⑴ 初三英語第十一單元講的語法知識
賓語從句:賓語從句是初中英語重要的語法內容,同時它也是中考必考項目。要學好賓語從句,必須掌握好它的基本概念,基本特點和有關難點。
基本概念:在復合句中用作賓語的從句叫做賓語從句。它是眾多從句中的一員,它在復合句中作主句謂語動詞、介詞的賓語。
1、掌握引導賓語從句的各種連詞
2、掌握賓語從句的語序——主句+連接詞+主語+謂語
3、掌握賓語從句與主句在時態上的呼應。
重點:語序和時態呼應
難點:語序和時態呼應;與疑問詞+不定式的轉化;與狀語從句的辨析
(一)連接詞
1.連詞that(在口語、非正式文體中可以省略,本身沒有意義)。引導陳述句做賓語從句。如:
I tell him that I have read the story.
2.連詞if或whether(是否)引導的賓語從句。如:
Do you know if he will go to school tomorrow?
3.連接代詞who,whose,what,which和連接副詞how,when where引導的賓語從句。這些連詞在句中作成分,有實際意義不能省略。
He didn』t know when he would leave for Shanghai.
注意:1、由連接代、副詞引導的賓語從句可以和「疑問詞+不定式」結構轉化。如. I don』t know how I should do with the presents.=I don』t know how to do with the presents.
2、要注意區分判斷由if、when引導的從句類型.(賓語從句還是狀語從句)
(二)語序
從句要用陳述句語序,就是指賓語從句中主語一定要放在謂語動詞之前。
1.主句(主語+謂語vt)+(that)從句(主語+謂語……);
2.主句+if/whether從句(主語+謂語…);
3.主句+連接代詞who/whom/whose/what/which+陳述句語序(主語+謂語…);
4.主句+連接副詞when/where/why/how+陳述句語序。
(三)時態一致
賓語從句中謂語動詞的時態,常常受主句謂語時態的制約,這種現象稱為「時態的呼應」。
1.主句是一般現在時,賓語從句可以使用各種時態。
2.主句是一般過去時,賓語從句時態要用與過去相關的時態。比如,一般過去時,過去完成時,過去將來時等等。
(四)相關的難點及考點
1.連結詞that的省略。在非正式場合下,that在引導賓語從句時可以省略。如:I think (that) it is terrible.
但在正式場合,特別是表示建議要求的從句,一般不省略。
2.Whether不能換為if的情況
一般情況下,if和whether可以互換,但以下3種情況只能用whether:
①在不定式前:Whether to go there or not hasn『t been decided.
②在介詞前:It depends on whether it is going to rain.
③與or not連用:They are talking about whether to go there or not.
3.語序例外的特例。
What』s the matter ?作為賓語從句時有兩種前況。當它的解釋是「怎麼了?」時,語序不要變化。當它的解釋是「這是什麼物質?」時,要變為陳述句語序。如:
The teacher asked the students what the matter was.
The teacher asked the students what was the matter?
4.時態例外的特例。
如果賓語從句所敘述的是客觀真理、自然現象、名言警句或諺語等,不管主句是什麼時態,從句都用原時態。
The teacher told us light travels much faster than sound .
5.賓語從句否定意義的轉移。
在think , believe , suppose, imagine等動詞所跟的賓語中,如果從句謂語是否定的,一般要將否定詞not轉移至主句謂語上去,而將從句謂語改為肯定形式。如:
I don『t think he has time to play with the girl.
6.由think , believe , suppose, imagine 加賓語從句的反意疑問句。
其疑問部分的構成方法是:「結構看從句,肯定否定看主句」
如:He thought it was late , wasn』t it ?
7.賓語從句和狀語從句的分辯。
在某些情況下,同學們容易混淆賓語從句和狀語從句。如if 引導的賓語從句或狀語從句。可以用以下方法來處理:
當if解釋為「是否」時,其引導的是賓語從句。遵循賓語從句的時態規則。
He doesn『t know if the famous singer will come tomorrow.
當if解釋為「如果」時,其引導的是條件狀語從句。遵循的是「主將從現」的時態規則。
He will come if he has time tomorrow
⑵ 中考英語作文常用的從句句型以及語法點
賓語從來句:一般賓語是位自於及物動詞和介詞後,所以,在及物動詞和介詞後的從句,可以叫賓語從
句:Idon't
know
what
he
said.
We
were
talking
about
what
he
said
to
us.
⑶ 初一學到初三的英語語法有哪些
語法知識是在掌握一定量的單詞和短語的基礎上才能獲得的。因此,單詞的形態變化是語法學習的基礎之基礎。而九種基本時態和含有不復雜的狀語從句及賓語從句的復合句是初中畢業班學生學習的重點也是語法學習的難點。總之,語法部分是英語學習的重點和難點。語法知識掌握得好,將大大加快英語學習的進程。本文歸納了詞法、九種基本時態以及初中生需要掌握五種基本從句。希望對廣大初三生們有所幫助。
一. 詞法
1.名詞
1.1 名詞的可數與不可數
可數名詞指表示的人或事物可以用數來計量,它有單數與復數兩種形式。不可數名詞指所表示的事物不能用數來計量。物質名詞與抽象名詞一般無法用數目,來統計,都成為不可數名詞。
不可數名詞前一般不能用冠詞a、an來表示數量,沒有復數形式。要表示「一個……」這一概念,就須加a piece of這一類短語。要注意許多名詞在漢語里看來是可數名詞,在英語里卻不可數。如:chalk,paper,bread,rice,grass,news等。
1.2 名詞復數的規則變化
A.一般情況下加-s。
B.以s, x, ch, sh, 結尾的加-es
C.以輔音字母加y結尾的改y為i再加-es
D.以f,fe結尾的,去掉f或fe,變成v再加-es
1.3 名詞的所有格
A.單數名詞詞尾加』s,復數名詞詞尾若沒有s,也要加』s。
如:the worker's bike,the Children』 s ball
B.表示幾個人共有一樣東西,只需在最後一個人的名字後加』 s若表示各自所有,則需在各個名字後』 s。
如: This is Lucy and Licy』 s room.
These are Kate's and jack』 s rooms.
C. 如果是通過在詞尾加—s構成的復數形式的名詞,只加』。
如:the students』 books,the girls』 blouses
(另外:名詞+of+名詞名詞是有生命的,我們就用』s結構來表示所有關系。如果名詞所表示的事物是無生命的,我們就要用名詞+of+名詞的結構來表示所有關系。)
2.代詞:
人稱代詞,物主代詞,反身代詞,指示代詞,不定代詞
2.1 人稱代詞
第一人稱單數
I me my mine myself
復數 we us our ours ourselves
第二人稱
單數 you you your yours yourself
復數 you you your yours yourselves
第三人稱
單數 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
復數 they them their theirs themselves
2.2 物主代詞
物主代詞的用法:
形容詞性物主代詞後面一定要跟上一個名詞。
名詞性物主代詞可作主語、表語、賓語。
2.3 反身代詞
反身代詞的構成分兩種:第一、二人稱反身代詞在形容詞:性物主代詞後加上self或selves,第三人稱的反身代詞在賓格代詞後加上self或selves.
反身代詞的用法:一種是作賓語,由主語發出的動作又回到動作者本身。
如:I enjoyed myself at the party.另一種是作名詞或代詞的同位語;用來加強語氣。如:I
can do it myself.
2.4 指示代詞
指示代詞的特殊用法:
(1)為了避免重復,可用that,those代替前面提到過的名詞,但是this,these不可以。
(2)this,that有時可代替句子或句子中的一部分。
2.5 不定代詞
one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等
3.冠詞
3.1不定冠詞an用在母音讀音開頭(不是指母音字母)的詞前,其餘用不定冠詞a.
