 specific advice/suggestions 詳細而精確的建議
20 memorize/recite the words/text 背書
21 read the textbook 讀課本
22 English grammars 英語語法
23 feel differently 覺的不同
24 frustrate sb = make sb frustrated
使某人沮喪
find sth frustrating 發現某事沮喪
25 speak quickly/fast 說得很快
26 get/be excited 激動
look excited 看起來很激動
look at sb sadly 傷心地朝某人看
an exciting match/game 一場刺激的比賽
27 spoken/oral English 英語口語
28 full comma 句號
29 regard sth as a challenge 把某事視為挑戰
30 impress sb 感動某人 be impressed 被深深感動
be impressed deeply by sb 被某人深深感動
31 have trouble/difficulty(in)doing sth做某事有困難
32 look up the words in a dictionary用字典查閱單詞
33 feel/touch soft 感覺/觸摸柔軟
34 study for a text 為一次數學小測學習
36 work with sb 與某人一起工作
35 listen to tapes 聽磁帶
listen to the teacher carefully 認真聽課
36 ask sb for help 尋求幫助
He is asking for help. 他正在求救
ask sb to do sth 叫某人做某事tell sb about sth 告訴某人某事
37 improve my listening/speaking skills
提高聽力/口語技巧
38 enlarge the vocabulary 擴大詞彙量39 watch English news 看英語新聞
40 understand the voices 聽懂(說的內容)
41 learn a lot/much 學了很多
42 join an English club 參加英語俱樂部
43 keep a diary in English 用英語寫日記
44 review notes 復習筆記
45 write original sentences 寫新穎的句子
46 practice conversations with sb 與某人練習對話
47 do well/OK 做得好
48 get mad at sb 生某人的氣
49 the best way to learn English 學英語的最好方法
50 be fair/unfair 公平、不公平
51 on ty 值日
It』s one』s ty to do sth 某人的職責做某事
It』s our ty to distribute to the society
52 be lost/missing 丟失
53 young alts 青少年
54 see a psychologist 看一個心理醫生
55 get a lot of practices 得到許多練習
56 end up doing sth 最後做某事
57 become unhappy 變得不高興
58 behave with sb 與某人相處的方式
59 stay angry 持續生氣
60 change problems/troubles/difficulty into challenge
把困難變成挑戰
61 solve the problem 解決問題
62 realize sth =sth come true 實現某事
63 make a complete sentence 造一個完整的句子
64 complete/finish doing sth 結束做某事
65 the secret of sth …的秘密 The secret of becoming a good language learner is practicing . 成為一個優秀語言學家的秘密是練習
66 an important part of sth. 最重要的一部分
67 developing country 發展中國家
developed country 發達國家
68 with the help of sb 在某人幫助下
help sb (to) do sth = help sb with sth 幫助某人做某事
69 compare A to B 把A與B進行對比70 physical problems 生理缺陷
71 find a pen pal 找一個筆友
72 in a positive way 用積極的方法
75 last for a long time 持續很長時間
73 first of all 首先
74 to begin with 以…開始
75 make sb laugh 使某人笑
76 help a lot/a little 幫助很多、一點
77 have disagreement 意見不合
78 decide not to do 決定不做某事
79 talk to each other 互相談話
80 too much + n. 太多…
much too + adj.
81 be strict with sb 對某人嚴厲
82 regard sth as a challenge 把……視為挑戰
Unit2 I used to be afraid of dark .
1 used to 過去常常
He used to be thin .
I used to like riding . I didn』t use to like tests.
2 be interested in =take an interest in 對…感興趣
3 be afraid of=be terrified of 害怕
4 go to sleep with the light on 開著燈睡覺
5 eat candy [U] 吃糖
6 chew gum [U] 嚼口香糖
7 chat with sb=have a chat with sb 與…聊天
8 Fuzhou Daily Newspaper 福州日報
9 daily life 每天的生活
10 die(u)-dead(adj)-death(n) 死
He died in 1990. He has been dead for 3 years.
