① 英語各大復合句
不知道你現在是什麼階段,初中還是高中.
通常講寫作的時候,會提到高級句型和高級結內構容,但高級結構包含據我的理解,也有平時改卷時的總結,有以下的:
介詞結構,非謂語,倒裝句,省略句,虛擬語氣等
而你所說的復合句,應該指的是相對簡單的:定語從句,名詞性從句,狀語從句等.
象定語從句在寫作中不算作高級結構,只能說比通篇的簡單句要好一些.
如果你真要提高的話,可以發簡訊給我.我給你我的QQ號,你有問題可以問問我.最近學生小高考所以我們時間相對多一些.
當然如果你的問題相對簡單,可以到中學學科網的英語教與學來,我是那兒的版主,同時那兒也有很多熱心老師和學生回答問題的.
祝你成功^_^
P.S.最重要的應該是非謂語了,看那麼多年高考題考了那麼多非謂語就知道了.
② 請幫忙總結全面的有關英語復合句的語法,謝謝
在英語里,一定的句子成分由一定的詞類來擔任,如表語可由形容詞、名詞、代詞擔任。一般在句中實詞可擔任句子成分,虛詞不能獨立擔任成分。
短語或稱片語,一般是圍繞一個中心詞(按一定的語法規則組合在一起的一組詞),在句中可單獨擔任句子成分。(從形式上可分為名詞短語、形容詞短語、動名詞短語等)
從句內含主語和謂語,表達一定的概念,但不成為一個獨立句子的一組詞,叫從句。在句中可擔任任何句子成分。(一般由連詞、關系代詞或關系副詞所引導; 因此根據
不同的句子成分,可分為定語從句,主語從句,賓語從句等)
句子:一般按結構可分為簡單句、並列句、復合句和並列復合句四種。
簡單句:只包含一個主謂結構的句子。(可以是一個主語+一個謂語,也可以是「兩個或兩個以上的並列主語+兩個或兩個以上的並列謂語)Tom and Jack studied in the same class and lived in the same room.
還有個學者說:簡單句只包含一個主謂結構,而句子的各個成分都欲單詞或短語表示。
並列句:包含兩個以上並列的簡單句的結構的句子。並列的簡單句叫分句,分句與分句之間通常由並列連詞連接(and,but,for,or,so,nor 等) My father is a doctor, so I would like to follow his footsteps. (很初級的學者說 只能放中間且前面要有逗號)
復合句: 包含一個主句和一個以上從句的結構的句子叫復合句。 Because I studied hard, I passed the exam.(很初級的學者說 從屬連詞放前時 要有逗號,放中間便不用)
(從句只起一個句子成分的作用,因此從句就有主語從句、定語從句、狀語從句等)
並列復合句:並列句中的分句里如含有從句,這種結構的句子叫並列復合句。She recognized the two men who robbed the rank yesterday and decided to call the police.
③ 英語復合句的用法
這是個賓語從句,they can't take part in 翻譯過來就是他們不能參加,不能參加什麼呢?版這里就少一個賓語,所以權就用what來表達不能參加的內容 take part in what they see 不能參加他們看到的
④ 英語作文中常用復合句句型,求附中文及語法
並列復合句
1、基本概念:
並列復合句是由兩個或兩個以上並列而又獨立的簡單句構成。兩個簡單句常由並列連接詞連在一起;但有時不用連接詞,只在兩個簡單句之間用一逗號或分號。
2、常見的並列句:
(1) 用來連接兩個並列概念的連接詞有and , not only…but also…, neither…nor…等,and所連接的前後分句往往表示先後關系、遞進關系。前後分句的時態往往保持一致關系,若第一個分句是祈使句,那麼第二個分句用將來時。
(2) 表示在兩者之間選擇一個, 常用的連接詞有or,otherwise,or else,either…or…等,前後分句的時態往往保持一致關系,若第一個分句是祈使句,那麼第二個分句用將來時。
(3) 表明兩個概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者轉折, 常用的連接詞有but,yet,still ,however等,前後分句時態一致。
(4) 說明原因, 用連接詞for ,前後分句時態一致。
(5) 表示結果,用連接詞so, 前後分句時態一致。
主從復合句
1、概念:
主從復合句由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成。主句為句子的主體,從句只用作句子的一個次要成分,不能獨立成為一個句子。從句通常由關聯詞引導,並由關聯詞將從句和主句聯系在一起。如:While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爺爺奶奶們很愛孩子,同時對他們也嚴格要求。) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起來會議沒完沒了。) / Hurry up, or (else) you'll be late.(快點, 要不然就來不及了。) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什麼方法煮雞蛋,小孩還是不肯吃。)
2、分類:
從句按其在復合句中的作用,分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、定語從句和狀語從句等。(參見以下各條)
3、各從句在句子中的位置以及用法:
(1) 表語從句:在句子中作連系動詞的表語的從句,它位於主句中的系動詞之後
例如:That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever.