3.2 定冠詞的基本用法
A.用在重新提到的人或事物前面。
B. 指談話雙方都知道的人或事物前面。
C用在單數可數名詞前面,表示某一類人或事物。
3.3 定冠詞的特殊用法
A.用在世界上獨一無二的事物或方位名詞前。
B. 用在序數詞、形容詞的最高級及only所修飾的名詞前。
C用在江河、海洋、山脈、湖泊、群島的名稱前面。
D.用在由普通名詞和另外一些詞所構成的專有名詞前面。
E.用在姓氏的復數形式前面,表示全家人或這一姓的夫婦二人。
F.用在樂器名稱前。
G. 和某些形容詞連用,表示某一類人或事物。
3.4 名詞前不用冠詞的情況
A. 在專有名詞 (包括人名、地名、節日、月份、季節) 、物質名詞和抽象名詞前—般不用冠詞。但在以Festival組成的民間節日前要加the。
B. 表示一類人或事物的復數名詞前。
C. 名詞前有物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾時,不用冠詞。
D. 三餐飯、球類、棋類、游戲名稱前一般不用冠詞。正在有些片語中,有無冠詞含義不同。
(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌邊
go to school去上學;go to the school去那所學校;in hospital住院;in the hospital在那個醫院里
4.數詞
4.1 數字的表示
三位數數詞要在百位和十位(若無十位則和個位)之間加and。
1,000以上的數字,從後向前第三位數加一個「,」,第一個「,」前為thousand,第二個「,」前為million,第三個「,」前為billion。
4.2 序數詞除了first,second,third外,其餘都在基數詞尾加-th構成。
4.3分數分子在前,分母在後,分子用基數詞,分母用序數詞,當分子大於1小時,分母序數詞要變成復數。
4.4 Hundreds(thousands,millions)of……
5.形容詞、副詞
5.1 形容詞的位置
(1)形容詞作定語一般要放在名詞前面,但當形容詞修飾不定代詞something,nothing,anything時要放在所修飾的不定代詞之後。如:something important,nothing serious。
(2)當形容詞帶有表示度量的詞或片語作定語或表語時,定語或表語要後置。如:
We have g a hole two meters deep.
The hole is about two metres deep.
5.2 形容詞的比較等級
(1) 單音節詞和少數雙音節詞,在詞尾加—(e)r,—(e)st來構成比較級和最高級。其他雙音節
詞和多音節詞,在前面加more,most來構成比較級和最高級。如:
popular———more popular———most popular
important—more important—most important
5.3 副詞比較級的構成
(1) 單音節副詞和個別雙音節副詞通過加-er,-est來構成比較級和最高級。
(2) 絕大多數副詞藉助more,most來構成比較級和最高級。
(3) 少數副詞的不規則變化:
原級 比較級 最高級
well —— better —— best
badly —— worse —— worst
much —— more —— most
little —— less —— least
far —— farther —— farthest
farthest furthest
late —— later —— latest
(4) 副詞的最高級前面可以不加定冠詞the。
(5) 常用句型有like A better than B和like A(the)best of(in)…
其餘變化和形容詞類似。
6.介詞
6.1 表示時間的介詞及介詞短語?
in, at, on, before,after,till,since,for, fromto, until, by,in the middle of,at the beginning of, at the end of,at half past five,at night,in a week,in the morning,in class,at sunrise, in spring/summer/autumn/winter,on Sunday,on Saturday afternoon,on a winter evening,for a long time,for two months,after school,since liberation,before lunch,at the time of,at the age of。
6.2 表示地點的介詞及介詞短語?
in,at,into,to,on,beside,before,behind,above,under,outside,inside,up,from,far,from,near,across, off, down, among, past,between,out of,around,in the front of, in the middle of, at the back of,at the foot of,at home,at the gate,at the table,in the sky, on the ground,in a tree, in the south,in the sun,in the bed,on one』s way home,by the side of。
二.九種基本時態
1.一般現在時
概念: 表示經常發生的動作或經常存在的狀態。
常和 always , often , usually , sometimes , every day 等表時間的狀語連用。
如:1) I go to school every day . 我每天都去學校。(表經常)
2) He is always like that . 他總是那樣。 (表狀態)
構成: 1) 主語 + be (am / are / is ) +……
2) 主語 + 實義動詞 + …
2.一般過去時
概念: 1) 表示過去某個時間發生的動作或存在的狀態.
常和表示過去的時間狀語連用. 如: yesterday , last week , in 1998 , two days ago等.
如: I went to a movie yesterday. 我昨天去看了一場電影.
2) 也可表示過去經常或反復發生的動作.
如: He always went to work by bike last week.
構成: 1) 主語 + be (was / were ) +……
2) 主語 + 實義動詞過去式 +
3.現在進行時
概念: 表示現在(說話瞬間)正在進行或發生的動作.
如: He is singing.
They are watching TV now.
構成: 主語 + 助動詞be(am/are/is) + 動詞-ing形式構成.
4.過去進行時
概念: 表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間正在進行的動作. 這一特定的過去時間除了有上下文暗示外,一般用時間狀語來表示.
如: 1) ---What were you doing?
---I was jumping.
2) ---What was the boy doing when the UFO arrived?
---He was sleeping.
構成: 主語 + 助動詞be(was/were) + 動詞-ing形式構成.
5.一般將來時
概念: 表示將來某個時間要發生的動作或存在的狀態,也表示將來經常或反復發生的動作,常與表示將來的時間狀語連用,如: tomorrow, next week, next year, in the future等.
如: He will go shopping tomorrow.
They are going to play basketball next week.
構成: 1) 主語 + 助動詞will + 動原 +…
2) 主語 + be going to + 動原 + ….
6.過去將來時
概念: 表示在過去將來的某一時間發生的動作或存在的狀態.
構成: 1) 主語(第一人稱) + 助動詞should + 動原 +…
2) 主語 + would + 動原 + ….
3) 主語 + was/ were going to +動原…
用法: 過去將來時除了上下文暗示外,一般常用在間接引語中,主句謂語動詞為過去時態.
如: 1) I should go.
2) You knew I would come.
3) They were going to Naning.
7.現在完成時
構成: 主語 + 助動詞 ( have / has ) + 動詞過去分詞 +…
用法 例句
表示過去發生或已經完成的動作對現在造成的影響或結果. ---Have you had your lunch yet?
---Yes, I have. (現在我不餓了)
8.現在完成進行時
概念: 表示從過去某一時間開始持續到現在的動作.這一動作可能是剛剛開始,也可能仍在繼續,並可能延續到將來.
構成: 主語 + 助動詞 (have / has ) + been + 動詞-ing +…
如: 1. I have been sitting here for an hour.
2. She has been collecting stamps for about 6 years.
9.過去完成時
構成: 主語 + 助動詞 had + 動詞過去分詞 +…
用法 例句
表示過去在過去某一時間或動作之前已經發生或完成了的動作.它表示的動作發生的時間是」過去的過去」.表示過去某一時間可用by, before 等構成的短語,也可用when, before, 等引導的從句或者通過上下文表示.
I had finished my homework when my mom came back home.
三.基本從句
從句的共同特點
從句是指在一個句子中充當一個成分的句子,充當什麼成分就叫什麼從句,如:充當賓語就叫賓語從句,充當定語成分就叫定語從句。
從以上定義中我們可以得出關於從句的一個最大特點:從句是句子。
從句的共同特點:1.從句都有自己的連接詞 2.從句都是陳述語序(陳述語序就是主語在前,謂語在後,如:He is a teacher主語 He 在謂語is之前,因此是陳述語序,而Is he a teacher? 主語 He 在謂語is之後,因此不是陳述語序。)
1.賓語從句
賓語從句是指在一個句子中充當賓語的句子,如:He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.
賓語從句的特點:
①賓語從句有自己的連接詞
②賓語從句用陳述語序
③賓語從句的時態
①賓語從句的連接詞:賓語從句的連接詞包括that、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑問詞。
②賓語從句的語序;
A.賓語從句的連接詞後加陳述語序(主語在前,謂語在後),如:I want to know if he can come tomorrow
B.當連接詞本身又是賓語從句的主語時,後面直接加謂語動詞,如:She asked me who had helped him.
③賓語從句的時態,只要記住以下口訣就可以了「主現則從任,主過則從過,客觀真理一般現」
A.主現則從任:主句如果是一般現在時,則從句根據時間狀語需要從八種時態中任選一種,如:1.He tells me he likes English very much(一般現在時)
B.主過則從過:主句如果是一般過去時,則從句根據時間狀語需要從四種帶「過」字的時態中任選一種,帶「過」字的時態分別是如:一般過去時,過去進行時,過去將來時,過去完成時。
如:He told me that he liked playing football(一般過去時)
C.客觀真理一般現:客觀真理永遠用一般現在時。
如:1.He says the moon goes around the earth.
2.狀語從句
2.1 時間狀語從句:在一個句子中作時間狀語的句子。
時間狀語的連接詞:when(當…時候) while(當…時候) as(當…時候) after(在…以後) before(在…以前) as soon as(一…就) since(自從…到現在) till /until(直到…
才) by the time(到…為止)依舊是連接詞後加陳述語序。
舉例:when當…的時候(一般情況下主句是將來時的時候,從句要用一般現在時。)
Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.