He is dying. 他將死./臨終
11 afford sth/to do sth 負擔得起
He couldn』t afford to pay for his child』s ecation.
12 cause a lot of trouble (for sb.) 引起很多麻煩
13 get into trouble with the police 陷入警察手裡
14 be patient with sb 對…有耐心
15 finally=in the end=at last 最後
16 make a decision on sth/doing sth 決定做某事
=make up one』s mind to do sth=decide to do sth
17 head teacher 班主任
head master 校長
head group leader 組長
monitor 班長
18 It』s necessary to do sth 必須做某事
19 to one』s surprise 使某人吃驚
be surprised at sth 吃驚於…
To my surprise, a phone call changed his life.
20 even though=even if (+讓步狀語從句) 即使
Even though he is eighty, he looks young and healthy.
21 no longer=not...any longer 不再(延續性)
no more=not…any more 不再(短暫性)
22 take pride in=feel/be proud of 為…而自豪
I take pride in being a Chinese.
I am/feel proud of being a Chinese.
23 pay attention to sth/the grammar 注意語法
24 give up 放棄
Don』t give up. 不要放棄
25 a couple of days 兩天
26 look different 看起來不同
look the same 看起來一樣
27 waste water 浪費水
waste one』s time 浪費時間
28 wear glasses/contact lenses 戴眼鏡/隱型眼鏡
29 have a good memory 記性很好
30 have long/straight/curly hair 留著…發型
31 on the swim team 在游泳隊
32 People sure change. 人是會變的
33 for a long time 很長一段時間
34 make sb stressed out 使某人筋疲力盡
35 have/like/hate gym class 有/喜歡/討厭體育課
36 paint/draw pictures 畫畫
37 be/live alone 獨處/單獨居住
feel lonely 覺得孤獨
38 walk to school=get to school on foot 走路去學校
take a bus=go by bus=go on a bus 乘車
ride a bike=go by bike=riding 騎車
39 worry about sth/sb=be worried about sth/sb. 擔心
40 study all the time=study all along 一直學習
41 a six-year-old brother 一個6歲的弟弟
42 spend time (in) doing sth 花時間做某事
43 take sb to a concert 帶某人去音樂會
44 hardly ever 幾乎不
45 change a lot 改變了許多
46 in the last few years 近幾年
47 can』t stop doing 忍不住做某事
48 problem child 問題小孩
49 give sb sth 給某人某物
50 look after=take care of=care for 照顧
51 as…as 與…一樣
as well as… 與…一樣好，也
as well as she could 盡她全力
52 send sb to+地點 送某人去某地
53 It』s+ adj +to do sth
54 make sb do sth 使某人做某事
55 lose weight 減肥
56 make a diet 節食
57 make terrible noise 吵鬧
58 a top student 尖子生
59 take a deep breath 深呼吸
60 shout at the top of one』s voice 高聲喊
61 be used to doing 習慣於做某事
The boy is used to telling a lie. 那男孩習慣撒謊
62 be used to do 被使用於
Money is used in many ways.
Wood is used to make paper.
Unit 3 Teenagers should be allowed to
choose their own clothes .
1 choose one』s own sth. 選擇某人自己東西
have one』s own sth.. 有某人自己的某物
2 should do sth. 應該做
shouldn』t do sth. 不應該做
3 allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事
be allowed to do sth. 被允許做某事
should be allowed to do sth. 應該被允許做sth.
4 get one』s driver』s license 獲得某人駕駛執照
5 have/get/find/look for a part-time job
找/有/得到一個兼職
6 a fifteen-year-old student 一個15歲的學生
fifteen-year-olds 15歲的學生/孩子(復數)
the+adj./old/young 一類人（復數）
7 get one』s ears pierced=pierce one』s ears 釘耳洞
have/get sth.done 使….被做
have/get one』s hair cut = cut one』s hair 剪某人頭發
have/get the shoes repaired = repair the shoe 補鞋
8 go to the mall with sb. 和某人去購物/商業街
9 be sure (of/ about sth.) 確信某事
be sure that+從句 確信
make sure 確認
10 too us enough太魯莽,不夠冷靜
F. 初三英語語法講解
more是比較級
much是原級，並且它修飾不可數名詞
G. 初三英語語法全部 新目標的 要求每個單元的分開 就80分啦，拿走
新目標九年級英語重點基礎語法歸納輔導
(一)現在完成時態
1,現在完成時的定義:現在完成時是表示在過去發生但與現在情況有聯系的動作或狀態的時態.
