⑴ 高中英語語法。。非謂語動詞
judging by/from 是現在分詞作狀語 這是固定用法 屬於可允許的 分詞垂懸 現象
再如Generally speaking, 其邏輯主語是說話內人。
這與獨立主格結構不容相干
加上邏輯主語構成 獨立主格結構時 根據與邏輯主語的關系可以是judging或judged
⑵ 高中英語非謂語動詞用法
(一)動詞不定式:(to)+do,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特徵。
否定式:not + (to) do
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之後,
例如:
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
(2)進行式:不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前,例如:
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2.不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
動詞不定式短語作主語時,常用it作形式主語,真正的主語不定式置於句後,例如上面兩句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
常用句式有:1、It+be+名詞+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容詞+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容詞+for sb.+to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示贊揚或批評的形容詞,不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語。
(2)作表語:
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
(3)作賓語:
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語)後面有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,真正的賓語(不定式)後置,放在賓語補足語後面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語,如:
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
(4)作賓語補足語:
在復合賓語中,動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語,如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用,但改為被動語態時,不定式要加to, 如:
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
(5)作定語:
動詞不定式作定語,放在所修飾的名詞或代詞後。與所修飾名詞有如下關系:
①動賓關系:
I have a meeting to attend.
注意:不定式為不及物動詞時,所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等,應有必要的介詞,如:
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way,可以省略介詞:
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者,不定式可用主動式也可用被動式:
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②說明所修飾名詞的內容:
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語:
He is the first to get here.
(6)作狀語:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時,邏輯主語與句子主語要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
right:To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表結果:
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強調:
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因:
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
(7)作獨立成分:
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do動詞。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
(9)不定式的並列:第二個不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
(二)動名詞:
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有名詞的句法功能。
1.動名詞的形式: Ving
否定式:not + 動名詞
(1)一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
(2)被動式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。
(3)完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
(4)完成被動式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
(5)否定式:not + 動名詞
I regret not following his advice. 我後悔沒聽他的勸告。
(6)復合結構:物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+ 動名詞
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
2.動名詞的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。
It's no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
(2)作表語:
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在螞蟻王國,蟻後的工作是產卵。
(3)作賓語:
They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語,如上面兩個例句。此外,動名詞作賓語時,若跟有賓語補足語,則常用形式賓語it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承認),deny(否認), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒險), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定語:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學校有游泳池嗎?
(5)作同位語:
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收聽收音機新聞節目的習慣仍未改變。
(三)現在分詞:
現在分詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現在分詞的形式:
否定式:not + 現在分詞
(1)現在分詞的主動語態:現在分詞主動語態的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生,完成
式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生,常作狀語。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業,他開始打籃球。
(2)現在分詞的被動語態:一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發生的被動的動作,完成式表示發生在謂語動
詞之前的被動的動作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍,這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。
2.現在分詞的句法功能:
(1)作定語:現在分詞作定語,當分詞單獨做定語時,放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語做定語
放在名詞後。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在後來的幾年中,他學習更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。
現在分詞作定語相當於一個定語從句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)現在分詞作表語:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現在進行時,也可能是現在分詞做表語,它們的區別在於be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時,而表示特徵時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。
(3)作賓語補足語:
如下動詞後可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
(4)現在分詞作狀語:
①作時間狀語:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工廠工作時,他是一名先進工人。
②作原因狀語:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由於是共青團員,他經常幫助他人。
③作方式狀語,表示伴隨:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家裡,又擦又洗。
④作條件狀語:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就會浪費寶貴的時間。
⑤作結果狀語:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,結果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的狀語:
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
⑦作讓步狀語:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
雖然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧與邏輯主語構成獨立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.