2.2 原因狀語從句:在一個句子中作原因語的句子。
連接詞:由連詞because, since, as引導, 也可由for, now that 等詞引導。
舉例:I didn』t go to school yesterday because I was ill.
2.3 條件狀語從句
連接詞:if如果, unless (=if not) 除非。(讓步)
舉例:If it doesn』t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.
2.4 目的、結果狀語從句
目的狀語從句是指在一個句子中充當目的狀語的句子。
結果狀語從句是指在一個句子中充當結果狀語的句子
目的狀語從句連接詞so that, so…that , in order that 引導。
結果狀語從句連接詞 so…that, such…that, so much/many…that引導。
舉例:so…that 如此…以至於
The scientist』s report was so instructive that we were all very excited.
2.5 讓步狀語從句
讓步狀語從句是指在句子中作讓步的狀語的句子
連接詞: though, although.,whether…or not
舉例:Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.
3.no matter從句
結構:"no matter +特殊疑問詞疑問詞+陳述語序" 或"特殊疑問詞+後綴ever+陳述語序"
如:No matter what happened, he would not mind.
注意:no matter 不能引導主語從句和賓語從句。
4.定語從句
定語是指在句子中用來修飾名詞、代詞的成分
如:I will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower.(中beautiful就是定語)
定語從句是指在一個句子中作定語的句子,定語從句要放在所修飾的詞後
如:I have met the doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.
定語從句的連接詞:
連接代詞:who、which、whom、whose、that
連接副詞:when、where、why
5.名詞性從句
在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句。名詞從句的功能相當於名詞片語, 它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等,因此根據它在句中不同的語法功能,名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
引導名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類:
連接詞: that, whether ,if (不充當從句的任何成分)
連接代詞:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
連接副詞:when, where, how, why
如:That she was chosen made us very happy.
⑷ 北京中考英語語法考什麼。只需要幫我列出來考什麼就行。比如時態,被動主動,從句,等等。
網路 中考語法完全突破 看下目錄就行了
⑸ 初三英文語法(要最詳細的~)
初三語法講義
一.動詞(一)名詞
名詞分類:可數名詞,不可數名詞可數名詞變復數
1. 在名詞詞尾加-s
girl, girls; table, tables; roof, roofs; school, schools
2.以o, s, sh, ch, x結尾的名詞,加-es
tomato, tomatoes; class, classes; watch, watches; bush, bushes
3.以o結尾加-s
piano, pianos; photo, photos
4.以輔音字母加y結尾的,去掉y,加-ies
baby, babies; family, families; university, universities
5.以母音字母加y結尾的直接加s
toy, toys; monkey, monkeys; guy, guys
6.以f或者fe結尾的,去掉f, fe加-ves
wife, wives; life, lives; wolf, wolves; calf, calves
7. 改變形式的復數
man, men; child, children; foot, feet; mouse, mice; tooth, teeth
8.單數復數形式一樣
fish, fish; sheep, sheep; deer, deer; swine, swine
9.特殊詞彙的復數
looker-on, lookers-on; passer-by, passers-by
不可數名詞沒有數的概念
名詞所有格
1.一般情況』s
2.表示時間、距離、城市、國家
today』s paper at arms』 length a mile』s journey
Beijing』s weather China』s economy
3.of表示所有格 4.雙重所有格
a friend of mine a child of hers
(二)代詞
人稱代詞 人稱 單數 復數 主格 賓格
第一人稱
I me we us
第二人稱
you you you you
第三人稱
he him
they them
she her
it it
物主代詞
單數復數第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱
形容詞性物主代詞
My Your His Her Its Our Your Their
名詞性物主代詞
Mine Yours His Hers Its Ours Yours Theirs
反身代詞人稱第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數
myselfyourselfhimself herself itself
復數ourselvesyourselvesthemselves
相互代詞each other/one another
不定代詞another/other/others
(三)數詞
基數詞
One two three four five six…..Hundreds of 正確數詞+hundred 正確
Hundred of 錯誤數詞+hundreds 錯誤數詞+hundreds of 錯誤
序數詞First second third fourth….
分數1/3 one third2/3 two thirds
(四)冠詞不定冠詞
例句用於可數名詞單數形式前
usan is a scientist.Pass me an orange, please.
不特指某人或某物
A boy is looking for you.
We work five days a week.
表示「一」的數量,但沒有one強烈
We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow.
I have a mouth, a nose, two eyes and two ears.
用於固定片語中
A few, a little, a lot of, a moment ago
定冠詞
例句特指某人或者某物
Show me the photo of the boy.
雙方都知道的事物或人
Where are the new books, Jim?
They are on the small table.
上文提過的人或物
Ji Wei lives on a farm. The farm is not big.
獨一無二
The sun is bigger than the moon.
序數詞和形容詞最高級前
The first month of the year is January.
普通名詞構成的專有名詞前
The Great Wall
習慣用語
In the morning
On the left
零冠詞
用法
例句
專有名詞和不可數名詞前
China
名詞已經有定語this, that, my, your, some, any等
That letter is in her bag.
復數名詞表示一類人或物
My father and mother are teachers.
星期、月份、季節、節日前
It is Sunday today.
稱呼前
What colour are Mrs. Green』s shoes?
三餐和球類運動前
He went to school before breakfast this morning.
(五)介詞
多數考察為固定搭配,需要死記硬背
(六)形容詞與副詞
規則變化
構成方法
原級
比較級
最高級
單音節和少數雙音 節詞
一般在詞尾加-er/est
Cold
Strong
Fast
slow
Colder
Stronger
Faster
slower
Coldest
Strongest
Fastest
slowest
以字母e結尾的形容詞,在詞尾加-r/-st
Nice
large
Nicer
larger
Nicest
largest
重讀閉音節詞只有一個輔音字母時雙寫輔音字母,加-er/-est
Big
Thin
hot
Bigger
Thinner
hotter
Biggest
Thinnest
hottest
以輔音字母+y結尾的雙音節詞改y為i加-er/est
Easy
happy
Easier
happier
Easiest
happiest
部分雙音節詞
在詞前面加more/most
Delicious
Interesting
Easily
Carefully
More Delicious
More Interesting
More Easily
More Carefully
Most Delicious
Most Interesting
Most Easily
Most Carefully
不規則變化
原級
比較級
最高級
Good/well
Bad/badly/ill
Many/much
Little
far
Better
Worse
more
Less
Father
further
Best
Worst
Most
Least
Farthest
furthest
形容詞和副詞比較級和最高級的用法
級
用法
例句
比較級
表示兩者的比較
Mr. King is taller than Mr. Read.
最高級
表示三者或者三者以上的比較
Whose drawing is the best of all?
She is the youngest in the class.
同級比較
I think science is as important as maths.
It is not as(so) warm today as yesterday.