2,現在完成時的構成:現在完成時是由"助動詞have/has+動詞過去分詞"構成的.
①助動詞have/has可以與主語縮寫為've/'s.
e.g. I have → I've We have → We've He has → He's It has → It's
②規則變化的過去分詞與動詞過去式一樣.
③不規則變化的動詞過去分詞見表.Book 3 P255—257
3,現在完成時的基本句型.
①陳述句肯定形式.
e.g. I have had lunch. 我已經吃過午飯了. He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了.
②陳述句否定形式.(在助動詞have/has後+not,可縮寫為haven't/hasn't)
e.g. I haven't had lunch. 我還未吃午飯. He hasn't gone to Beijing. 他還沒有去北京.
③一般疑問句形式及其答語.(將助動詞have/has提前,答語一般用have, has回答)
e.g. Have you had lunch 你吃過午飯了沒 Yes, I have. No, I haven't.
Has he gone to Beijing 他去過北京了沒有 Yes, he has. No, he hasn't.
否定回答還可以用:No, not yet. / No, never. / No, not even once等.
④特殊疑問句形式.(疑問詞+一般疑問句)
e.g. Where has he gone 他去了哪裡
4,現在完成時的三個基本用法.
(1) 現在完成時的第一個基本用法表示過去發生或已完成的某一個動作對現在造成的影響或結果.
e.g. Have you had lunch Yes, I have. I've just had it.
你吃過午飯沒 有,吃過了,我剛剛吃的.(影響及結果:我現在飽了,不需要了)
He has gone to Beijing.
他已經去北京了.(影響及結果:他人現在不在這里了)
該用法常already(已經), never(從不), ever(曾經), yet(仍然), just(剛剛), before(以前)等副詞(作狀語)連用.
① already, just, ever, never常用於助動詞之後,實義動詞之前.
already, just多用於肯定陳述句.
e.g. She has already finished her work. 她早已幹完了活.
Would you like to go to see the film No, I've seen it already.不,我已經看過了.(already偶爾會出現於句末)
They have just won a game. 他們剛剛贏了一場比賽.
有時already可以用於疑問句,表示期待肯定回答,或表示驚訝,意外.
e.g. Have you finished reading the book already 你真的已經讀完這本書了 (表示驚訝)
ever多用於疑問句,問初次經歷.
e.g. Have you ever spoken to a foreigner 你跟外國人講過話嗎 (問初次經歷)
never多用於否定陳述句(注:本身表示否定意義)
e.g. He has never done such a thing, has he 他從來沒有做過這樣的事,不是嗎 (否定)
② yet一般用於疑問句(已經)或否定句(還),常位於句末.
e.g. Have you got ready yet 你已經准備好了嗎
He hasn't finished his homework yet. 他還沒完成作業.
③ before一般位於句末.
e.g. I have never seen the film before. 以前我從未看過那部電影.
現在完成時的第一種用法常與以上的副詞連用,因此這些詞有時可以作為現在完成時的標志詞.
(1) 現在完成時的第二個基本用法表示過去已經開始,持續到現在的動作或狀態.該用法常和表示過去某一時刻延
續到現在的一段時間的狀語連用.
①與for +一段時間連用,表示多久.
e.g. He has learned English for two years. 他已經學習兩年英語了.
I have been here for three days. 我在這里已經3天了.
②與since +時間(起點)連用,表示自…以來.
e.g. His father has worked in that factory since 1991. 他爸爸自1991年以來都在這家工廠工作.