(2) 賓語從句:在句子中作及物動詞或介詞的賓語。
①基本形式:(主句+)連詞+從句主語+從句謂語+...
② 關於賓語從句連詞的選擇:
若從句來源於一個陳述句,那麼,連詞用that,在口語中that可以省略;
若從句來源於一個一般疑問句,連詞則用if 或whether;
若從句來源於一個特殊疑問句,則連詞就是疑問詞(如what,who,where,when等)
例如:They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他們相信計算機終將代替人類。) (從句本來就是陳述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是該為他在校長跟前說點什麼。) (從句來源於一般問句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me where he could get such medicine. (他問我在哪兒能搞到那樣的葯。) (從句來源於特殊問句Where can he get such medicine? )
③ 賓語從句的時態問題:如果主句是現在時,從句則用現在某一時態,甚至可以用過去時;
如主句是過去時,從句則相應地使用過去某一時態,遇到客觀真理時仍然用現在時。如:I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本學期我的英語會學得好點。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老師問那個男孩地球是不是圓的。)
④ 下列結構後面的從句一般也作為賓語從句看待:
be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that從句,如:I』m sorry I』m late. (對不起,我遲到了。) / I』m afraid he isn』t in at the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。)
(3) 狀語從句:在復合句中作狀語,其位置可以在主句前或主句後。狀語從句可以分為時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種。狀語從句由從屬連接詞引導。
時間狀語從句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引導。時間狀語從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時間狀語從句不允許使用將來時,而應該用現在時替代。如: When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。) / I won』t leave until Mum comes back. (媽媽回來了我才會走。)
地點狀語從句通常由 where, wherever等引導。如:Go back where you came from! (哪裡來還滾到哪裡去!) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永遠也不會忘記去抓住那個偷我項鏈的賊,無論他會在哪裡。)
原因狀語從句通常由because, since, as等引導,一般放在句首或句尾。如:He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出國了,因為他父親給他找了一所好大學。)
目的狀語從句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that... 等引導,往往放在句尾,從句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情態動詞。如:He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早為的是趕上第一班車。)
結果狀語從句通常由 so that..., so...that... 等引導,放在句尾。結果狀語從句一般表示已經發生的事情,故多為過去時態。如:He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丟了那麼多輛自行車,他決定再也不買新車了。)
比較狀語從句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引導,一般省略從句的謂語部分,只剩下名詞或代詞(用主格或賓格均可)。如:Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了。) / I don』t have as many books as you (do). (我書沒有你多)
讓步狀語從句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引導。如:Even if you pay the debt(債務) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我還了債我也不會感謝你,因為它與我毫無關系。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件T恤衫,盡管天很冷。)
條件狀語從句通常由if, unless, as long as等引導,條件狀語從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時間狀語從句不允許使用將來時,而應該用現在時替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即將來到的期末考試你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。) / If it doesn』 t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我們就要去徒步旅行。)
[注意] 1、because與so;(al)though與but;if與so不可以同在一個句子中成對出現。2、時間、條件、原因,讓步狀語從句放在句首時需要用逗號與主句隔開。
(4) 定語從句:在復合句中作定語用修飾句子中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。
① 定語從句的位置:放在名詞或代詞的後面。如:The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨傘的人是我的叔叔。)
② 語法術語的改變:被修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞;引導定語從句的連接詞稱為關系詞,其中that、which、who稱為關系代詞,where、when、how稱為關系副詞。