二.動詞
(一) 時態
1.一般現在時
三單變形
情況
變化規則
例詞
一般情況
加-s
come, comes; learn, learns
以o,s,x,ch,sh結尾的詞
加-es
pass, passes; do, does
以輔音加y結尾的詞
變y為i加-es
fly, flies; cry, cries
2.現在進行時
現在分詞構成方法
情況及變化
例詞
一般情況,在動詞原形後加-ing
go, going; see, seeing
以不發音的e結尾的動詞去掉e加-ing
take, taking; live, living
以重讀閉音節結尾的詞,如果詞尾只有一個輔音字母,先把詞尾的輔音字母雙寫,再加-ing
plan, planning; cut, cutting; forget, forgetting
以ie結尾的詞變ie為y加-ing
die, dying; lie, lying; tie, tying
以ye和oe結尾的詞,直接加-ing
eye, eyeing; dye, dyeing
3.一般將來時
shall
will
be going to
4一般過去時
規則動詞過去構成
構成規則
原形
過去式
一般動詞在尾加-ed
look
play
start
looked
played
stared
結尾是e的動詞加-d
live
hope
use
lived
hoped
used
末尾只有一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節,雙寫輔音字母,加-ed
stop
plan
trip
stopped
planned
tripped
結尾是輔音字母+y的動詞,變y為i加-ed
study
carry
worry
studied
carried
worried
詞尾 –ed的讀音
讀音
例詞
濁輔音和母音後
/d/
called borrowed
moved enjoyed
welcomed answered
清輔音後
/t/
finished helped
passed cooked
在t, d後面
/id/
wanted shouted
needed counted
5.過去進行時
was/were+現在分詞
6.現在完成時
have/has+過去分詞
用法一:表示從過去發生一直到現在,特點:用延續動詞,加段時間狀語
用法二:表示過去發生的事情而不用一般過去時,特點:不用延續動詞,不加段時間狀語
構成
7.過去完成時
時間軸:
--------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------à
A B C
過去的過去 過去 現在
(過去完成時態)
用法一:表示從過去發生一直到過去一時間,特點:用延續動詞,加段時間狀語
用法二:表示過去的過去發生的事情
8.過去將來時
不是考試的重點
(二) 被動語態
使用情況:不知道誰是主語
不強調主語
用來表示客觀的表達
構成:助動詞be+過去分詞
有些動詞主動語態中省略了不定式在變為被動語態時要講TO補充出來(非謂語動詞重點講解)
(三) 情態動詞
can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would)
dare/need
dare
肯定
否定
情態動詞
dare do
dare not do
實意動詞
dare/dares to do
do/does not dare to do
need
肯定
否定
情態動詞
need do
need not do
實意動詞
need / need s to do
do/does not need to do
may/can
may表示許可
can 表示自身能力
can/be able to區別
a) Can只有現在和過去兩個時態,be able to可以是任何時態
b) Can 不強調結果一定成功,be able to暗示結果一定成功
must表示必須,否定用needn』t
mustn』t表示禁止
(四) 非謂語動詞
1. 不定式to do
否定不定式為not to do
可以省略不定式to的詞
let/make/have/see/hear/watch/notice/feel/look at/listen to
注意:在以上詞出現在被動句中時要將to補充出來
2. 現在分詞與過去分詞
flying bird可以表達成the bird is flying.
broken arm可以表達成 the arm is broken
現在分詞強調過程,過去分詞強調結果
falling leaf/fallen leaf
boiling water/boiled water
3.動詞後加動詞的不同形式
(1)、加to doing
devote to doing/ get down to doing/ object to doing/ look forward to doing/ be used to doing
(2)、加to do
afford/agree/ask/attempt/choose/decide/hope/expect/intend/learn/manage/offer/plan/pretend/promise/refuse/wish
(3)、加doing
admit/appreciate/avoid/can』t help/stand/enjoy/escape/put off/risk/give up
(4)、加to do/doing都可以的但是意思有區別的
forget/remember/stop
(5)、加do/doing都可以但是意思有區別的
see/notice/hear
三.簡單句
(一) 反意疑問句
反意疑問句
反意疑問句用來表示提問者有一定的主見,但是沒有把握,希望對方來證實。
The weather here is very cold, isn』t it? Yes, it is.
You』re from Australia, aren』t you? yes, I am.
對反意疑問句回答,不管問題的提法如何,事實是肯定的就用肯定回答,否定的就要用否定的回答。
He isn』t going to the meeting, is he?
Yes, he is. 不,他要去的
No, he isn』t. 對,他不去
反意疑問句通常由一個陳述句和一個疑問句組成。當陳述句為肯定時,疑問句為否定;當陳述句為否定時,疑問句為肯定。但是以下幾個要注意:
1. 陳述部分主語 I, 疑問部分要用aren』t I
I am as tall as your sister, aren』t I ?
2. 陳述部分謂語是wish, 疑問部分要用may+主語
I wish to have a word with you, may I ?
3. 陳述部分用no, nothing, nobody ,never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含義的詞時,疑問部分用肯定。
The Swede made no answer, did he?
4.有ought to的,陳述部分是肯定的,疑問部分用shouldn』t/oughtn』t+主語
He ought to know what to do, oughtn』t he?
5. 陳述部分有have to疑問部分用don』t+主語
we have to get there at eight tomorrow, don』t we?
6.陳述部分謂語是used to,疑問部分用didn』t+主語或者didn』t+主語
He used to take pictures there, didn』t he?
7.陳述部分有had better疑問句用hadn』t you?
You』d better read it by yourself, hadn』t you?
8.陳述部分有would rather疑問句用wouldn』t +主語
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn』t he?
9.陳述部分有.陳述部分有you』d like to疑問部分用wouldn』t+主語
You』d like to go with me, wouldn』t you?
10.感嘆句中,疑問部分用謂語+主語
What colours, aren』t they?
what a smell, isn』t it?
11陳述部分由neither…nor, either…or疑問部分根據實際邏輯意義而定
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
12. 陳述部分主語是指示代詞或者不定代詞everything, that, nothing, this疑問部分主語it
Everything is ready, isn』t it?
13.陳述部分為主語從句,疑問部分要根據情況而定
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn』t he?
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
I don』t think he is bright, is he?
14陳述部分主語是不定代詞everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等疑問部分常用復數they
Everyone knows the answer, don』t they?
15.省去主語的祈使句的反意疑問句,疑問部分用will you
don』t do that again, will you?
16.陳述部分是there be結構,疑問部分用there省略主語代詞
There is something wrong with your watch, isn』t here?
17.否定前綴不能視為否定詞
it is impossible, isn』t it?
18.Must表示推測時,根據其推測情況來確定
He must be there now, isn』t he?
(二)感嘆句
How cold it is today!
What a good idea!
(三)祈使句
肯定類型
Be careful!
Come in, please.
Let me have a look.
否定類型
Don』t be lazy.
Don』t throw the ball like that.
Let him not go there./ Don』t let her go there
四.復合句
(一) 定語從句
We all like Old Fish that is handsome.
先行詞 關系詞
關系代詞: which, who, whom, whose, that
關系副詞:when, why, where
1.先行詞指人,用who/whom
(1)who可以做主語、賓語、或者表語,但who之前不能有介詞
(2)whom只能做賓語或者表語,但在all of/many of加先行詞時後只能加whom
注意:who.whom做賓語可以省略
2.先行詞為物,用which
(1)which可以代單詞
(2)which可以代短語
(3)which可以代句子
3.that與which區別
(1)只能用that情況
先行詞有人有物
先行詞為 all, little, few, much, none, the first, etc
先行詞為不定代詞
先行詞前修飾詞為 any, only, every, no, some, much, few, little, the first, the best, the only, the on, the very, the right, the last
(2)只能用which情況
非限定性定語從句
關系詞前有介詞
4.whose表示所屬關系
(1)whose後加名詞
(2)可以代人可以代物
(3)先行詞加whose加名詞=先行詞加名詞 of which結構
介詞+關系代詞=關系副詞
關系代詞後加不完整句
關系副詞/介詞+關系代詞後加完整句
主系表: 主系表都有, 完整句
主系表缺一個,不完整句
主謂賓:謂語動詞為及物動詞:主謂賓都有,完整句
主謂賓缺一個,不完整句
謂語動詞為不及物動詞: 主+動詞+介詞+賓語,完整句
主+動詞,完整句
主+動詞+介詞,不完整句
(二) 狀語從句
時間狀語從句:when, before, after, while, since, as, till, as soon as, the moment….
地點狀語從句: where, wherever
條件狀語從句:if, unless, so long as, as long as, in case, if only, provided that….
原因狀語從句:because, since, as, now that
結果狀語從句:so, so that, so…that, such…that
讓步狀語從句:though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever
目的狀語從句: that, so that, so, in order that, in case, for fear that, lest
比較狀語從句:than, as…as, so…as
五.主謂一致
就近原則
or, nor, either or, neither nor, not only…but also
就前原則
as much as, rather than, more than, no less than, as well as, in addition to, with, along with, together with, except
集體名詞的主謂一致
people, cattle, youth, police+復數謂語
machinery, equipment, furniture+單數謂語
audience, committee, crew, family, government, army, enemy, group, staff, team, couple, band+可單可復
時間、地點等數量概念的主謂一致
謂語用單數
Ten miles is a long way to go.
a of b結構中的主謂一致
按照A來確定謂語
a pair of trousers is enough.
Two pair of trousers are enough.