我等汽車時,一隻鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已經賣光了,他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果時間允許,我們將做另兩個練習。
有時也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。
⑨作獨立成分:
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
從外表看,他一定是個演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來,女孩子更細心。
(四)過去分詞:
過去分詞只有一種形式:規則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成。不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的規則要求,要一一記住。
過去分詞的句法功能:
1.過去分詞作定語:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。
注意當過去分詞是單詞時,一般用於名詞前,如果是過去分詞短語,就放在名詞的後面。過去分詞做定語相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
2.過去分詞作表語:
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 過去分詞,如果表示狀態是系表結構,如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被動)
有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的,不表示被動,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(開水) fallen leaves(落葉)
newly arrived goods(新到的貨) the risen sun(升起的太陽)
the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過去分詞有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.過去分詞作賓語補足語:
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語:
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了。
4.過去分詞作狀語:
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚,他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了。(表示時間)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果給予更多的時間,我能做得更好。(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
雖然被告之有危險,他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。(表示讓步)
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼,他走進山洞。
⑶ 北京四中初中英語非謂語動詞用法視頻
有些動詞後使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別1)forgettodo忘記要去做某事(此事未做)forgetdoing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發生))stoptodo停止、中斷(某件事),目的是去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在或經常做的事)remembertodo記住去做某事(未做)rememberdoing記得做過某事(已做))regrettodo對要做的事遺憾regretdoing對做過的事遺憾、後悔)trytodo努力、企圖做某事trydoing試驗、試一試某種辦法)meantodo打算,有意要…meandoing意味著)goontodo繼而(去做另外一件事情)goondoing繼續(原先沒有做完的事情))proposetodo打算(要做某事)proposingdoing建議(做某事))likelovehateprefer+todo表示具體行為;+doingsth表示抽象、傾向概念(注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞,其後賓語只跟不定式,不能跟動名詞。例如:Ishouldliketoseemtomorrow.10)need,want,deserve+動名詞表被動意義;+不定式被動態表示「要(修、清理等)」意思。Don'?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?.你可要記著是明天動身。Idon'tregrettellingherwhatIthought.我不後悔給她講過我的想法。喔 對了 現在我報讀的ABC天卞英語中心的外教說過,如果想將英語學好是輕松的!絕對具有適合的研習環境與闇練口語對象 老師水平是關鍵,歐美人士比東南亞好很多,口語標准才可以 不間斷天天口語交流 1對1加強化教學才可以有.好.的學習效果!學習後同樣要重復復習課程錄音音頻 好鞏固知識點~實在是真的沒人幫忙的環境,最好能到聽力室或滬江獲得課外教材練習,多用耳聽、眼觀、嘴動、腦想,一下子語感就提升起來,學習效果是必定突飛猛進的..(已講過)Iregrettohavetodots,butIhavenochoice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實在沒辦法。(未做但要做)Youmusttrytobemorecareful.你可要多加小心。Let'strydoingtheworksomeotherway.讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。Ididn'tmeantohurtyourfeeling.我沒想要傷害你的感情。Tsillnesswillmean(your)goingtohospital.得了這種病(你)就要進醫院。.不定式、現在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區別(1)不定式作定語1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關系.昨天他是最後一個離開教室的。ThetraintoarrivewasfromLondon.將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關系Getmsometngtoeat.給他拿點兒東西吃。.早上他有很多工作要做。)不及物動詞構成的不定式做定語,要加上適當的介詞和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關系,這里的介詞不能省去。Ineedapentowritewith.我需要一支筆寫字。Thereisnotngtoworryabout.沒有什麼值得發愁的。)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時間、機會、權利等抽象名詞如:ability能力,本領drive趕,駕駛movement運動,活動ambition抱負,野心effort努力,嘗試need需要,需求campaign戰役,運動failure失敗,不及opportunity機會chance機會force力,壓力,要點promise許諾,希望courage勇氣intention意向,意圖reason理由,原因decision決定method方法,方式light光,光網,亮光determination決心,決定motive動機,目的struggle奮斗,努力,tendency傾向,趨勢wish希望,願望,祝願)被修飾的名詞前有序數詞、形容詞最高級或next,second,last,only和nota,the等限定詞時候,只能用不定式。)