I've had a cold since last Friday. 自上星期五起我就感冒了.
③與since +一段時間+ ago連用,表示自…以前就….
e.g. Jim has waited there since half an hour ago. 吉姆自半個小時前就已經在那裡等候了.
He has stayed here since three weeks ago. 他在這兒已呆了三個星期.
④與since +從句(從句用一般過去時)連用,表示自某事發生後就一直….
e.g. The Greens have lived in Beijng since they came to China. 格林一家自從來到中國後就一直住在北京.
I've known her since I came to work here. 自從我來這里工作就認識他了.
(3) 現在完成時的第三個基本用法表示到現在為止這一時期中多次動作的總和或所做過的工作的量的積累.
e.g. I have been to Beijing twice. 我去過北京兩次.
We've learnt five English songs this year. 今年我們學了五首英語歌曲.
How many pages of the book have you read 這本書你讀了多少頁了
5,延續性與非延續性動詞在現在完成時態中的使用.
(1)有一些動詞是瞬間動詞,也叫非延續性動詞,這些動詞一發生就結束了,常見的有:come, go, arrive, reach, leave,
begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等.這些動詞雖然可以用於現在完成時(說明某個
動作的結果還存在),但由於它們不能延續,因此不能跟表示一段的時間狀語連用.(也即現在完成時的第二個
基本用法中不能使用非延續性動詞).
e.g. Jim has come back. (正) 吉姆已經回來了.
Jim has come back for a month. (誤) come back的動作不能延續一個月,因此錯誤.
(2)瞬間動詞不可以用於有段時間的現在完成時態中,因此,若要解決這一問題,就應把它改為相應的延續性動詞
或短語,主要有以下幾種:
①用相應的延續性動詞
如: buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become → be
put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold
②轉換成be+名詞
如: join → be a member of go to school → be a student
③轉換成be+形容詞或副詞
如: die → be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be over
fall asleep — be asleep open → be open get up → be up close → closed
④轉換成be+介詞短語
如: come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach …→ be in/at… join the army → be in the army(軍隊)
e.g. I have borrowed the book. 我已經借了那本書.
I have kept the book for two days. 我已經借那本書兩天了.
Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已經加入那樂隊了.
Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已經加入那個樂隊一個月了.
His grandfather has died. 他祖父已經死了.
His grandfather has been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已經死了兩年了.
My father has arrived in China. 我父親已經到達中國了.
My father has been in China for a week. 我父親已經在中國一個星期了.
(3)在否定句中,非延續性動詞也可以與時間段連用.
e.g. I haven't borrowed books from the library since last year. 自去年以來我就沒有在圖書館借過書.
Jim hasn't come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年沒回來了.
6,現在完成時的幾種常見的句型轉換.
現在完成時可以轉化成一般過去時,還可以轉化成"It is/has been +時間段+since從句(用一般過去時)"等句型.
e.g. Jim has been back for a month. 吉姆已經回來一個月了.
= Jim came back a month ago. 吉姆一個月前就回來了.
= It is/has been a month since Jim came back. 自吉姆回來已經有一個月了.
= A month has passed since Jim came back.
I have kept the book for two days.
= I borrowed the book two days ago.
= It is / has been two days since I borrowed the book.
= Two days has passed since I borrowed the book.
7,現在完成時和一般過去時的區別:
現在完成時強調的是過去的動作對現在的影響,它和現在有密切的聯系.現在完成時經常會出現下列的標志詞.
如:already, yet, just, ever, never, several times, before, so far, for +時間段, since +時間點或從句等.一般過去時強調的是動作發生的時間,地點,不涉及對現在的影響,所以凡含有表示過去的時間狀語的句子,都必須用一般過去時,不能用現在完成時.
(二)賓語從句
1,賓語從句的概說:賓語從句在復合句中作主句的賓語.
整個復合句結構如下:
I think (that) I have lost it. 我想我已經把它丟了.