③ 關系代詞或關系副詞的作用:
關系代詞who、whom 和whose指人,分別在從句中作主語、賓語和定語。which指物that多指物, 有時也指人,它們在從句中可以作主語或賓語。定語從句中關系代詞作從句賓語時可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (這個就是我們近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (請找一間足夠大能住下我們全體的房間。)
關系副詞when或where引導定語從句時,它們在從句中分別作時間狀語和地點狀語。如:This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (這是一個星期前他們吵架的房間。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永遠不會忘記第一次見到你的日子。)
④ 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句在句中不能省略,否則主句意思就不完整。非限制性定語從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開,這種從句是一種附加說明,如果從句子中省去,也不致於影響主句的意思。如:She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一個晚上都在談論她最近的書,我們一個人都沒有聽說過那本書。)
[註解]
1、關系代詞只能用that的情況:當先行詞是指事物的不定代詞(all, anything等),或先行詞部分含有最高級,或含有序數詞時,不能用其他的關系代詞,只能用that. 如:All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告訴我的話似乎不真實。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能給我點裡面沒有糖的東西?) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (這是第一輛運行於我市的雙層公交車。)
2、關系代詞在從句中作主語時一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。 如:Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (你認識那個在角落裡哭泣的女人嗎?) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我無關的話,請一個字也不要說。)
3、關系代詞作從句的賓語時,常用which或whom,較少使用that或who,而且,關系代詞常常省略。如:Tom』s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父親是我們老師第一個談話的人。)
4、當關系代詞緊跟在介詞後面時,必須用which或whom,而當介詞移到句尾時,則又可以使用that或who. 如:This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) (這是李小姐曾經居住過的房間。)
(5) 主語從句:在句子中充當句子主語的從句叫主語從句。位於謂語動詞之前。通常由that,whether以及疑問連詞引導。一般情況下,常用it替代主語從句,而將主語從句移到句尾。如:When we should start is still a question. (我們該在什麼時候開始還是個問題呢。)
⑤ 英語語法,並列句 復合句 並列復合句
這個句子是主從復合句,主句是一個,而定語從句有兩個,分別修飾主語和版表語。權
The birds (who dares to fall) is the birds (who learns to fly).
主語(定語從句)+系動詞be+ 表語名詞(定語從句)
⑥ 正確的英語語法復合句子怎麼寫
復合句,就是把簡單句無法說清楚的東西用從句補充完整。要寫好復合句版子掌握以下幾權點;
1、要會寫定語從句⑦ 英語的復合句怎麼寫
從句子結構上來說,句子有三種:簡單句、並列句和復合句。簡單句有一個主語或多個主語和一個謂語;一個主語和多個謂語。並列句是由並列連詞連接的兩個或多個簡單句。復合句指的是含有兩個或更多的主謂結構的句子,其中有一個(或更多)主謂結構充當句子的某一(些)成分,如主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、同位語等。主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句都屬於復合句。
一、狀語從句:
狀語從句 Adverbial Clause,從句用作狀語稱為狀語從句。根據用途,狀語從句可分為時間、地點、原因、條件、方式、讓步、結果、目的等狀語從句。
I. 時間狀語從句
時間狀語從句表示時間,常用的關聯詞有when, until, as, after, before, once, since, as long as, whenever等等。
例: 1) When you cross a main road, you must be careful.
2) He went out to play football after he had finished his homework.
3) Wait until you are called.
4) I can't recognize you. You are so changed since last we met.
5) He didn't go to school until he was eleven.
You can use my house as long as you are careful.
He is so terrible once he is drunk.
I listen to the radio while I walk every evening.
II. 地點狀語從句
地點狀語從句表示地點,常用的關聯詞有where, wherever, anywhere等。
例如:1) Put it where you found it.
2) Sit down wherever you like.
3) Anywhere she goes, he goes too.
III. 原因狀語從句
原因狀語從句表示原因或理由,常用的關聯詞有because, as, since, in case等。
1) I eat ice-cream so much because I like sweet food.
2) As I didn't know the way, I asked a policeman.
3) Since you won't help me, I'll ask someone else.
