❶ 定語從句語法詳解
在復合句中充當定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句的作用相當於形容詞,用來修飾主句中的某一名詞或代詞或整個主句,所以,也稱作形容詞性從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞,定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之後。在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用的詞叫關系詞。關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞兩種。
一、關系代詞引導的定語從句
引導定語從句的關系代詞主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。它們分別代替前面的先行詞,並在定語從句中作主語、賓語或定語。
A.who
指人,在定語從句中作主語。
What was the name of the man who lent you the money
借錢給你的那人叫什麼名字?(定語從句修飾先行詞the man)
He who laughs lst laughs best.
誰笑到最後誰笑得最好。(定語從句修飾先行詞he)
The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right.
會議主席坐在我右邊,他先發言。(定語從句修飾先行詞the chairman)
B.whom
指人,在定語從句中做賓語。在口語或非正式文體中,whom可省略或可用who來代替,但在介詞後面以及在非限制性定語從句中只能用whom。
There are some people (whomwho)we like and others (whomwho) we dislike.
有些人我們是喜歡的,有些人則是我們討厭的。(定語從句分別修飾先行詞people, others)
The people whomwho I work with are all friendly.
和我一起工作的人都很友好。(定語從句修飾先行詞the people)
Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in or plan.
昨晚我在電話里和卡特先生交談過,他對我們的計劃很感興趣。(非限制性定語從句中不能用who代替whom)
Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office.
兩個人來到我的辦公室,我以前從未見過他們。(在介詞後面不用who)
C.whose
通常指人,也可指物,在定語從句中做定語,後面要緊跟被修飾的名詞。
There are some people whose faces you can nevr forget.
有些人,他們的臉你永遠難以忘懷。(定語從句修飾先行詞people)
I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air.
我看見一些樹的樹葉由於空氣污染而發黑。(定語從句修飾行詞trees)
D.which
1.指物,在定語從句中做主語或賓語。做賓語時常可省略。
English is a language which is easy to learn.
英語是一門容易學的語言。(which在定語從句中作主語,不能省略)
This is a folk song which is now very popular.
這是目前非常流行的一首民謠(which在定語從句中作主語,不能省略)
The river which flows through London is the Thames.
流經倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。(which在定語從句中作主語,不能省略)
The children like cookies (which) my wife makes.
孩子們喜歡我夫人做的餅干。(關系代詞which作makes的賓語,可以省略)
2.which引導的非限制性定語從句可以修飾前面的整個主句,相當於and this。
Jim passedhis driving test, which surprised everybody.
吉姆通過了駕駛考試,這使大家都感到驚訝。(定語從句修飾的是整個主句,而不是the driving test)
Sheila couldn't come to the party, which was a pity.
希拉不能來參加聚會,真遺憾。(定語從句修飾的是整個主句,而不是the party)
3.which在非限制性定語從句中有時也可以作定語。
John stayed here for a week, dring which time we visited the West Lake together.
約翰在這里呆了一星期,在此期間我們一起遊了西湖。
It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go to Beijing.
周末可能下雪,在這種情況下,我們就不去北京了。
E.that
指人時,相當於who 或whom;指物時,相當於which。在定語從句中作主語或賓語(做賓語時常可省略)。
He is the man that lives next door.
他就是住在隔壁的那個人。(定語從句修飾先行詞the man,作主語)
I don't like stories that have unhappy endings.
我不喜歡結尾悲傷的故事。(定語從句修飾先行詞stories,作主語)
The dress (that) Ann boughtdoesn't fit her very well.