主語 + 謂語 +(引導詞)+ 主語 + 謂語
主句 賓語從句
由此可見賓語從句就是作及物動詞,介詞或某些形容詞的賓語的句子.
2,由that引導的賓語從句.(即陳述句作賓語從句)
(1) 主句的謂語.
① 很多及物動詞後都可接由that引導的賓語從句,如:think, hope, say, tell, know, see, hear, remember, mean等.
② 一些表示人的感情的形容詞如sure, happy, glad, pleased, surprised, sorry, afraid等後面也可接由that引導的賓
語從句,表示產生這種感情的原因.
e.g. I'm sure (that) he will come tomorrow. 我肯定他明天會來.
I'm happy (that) I see you here. 我很高興看到你在這里.
注意:如果主句與從句的主語一致,可把從句改為不定式,如果不一致,則只可用that從句.如②句可改寫為
I'm happy to see you here. 而①句則不可改.
(2) 從句的引導詞,即that.
在連詞that引導的賓語從句中,that本身無意義,在句子中不但任任何成分,在口語或非正式文體中常常省略.
e.g. I hope (that) you'll have a good holiday. 希望你們假日愉快.
He says (that) the Chinese people are very friendly. 他說中國人民很友好.
(3) 從句的語序:賓語從句永遠用陳述語序.
e.g. Does he know (that) she is a scientist 他知道她是科學家嗎
Are you sure (that) you will win 你肯定你會贏嗎
(4) 從句的時態.
若主句為一般現在時態時,則賓語從句要根據具體情況選擇所需要的時態.
e.g. He says (that) he is ill now. 他說他現在病了.
He says (that) he has been ill for ten days. 他說他已經生病十天了.
He says (that) he was ill last week. 他說他上周生病了.
He says (that) he will return soon. 他說他很快就回來.
若主句為一般過去時,則賓語從句也要用某種過去時態.
e.g. He said (that) he was ill then. 他說他那時病了.
He said (that) he was doing his homework then. 他說他那時正在做作業.
若賓語從句說的是客觀真理,自然現象等,要用一般現在時.
e.g. The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老師說地球繞著太陽轉.
(5) 否定的轉移.
若主句的主語是第一人稱(I, we),且謂語動詞是think, guess, believe, suppose等時,如果要否定,只能否定主句,
而不能否定從句.
e.g. I don't think he will come tonight. 我認為他今晚不會來.
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(6) 含賓語從句的復合句的反意疑問句,一般情況下,根據主句主謂語來確定附加疑問句.
e.g. The teacher didn't say that he would come here, did he
但對於有否定轉移的主從復合句來說,其附加疑問句的主謂語須根據從句來確定.
e.g. I don't think he can swim, can he 我認為他不會游泳,對嗎
I believe he is a student, isn't he 我相信他是個學生,不是嗎
3,由連接代詞或連接副詞引導的賓語從句.(即特殊疑問句作賓語從句)
(1) 主句的謂語:可由連接代詞或連接副詞引導的賓語從句的動詞有see, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out,
show, choose, remember, forget等.
e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk 你知道誰將給我們做演講嗎
We asked him why he was late. 我們問他為什麼遲到.
I am going to see how Kate is. 我准備去看凱特怎麼樣了.
(2) 從句的引導詞.
由連接代詞who, whom, whose, what和which引導,這些詞在賓語從句中可作主語,賓語,表語和定語,因而不能省略.
e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk 你知道誰會給我們做演講嗎 (who在賓語從句中作主語)
Can you tell me whom you are waiting for 你能告訴我你在等誰嗎 (whom在賓語從句中作賓語)
She asked whose jacket it was. 她問這是誰的夾克衫.(whose在賓語從句中作定語,修飾jacket)
I don't know whose that is. 我不知道那是誰的 (whose在賓語從句中作表語)
由連接副詞when, where, why和how引導,這些詞在賓語從句中作狀語,不能省略.
e.g. Do you know when he will be back 你知道他何時回來嗎
We asked him why he was late. 我們問他為何遲到.