不定代詞sometng,notng,little,much,alot等習慣上用不定式做定語。.除了農活,約翰什麼都願意干。)如果其動詞要求用不定式做賓語,或者其形容詞要器接不定式做補語,則相應的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如:tendtodo---tendencytodo;decidetodo=decisiontodo;becurioustodo=.他要買輛車的願望實現了。.他們放棄這個實驗的決定使我們大吃一驚。.他總是第一個到來,最後一個離去。()分詞作定語分詞作定語時有下面幾個特點:1)現在分詞表示主動意義,過去分詞一般表示被動含意。)現在分詞表示正在進行,過去分詞表示狀態或做完(完成)的事。Herushedintotheburninghouse.他沖進了正在燃燒著的房子。.站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。.朝南的房間是我們的教室。Haveyougotyourwatchrepaired?你拿到那個修好的表了嗎?Heisanadvancedteacher.他是個先進教師。)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語,但不具有被動意義,這點要注意:departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,frown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-traveled,newly-arrived,recently-come()不定式和分詞作定語時的時間關系一般來說,不定式所表示的動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之後;現在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生;過去分詞表示的動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。例如:?你要見那位將從北京請來的醫生嗎??你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫生嗎?.不定式和分詞作狀語的區別(1)現在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區別。現在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區別在於兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關系的區別。1)現在分詞作狀語時,現在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作,它們之間的關系是主動關系。Hewentoutshuttingthedoorbendm.他出去後將門隨手關上。Notingwhattodo,hewenttosparentsforhelp.由於不知如何辦是好,他去找父母幫忙。)過去分詞作狀語時,過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作,它們之間的關系是被動關系。Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.如果對這些樹多關心一些,它們本來會長得更好。Facedwithdifficulties,wemusttrytoovercomethem.在遇到困難的時候,我們必須設法克服。()動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區別1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨,而不定式常常表示目的。.他們站在路邊談論著這個計劃。(伴隨).他們站在路邊為的是談論這個計劃。(目的))分詞作狀語放在句子開頭,除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時,除了表示目的以外,還表示結果或原因。Readingattentively,heforgotthetimeforlunch.由於在專心讀書,他忘了吃午飯的時間。(原因)Readingcarefully,hefoundsometnghehadnotnbefore.他仔細讀書時,發現了一些從前不知道的東西。(時間)Readingcarefully,you'lllearnsometngnew.只要你仔細閱讀,你會學到一些新的東西。(條件)swastoopoortosupportm.他的家庭太窮,不能維持他的生活。(結果).這男孩個子不夠高,手伸不到書架。(結果)Wearegladtohearthenews.我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因)()下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時候應該注意的:a:notnevertoo…to,too…notto,butonlytoo…to,tooreadyeageraptinclinedto表示肯定意義b:做結果狀語的不定式只能出現在句子的末尾,常見的不定式動詞有:find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,proce等。c:不定式做狀語時,其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語,否則用for引導主語。.非謂語動詞常考的其它結構(1)疑問詞+不定式結構疑問詞who,what,wch,when,where和how後加不定式可構成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如:Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.何時動身尚未決定。(主語)Idon'twhattodo.我不知道該怎麼辦。(賓語).困難在於如何過河。(表語)Icantellyouwheretogettsbook.我可以告訴你哪裡可以買到此書。(雙重賓語)注)A.有時疑問詞前可用介詞,如:Ihavenoideaofhowtodoit.我不知道如何做此事。B.動詞後面不能直接跟不定式作賓語,只能跟疑問詞(如:how,what)+不定式:Wlestillayoungboy,,hewroteoperas,themostfamousofwcsCarmen.()介詞except和but作「只有…,只能…」講時跟不定式結構(but與不帶to的不定式連用)。,.()不帶to的不定式1)在表示生理感覺的動詞後的不定式不帶to。這類詞有:feel覺得observe注意到,看到overhear聽到watch注視listento聽perceive察覺,感知notice注意see看見lookat看hear聽,Ericsprangtosfeet,andwentontherescue.)另一類是某些使役動詞,如make,let,have等。如:Letmdoit.讓他做吧。IwouldhaveyouthatIamill.我想要你知道我病了。(注):①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉換為被動結構時.其後的不定式一般需帶to,如:Hewasseentocome.Theboywasmadetogotobedearly.②在動詞find與help之後,不定式可帶to亦可不帶to,如:Hewassurprisedtofindthesheep(to)breakfenceattsseason.他發現羊在此季節越出柵欄,感到驚訝。)在donotnganytngeverytngbut(except)結構中。例如:LastnightIdidnotngbutwatchTV.