以S結尾的主謂一直問題:地理名詞、群島山脈等風景、學科名詞
國家加單數謂語: the United States
地理名詞,群島山脈等風景加復數謂語: the West Indies, Himalayas, Straits of England
學科名詞加單數謂語: politics, economics
六.習慣用語
七.固定搭配
八.介詞搭配
(一) 介詞+名詞
against one』s will
at a loss
at one time
at home
at the same time
at work
at night
beside the point
by chance
by the way
by the end of
by all means
for the time being
for the sake of
from beginning to end
from time to time
in the end
in surprise
in trouble
in the street
in English
in a word
in the meantime
in vain
in need
in half
in no time
in a low voice
in the least
in public
in life
in a minute
in the eyes of
in time
in sight of
in place of
in detail
in a hurry
in any case
in case
in charge of
in bed
in addition to
in the course of
in particular
in time of
in return
in spite of
in reply to
in memory of
in honour of
in fear of
influence on
off hand
on guard against
on the ground
on the radio
on the way
on the right
on purpose
on strike
on account of
on sale
on the air
on time
out of work
out of order
on behalf of
on watch
on the whole
on show
on day
out of sight
out of repair
out of place
out of practice
out of date
out of breath
over the radio
to this day
thousands of
on the one hand, on the other hand
(二)形容詞+介詞
absent from
aware of
apart from
according to
anxious for
angry at
afraid of
busy with
careful of
cruel to
e to
different from
equal to
be familiar to sb
be familiar with sth
be famous for
far from
fond of
full of
fussy about
grateful for
good at
hard on
interested in
instead of
kind to
keen on
late for
opposite to
once for all
polite to
proude of
ready for
responsible for
short of
sorry for
strict with
thankful to
wrong with
(三)動詞+介詞
act on
answer for
agree to
agree with
agree on
arrive at
aim at
ask after
ask for
borrow from
believe in
belong to
break into
beat down on
begin at
base on
consist of
congratulate on
come to an end
compare with
compare to
care for
change for
change from to
clear up
catch up with
come across
come into
call up
call for
catch hold of
call on
depend on
do away with
disagree with
die of
die from
die for
devote to
engaged in
end with
fit in with
fail in
find out
give up
get over
get on
get on
get in touch with
get ready for
get in
go in for
grow up
give in
give lessons to
get up
go on
go all out
go through
go over
go down
go on with
go without
hand in
have nothing to do with
have something to do with
have a look at
head for
help with
have a word with
have words with
hope for
introce to
be inspired by
insist on
interfere with
join in
keep on
knock at
keep up with
long for
look up to
look up
learn by heart
leave for
look for
lie in
live on
laugh at
look down upon
look forward to
look through
meet with
make up one』s mind
make friends with
make room for
owe to
operate on
pay attention to
play with
put up
put off
point out
put up with
prevent from
persist in
put into practice
run out of
reply to
recover from
rely on
rob of
run over
result from
result in
set an example to
set about
set out
succeed in
speak of
supply with
share in
share with
settle in
see through
send for
stand by
stand for
stop from
spend on
show around
talk about
tide over
turn against
turn into
turn to
think of
think about
take care of
take off
turn out
turn round
turn up
take part in
to begin with
wait for
watch out for
write to
wake up
watch over
(四)過去分詞+介詞
be absorbed in
be burdened with
be connected with
be covered with
be crowded with
be dressed in
be engaged to
be equipped with
be experienced in
be filed with
be furnished with
be interested in
be joined to
be known as
be known for
be made into
be made up of
be married to
be pleased with
be prepared for
be regarded as
be satisfied with
be ashamed of
be tired of
be terrified at
(五)動詞+名詞+介詞
apply ones』 mind to
catch sight of
do harm to
do wrong to
feel pity for
fix one』s eyes on
form the habit of
get a good hold of
give advice on
have none of
have trust in
have difficulty in
have trouble in
have effect on
have mercy on
have the honour of
keep a record of
make fun of
make best use of
make an apology
make one』s way to
make preparations for
make a mistake about
pass a judgment on
set fire to
put one』s heart and soul into
shake hands with
take aim at
take the side of
throw light on
take pride in
take delight in
take a message for
(六)動詞+副詞+介詞
add up to
break away from
be up to
cut down on
come up to
do well in
drop in on
face up to
fit in with
fall back on
get though with
get down to
get along with
go out of
go on with
go back on
go out of
go in for
grow out of
go ahead with
keep away from
keep up with
live up to
make up for
make up with
make out of
think highly of
watch out for
work hard at
(七)動詞+介詞+名詞
arrive at a conclusion
burst into pieces
burst into tears
burst into laughter
come to the rescue
come into use
come into power
come into effect
come into light
come to a conclusion
get in a word
set to work take on a new look
⑹ 中考英語准確考試范圍(語法)急用,盡量詳細
在中考英語的復習過程中,語法也是至關重要的,很多題都是需要對語法熟知,才能答對試題的,如果不懂語法,也許你連題都念不懂,為此,小編為大家整理了英語語法的復習方法,希望能夠幫助大家。
1.對動詞的復習:
從歷年實測的情況來看,動詞或與動詞相關題目的考查,占相當的比重。因為動詞的變化多,而且是句子的核心部分,所以同學們在進行單項或知識點復 習時,務必把動詞和與動詞相關的部分作為復習的重點。首先是動詞的時態和語態,不但要把常見的基本概念搞清楚,而且有必要做大量的相應練習。這樣才能在實 際應用中少出錯或不出錯。
2.對從句的復習:
在復習從句時,特別要理清時態在從句中的用法,如狀語從句(這里主要談時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句)時態的用法是,當主句是一般現在時、一般將來時、祈使句時,從句要用現在時。當主句是過去時時,從句則要用過去時態。如:
①I won't take part in the party if I'm not invited。
②When the weather is fine,many families go out for a walk。
③All the students went out when the bell rang。
而since引導的從句比較特殊,它的主句一般用現在完成時或一般現在時,從句則用一般過去時。如:
①It is 3 years since I came to the company。
②I have known him since I came to middle school。
賓語從句時態的用法則是當主句是一般現在時時,從句的時態可根據從句的時間狀語來選擇任意時態。當主句是過去時時,從句則只能用過去時態的某一種(客觀真理等則只能用一般現在時)。如:
①I can't remember if I have seen him before。
②Betty thought that trees improved the air.
在復習賓語從句和狀語從句時,還要掌握准確判斷賓語從句與狀語從句的方法。例如:
①I want to know if the final exam will come in June?
②I'm sure I will pass the listening test next month if I practice it carefully。
以上兩個句子中都有if,但是由於if的意思不同,構成的從句也就不同,①是賓語從句,②是狀語從句,①的if作「是否」講,②的If作「如 果」講,也就是說if作「是否」講時,構成的句子肯定是賓語從句,那麼句子時態則要跟賓語從句的原則走。If作「如果」講時,構成的句子肯定是狀語從句, 那麼句子時態則跟狀語從句的原則走。這一點對考生區分賓語從句還是狀語從句是十分重要的。
定語從句則要重點掌握幾個引導詞的用法,如:that,which,who,whose等。
3、其他知識點
1)可數名詞的復數和不可數名詞的表達方式。名詞的所有格。
2)人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞、關系代詞和相互代詞。
3)冠詞和不定冠詞。
4)數詞。
5)形容詞和副詞的比較級、最高級。
6)介詞。
7)直接引語與間接引語。
⑺ 初三英語語法總結,能有多詳細就有多詳細
句子成分:主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、賓語補足語和狀語
1、主語:
(1)由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞用主格)、動詞不定式、
動名詞等充當,說明動作是「誰」發出的,主語是句子陳述的對象,說明是誰或什麼,表示句子說的是「什麼人」,或」什麼事「,如「我寫字」中的「我」,做出
寫字這個動作.「寫」則是謂語,「字」是賓語,是接受謂語「寫」這個動作的對象,因此是賓語.如:The painter painted a very
nice picture. (畫家畫了一幅漂亮的畫.) / They fought against SARS bravely.
(他們勇敢地與非典搏鬥.) / To see is to believe. (耳聽為虛眼見為實). / Helping animals is
to help people. (幫助動物就是幫助人類.)
(2)動詞不定式或動名詞做主語時可用it代替,而不定式或動名詞移至表語或賓語之
後.如:It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat ring the long
journey. (在長途旅行中能有個甲等座位簡直太舒服了.) / Eating too much is bad for your
health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.)
(吃得太多對你的身體不利.)(比較好看,避免頭重腳輕)
(3)口語中常見主語或「主--系」省略:(It is) nothing. ((那)沒有什麼.)/ (It) doesn』t matter. ((那)沒有關系.) / (I) thank you. ((我)謝謝你.)
