『壹』 英語語法大全
初三英語總復習資料
介詞
I. 要點
1、介詞和種類
(1) 簡單介詞，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。
(2) 復合介詞，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。
2、介詞和其他詞類的習慣搭配關系
(1) 和動詞的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。
(2) 和形容詞的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at
(3) 和名詞的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.
3、介詞短語可以有自己的修飾語，這種修飾語通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少數幾個副詞。如：
He came right after dinner.
He lives directly opposite the school.
4、 某些介詞的意義與用法舉例
(1) at, on, in(表時間)
表示時間點用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不確定的時間或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。
指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。
指長於或短於一天的時段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。
(2) between, among(表位置)
between僅用於二者之間，但說三者或三者以上中的每兩個之間的相互關系時，也用between, 如
I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.
The village lies between three hills.
among用於三者或三者以上之間。如：He is the best among the students.
(3) beside, besides
beside意為"在…旁邊"，而besides意為"除…之外"。如：
He sat beside me.
What do you want besides this?
(4)in the tree, on the tree
in the tree 指動物或人在樹上，而on the tree 指果實、樹葉長在樹上
(5)on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way
on the way 指在路上 in the way 指擋道
by the way 指順便問一句 in this way 用這樣的方法
(6)in the corner, at the corner
in the corner 指在拐角內 at the corner 指在拐角外
(7)in the morning, on the morning
in the morning 是一般說法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨
(8)by bus, on the bus
by bus 是一般說法 on the bus 特指乘某一輛車
II. 例題
例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English?
A except B but C beside D besides
解析：A、B兩項except等於but，意為"除了…"，C-beside意為"在…旁邊"，不符合題意。而D-besides, 意為"除了…之外，還有"。所以該題正確答案為D。該題意為：除了英語外，你還知道別的語言嗎？
例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.
A on B at C in D ring
解析：我們均知道，at night這一短語，但如果night前有修飾詞，表具體的夜晚，則要用介詞on來修飾，故該題正確答案為A。
例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter.
A to B in C at D on
解析：該題正確答案為A。look forward to 為固定搭配，意為"期望、盼望"。
連詞
I. 要點
1、 連詞的種類
(1) 並列連詞用來連接並列關系的詞、短語或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。
(2) 從屬連詞用來引導從句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。
除了從屬連詞(引導狀語從句)外，還有其它可以用來引導從句的詞類。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞(引導名詞性從句)，關系代詞和關系副詞(引導定語從句)。
2、 常用連詞舉例
(1)and 和，並且
They drank and sang all night.
(2) both…and 和， 既…也…
Both my parents and I went there.
(3) but 但是，而
I'm sad, but he is happy.
(4) either…or 或…或…， 要麼…要麼…
Either you're wrong, or I am.
(5) for因為
I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.
(6) however 然而，可是
Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.
(7) neither…nor 既不…也不
Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.
(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…
He not only sings well, but also dances well.
(9) or 或者，否則
Hurry up, or you'll be late.
Are you a worker or a doctor?
(10) so 因此，所以
It's getting late, so I must go.
(11) although 雖然
Although it was late, they went on working.
(12) as soon as 一 …就
I'll tell him as soon as I see him.
(13) because 因為
He didn't go to school, because he was ill.
(14)unless 除非，如果不
I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.
(15)until 直到…
He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬間動詞用於not… until 結構)
He stayed there until eleven.
(16)while 當…時候，而 (表示對比)
While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while後不可用瞬間動詞)
My pen is red while his is blue.
(17)for 因為
He was ill, for he didn't come. (結論是推斷出來的)
(18)since自從…
I have lived here since my uncle left.
(19)hardly… when 一… 就
I had hardly got to the station when the train left.
(20)as far as 就… 來說
As far as I know, that country is very small.
You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那裡)
II. 例題
例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David.
A as well B as well as C so well D so well as
解析：該題意為：John踢足球如果不比David好的話，那也踢得和David一樣好。 和…一樣好為as well as. 故該題正確答案為B.