昨天晚上,我除了看電視別的什麼也沒有干。但是,如果謂語動詞不是「donotng,anytng,everytng」,那麼but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。.醫生除了讓他戒煙,其它什麼都沒有說。.除了保持沉默以外,他們沒有別有別的辦法。()不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨立結構1)不定式的邏輯主語為:for+名詞(或代詞賓)+不定式。例如:.我發現他—個人干這活是不可能的。(注)在表示人物性、特性等的形容詞後面,常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如:Itwaswiseofmtodothat.他那樣做是明智的。)動名詞的邏輯主語為;①人稱代詞的所有+動名詞;②名詞's+動名詞。例如:Tominsistedonmygoingwiththem.他堅持要我和他們一起去。Hedislikesswife'sworkinglate.他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。)某些形容詞,如:careless等不定式後可以加of來引導出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有:absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kindthoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,wicked,wrong等Itisverykindofyoutohelpme.你幫助我太好了。間或也可用for+theretobe表示(而且there後面的不定式只能是tobe)。It'.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。.非謂語動詞中的有關句型(1)動名詞作主語的句型1)Doing...+v.Readingisanart.閱讀是門藝術。Seeingisbelieving.眼見為實。)Itis+nouse,nogood(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime,abore...)等名詞+doingsth.Itisnousecrying.哭沒有用。Itisnogoodobjecting.反對也沒有用。Itisagreatfunplayingfootball.打籃球很有趣。.設法解釋是浪時間。)Itis+useless(nice,good,interesting,expensive等形容詞)+doingsth.Itisuselessspeaking.光說沒用。Itisniceseeingyouagain.真高興又遇到了你。.晚飯後弈棋挺好。Itisexpensiverunningtscar.開這種小車是浪。
⑷ 高中英語非謂語動詞語法
現在分詞的句法功能: (1)作定語:現在分詞作定語,當分詞單獨做定語時,放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語做定語 放在名詞後。 In the following years he worked even harder. 在後來的幾年中,他學習更努力了。 The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father. 正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。 現在分詞作定語相當於一個定語從句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher. (2)現在分詞作表語: The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。 The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。 be + doing既可能表示現在進行時,也可能是現在分詞做表語,它們的區別在於be + doing表示進行的 動作是進行時,而表示特徵時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。 (3)作賓語補足語: 如下動詞後可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語: see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如: Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎? He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。 (4)現在分詞作狀語: ①作時間狀語: (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工廠工作時,他是一名先進工人。 ②作原因狀語: Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由於是共青團員,他經常幫助他人。 ③作方式狀語,表示伴隨: He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家裡,又擦又洗。 ④作條件狀語: (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩,你就會浪費寶貴的時間。 ⑤作結果狀語: He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,結果摔得粉碎。 ⑥作目的狀語: He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。 ⑦作讓步狀語: Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 雖然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。 ⑧與邏輯主語構成獨立主格: I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽車時,一隻鳥落到我頭上。 All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已經賣光了,他們失望地離開了。 Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises. 如果時間允許,我們將做另兩個練習。 有時也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。 ⑨作獨立成分: udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 從外表看,他一定是個演員。 Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來,女孩子更細心。 過去分詞 過去分詞只有一種形式:規則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成。不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的規則 要求,要一一記住。 1.過去分詞作定語: Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。 Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。 注意當過去分詞是單詞時,一般用於名詞前,如果是過去分詞短語,就放在名詞的後面。過去分詞做 定語相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。 2.過去分詞作表語: The window is broken. 窗戶破了。 They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。 