(4)
反意問句的附加問句,主語必須是代詞:The man looks worried, doesn』t he? (這個人看上去很著急不是嗎?) /
Tigers are dangerous animals, aren』t they? (老虎是危險的動物不是嗎?)
(5)祈使句一般省略主
語.加主語時往往用來指定某個人.Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子們請保持鍵盤的清潔.)
(省略了主語) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去給我弄一杯水來.)
(6)
主語一般在句首,但在問句中會處於第二位和句尾;倒裝句及there be句型主語在動詞之後.如:Computers are made in
this factory. (計算機生產於這家工廠.) / Where are they? (他們在哪兒?) / Does the boy
like staying home? (這個男孩喜歡呆在家裡嗎?)
(7)主語與謂語必須保持單、復數的一致,
而謂語與表語或賓語之間沒有這一要求.Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam.
(Jim和Rose都沒有通過考試.) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave
people. (中華民族是一個勤勞勇敢的民族.)
(8)主語可以由從句充當,詳見「主語從句」.
2、謂語:是對主語動作或狀態的陳述或說明,指出「做什麼」,「是什麼」或「怎麼樣」,在主語後接賓語,又稱受詞,是一個動作的接受者.
(1)由「不及物動詞」、「及物動詞+賓語」或「系動詞+表語」等構成,說明主語所表示的人物「干什麼」或「怎麼樣」.如:
He travelled in space for the first time .(他首次在太空旅行.) / Who teaches
you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語?) / The pizza has gone bad.
(那塊烤餡餅已經變壞.) /
(2)謂語動詞必須反映出人稱、單復數、時態等信息,謂語動詞往往由下列詞語依序排列構成:[情態動詞]+[時
態助動詞](現在完成時)+[語態助動詞](如被動語態)+[主要動詞](不一定全部出現).(見動詞的時態和語態構成表)記住:謂語部分第一個動詞往
往是變形動詞.如:
I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to.
(對不起我發出了太大的聲音但是只能這樣.) / He can』t have finished reading the
800-page-long novel. (他不可能讀完了那本長達800頁的小說.) / Something must be done to
stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (該採取措施防止禽流感蔓延.)
(3)謂語動詞切忌用「行為動詞1 + 原形動詞」、「be + 原形動詞」.
記住使用下列正確形式:
①情態動詞+原形動詞.如:You』d better go over the lesson.(你最好復習這一課.)
②shall/ will/ would+原形動詞.如:They should have been there once.(他們應該去過那兒.)
③be+
現在分詞或者過去分詞.如:What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什麼?)---表示一般將來時/ Many
trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自從20世紀70年代大批樹木被砍伐.)
④have+過去分詞.如:Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上)
⑤一般時問句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形動詞.如:He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子過的不好.)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你們當中有誰見過恐龍蛋嗎?)
⑥
行為動詞1+行為動詞2 (不定式、動名詞、現在分詞、過去分詞等形式).如:He made up his mind to be a
vet.(他拿定主意要做個獸醫.)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling
good about life.(自尊自愛是享受生活的根本.)/ They wake up the other family members,
calling,「Merry Christmas!」(他們叫醒家庭的其他成員,呼喊著:聖誕快樂!)/ The kings of ancient
Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及國王讓人給他們自己修建堅固的墳墓.)
(4)不可用形容詞、名詞、代詞、副詞、介詞短語等獨立作謂語,必須在此之前加連系動詞.
(5)謂語動詞單復數形式:單數形式的動詞有:is,was,has,does以及「動詞+s」;復數形式的動詞有:are,were,have以及動詞原形.其他動詞不分單、復數.
謂語部分第一個動詞的形式\x09單數形式\x09復數形式
一般現在時be(是)動詞;
現在某些時態和語態的助動詞be\x09am (單一); are (單二); is (單三); \x09are
一般過去時be(是)動詞;
過去某些時態和語態的助動詞be\x09was (單一); were (單二); was;(單三)\x09were
一般現在時have(有)動詞;
現在完成時態的助動詞have\x09have (單一); have (單二); has (單三);\x09have
一般現在時行為動詞和助動詞do\x09do (單一、單二); does (單三)\x09do
實意動詞和連系動詞的一般現在時動詞(否定和疑問句除外)\x09原形動詞(單一、單二); 動詞+s /es (單三)\x09原形動詞
其他各時態語態的謂語動詞\x09單復數形式相同
記住:主語、謂語單復數必須保持一致.(參見「4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復數的一致問題:」) Air and water is necessary to us all.(空氣和水對於我們大家是必不可少的.)
(6)
一般問句和反意問句的回答不使用行為動詞,應該使用「是」動詞、情態動詞、助動詞(be,will,have,do以及變形).如:The
Olympic Games is held every other year, isn』t it? ----Yes, it
is.(奧運會每兩年舉辦一次,是嗎?----是的.)
3、賓語:又稱受詞,是指一個動作(動詞)的接受者.賓語分為直接賓語和間接賓語兩大類,
其中直接賓語(經常指被做的人)指動作的直接對象,間接賓語說明動作的非直接,但受動作影響的對象.一般而言,及物動詞後面最少要有一個賓語,而該賓語通
常為直接賓語,有些及物動詞要求兩個賓語,則這兩個賓語通常一個為直接賓語,另一個為間接賓語.
(1)
由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞要用賓格)、不定式、動名詞、(賓語)從句充當,表示動作的承受者是「誰」或者是「何物」.如: The angel also
came to Joseph and told him the same
thing.(那個天使同樣來到約瑟夫面前並且告訴他同樣的事情.)(代詞和名詞充當兩個賓語) / He told me that the
company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告訴我說公司付不起他那麼多的錢.)
(不定式作賓語) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often
forget their lessons. (他們如此喜愛看足球以至於常常忘記了他們的功課.) (動名詞作賓語) / I think to be
a children』s doctor is very rewarding.(我認為當個兒童醫生是很值得的.) (從句作賓語)
(2) 只有及物動詞或介詞才有賓語,不及物動詞沒有賓語,如果涉及到事物,則必須在不及物動詞後面加合適的介詞.Listen to the
radio. (listen不是及物動詞,故加to.) / Can you hear anything
exciting?(你能聽到什麼令人興奮的消息嗎?)
(3)
賓語一般放在及物動詞或介詞的後面,但是在疑問句中,如果賓語是疑問詞,則賓語要放在句首.介詞的賓語如果是疑問詞,則可以放在介詞後或句首.
如:What did he see? (他看見了什麼?) / What does he write a letter with?
(他用什麼寫的信?) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什麼寫的信?)
(4)「動詞+副詞+賓
語」結構中,如果賓語是代詞,則代詞必須放在「動」「副」之間.如:Please put the shoes away. (請把鞋子收起來.) /
Please put away the shoes. (請把鞋子收起來.) / Please put them away. (請把它們收起來.)
(5) 動詞後面跟雙賓語時可以採用兩種結構:
①動詞+間接賓語(人)+直接賓語(物).如:He often gives me some help. (他常常幫我.)
②動詞+直接賓語+介詞+間接賓語.注意,一般情況介詞用to,但動詞是make, buy, borrow時,介詞用for.如: Please make me a kite. (請給我做個風箏.)或Please make a kite for me.
(6) 在「動詞+賓語+賓補」結構中,如果賓語是不定式、動名詞、賓語從句,則常用it做形式賓語,而將實際的賓語移到補語後面去.如:I
found the job rather difficult. (我發覺這個工作相當難做.) / I found it rather
difficult to do the job.
(7) 賓語可以由從句充當,詳見「賓語從句」.
4、表語:
(1)
說明主語的身份、性質、狀況等含義的成分,通常由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞、代詞等充當.如:He became a doctor after
he left high school.(高中畢業他當上了醫生.) / The rubber wheels are over
there.(橡膠輪子在那邊.) / He does not feel like eating anything today because
he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何東西因為他得了重感冒.) / Who is it?(誰呀?)
(2) 表語只能放在連系動詞(如:be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之後,對表語進行提問的句子除外.
(3) 代詞做表語一般用主格,口語中常用賓.如:It』s I. (It』s me.)是我.
(4)
只能作表語的形容詞有:sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等.He
was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很為他的粗心而歉疚.) / Please make no
noise here; the baby is asleep.(請不要發出響動,嬰兒正熟睡呢.) / I am only interested
in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是對獨坐孤舟無所事事感興趣.) / I am
not alone in thinking so.(並非只有我才這樣想的.)
(5) 表語也可以由從句充當,詳見「表語從句」.