I'll take my raincoat in case it rains. (in case it rains = because it may rain)我將帶上雨衣,以防下雨。
IV. 條件狀語從句
條件狀語從句表示真實的或現實的條件,引導從句所用的關聯詞有if, unless, suppose, in case(that), in the event (that), as (so) long as等等。
1) If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.
You'll be late, unless you hurry.
3) Suppose we are late, what will he say? (suppose從句必須放在主句之前) 我們如果遲到了,他會說什麼?
4) In the event that our team wins, there will be a party.
5) In case it rains, do not expect me. 如果下雨,就不要等我了。
6) He will do anything as(so) long as it is interesting. 只要好玩,他什麼都願意做。
V. 方式狀語從句
方式狀語從句表示動作的方式,回答How的問題,常用關聯詞as, as if, as though, the way(that), in the way(that)等引導,一般置於主語之後。
Do as I say. I did just as you told me. 照我說的去做。我就是照你說的去做的。
He acts as if/as though he is the owner. 他行為舉止好象是這兒的主人似的。
They did it in a way that I had never seen before. 他們以我從沒見過的方式行事。
I was never allowed to sing the way I wanted to. 我從未被允許用自己想用的方式唱歌。
VI. 讓步狀語從句
讓步狀語從句表示「雖然、盡管、即使」等概念,使句子具有對比的因素。常用的關聯詞有although, though, even if, even though, not that(=although…not)等,置於主語之前或後。
1) Although you feel very ill right now, this is still a common disease.
2) Though he has lived for years in London, he writes in French.
3) We intend to go U.S., even if air fares are expensive.
4) Even though fruits are good, you can't live with fruits only.
5) I'm OK now, not that I slept (although I did not sleep) very well last night.
VII. 結果狀語從句
結果狀語從句表示結果, 常由連詞so…that, such(a/an)…that, so that, such that等引導,置於主語之後。
She was so frightened about the dog that she cried.
The news worried him so much that he didn't sleep at all for the whole night.
He is such a wonderful joker that you can't help laughing.
They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them.
We arrived early, so that we got good seats.
The weather was such that I couldn't go out.
VIII. 目的狀語從句
目的狀語從句表示目的,回答what for或 for what purpose的問題,常用關聯詞so that, in order that等引導,一般置於主語之後。目的狀語從句中的謂語動詞常由「情態動詞+動詞原形」構成。
Ships carry lifeboats so that people can escape if the ship sinks.
They wrote the notice in several languages so that foreigners could understand it.
We carved their names on the stone in order that people should always remember them.
They risk their lives so that/in order that they may support their kids.
二、定語從句
定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,片語或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之後,由關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞)引出。
關系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
關系副詞有:when, where, why等
1. 關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,並在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換),例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3) which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
農村出現了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)
2. 關系副詞引導的定語從句
關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why 關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當於"介詞+ which"結構,因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用.例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關系副詞that可以用於表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞後取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略.例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方
3. 判斷關系代詞與關系副詞
方法一: 用關系代詞,還是關系副詞完全取決於從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞後面無賓語,就必須要求用關系代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞 where, when聯系在一起。
方法二: 准確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞。
4. 限制性和非限制性定語從句
1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開,例如:
This is the house which we bought last month.