注意:be + 過去分詞,如果表示狀態是系表結構,如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別: The window is broken.(系表) The window was broken by the boy.(被動) 有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的,不表示被動,只表示完成。如: boiled water(開水) fallen leaves(落葉) newly arrived goods(新到的貨) the risen sun(升起的太陽) the changed world(變了的世界) 這類過去分詞有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。 3.過去分詞作賓語補足語: I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。 有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語: With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了。 4.過去分詞作狀語: Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到鄰居們的表揚,他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因) Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了。(表示時間) Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果給予更多的時間,我能做得更好。(表示條件) Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 雖然被告之有危險,他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。(表示讓步) Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼,他走進山洞。 不定式 1. 「to」 是不定式符號還是介詞,下列短語中的to 都是介詞。 agree to object to close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to 2. 帶to 還是不帶to I have no choice but to give in I cannot do anything but give in I saw him enter the classroom . ( 但是: He was seen to enter the classroom .) 3. 動詞不定式邏輯主語是由for 作為標記的。但是有時用of . 區別:當使用for時,句中形容詞修飾的是不定式;而用of時,句中形容詞修飾邏輯主語。 It』s necessary for you to study hard .(necessary 修飾 to study hard,表示學習努力是有必要的) It』s foolish of him to do it .(foolish 修飾邏輯主語him) 與of 連用的形容詞有: good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite , … 與for連用的通常是一些表示可能性、難易程度、必要性等含義的形容詞: possible,impossible,easy,hard,difficult,necessary,… 4.後接不定式作賓語的動詞有: want , hope , wish , like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , promise , teach , refuse , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , fail , manage , offer , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect etc. 需要賓語補足語的動詞不能用動詞不定式直接做介詞的賓語,而要用it做形式賓語。例如:通常不說We think to obey the laws is important . 而說We think it important to obey the laws . 5. 不定式作賓語補足語時省略to的情況:若不定式前的謂語動詞是使役動詞make,let,have(表示「讓、使」)、感官動詞see,watch,look at,observe, notice,hear,listen to, feel時,不定式符號to可以省略。這些動詞亦可總結為口訣:「三使五看兩聽一感覺」。例如: Let's (to)go!走吧! He saw the thief (to)steal a lady』s cellphone. 註:改為被動句時要把to還原,例如: The thief was seen to steal a lady』s cellphone. 6.不定式的省略。下列短語中,如果意義明確,常常省略到to 。 want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to , used to , be able to 7.不定式作定語,應注意兩種關系: 1)動賓關系: He has a lot of meeting to attend . Please lend me something to write with . He is looking for a room to live He is looking for a room to live in . He has no money and no place to live ( in ) . I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot . There is no time to think ( about ) . 2)主謂關系: She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting . ----I』m going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . ( 邏輯主語是I ) -------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 邏輯主語不是I ) 7.不定式作狀語,可以有以下幾種意義: 1) 原因 He is lucky to get here on time . 這種結構中常用的形容詞有: happy , glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager , anxious . lucky , fortunate , proud , angry surprised , frightened , disappointed , ready , clever , foolish , worthy 2) 目的 He came to help me with my maths . 3) 結果 I hurried to get there only to find him out . The book is too hard for the boy to read . He is old enough to go to school . 8 . 不定式作補足語 I saw him play in the street just now . 能跟不帶to 的不定式作補足語的動詞有: see , feel , hear , listen to , look at , watch , let , have make, observe, notice 注: 當這些詞為被動式時,不定式要帶to , 如: He was seen to play in the street just now.