安買的衣服不太合身。(定語從句修飾先行詞the dress,that作賓語可省略)
Is there anything (that) I can do for you
有我能為你效勞的事嗎?(定語從句修飾先行詞anything,that作賓語,可省略)
提示:
在口語中,that有時還可以作關系副詞,相當於when或介詞+which結構。
We left the day (that) he arrived. 他來的那一天,我們就走了。(that替when)
He doesn't see things the way (that) we see them. 他看問題的方法和我們不一樣。(that代替in which)
Imagine the speed (that) he drives his car! 很難想像,他開車的速度那麼快!(that代替at which)
❷ 英語語法中的定語從句的用法請講解下。
定語從句
(一)定語從句一般由關系代詞和關系副詞引導
1、關系代詞:who, whom, whose, which, that, as
2、關系副詞:when, where, why
關系代詞和關系副詞必須位於從句之首,主句先行詞之後,起著連接先行詞和從句的作用,同時在從句中又充當句子成分。
e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.(關系代詞who在從句中作主語)
The comrade with whom I came knows French.(whom在從句中作介詞with的賓語)
3、關系代詞和關系副詞的用法:1)當先行詞為人時用who 作主語,whom作賓語;2)當先行詞為物或整個句子時用which ,可作主語或賓語;3)先行詞為人、物時用that ,可作主語或賓語;4)whose用作定語,可指人或物;5)關系副詞when(指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語,where(指地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語),why(指原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語)。
(二)限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句
1、限制性定語從句:從句與主句關系密切,去掉從句,主句意義不完整,甚至不合邏輯。
e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定語從句,意思就不完整)
2、非限制性定語從句:從句對先行詞關系不密切,去掉定從句,意思仍然完整。形式上用逗號隔開,不能that用引導。
e.g. Tom』s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(who引導非限制性定語從句,整個句子可分成兩句來翻譯)
(三)使用定語從句時特別注意的幾個問題
1、that與which的區別。
1)用that而不用 which的情況:①先行詞為不定代詞all, anything, nothing, …;②先行詞有最高級修飾,有序數詞修飾;③先行詞有only, very, any等詞修飾;④先行詞既有人又有物時。
e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 沒有什麼能阻止他不幹那件事。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他們所參觀的第一個地方是象鼻山。
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這部電影是我看過的最好的一部。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他認識的唯一的外國人。
2)用which而不用 that的情況:①引導非限制性定語從句;②代表整個主句的意思;③介詞 + 關系代詞。
e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他數學考試沒有及格,這使他的父親很生氣。
This is the room in which my father lived last year. 這是父親去年居住過的房子。
3)as引導定語從句時的用法
①as引導限制性定語從句通常用於the same … as, such … as結構中。
e.g. I want the same shirt as my friend』s. 我要一件跟我朋友一樣的襯衫。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我們車間使用的這種機器是中國製造的。
②as引導非限制性定語從句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之後,用來修飾整個句子。通常用下列句型:as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。
e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所預料的那樣,他在這次期中考試中又獲得了第一名。
3)as 引導非限制性定語從句時與which的區別
①當主句和從句語義一致時,用as;反之,用which來引導非限制性定語從句。
e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.
He made a long speech, which was unexpected.
②當非限制定語從句為否定時,常用which引導。
e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn』t like at all.
2. 關系代詞在從句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞單數還是用復數應由先行詞決定。
e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在樓下的那個人英語說得很流利。
The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
3. 定語從句有時不直接緊靠先行詞,中間由一個定語、狀語或謂語隔開。
e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I can』t understand.
4. 引導定語從句的關系副詞有時可以用「介詞 + which」來代替。
e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the People』s Republic of China was founded.
5. 當定語從句中謂語動詞是帶介詞或副詞的固定短語動詞時,短語動詞的各個固定部分不要拆開。
e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.
6. 介詞在關系代詞前,只能用which和whom,且不能省略;介詞在句尾,關系代詞可有which, that, whom, 口語中也可用who,且可省略。
e.g. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.