這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的。(非限制性)
2) 當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其後的定語從句通常是非限制性的,例如: Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾經是我的老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
這本小說很動人,我已經讀了三遍。
3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數,例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液態水變為蒸汽,這就叫做蒸發。
說明:關系代詞that和關系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句。
5. 介詞+關系詞
1)介詞後面的關系詞不能省略。
2)that前不能有介詞。
3) 某些在從句中充當時間,地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關系詞"結構可以同關系副詞when 和where 互換。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
6. as, which 非限定性定語從句
由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個主句,相當於and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。
as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時,這兩個關系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思,且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點:
(1) as 引導的定語從句可置於句首,而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整個主句並在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若為行為動詞,則從句中的關系代詞只能用which。
7. 先行詞和關系詞二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)
8. what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
3) that 和 what
當that引導定語從句時 ,通常用作關系代詞,而引導名詞性從句時,是個不充當任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句和表語從句中的that常可省略。What只能引導名詞性從句, 用作連接代詞,作從句的具體成分,且不能省略。
9. 關系代詞that 的用法
1)不用that的情況
a) 在引導非限定性定語從句時。
b) 介詞後不能用。
2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況
a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b) 在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which。
c) 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時,只用that。
d) 先行詞為序數詞、數詞、形容詞最高級時,只用that。
e) 先行詞既有人,又有物時,只用that。
三、名詞性從句:
在句子中充當主語、賓語、表語與同位語的句子分別叫做主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句, 這些統稱為名詞性從句。
(一)主語從句
在復合句中用作主語的從句叫主語從句。
A 為了強調主語從句的內容,可將從句置於句首
B 大部分主語從句都可以用it作形式主語
為了保持句子平衡,主語從句常用it作形式主語,將主語從句後置。用it作形式主語的主語從句結構有如下幾種:
1、It is + 名詞 + that從句
2、It is + 形容詞 + that從句
3、It + 動詞 + that從句
4、It is + 過去分詞 + that從句
用形式主語it引導的主語從句相當多,有些已形成固定的語法和譯法。常見的有:
It is said that... 據說……
It is reported that... 據報導……
It is well known that... 眾所周知……
It is announced that... 據宣布……
It is believed that... 人們相信……
It is thought that... 人們認為……
It is understood that... 自不待言……
It must be pointed out that... 必須指出……
It must be admitted that... 必須承認……
(二)賓語從句
賓語從句 The Object Clause,在復合句中作主句的賓語,它屬於名詞性從句。它可以作主句謂語動詞的賓語,也可以作介詞的賓語。賓語從句以從句的句式來決定連接詞。
賓語從句有四步曲
連接詞: (也叫引導詞)
語序: 從句的詞序用陳述語序(主+ 謂)
時態: 主句的時態如果是過去時,從句的時態應以過去時為基礎作相應的變化。
人稱: 要根據句中的意義作相應的變化
連接詞(引導詞)
從屬連詞 that ,if ,whether
連接代詞 who, whom, whose, which, what
連接副詞 when ,where ,how ,why
1.如果陳述句作從句,連接詞用that,在口語和非正式語體中常可省略that 。
2.特殊疑問句作從句,就用原來的特殊疑問詞
3.一般疑問句作從句,連詞用if或whether 在選擇疑問句只用whether,記住這一結構:whether … or not 。
(三)表語從句
表語從句放在連系動詞之後,充當復合句中的表語。
A 可接表語從句的連系動詞
可接表語從句的連系動詞有be, look, seem, sound, appear等。
B as, as if / though引導的表語從句
C because, why引導的表語從句
what引導的主語從句表示結果或名詞reason作主語時,後面的表語從句表示原因時要用that引導,不宜用because。
D 使用虛擬語氣的表語從句
在表示建議、勸告、命令含義的名詞後的表語從句,謂語動詞需用"should+動詞原形"表示,should可省略。常見的詞有:advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan, idea等。
(四)同位語從句
同位語從句用於對前面的名詞作進一步解釋,說明名詞的具體內容。同位語從句一般由that引導,但也可以由whether以及連接代詞和連接副詞引導。
A 同位語從句一般跟在名詞的後面
同位語從句一般跟在名詞fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem, rule等後面。
B 使用虛擬語氣的同位語從句
在一些表示「建議、命令、要求」的名詞後的同位語從句中,謂語動詞用"should + 動詞原形",should可省略。
⑧ 英語語法講解復合句
復合句指的是含有兩個或更多的主謂結構的句子,其中有一個(或更多)主謂結構充當句子的某一(些)成分,如主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、同位語等。主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句都屬於復合句。
一、狀語從句:
狀語從句 Adverbial Clause,從句用作狀語稱為狀語從句。根據用途,狀語從句可分為時間、地點、原因、條件、方式、讓步、結果、目的等狀語從句。
I. 時間狀語從句
時間狀語從句表示時間,常用的關聯詞有when, until, as, after, before, once, since, as long as, whenever等等。
例: 1) When you cross a main road, you must be careful.
2) He went out to play football after he had finished his homework.
3) Wait until you are called.