例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A when B where C which D while
解析：該處意為"然而"，只有while有此意思，故選D。
例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
解析：該處意為"或者"，正確答案為C。
動詞時態、語態
I. 要點
1、 一般現在時
(1) 表示經常發生的動作或現在存在的狀態，常與sometimes, always, often, every day等時間狀語連用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school.
(2) 表示客觀真理、科學事實等。如：The earth goes round the sun.
2、 現在進行時
(1) 表示說話時或現階段正在進行的動作，常與now, at present等時間狀語連用。如：
What are you doing now?
(2) 和always, continually等連用，表一種經常反復的動作，常含有某種情感。如：
He is always doing good deeds.
3、 現在完成時
主要表示動作發生在過去，對現在仍有影響，或動作一直延續到現在，或可能還要繼續下去，常與just, already, so far, once, never 等詞連用。如:Have you ever been to Beijing?
4、一般將來時
表示將來某一時間要發生的動作或存在的狀態，常與tomorrow, next year等連用。如：
I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.
We're going to see a film next Monday.
5、一般過去時
表示在過去某一時間或某一階段內發生的動作或存在的狀態，常與yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等詞連用。如：It happened many years ago.
6、過去進行時
表示過去某一時刻或某一時期正在發生的動作。如：
What were you doing this time yesterday?
7、 過去完成時
表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經發生或完成了的動作。如：
The train had already left before we arrived.
8、一般過去將來時
表示說話人從過去的角度來看將來發生的動作。如：
He said he would come, but he didn't.
9、被動語態 被動語態的時態，以give為例。
時／式 一般 進行 完成
現在 am is given are am is being are has been given have
過去 was given were was being given were had been given
將來 shall be given will shall have been given will
過去將來 should be given would should have been given would
II.例題
例1 I learned that her father ____ in 1950.
A had died B died C dead D is dead
解析：該題正確答案為B。從句中的謂語動詞動作雖然發生在主句謂語動詞的動作之前，但因從句中有明確的過去時間狀語in 1950, 所以不用過去完成時態，而用一般過去時態。
例2 The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents.
A is looked B has looked for
C is being looked for D has been looked
解析：該題正確答案為C。在帶有介詞的動詞短語用於被動語態句中，介詞不能省，否則就變成了不及物動詞短語，而不能用於被動語態的句子中。
短語動詞
I. 要點
英語中有許多短語動詞在意義上是一個整體，其用法有的相當於及物動詞，有的相當於不及物動詞，有的兼有及物動詞和不及物動詞的特徵。英語短語動詞的構成主要有以下六種：
(1) 動詞＋介詞
常見的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞後。如：
Don't laugh at others.
I didn't care about it.
(2) 動詞＋副詞
常見的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞，既可放在副詞前邊，又可放在副詞後邊；賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則要放在副詞前邊。如：You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.
Please don't forget to hand it in.
(3) 動詞＋副詞＋介詞
常見的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞後邊。如：
All his money added up to no more than $100.
After a short rest, he went on with his research work.
(4) 動詞＋名詞＋介詞
常見的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞後邊。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.
We should make full use of our time.
(5) 動詞＋形容詞
常見的有leave open, set free, cut open等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞，則賓語可放在形容詞的前邊，也可放在後邊；賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則必須放在形容詞前邊。如：
The prisoners were set free.
He cut it open.
(6) 動詞＋名詞
常見的有take place, make friends等。這類短語動詞用作不及物動詞。如：
This story took place three years ago.
I make friends with a lot of people.
(7)辨析
give away(讓給，暴露) 和 give up(放棄，停止)
put away(放起，收起) 和 put out (撲滅)
turn up(出席，放大) 和 turn on (打開)
keep out(阻止) 和 keep off (不讓靠近)
make up(編造，補上) 和 make out(辨認)
take off(脫，起飛) 和 take out(拿出)
II. 例題
例1 It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.
A put away B kept up C given away D laid up
解析：該題正確uot;；give away意為"分發"；lay up"貯藏"。例2 Here's my card. Let's keep in ____.