❸ 英語語法 定語從句
這些你還是自己看抄書吧,平時認真聽課。這里和你講也會很復雜的
定語從句大類分成限制性和非限制性。
其中限制性定語從句中又有對事物的修飾,對人的修飾以及對人和物共同的修飾。
如果事物作為修行詞且沒有序數詞,最高級的情況下,用that
或
which
,如果做狀語,則要用when,where或in
which
如果先行詞是一個原因,用why或者for
which
如果先行詞是一個人,用who
如果先行詞是不定代詞,序數詞,最高級,關聯詞只能用that
如果先行詞在定語從句中做賓語成分,關聯詞可以不需要。
❹ 高中英語語法之定語從句講解
定語從句是由關系代詞和關系副詞引導的從句,其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個成分,定語從句分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種。狀語從句分為時間狀語從句,結果狀語從句,讓步狀語從句,原因狀語從句,條件狀語從句以及行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句包括主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句和同位語從句及there be句型。
一、 限定性定語從句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它們在從句中作主語或賓語,that在從句中作賓語時常可省略關系詞,which在從句中作賓語則不能省略。而且,如果which在從句中作「不及物動詞+介詞」的介詞的賓語,注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關系代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來的位置
2. which作賓語時,根據先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關系,先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟
3. 代表物時多用which,但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which,這些詞包括all, anything, much等,這時的that常被省略
4. who和whom引導的從句用來修飾人,分別作從句中的主語和賓語,whom作賓語時,要注意它可以作動詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語
5. where是關系副詞,用來表示地點的定語從句
6. when引導定語從句表示時間
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示時間「time"一詞的定語從句只用when引導,有時不用任何關系代詞,當然也不用that引導
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是關系代詞,修飾名詞作定語,相當於所修飾成分的前置所有格
8. 當從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時,常用there is來引導
二、非限定性定語從句:非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進一步說明,通常和主句間用逗號隔開,將從句拿掉後其他部分仍可成立
1. which引導的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分
2. 在引導限定性定語從句時,that有時相當於in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人們對白日做夢的態度正在改變,這與人們對夜間做夢的看法的變化有非常相似之處。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出於某種原因喜歡這種音樂,而他恰恰與我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 剛好我們到的那天他們走了。
3. 有時as也可用作關系代詞
4. 在非限定性定語從句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
三、定語從句結構錯誤
1. 缺關系詞
2. 從句中缺成分
摘自《簡明英語語法》
在英文中,有兩種定語從句:限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句。這兩種定語從句在其功能和形式方面都有明顯的區別:
限定性定語從句限定性定語從句與主句的關系很緊奏,對其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用。如果將其去掉,會影響句子意思的完整性;有時甚至於引起費解、誤解。例如:
Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located .
為了加速他們各自所在國家的經濟發展,熱帶雨林作為有價值的原木和其他資源正為人們所砍伐。
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
洋流影響其流經的附近地區的氣候。
They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.
他們向我們解釋為什麼他們不喜歡我們的原因。
非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句在形式上就與主句很鬆散,它與主句之間有一個逗點","隔開;它對其先行詞沒有限定、修飾的作用,只起補充、說明的作用。有時也用它來對全句進行補充、說明。即使將其去掉,也不會影響句子意思。由於上述原因,非限定性定語從句在表達意思方面也有別於限定性定語從句。另外,非限定性定語從句在中文譯文里,我們往往將其作為一個分句處理,而不把它作定語翻譯。 例如:Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .
(此句中,非限定性定語從句是對先行詞a sphere進行補充、說明。)
更早之前,巴比倫人曾試圖繪制世界地圖,但是他們把它繪製成平盤狀而不是托勒密所採用的球體狀。
The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an ecation and entertainment center .
(此句中,三個非限定性定語從句分別對三個先行詞:satellites ,computers和television進行補充、說明。如果去掉這三個非限定性定語從句,那麼句子可簡化為:
The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an ecation and entertainment center .)衛星能傳輸信息,計算機能儲存信息,電視能顯示信息,把這些手段結合起來可以使每個家庭都成為教育娛樂的中心。
The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .(此句中,非限定性定語從句是對全句進行補充、說明,將全句表達的意思看成"一件事情)。太陽給予大地熱,這就使植物的生長成為可能。
The old man has a son , who is in the army .(此句中,非限定性定語從句是對先行詞son進行補充、說明。但本句所傳達的信息是:"這位老人只有一個兒子" 。如果將此句改寫成限定性定語從句:
The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一個在部隊工作的兒子。那麼,限定性定語從句就要對先行詞son進行限定、修飾。這樣一來,句子所傳達的信息就變成了:"這位老人有一個兒子在部隊工作,還有其他的兒子在干別的工作"。)那位老人有一個兒子,他在部隊工作。
❺ 英語高級定語從句的應用
by which是對的,相當於抄by sports car.
一般說襲來定語從句緊跟它所修飾的先行詞,但也有分隔開的情況,如:
The time is not far away when modern communications will become widespread in China』s vast countryside.
He is a student in my school who often helps others.
There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.