4) I can't recognize you. You are so changed since last we met.
5) He didn't go to school until he was eleven.
You can use my house as long as you are careful.
He is so terrible once he is drunk.
I listen to the radio while I walk every evening.
II. 地點狀語從句
地點狀語從句表示地點,常用的關聯詞有where, wherever, anywhere等。
例如:1) Put it where you found it.
2) Sit down wherever you like.
3) Anywhere she goes, he goes too.
III. 原因狀語從句
原因狀語從句表示原因或理由,常用的關聯詞有because, as, since, in case等。
1) I eat ice-cream so much because I like sweet food.
2) As I didn't know the way, I asked a policeman.
3) Since you won't help me, I'll ask someone else.
I'll take my raincoat in case it rains. (in case it rains = because it may rain)我將帶上雨衣,以防下雨。
IV. 條件狀語從句
條件狀語從句表示真實的或現實的條件,引導從句所用的關聯詞有if, unless, suppose, in case(that), in the event (that), as (so) long as等等。
1) If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.
You'll be late, unless you hurry.
3) Suppose we are late, what will he say? (suppose從句必須放在主句之前) 我們如果遲到了,他會說什麼?
4) In the event that our team wins, there will be a party.
5) In case it rains, do not expect me. 如果下雨,就不要等我了。
6) He will do anything as(so) long as it is interesting. 只要好玩,他什麼都願意做。
V. 方式狀語從句
方式狀語從句表示動作的方式,回答How的問題,常用關聯詞as, as if, as though, the way(that), in the way(that)等引導,一般置於主語之後。
Do as I say. I did just as you told me. 照我說的去做。我就是照你說的去做的。
He acts as if/as though he is the owner. 他行為舉止好象是這兒的主人似的。
They did it in a way that I had never seen before. 他們以我從沒見過的方式行事。
I was never allowed to sing the way I wanted to. 我從未被允許用自己想用的方式唱歌。
VI. 讓步狀語從句
讓步狀語從句表示「雖然、盡管、即使」等概念,使句子具有對比的因素。常用的關聯詞有although, though, even if, even though, not that(=although…not)等,置於主語之前或後。
1) Although you feel very ill right now, this is still a common disease.
2) Though he has lived for years in London, he writes in French.
3) We intend to go U.S., even if air fares are expensive.
4) Even though fruits are good, you can't live with fruits only.
5) I'm OK now, not that I slept (although I did not sleep) very well last night.
VII. 結果狀語從句
結果狀語從句表示結果, 常由連詞so…that, such(a/an)…that, so that, such that等引導,置於主語之後。
She was so frightened about the dog that she cried.
The news worried him so much that he didn't sleep at all for the whole night.
He is such a wonderful joker that you can't help laughing.
They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them.
We arrived early, so that we got good seats.
The weather was such that I couldn't go out.
VIII. 目的狀語從句
目的狀語從句表示目的,回答what for或 for what purpose的問題,常用關聯詞so that, in order that等引導,一般置於主語之後。目的狀語從句中的謂語動詞常由「情態動詞+動詞原形」構成。
Ships carry lifeboats so that people can escape if the ship sinks.
They wrote the notice in several languages so that foreigners could understand it.
We carved their names on the stone in order that people should always remember them.
They risk their lives so that/in order that they may support their kids.
二、定語從句
定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,片語或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之後,由關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞)引出。
關系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
關系副詞有:when, where, why等
1. 關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,並在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換),例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3) which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
農村出現了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)
2. 關系副詞引導的定語從句
關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why 關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當於"介詞+ which"結構,因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用.例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關系副詞that可以用於表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞後取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略.例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方
3. 判斷關系代詞與關系副詞
方法一: 用關系代詞,還是關系副詞完全取決於從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞後面無賓語,就必須要求用關系代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞 where, when聯系在一起。
方法二: 准確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞。
4. 限制性和非限制性定語從句
1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開,例如:
This is the house which we bought last month.