⑸ 高中英語語法非謂語動詞學不明白,求英語高手指導下怎麼能快速掌握……
上課時用下心,找些資料看看就是了。
非謂語動詞是高中語法較難的一部分,建議你先看一點書,了解非謂語動詞的結構及使用方法。下面所舉的例子都是10年的高考題,可參考。
1.
____________the
city
center,
we
saw
a
stone
statue
of
about
10
meters
in
height.
A.
Approaching
B.
Approached
C.
To
approach
D.
To
be
approached
解析:考察現在分詞作狀語,表示正在進行或主動的動作。此時分詞的邏輯主語就是主句的主語,因此要注意人稱、時態和語態的一致性。
2.
Listen!
Do
you
hear
someone___________for
help?
A.
calling
B.
call
C.
to
call
D.
called
解析:該空在句中為非謂語動詞作賓補,根據
someone與call的主動關系排除D項。Hear
後接不定式作賓補時應省略to,由此排除C項。由Listen可判斷此處表示正在求救,故
選A項。
3.
Dina,
___________
for
months
to
find
a
job
as
a
waitress,
finally
took
a
position
at
a
local
advertising
agency.
A.
struggling
B.
struggled
C.
having
struggled
D.
to
struggle
解析:該空,分詞短語作時間狀語,其邏輯主語Dina與struggle為主動關系,故排除B項。由劇中的finally可知非謂語動詞表示的動作發生在句中謂語took
a
position之前,故用現在分詞的完成主動式。
4.So
far
nobody
has
claimed
the
money
_________
in
the
library.
A.
discovered
B.
to
be
discovered
C.
discovering
D.
having
discovered
解析:該空在句中作後置定語修飾the
money,根據the
money與discover的被動關系,排除C、D兩項。B項表示的是「將要被發現」的意思,根據句意「到目前為止還沒有人來認領在圖書館被發現的錢」可判斷選A項。
⑹ 高中英語語法,非謂語動詞
從各選項看,逗號前應填非謂語動詞;
又句子主語為the job,可理解為「如果給更多時間,那麼專這項工作屬就能做得更好。」
由此可知,此句可寫為 If more time was given(to me),the job can be done much better.
若選B,則原句應為If I was given more time,I can do the job much better.
因為只有前後句主語相同情況下,主語才可省略。
⑺ 高中英語非謂語動詞講解
一、非謂語動詞種類及句法功能
(一)概述:
在英語中,不作句子謂語,而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞,叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有動詞不定式(the Infinitive);動名詞(the Gerund);現在分詞(the Present Participle);過去分詞(the Past Participle)。
1.非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的相同點有:
(1)如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用,例如:
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
(2)都可以被狀語修飾:
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
(3)都有主動與被動, 「體」式(一般式;進行式;完成式)的變化。例如:
He was punished by his parents.(謂語動詞被動語態)
He avoided being punished by his parents.(動名詞的被動式)
We have written the composition.(謂語動詞的完成時)
Having written the composition, we handed it in.(現在分詞的完成式)
(4)都可以有邏輯主語
They started the work at once.(謂語動詞的邏輯主語)
The boss ordered them to start the work.(動詞不定式的邏輯主語)
We are League members.(謂語動詞的主語)
We being League member, the work was well done.