❻ 求高中英語語法定語從句的詳解與練習
高中定語從句詳細講解
(一)定義及相關術語
1.定語從句:修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之後。
2.先行詞:被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。
3.關系詞:引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。
關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。關系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;關系副詞有when, where, why等。
關系詞通常有下列三個作用:A、引導定語從句;B、代替先行詞;C、在定語從句中擔當一個成分。例如:
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 該句中,who is shaking hands with my father是定語從句,修飾先行詞the man, 「who」是引導定語從句的關系詞,代替先行詞the man,在定語從句中作主語。
(二)關系代詞引導的定語從句
1.who 指人,在定語從句中作主語。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物館的人必須在明晨7點到大門口集合。
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我幫助了一位迷路的老人。
That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我們物理的老師。
2.whom 指人,在定語從句中做賓語,常可省略。
Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 劉先生就是你們在公共汽車上談論的那個人。
Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要見的男孩。The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已經來了。
The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老師經常表揚的那個女孩是我們的班長。
注意:關系代詞whom在口語或非正式文體中常可用who來代替,也可省略。
The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.
3.Which指物,在定語從句中做主語或賓語,做賓語時常可省略。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多數男孩所喜歡的運動。
The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 製造計算機的那家公司離這兒很遠。
He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜歡外國作家寫的書。
The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖邊的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。
This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 這是他昨天買的鋼筆。
The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他們昨晚看的電影一點意思也沒有。
4.That指人時,相當於who或whom;指物時,相當於which.。在定語從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年來參觀這座城市的人數達一百萬。
Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那個人在哪兒?
The person that /whom you introced to me is very kind. 你介紹給我的那個人很友好。
The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以後的季節是夏季。
Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封來自澳大利亞的信。
5.Whose 通常指人,也可指物,在定語從句中做定語。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜訪了一個全國知名的科學家。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一個爸爸當醫生的朋友。
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾經住在那幢屋頂已經倒塌了的房子里。
注意:指物時,常用下列結構來代替:
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
❼ 英語高手們,講解一下定語從句語法點,簡潔明了
定語從句
I. 定語從句起了形容詞的作用,在句中修飾一個名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞,引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞,他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用,二是在從句中擔當一個成分,並與先行詞保持數的一致。
關系詞 先行詞 從句成分 例句 備注
關系代詞 who 人 主語 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時,常可以省略,但介詞提前時後面關系代詞不能省略,也不可以用that
whom 人 賓語 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
whose 人,物 定語 I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
that 人,物 主語,賓語 A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
which 物 主語,賓語 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as 人,物 主語,賓語 He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做賓語一般不省略
關系副詞 when 時間 時間狀語 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which
where 地點 地點狀語 This is the house where I was born. 可用in which
why 原因 原因狀語 I can』t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用for which
II. that與which, who, whom的用法區別:
情況 用法說明 例句
只用that的情況 1. 先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時。
2. 先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時
3. 先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數詞修飾時
4. 先行詞既指人又指物時
5. 先行詞被the only, the very修飾時
6. 句中已經有who或which時,為了避免重復時 1.He told me everything that he knows.
2.All the books that you offered has been given out.
3.This is the best film that I have ever read.
4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.
5.He is the only man that I want to see.
6.Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情況 1. 在非限制性定語從句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人
2. 在由「介詞+關系代詞」引導的定語從句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。
3. 先行詞本身是that時,關系詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時多用who。 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.
I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.
Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
III. as與which的區別:
定語從句 區別 例句
限制性定語從句中 名詞前有such和the same修飾時,關系代詞用as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he looks.
Don』t read such books as you can』t understand.
非限制性定語從句中 as和which都可以指代前面整個主句。如果有「正如,象」的含義,並可以放在主句前,也可以放在後面,那麼用as;而which引導的從句只能放主句後,並無「正如」的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected.
They won the game, which we hadn』t expected.
As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.
IV. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別:
類別 語法意義及特徵 例句
限制性定語從句 對先行詞起修飾限製作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明確,這種從句與主句的關系十分密切,寫時不用逗號分開。 The accident happened at the time when I left.
非限制性定語從句 對先行詞作附加的說明,與主句的關系不十分密切,較鬆散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開,相當於一個插入語,不能用that引導,關系代詞做賓語時也不能省略。 His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.