這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的。(非限制性)
2) 當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其後的定語從句通常是非限制性的,例如: Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾經是我的老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
這本小說很動人,我已經讀了三遍。
3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數,例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液態水變為蒸汽,這就叫做蒸發。
說明:關系代詞that和關系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句。
5. 介詞+關系詞
1)介詞後面的關系詞不能省略。
2)that前不能有介詞。
3) 某些在從句中充當時間,地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關系詞"結構可以同關系副詞when 和where 互換。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
6. as, which 非限定性定語從句
由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個主句,相當於and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。
as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時,這兩個關系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思,且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點:
(1) as 引導的定語從句可置於句首,而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整個主句並在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若為行為動詞,則從句中的關系代詞只能用which。
7. 先行詞和關系詞二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)
8. what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
3) that 和 what
當that引導定語從句時 ,通常用作關系代詞,而引導名詞性從句時,是個不充當任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句和表語從句中的that常可省略。What只能引導名詞性從句, 用作連接代詞,作從句的具體成分,且不能省略。
9. 關系代詞that 的用法
1)不用that的情況
a) 在引導非限定性定語從句時。
b) 介詞後不能用。
2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況
a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b) 在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which。
c) 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時,只用that。
d) 先行詞為序數詞、數詞、形容詞最高級時,只用that。
e) 先行詞既有人,又有物時,只用that。
三、名詞性從句:
在句子中充當主語、賓語、表語與同位語的句子分別叫做主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句, 這些統稱為名詞性從句。
(一)主語從句
在復合句中用作主語的從句叫主語從句。
A 為了強調主語從句的內容,可將從句置於句首
B 大部分主語從句都可以用it作形式主語
為了保持句子平衡,主語從句常用it作形式主語,將主語從句後置。用it作形式主語的主語從句結構有如下幾種:
1、It is + 名詞 + that從句
2、It is + 形容詞 + that從句
3、It + 動詞 + that從句
4、It is + 過去分詞 + that從句
用形式主語it引導的主語從句相當多,有些已形成固定的語法和譯法。常見的有:
It is said that... 據說……
It is reported that... 據報導……
It is well known that... 眾所周知……
It is announced that... 據宣布……
It is believed that... 人們相信……
It is thought that... 人們認為……
It is understood that... 自不待言……
It must be pointed out that... 必須指出……
It must be admitted that... 必須承認……
(二)賓語從句
賓語從句 The Object Clause,在復合句中作主句的賓語,它屬於名詞性從句。它可以作主句謂語動詞的賓語,也可以作介詞的賓語。賓語從句以從句的句式來決定連接詞。
賓語從句有四步曲
連接詞: (也叫引導詞)
語序: 從句的詞序用陳述語序(主+ 謂)
時態: 主句的時態如果是過去時,從句的時態應以過去時為基礎作相應的變化。
人稱: 要根據句中的意義作相應的變化
連接詞(引導詞)
從屬連詞 that ,if ,whether
連接代詞 who, whom, whose, which, what
連接副詞 when ,where ,how ,why
1.如果陳述句作從句,連接詞用that,在口語和非正式語體中常可省略that 。
2.特殊疑問句作從句,就用原來的特殊疑問詞
3.一般疑問句作從句,連詞用if或whether 在選擇疑問句只用whether,記住這一結構:whether … or not 。
(三)表語從句
表語從句放在連系動詞之後,充當復合句中的表語。
A 可接表語從句的連系動詞
可接表語從句的連系動詞有be, look, seem, sound, appear等。
B as, as if / though引導的表語從句
C because, why引導的表語從句
what引導的主語從句表示結果或名詞reason作主語時,後面的表語從句表示原因時要用that引導,不宜用because。
D 使用虛擬語氣的表語從句
在表示建議、勸告、命令含義的名詞後的表語從句,謂語動詞需用"should+動詞原形"表示,should可省略。常見的詞有:advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan, idea等。
(四)同位語從句
同位語從句用於對前面的名詞作進一步解釋,說明名詞的具體內容。同位語從句一般由that引導,但也可以由whether以及連接代詞和連接副詞引導。
A 同位語從句一般跟在名詞的後面
同位語從句一般跟在名詞fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem, rule等後面。
B 使用虛擬語氣的同位語從句
在一些表示「建議、命令、要求」的名詞後的同位語從句中,謂語動詞用"should + 動詞原形",should可省略。