5、定語:
(1)
修飾名詞或代詞的成分,常由形容詞、名詞(含所有格)、代詞(物主、指示、疑問、不定)、介詞短語、不定式(短語)充當,在初三階段還學習了定語從句做定
語的知識.如:Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上層的抽屜里.) / France and Switzerland
are European countries. (法國和瑞士是歐洲國家.) / His mother and father are both
college teachers.(他的父母都是大學教師.) / This is the day that I can never forget
in my life.(這是我一輩子難忘的日子.)
(2) 單詞做定語時一般放在被修飾的名詞前面,而且有一定的次序:
冠詞/
物代\x09年齡/形狀/
大小/溫度\x09色彩\x09來源\x09質地/
材料\x09目的/
用途\x09被修飾的名詞(中心詞)
a
the
my
his
…\x09old,young,…\x09red,
yellow,
blue,
…\x09Chinese,
English,
American,
…\x09wooden,
woolen,
glass,
silk,
paper
…\x09meeting,
tennis,
sports,
reading,
swimming,
…\x09box,
shoes,
room,
pig
…
\x09long,short,
round, square…\x09\x09\x09\x09\x09
\x09big, large,
small, little…\x09\x09\x09\x09\x09
\x09hot, cold,
warm, cool…\x09\x09\x09\x09\x09
(3)
時間副詞(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地點副詞(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作
定語時放在被修飾的名詞後面.如:I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all
along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那兒.)
(4) 介詞短語修飾名詞時只能放在名詞的後面:The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (籠子里的猴子是昨天逮著的.)
(5) 形容詞修飾復合不定代詞時,往往後置.如:He remembered everything unusual. (他記得所有不尋常的事情.)
(6) 定語還可以用從句充當,詳見 定語從句.
(7) 注意:由於定語屬於修飾性的成分,因此它常歸入主語、賓語、表語之中,不作為句子的主要成分.
6、狀語:
(1)
說明動作「何時」、「何地」、「如何」發生,或者說明形容詞或副詞的程度,一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式、狀語從句等充當.如:I was not
born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃.)/ For many of these families a college
ecation was something new.(對其中的許多家庭來說,大學教育是件新事物.)/ He woke up to find
his house on fire.(他醒來發現房子著火了.) / You cannot leave until your work is
finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能離開)
(2)
副詞作狀語位置較為靈活,詳見《六•2》「副詞在句子中的位置以及作用」;介詞短語作狀語,位置基本固定,詳見《七•4》「介詞短語在句子中的位置」;不
定式作狀語,一般表示目的、結果,詳見《八•7》「動詞的非謂語形式」;從句作狀語,詳見《主從復合句》的「狀語從句」.
(3)
多個狀語相連時,一般先單詞、後短語,先地點、後時間,先小概念、後大概念.如:He went ouf of the room at a
quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the
dark.(他昨夜22點3刻從房間里出來,然後消失在黑暗之中.) /
(4) 狀語還可以用從句來充當,有時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結果狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句等.詳見「狀語從句」.
(5) 注意:由於狀語屬於修飾性的成分,常歸入謂語,因此不作為句子的主要成分.
7、賓語補足語:
(1)
補充說明賓語的動作、狀態的成分為賓語補足語,常由名詞、形容詞、動詞非謂語形式(不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞等)、介詞短語等充當.如:Call
him Jim, please. (請叫他Jim.) / I tried my best to make him happy.
(我竭盡所能讓他開心.) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (請他明天來.) / He let the
smaller animals bring food to him. (他讓小動物們給他帶食物來.)
(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副詞也可以作賓語補足語.如:Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你說,讓他進來!)/ Please put it away. (請把它收起來.)
(3) 不定式或分詞作賓語補足語的情況 (略)
⑻ 初三英語語法選擇小問題
( )the cameras flashed that night ,Jason WU became the fashion world's favourite
A.where B.when
答案是B為什麼不是A???
這是定語從句嗎?不是已經有了「that night」了么,不應該缺個地點狀語么?
答:初三學生就學定語從句了,真不簡單!我們以前到高一才開始學。
不過,學得早不一定好。比如,什麼叫定語從句,什麼叫狀語從句,樓主都沒有搞清楚。when 是可以引導定語從句,如I will never forget the day when I joined the army. 這個when引導的就是定語從句,修飾前面的時間名詞the day, 表示「我參軍的那個日子」。
本題句when-從句前面根本沒有名詞,怎麼會說成定語從句的呢?是不是想說(時間)狀語從句啊?
可能是筆誤。
如果知道這里由where或when引導的是一個狀語從句,面積問題有點意思。是的,that night 本身就是時間狀語,表示「在那一個晚上」,主句是Jason Wu became the fashion wold's favourite . Jason Wu成了時裝界的寵兒。
但那天晚上幾點開始呢?還想再精確一下,這個 When the cameras flashed 就表明了:當照相機閃爍的時候,
本句話主要想表達的是Jason Wu從何時起開始在時裝界走紅的,至於在什麼地方,不重要,不想說。其實你的這個想法也是可以的,where the cameras flashed 是指在那些個照相機閃爍的地方。它合語法,但不合邏輯。不是出題者的意思。
⑼ 初三英語語法總結~~~~
句子成分:主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、賓語補足語和狀語
1、主語:
(1)由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞用主格)、動詞不定式、動名詞等充當,說明動作是「誰」發出的,主語是句子陳述的對象,說明是誰或什麼,表示句子說的是「什麼人」,或」什麼事「,如「我寫字」中的「我」,做出寫字這個動作。「寫」則是謂語,「字」是賓語,是接受謂語「寫」這個動作的對象,因此是賓語。如:The painter painted a very nice picture. (畫家畫了一幅漂亮的畫。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他們勇敢地與非典搏鬥。) / To see is to believe. (耳聽為虛眼見為實). / Helping animals is to help people. (幫助動物就是幫助人類。)
(2)動詞不定式或動名詞做主語時可用it代替,而不定式或動名詞移至表語或賓語之後。如:It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat ring the long journey. (在長途旅行中能有個甲等座位簡直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多對你的身體不利。)(比較好看,避免頭重腳輕)
(3)口語中常見主語或「主--系」省略:(It is) nothing. ((那)沒有什麼。)/ (It) doesn』t matter. ((那)沒有關系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)謝謝你。)
(4)反意問句的附加問句,主語必須是代詞:The man looks worried, doesn』t he? (這個人看上去很著急不是嗎?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren』t they? (老虎是危險的動物不是嗎?)
(5)祈使句一般省略主語。加主語時往往用來指定某個人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子們請保持鍵盤的清潔。) (省略了主語) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去給我弄一杯水來。)
(6)主語一般在句首,但在問句中會處於第二位和句尾;倒裝句及there be句型主語在動詞之後。如:Computers are made in this factory. (計算機生產於這家工廠。) / Where are they? (他們在哪兒?) / Does the boy like staying home? (這個男孩喜歡呆在家裡嗎?)
(7)主語與謂語必須保持單、復數的一致, 而謂語與表語或賓語之間沒有這一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都沒有通過考試。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中華民族是一個勤勞勇敢的民族。)
(8)主語可以由從句充當,詳見「主語從句」。
2、謂語:是對主語動作或狀態的陳述或說明,指出「做什麼」,「是什麼」或「怎麼樣」,在主語後接賓語,又稱受詞,是一個動作的接受者。
(1)由「不及物動詞」、「及物動詞+賓語」或「系動詞+表語」等構成,說明主語所表示的人物「干什麼」或「怎麼樣」。如:
He travelled in space for the first time .(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語?) / The pizza has gone bad. (那塊烤餡餅已經變壞。) /
(2)謂語動詞必須反映出人稱、單復數、時態等信息,謂語動詞往往由下列詞語依序排列構成:[情態動詞]+[時態助動詞](現在完成時)+[語態助動詞](如被動語態)+[主要動詞](不一定全部出現)。(見動詞的時態和語態構成表)記住:謂語部分第一個動詞往往是變形動詞。如:
I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (對不起我發出了太大的聲音但是只能這樣。) / He can』t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能讀完了那本長達800頁的小說。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (該採取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)
(3)謂語動詞切忌用「行為動詞1 + 原形動詞」、「be + 原形動詞」。
記住使用下列正確形式:
①情態動詞+原形動詞。如:You』d better go over the lesson.(你最好復習這一課。)
②shall/ will/ would+原形動詞。如:They should have been there once.(他們應該去過那兒。)
③be+現在分詞或者過去分詞。如:What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什麼?)---表示一般將來時/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自從20世紀70年代大批樹木被砍伐。)
④have+過去分詞。如:Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上)
⑤一般時問句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形動詞。如:He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子過的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你們當中有誰見過恐龍蛋嗎?)