❽ 英語語法之定語從句
定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,片語或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之後,由關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞)引出。
關系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
關系副詞有:when, where, why等。
18.1 關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,並在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農村出現了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)
18.2 關系副詞引導的定語從句
關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why
關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當於"介詞+ which"結構,因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用,例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關系副詞
that可以用於表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞後取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
18.3 判斷關系代詞與關系副詞
方法一: 用關系代詞,還是關系副詞完全取決於從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞後面無賓語,就必須要求用關系代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判斷改錯(註:先顯示題,再顯示答案,橫線;用不同的顏色表示 出。)
(錯) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(錯) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(對) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(對) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞 where, when聯系在一起。此兩題錯在關系詞的誤用上。
方法二: 准確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A
例1變為肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變為肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關系代詞,所以應選D。
而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點,既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum片語,可用介詞in + which 引導地點狀語。而此題中,介詞on 用的不對,所以選A。
關系詞的選擇依據在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時,選擇關系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中做狀語時,應選擇關系副詞 ( where 地點狀語,when 時間狀語,why 原因狀語) 。
18.4 限制性和非限制性定語從句
1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開,例如:
This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的。(非限制性)
2) 當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其後的定語從句通常是非限制性的,例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理•史密斯去年退休了,他曾經是我的老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人,我已經讀了三遍。
3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數,例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態水變為蒸汽,這就叫做蒸發。
說明:關系代詞that和關系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句。
18.5 介詞+關系詞 P>
1)介詞後面的關系詞不能省略。
2)that前不能有介詞。
3) 某些在從句中充當時間,地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關系詞"結構可以同關系副詞when 和where 互換。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
18.6 as, which 非限定性定語從句
由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個主句,相當於and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例題
1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此為非限定性從句,不能用 that修飾,而用which.,it 和he 都使後句成為句子,兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。
2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子,用於非限定性定語從句,而what不可。That 不能用於非限定性定語從句,it不為連詞,使由逗號連接的兩個句子並在一起在英語語法上行不通。
3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時,這兩個關系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思,且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點:
(1) as 引導的定語從句可置於句首,而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整個主句並在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若為行為動詞,則從句中的關系代詞只能用which.。
在本題中,prevent由於是行為動詞,所以正確選項應為B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一種固定結構, 和……一樣……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引導非限制性從句,常帶有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是關系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語;例2中,它充當從句的主語,謂語動詞know要用被動式。
18.7 先行詞和關系詞二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
18.8 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
(錯)Who breaks the law will be punished.
(錯)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
(對)Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
(對)Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
當that引導定語從句時 ,通常用作關系代詞,而引導名詞性從句時,是個不充當任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句和表語從句中的that常可省略。What只能引導名詞性從 句, 用作連接代詞,作從句的具體成分,且不能省略。
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
18.9 關系代詞that 的用法
1)不用that的情況
a) 在引導非限定性定語從句時。
(錯) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介詞後不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況
a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b) 在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which。
c) 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時,只用that。
d) 先行詞為序數詞、數詞、形容詞最高級時,只用that。.
e) 先行詞既有人,又有物時。
舉例:
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油問題。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。
❾ 高中英語語法中關於定語從句的詳細講解 和相應的練習題及講解
http://hi..com/suephon/blog/item/a4d212f0f5d3f6ada50f52f1.html
只有語法詳解,沒有習題。希望能對你有專所幫屬助!
❿ 英語定語從句詳解
你好
關於你所提出的三個關系代詞的問題有以下解答:
首先
that
和which
在很多情況下可以專互換
但也有隻能屬用that或只能用which的時候
只能用that的時候
1
在there
be句型中
2
不定代詞做先行詞時
如
anything
everything
nothing
all
much
等
3
先行詞有the
only
the
very
修飾時
4
先行詞為序數詞
形容詞最高級
5
先行詞既有人又有物
只能用which的時候
就是介詞提前的時候
如
we
have
been
slow
to
develop
the
science
from
which
such
a
technology
might
be
drawn
還有非限制性定語從句是只用which
指代上文一整句話時只用which
where
引導的定語從句
一般先行詞是地方
地點
希望我的回到對你有用
謝謝