I want to know where she lives. 我想知道她住在哪裡.
(3) 從句的語序:特殊疑問句坐賓語從句,仍用陳述句的語序.
e.g. What day is it today Do you know → Do you know what day it is today
When will the train leave I want to know. → I want to know when the train will leave.
Where does she live Can you tell me → Can you tell me where she lives
How did you do it Please tell me. → Please tell me how you did it.
(4) 從句的時態:與that引導的賓語從句的時態一樣.
(5) 注意:① 當what, which, whom, who等疑問代詞作賓語從句里句末介詞的賓語,又引導賓語從句時,句末的
介詞不可隨意省掉.
e.g. I don't know what they are looking for 我不知道他們正在找什麼.
Do you know which room she lives in 你知道她住在哪個房間嗎
②當賓語從句的主語與主句的主語(或賓語)一致,且從句謂語時態為將來時或表示將來意義,如should
時,從句可簡化為疑問詞(why 除外)+不定式.
e.g. I don't know where I should go. = I don't know where to go. 我不知道要去哪裡.
I'll show you how you should do it. = I'll show you how to do it. 我將教你該怎麼做它.
4,由if和whether引導的賓語從句
(1) if和whether用以引導賓語從句時意為"是否",該賓語從句是由一般疑問句變來的.其語序,時態變化和前兩
種賓語從句一致.
e.g. Did he like this coat She asked. → She asked if / whether he liked this coat.
Will Mary be free tomorrow I don't know. → I don't know if / whether Mary will be free tomorrow.
(2) 一般情況下,whether和if用於引導賓語從句時可以通用,但在下列情況下,whether和if的用法有區別:
whether後可以接不定式短語,而if不能.
e.g. I can't decide whether to go to Beijing. 我不能決定是否去北京.
當引導的從句作介詞賓語時,只能用whether,不能用if.
e.g. They're talking about whether they can finish the work on time. 他們正在談論他們是否能按時完成工作.
whether引導的從句可移至句首,if則不行.
e.g. Whether this is true or not, I can't say. 這是不是真的,我不敢說.
動詞discuss後面的賓語從句,只用whether引導,不用if.
e.g. We discussing whether we will have a sports meeting next week. 我們正在討論下周是否舉行運動會.
當從句中有 "or not" 時,or not可以緊接whether之後,也可以位於句末,此時,一般不用if.
e.g. Please tell me whether or not he'll come here. = Please tell me whether he'll come here or not.
請告訴我他是否會來這兒.
whether和if一般引導肯定形式的賓語從句,若賓語從句是否定形式,表示"是否"的連詞只能用if.
e.g. We want to know if they won't come truly. 我們想知道他們是不是真的不來.
whether和if除共同可以引導賓語從句,各自還可以用來引導其他類型的從句.
① if可以引導條件狀語從句,意為"如果",whether不能.
e.g. The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny tomorrow. 如果明天天氣晴朗,學生們要去野餐.
② whether可以引導讓步狀語從句,意為"不管,無論"之意.
e.g. Hainan Island is the place to be, whether it's summer or winter.
不管是夏天還是冬天,海南島都是應該去的地方.
(一)過去將來時
1,表示的意義和用法:過去將來時表示在過去的某一時間看來將要發生的動作或存在的狀態,判斷這一時態一定要
有用於表示"過去"的動作,而不是時間,過去將來時常用於主句是一般過去時的賓語從句中,少單獨使用.
2,謂語結構.
(1). should / would +動詞原形,第一人稱用should / would 都可以,其他人稱只用would.
e.g. You knew I should / would come. 你知道我會來的.
They told us that they would come back two days later. 他們告訴我們他們兩天後會回來.
She said she would be free next week. 她說她下周會有空.
(2). was / were going to +動詞原形
e.g. I thought they were going to visit me tonight. 我原以為他們今晚會來拜訪我.
The radio said it was going to snow tomorrow. 收音機說明天將下雪.