(現在分詞的邏輯主語)
2、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點有:
(1)非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用(如動詞不定式和動名詞),在句中做主語、賓語、表語。
(2)非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞),在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。
(3)非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞),在句中作狀語。
(二)非謂語動詞的句法功能:
二、非謂語動詞用法:
(一)動詞不定式:(to)+do,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特徵。
1.不定式的形式:(以動詞write為例)
否定式:not + (to) do
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之後,
例如:
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
(2)進行式:不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前,例如:
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2.不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
動詞不定式短語作主語時,常用it作形式主語,例如上面兩句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
(2)作表語:
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
(3)作賓語:
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語)後面有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,真正的賓語(不
定式)後置,放在賓語補足語後面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語,如:
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
(4)作賓語補足語:
在復合賓語中,動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語,如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用,但改為被動語態時,不定式要加to, 如:
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
(5)作定語:
動詞不定式作定語,放在所修飾的名詞或代詞後。與所修飾名詞有如下關系:
①動賓關系:
I have a meeting to attend.
注意:不定式為不及物動詞時,所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等,應有必要的介詞,如:
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way,可以省略介詞:
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者,不定式可用主動式也可用被動式:
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②說明所修飾名詞的內容:
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語:
He is the first to get here.
(6)作狀語:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時,邏輯主語與句子主語要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
right:To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表結果:
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強調:
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因:
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
(7)作獨立成分:
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do動詞。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
(9)不定式的並列:第二個不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
(二)動名詞:
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有名詞的句法功能。
1.動名詞的形式:
否定式:not + 動名詞
(1)一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
(2)被動式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。
(3)完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
(4)完成被動式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
(5)否定式:not + 動名詞
I regret not following his advice. 我後悔沒聽他的勸告。
(6)復合結構:物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+ 動名詞
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
2.動名詞的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。
It's no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
(2)作表語:
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在螞蟻王國,蟻後的工作是產卵。
(3)作賓語:
They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語,如上面兩個例句。此外,動名詞作賓語時,若跟有賓語補足語,則常用形式賓語it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承認),deny(否認), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒險), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定語:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學校有游泳池嗎?
(5)作同位語:
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收聽收音機新聞節目的習慣仍未改變。
(三)現在分詞:
現在分詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現在分詞的形式:
否定式:not + 現在分詞
(1)現在分詞的主動語態:現在分詞主動語態的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生,完成
式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生,常作狀語。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業,他開始打籃球。
(2)現在分詞的被動語態:一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發生的被動的動作,完成式表示發生在謂語動
詞之前的被動的動作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍,這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。
2.現在分詞的句法功能:
(1)作定語:現在分詞作定語,當分詞單獨做定語時,放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語做定語
放在名詞後。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在後來的幾年中,他學習更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。
現在分詞作定語相當於一個定語從句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)現在分詞作表語:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現在進行時,也可能是現在分詞做表語,它們的區別在於be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時,而表示特徵時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。
(3)作賓語補足語:
如下動詞後可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
(4)現在分詞作狀語:
①作時間狀語:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工廠工作時,他是一名先進工人。
②作原因狀語:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由於是共青團員,他經常幫助他人。
③作方式狀語,表示伴隨:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家裡,又擦又洗。
④作條件狀語:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就會浪費寶貴的時間。
⑤作結果狀語:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,結果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的狀語:
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
⑦作讓步狀語:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
雖然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧與邏輯主語構成獨立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.
我等汽車時,一隻鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已經賣光了,他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果時間允許,我們將做另兩個練習。
有時也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。
⑨作獨立成分:
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
從外表看,他一定是個演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來,女孩子更細心。
(四)過去分詞:
過去分詞只有一種形式:規則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成。不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的規則要求,要一一記住。
過去分詞的句法功能:
1.過去分詞作定語:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。
注意當過去分詞是單詞時,一般用於名詞前,如果是過去分詞短語,就放在名詞的後面。過去分詞做定語相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
2.過去分詞作表語:
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 過去分詞,如果表示狀態是系表結構,如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被動)
有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的,不表示被動,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(開水) fallen leaves(落葉)
newly arrived goods(新到的貨) the risen sun(升起的太陽)
the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過去分詞有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.過去分詞作賓語補足語:
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語:
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了。
4.過去分詞作狀語:
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚,他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了。(表示時間)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果給予更多的時間,我能做得更好。(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life