⑥行為動詞1+行為動詞2 (不定式、動名詞、現在分詞、過去分詞等形式)。如:He made up his mind to be a vet.(他拿定主意要做個獸醫。)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.(自尊自愛是享受生活的根本。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,「Merry Christmas!」(他們叫醒家庭的其他成員,呼喊著:聖誕快樂!)/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及國王讓人給他們自己修建堅固的墳墓。)
(4)不可用形容詞、名詞、代詞、副詞、介詞短語等獨立作謂語,必須在此之前加連系動詞。
(5)謂語動詞單復數形式:單數形式的動詞有:is,was,has,does以及「動詞+s」;復數形式的動詞有:are,were,have以及動詞原形。其他動詞不分單、復數。
謂語部分第一個動詞的形式 單數形式 復數形式
一般現在時be(是)動詞;
現在某些時態和語態的助動詞be am (單一); are (單二); is (單三); are
一般過去時be(是)動詞;
過去某些時態和語態的助動詞be was (單一); were (單二); was;(單三) were
一般現在時have(有)動詞;
現在完成時態的助動詞have have (單一); have (單二); has (單三); have
一般現在時行為動詞和助動詞do do (單一、單二); does (單三) do
實意動詞和連系動詞的一般現在時動詞(否定和疑問句除外) 原形動詞(單一、單二); 動詞+s /es (單三) 原形動詞
其他各時態語態的謂語動詞 單復數形式相同
記住:主語、謂語單復數必須保持一致。(參見「4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復數的一致問題:」) Air and water is necessary to us all.(空氣和水對於我們大家是必不可少的。)
(6)一般問句和反意問句的回答不使用行為動詞,應該使用「是」動詞、情態動詞、助動詞(be,will,have,do以及變形)。如:The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn』t it? ----Yes, it is.(奧運會每兩年舉辦一次,是嗎?----是的。)
3、賓語:又稱受詞,是指一個動作(動詞)的接受者。賓語分為直接賓語和間接賓語兩大類,其中直接賓語(經常指被做的人)指動作的直接對象,間接賓語說明動作的非直接,但受動作影響的對象。一般而言,及物動詞後面最少要有一個賓語,而該賓語通常為直接賓語,有些及物動詞要求兩個賓語,則這兩個賓語通常一個為直接賓語,另一個為間接賓語。
(1) 由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞要用賓格)、不定式、動名詞、(賓語)從句充當,表示動作的承受者是「誰」或者是「何物」。如: The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那個天使同樣來到約瑟夫面前並且告訴他同樣的事情。)(代詞和名詞充當兩個賓語) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告訴我說公司付不起他那麼多的錢。) (不定式作賓語) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons. (他們如此喜愛看足球以至於常常忘記了他們的功課。) (動名詞作賓語) / I think to be a children』s doctor is very rewarding.(我認為當個兒童醫生是很值得的。) (從句作賓語)
(2) 只有及物動詞或介詞才有賓語,不及物動詞沒有賓語,如果涉及到事物,則必須在不及物動詞後面加合適的介詞。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物動詞,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能聽到什麼令人興奮的消息嗎?)
(3) 賓語一般放在及物動詞或介詞的後面,但是在疑問句中,如果賓語是疑問詞,則賓語要放在句首。介詞的賓語如果是疑問詞,則可以放在介詞後或句首。如:What did he see? (他看見了什麼?) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什麼寫的信?) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什麼寫的信?)
(4)「動詞+副詞+賓語」結構中,如果賓語是代詞,則代詞必須放在「動」「副」之間。如:Please put the shoes away. (請把鞋子收起來。) / Please put away the shoes. (請把鞋子收起來。) / Please put them away. (請把它們收起來。)
(5) 動詞後面跟雙賓語時可以採用兩種結構:
①動詞+間接賓語(人)+直接賓語(物)。如:He often gives me some help. (他常常幫我。)
②動詞+直接賓語+介詞+間接賓語。注意,一般情況介詞用to,但動詞是make, buy, borrow時,介詞用for.如: Please make me a kite. (請給我做個風箏。)或Please make a kite for me.
(6) 在「動詞+賓語+賓補」結構中,如果賓語是不定式、動名詞、賓語從句,則常用it做形式賓語,而將實際的賓語移到補語後面去。如:I found the job rather difficult. (我發覺這個工作相當難做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.
(7) 賓語可以由從句充當,詳見「賓語從句」。
4、表語:
(1) 說明主語的身份、性質、狀況等含義的成分,通常由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞、代詞等充當。如:He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中畢業他當上了醫生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡膠輪子在那邊。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何東西因為他得了重感冒。) / Who is it?(誰呀?)
(2) 表語只能放在連系動詞(如:be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之後,對表語進行提問的句子除外。
(3) 代詞做表語一般用主格,口語中常用賓。如:It』s I. (It』s me.)是我。
(4) 只能作表語的形容詞有:sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很為他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(請不要發出響動,嬰兒正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是對獨坐孤舟無所事事感興趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(並非只有我才這樣想的。)
(5) 表語也可以由從句充當,詳見「表語從句」。
5、定語:
(1) 修飾名詞或代詞的成分,常由形容詞、名詞(含所有格)、代詞(物主、指示、疑問、不定)、介詞短語、不定式(短語)充當,在初三階段還學習了定語從句做定語的知識。如:Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上層的抽屜里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法國和瑞士是歐洲國家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大學教師。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(這是我一輩子難忘的日子。)
(2) 單詞做定語時一般放在被修飾的名詞前面,而且有一定的次序:
冠詞/
物代 年齡/形狀/
大小/溫度 色彩 來源 質地/
材料 目的/
用途 被修飾的名詞(中心詞)
a
the
my
his
… old,young,… red,
yellow,
blue,
… Chinese,
English,
American,
… wooden,
woolen,
glass,
silk,
paper
… meeting,
tennis,
sports,
reading,
swimming,
… box,
shoes,
room,
pig
…
long,short,
round, square…
big, large,
small, little…
hot, cold,
warm, cool…
(3) 時間副詞(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地點副詞(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定語時放在被修飾的名詞後面。如:I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那兒。)
(4) 介詞短語修飾名詞時只能放在名詞的後面:The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (籠子里的猴子是昨天逮著的。)
(5) 形容詞修飾復合不定代詞時,往往後置。如:He remembered everything unusual. (他記得所有不尋常的事情。)
(6) 定語還可以用從句充當,詳見 定語從句。
(7) 注意:由於定語屬於修飾性的成分,因此它常歸入主語、賓語、表語之中,不作為句子的主要成分。
6、狀語:
(1) 說明動作「何時」、「何地」、「如何」發生,或者說明形容詞或副詞的程度,一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式、狀語從句等充當。如:I was not born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/ For many of these families a college ecation was something new.(對其中的許多家庭來說,大學教育是件新事物。)/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒來發現房子著火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能離開)
(2) 副詞作狀語位置較為靈活,詳見《六•2》「副詞在句子中的位置以及作用」;介詞短語作狀語,位置基本固定,詳見《七•4》「介詞短語在句子中的位置」;不定式作狀語,一般表示目的、結果,詳見《八•7》「動詞的非謂語形式」;從句作狀語,詳見《主從復合句》的「狀語從句」。
(3) 多個狀語相連時,一般先單詞、後短語,先地點、後時間,先小概念、後大概念。如:He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22點3刻從房間里出來,然後消失在黑暗之中。) /
(4) 狀語還可以用從句來充當,有時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結果狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句等。詳見「狀語從句」。
(5) 注意:由於狀語屬於修飾性的成分,常歸入謂語,因此不作為句子的主要成分。
7、賓語補足語:
(1) 補充說明賓語的動作、狀態的成分為賓語補足語,常由名詞、形容詞、動詞非謂語形式(不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞等)、介詞短語等充當。如:Call him Jim, please. (請叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭盡所能讓他開心。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (請他明天來。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他讓小動物們給他帶食物來。)
(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副詞也可以作賓語補足語。如:Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你說,讓他進來!)/ Please put it away. (請把它收起來。)
(3) 不定式或分詞作賓語補足語的情況 (略)