3. 某些"移位"動詞如go, come, arrive, travel, start, begin, leave, move, fly, return等的過去進行時也可用來表示
過去將來時.
e.g. He didn't say when he was coming. 他說沒什麼時候會來.
I was not sure if he was leaving for shanghai the next week. 我不確定他是否下周會去上海.
3,注意:
1. 在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中用一般過去時表示過去將來時.
e.g. She said she would ring you when he got to shanghai. 她說她到上海時將給你打電話.
Li Lei told me that he would go to the park alone if you didn't. 李雷告訴我,如果你不去公園的話,他獨自去.
2. should / would 不一定都表示過去將來時,should可以作為情態動詞,表示義務,"應該,應當" 而would 可以
表示客氣,禮貌的請求,你能……嗎
e.g. We should keep our classroom clean. 我們必須保持教室清潔.
Would you lend me your ruler 你能把尺子借給我嗎
(二)過去完成時
1,過去完成時的定義:表示在過去某一時間或動作以前已完成的行為或存在的狀態,即動作或狀態發生在"過
去的過去".
2,過去完成時的構成:過去完成時是由"助動詞had+動詞過去分詞"構成的.助動詞had可以與主語縮寫為'd
e.g. I had… → I'd He had… → He'd
3,過去完成時的基本句型與現在完成時的基本句型基本一樣.
陳述句肯定形式:
e.g. They had read the book. She had arrived at Chaozhou.
陳述句否定形式:在助動詞had後+not, 可縮寫為hadn't
e.g. They hadn't read the book. She hadn't arrived at Chaozhou.
一般疑問句形式及其答語:將助動詞had提前,答語一般也用had回答
e.g. Had they read the book Yes, they had. / No, they hadn't.
Had she arrived at Chaozhou Yes, she had. / No, she hadn't.
特殊疑問句形式:疑問詞+一般疑問句
e.g. What had they read Where had she arrived
4,過去完成時的基本用法.
(1). 表示在過去某一時間之前已經發生或完成的動作,常與介詞"by / before+過去的時間"構成的短語連用.
e.g. We had learned one thousand English words by the end of last term.
到上學期結束時,我們已經學了一千個單詞.
By the time he was ten, Edison had built a lab for himself.
到愛迪生10歲的時候,他已給自己建了一個實驗室.
He had got up before six o'clock yesterday morning. 昨天早上6時以前他就起床了.
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They had planted 1000 trees before 2000. 2000年以前他們已經種了1000顆樹.
(2). 表示在過去某一動作之前就已經發生或完成了的動作,動作在前的用過去完成時,在後的用一般過去時.
e.g. He told me that he had sent a letter to me.
他說他已經給我寄來了一封信.("寄"先於"告訴")
該用法也常與when, before等引導的從句連用.
e.g. When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun.
當我來到電影院時,電影已經開始了.("開始"先於"到達")
Mother had already cooked supper before I returned home.
在我回到家之前,媽媽已做好了晚飯.("煮飯"先於"到家")
After I had finished reading the novel, I went to sleep.
在我讀完這部小說之後,我睡覺了.("讀完"先於"睡覺")
注意,因為after和before本身已表達了動作的先後關系,所以謂語動詞常用一般過去時代替過去完成時.
e.g. After he finished his homework, he went to bed. 做完作業後他便上床睡覺了.
Where did you study before you came here. 你來這兒之前你在哪裡學習.
還可以通過上下文表示.
e.g. I met him yesterday. We hadn't met each other for a long time.
昨天我遇到了他,我們彼此很久沒有見面了.
(3). 表示從過去某一時間開始,持續到過去另一時間的動作或狀態,往往與for, since引導的表示一段時間的短語或
從句連用.
e.g. Mr. Wang had taught in the school for six years before I came here.
在我來這兒之前,王老師已在這所學校任教了六年.
I received a letter from Tom last week. We had not heard from him since 1998.
上周我收到了湯姆的一封信.自從1998年以來我從未收到他的來信.