A touch B relation C connection D friendship
解析：該題正確答案為A. keep in touch為短語動詞，意為"保持聯系"。
例3 ____! There's a train coming.
A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on
解析：該題選A. look out 意為"小心"。
動詞不定式
I. 要點
1、 不定式的形式。以動詞write為例。
式｜語態 主動語態 被動語態
一般式 to write to be written
完成式 to have written to have been written
進行式 to be writing
完成進行式 to have been writing
2、 不定式的句法功能
(1) 作主語
To hear from you is nice.
To be a good teacher is not easy.
不定式作主語時，為了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主語，而不定式置於謂語動詞後。如：It's nice to hear from you.
It's not easy to be a good teacher.
(2) 作賓語
通常用於want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等詞後。如：
I forgot to lock the door.
Please remember to write to me.
(3) 作表語
My job is to pick up letters.
He seemed to have heard nothing.
(4) 作定語
不定式作定語時，須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞後。如：
I have two letters to write.
I have a lot of work to do.
(5) 作賓補
通常用於want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等詞後。如：
He ordered her to leave at once.
He was forced to obey his order.
(6) 作狀語
He got up early to catch the first bus.
He worked hard to catch up with the other students.
(7) 作獨立成分
To tell you the truth, I told a lie.
(8) "疑問詞＋不定式"結構。 如：
I don't know how to choose them.
I cannot decide where to go.
(9)不定式的否定式。如：
I decided not to go.
(10)不定式的完成式。如：
He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.
The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.
(11)too…to 結構。如：
He was too excited to go to sleep.
He was only too glad to go. (他太高興了，樂意去)
(12)主動表被動。如：
The book is easy to read.
I have a book to read.
II.例題
例1 I haven't got a chair ____.
A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting
解析：該題選C。不定式to sit on在句中作定語，修飾名詞chair. 因為不定式和它所修飾的名詞間是"動賓關系"，所以不定式必須是及物動詞，故此處on不能省略。
例2 He was made ____. A go B gone C going D to go
解析：該題選D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被動形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。
例3 A new factory is ____ very soon.
A to be built B built
C to build D to building
解析：該題選A。is to be built意為"將要被建"。
『貳』 初中英語語法大全
學英語一開始要學發音。英語是拼音文字，由字母組單字。英語字母共有二十六個，其中字母a、e、i、o、u是母音字母，其餘二十一個是輔音字母，其中y字母有時當母音字母用。每個字母可以有一個或一個以上的讀音，因此，英語語音共有五十個音位，音位的書寫形式是音位字母，即音標符號，一個音位字母即音標，表示一個音位，所以，必須先學習五十個KK音標，然後根據發音規則拼讀單字。下面是一些常用的發音規則。
一、輔音字母在單字中的發音一般是一對一的，如p-b、t-d、k（qu）、f-v、s-z、r、h、j、m、n、l、w就發它的本音，一般字母和音標寫法一致，或者字母名稱當中，包含了這個字母的音素。
二、有些輔音字母有多個發音。如：字母c後面接a，o，u的時候，c的發音與字母k發音相同，叫做「hard c sound」，當字母c後面接e，i，或y的時候，通常c的發音與字母s發音相同，叫做「soft c sound」 。有時在e或i前面，c會發/ʃ/音。字母g後面接a，o，u的時候，所發的音叫做「hard g sound」 ，當字母g後面接e，i，或y的時候，有時g的發音與字母j的發音相同，叫做「軟g音」。x在單詞中間或結尾時發/ks/音，在單詞中間時有時發/gz/音，在單詞起始位置時發/z/音。y在單詞起始位置時發音為輔音/j/，單詞或音節中間或結尾時被當做母音，在重讀開音節里發長母音/aɪ/，在重讀閉音節里和詞末發短母音/ɪ/。
三、輔音字母組合的發音也是有規律可循的。常見的輔音字母組合有：tr-dr，發音時舌身與r相似，舌尖貼上齒齦後部，氣流沖破阻礙發出短促的t-d後立刻發r。ck只發一個k的音，ng的發音是舌頭抵住上顎後方所發出的鼻音，n在k之前也這樣發音。
四、復合字母構成的單音。digraph是兩個（或三個）輔音字母在一起只發一個音，通常指以下四種組合：ch（tch），sh，wh和th。ch發/tʃ/音，sh發/ʃ/音，一般來說wh發/hw/音（清輔音），但在o前面發/h/音，th的發音則需要一些記憶力了，在虛詞和一部分代詞中發濁音（舌尖在上下牙齒中間，聲帶需要振動，聲音從牙齒和舌頭之間的縫隙里出來），其它以th開始的單詞基本上都發清音（舌尖在上下牙齒中間，聲音從牙齒和舌頭之間的縫隙里出來，但是聲帶不振動）。
五、在有些輔音字母組合中，其中一個字母是不發音的，如kn中的k、ps中的p、mb和bt里的b、mn里的m、wr中的w。在羅曼語族詞彙里，輔音字母h一般也不發音；而在法語詞源的外來語里，輔音字母在詞末也不發音，如depot、ballet、faux pas等。
六、英語里母音的發音比較復雜，每個母音都可以發多個音，掌握了母音的發音規律才能對整個單詞的發音有比較准確的掌握。母音字母有五個：a，e，i，o，u，另外y在一個單詞的中間或結尾時也被當做母音。每個單詞里都包含有至少一個母音，母音是單詞的「最強音」。母音所發的音取決於該母音在單詞中的位置或它是如何與其它母音組合的。一般來說，如果五個母音字母中的任意一個後面緊接著一個或幾個輔音字母，這個母音字母就處於重讀閉音節中，發成短音：a發/æ/、e發/ɛ/、i和y都發/ɪ/音、o發/α/、u發/ʌ/音。
七、如果一個單詞以字母e結尾，前面的母音發長音，叫做重讀相對開音節（magic e）。如果一個母音是在一個單詞或重讀音節的結尾，該母音也發長音，叫做重讀開音節，所謂長音就是母音字母的名字，如：a的長音為/e/，e的長音為/i/，i和y的長音都是/aɪ/，o的長音為/o/，u的長音為/ju/。重讀相對開音節結尾的字母e只起到讓前面的母音發長音的作用，自己是不發音的。
八、當一個單詞或音節里有兩個母音時，通常第一個母音發長音，第二個母音不發音，叫做vowel digraph。但是al、au、aw、ou、o有時發/ɔ/這個音，也是長母音。但是，在一些特殊情況下，母音後面緊接著輔音字母的時候，該母音是發長音的。如o在st、ld前，i在gh、gn、ld、nd前都要發長音，但母音字母o接st時有時也發成長母音/ɔ/，如cost，lost等。
九、雙母音是兩個母音音素組合在一起的，所以聽上去有兩個音，盡管這兩個音並不是兩個母音所單獨發出的，如oi（oy）和ou（ow）分別發/ɔɪ/和/aʊ/音。
十、母音字母與r結合起來後，發捲舌音，如ar發/αr/、or發/ɔr/、er、ir、ur都發/ɝ/。
十一、五個母音字母在非重讀音節中發弱母音/ə/。
學會了發音後，再開始學詞彙和語法。英語屬於印歐語系的日耳曼西部語支，英語的詞彙有開放性，一部分是日耳曼語族詞彙，一部分是羅曼語族詞彙，還有一部分是從法語、德語、西班牙語、義大利語、拉丁語、希臘語、阿拉伯語以及其它語言引進的詞彙。英語屬於屈折語，但是它的屈折變化形式相對比較少，除了名詞、代詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞有詞形變化外，數詞、冠詞、介系詞、連接詞、感嘆詞都是不變的，只有簡單句、並列句、復合句三種句子結構，詞序比較固定。只要你用心學，一定能學好英語這門語言的，希望我能幫助到你。