5,不用過去完成時的三種情況.
句子如有yesterday, last year, in 1996, three years ago等表示很確定的過去時間的狀語,強調某動作或狀態在該時間發生,謂語動詞必須用一般過去時.
e.g. He was a worker three years ago. 三年前他是個工人.
He came here yesterday. 他昨天來過這兒.
漢語中雖然有"了""曾""過"等表示動作完成的字眼,但沒有說明該動作是在過去某一時間或動作之前完成的,譯成英語時要用一般過去時,不用過去完成時.
e.g. They finished reading five English story-books last year. 去年他們讀完了五本英語故事書.
They went to Japan last year. 他們去年曾去過日本.
敘述在過去連續發生的兩件以上的事,雖然時間有先後之別,但仍用一般過去時.
e.g. He got up quickly, ate a light breakfast and hurried to school by bike.
他飛快的起床,稍稍地吃了早飯,快速地騎車奔學校而去.
(三)動詞不定式作主語.
動詞不定式(短語),可以直接放置於句首擔當句子主語.
e.g. To say is easy, but to do is difficult. 說起來容易,做起來難.
To learn a foreign languages is not easy. 學好一門外語不容易.
動詞不定式作主語的句子,通常可以用形式主語"it"代替,同時把真正的主語,即動詞不定式(短語)放在後面,以使句子平衡.即構成句型It + be +形容詞+to do sth.
e.g. It's easy to say, but it's difficult to do. It's not easy to learn a foreign language.
如果要表示不定式動作的執行者,就在It + be +形容詞+to do sth該句型中的不定式之前加for sb或of sb.
①在形容詞hard, difficult, easy, necessary, important, impossible, good, helpful, useful, dangerous, safe等之後常用for sb,即構成句型:It + be + 形容詞+for sb to do sth.
e.g. It's not easy for us to learn a foreign language well. 對我們來說學習好一門外語不容易.
It's dangerous for you to swim in the river. 在那河裡游泳對你來說很危險.
該句型中的形容詞修飾的是不定式,強調的是做某事怎麼樣.
②在形容詞nice, kind, clever, foolish(愚蠢的), polite(有禮貌的), careless, careful等之後,常用of
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sb,即構成句型:It + be + 形容詞+of sb + to do sth
e.g. It is very kind of you to help me. 你能幫助我,你真是太好了.
It was wrong of them to cut the trees. 他們砍伐樹木是不對的.
該句型中的形容詞主要修飾人,表示某人的性質或特徵,強調的是這個人怎麼樣.
it作形式主語時,其後的謂語也可以是實義動詞.
e.g. It took us five hours to get there. 我們用了5小時到達那裡.
It made me happy to find my friends there. 發現朋友在那裡令我很高興.
動詞不定式與疑問詞how, what, when, where, which等構成不定式短語,也可作主語.
e.g. How to use the computer is the question. 如何使用電腦是個問題.
Where to go has not been decided. 去哪兒還沒有定下來.
注意:主語,表語都為動詞不定式時,不能用形式主語it代替不定式.
e.g. To see is to believe. 眼見為實.
(四)定語從句
定語從句的概念:在復合句中,用來修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句.被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞,定語從句必須放在先行詞之後,對先行詞起修飾限定作用.
e.g. He is the man who I want to see.
先行詞 關系詞 定語從句
定語從句的引導詞:
定語從句的引導詞有關系代詞that, which, who (whom, whose)和關系副詞where, when, why兩種,關系代詞和關系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間,起聯系作用,同時又在定語從句中充當一定成分.
關系代詞引導的定語從句:
如果先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞,關系代詞應用who (whom, whose) 和that.
e.g. This is Xiao Wang who / that gave us a talk yesterday. (who / that在從句中作主語)
這就是昨天給我們作報告的小王.
The man whom / that you saw last week has left the town. (whom / that
H. 初三英語語法
牛津版的英語書每個單元都有Gramma(語法)的模塊，相應的參考書上也有詳解，可以對著看一下