1. 初中英語語法
定義
動名詞是一種兼有動詞和名詞特徵的非限定動詞。它可以支配賓語,也能被副詞修飾。動名詞有時態和語態的變化。
解釋:動詞的ing形式如果是名詞,這個詞稱動名詞。
一、動名詞的作用
動名詞具有名詞的性質,因此在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語等。
1、作主語
Reading is an art. 讀書是一種藝術。
Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山是真有趣。
Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在這種工作條件下工作不是愉快而是痛苦。
動名詞作主語,有時先用it作形式主語,把動名詞置於句末。這種用法在習慣句型中常用。如:
It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 灑掉的牛奶哭也沒用。
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 勸說這樣的人加入真是浪費時間。
It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上這種擁擠的車真難。
It is fun playing with children. 和孩子們一起玩真好。
There is no joking about such matters. 對這種事情不是開玩笑。
動名詞作主語的幾種類型
動名詞可以在句子中充當名詞所能充當的多種句子成分。在這里僅就動名詞在句子中作主語的情況進行討論。
動名詞作主語有如下幾種常見情況:
1. 直接位於句首做主語。例如:
Swimming is a good sport in summer.
2. 用 it 作形式主語,把動名詞(真實主語)置於句尾作後置主語。
動名詞做主語時,不太常用 it 作先行主語,多見於某些形容詞及名詞之後。例如:
It is no use telling him not to worry.
常見的能用於這種結構的形容詞還有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。
注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容詞不能用於上述結構。
3. 用於「There be」結構中。例如:
There is no saying when he'll come.很難說他何時回來。
4. 用於布告形式的省略結構中。例如:
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ).
No parking.
5. 動名詞的復合結構作主語
當動名詞有自己的邏輯主語時,常可以在前面加上一個名詞或代詞的所有格,構成動名詞的復合結構(——這時,名詞或代詞的所有格做動名詞的邏輯主語)。動名詞的復合結構也可以在句中作主語。例如:
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
6.例詞
shopping fishing cycling這些都是很常見的動名詞
二、動名詞作主語與動詞不定式作主語的比較
動詞不定式和動名詞都可以用作主語。在意義上相近。但動名詞多用來表示泛指或抽象動作,不定式多用來表示特指或具體動作。比較:
Smoking is not good for health.
It is not good for you to smoke so much.
注意:
1)在口語中,用動名詞作主語位於句首的較不定式多見。
2)在「It is no use...」,「It is no good...」,「It is fun...」,「It is a waste of time...」等句型中,通常用動名詞作真實主語:
It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.
*It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that.
3)在疑問句中,通常用動名詞的復合結構,而不用不定式的復合結構作主語:
Does your saying that mean anything to him?
*Does for you to say that mean anything to him?
4)在「There be」句型中,只能用動名詞,而不能用不定式作主語:
There is no telling what will happen.
It is impossible to tell what will happen.
5)當句子中的主語和表語都是非限定動詞時,要遵循前後一致的原則,主語和表語在形式上要求統一:
Seeing is believing.
*To see is to believe.
2、作賓語
(1)作動詞的賓語
某些動詞後出現非限定性動詞時只能用動名詞作賓語,不能用不定式。常見的此類動詞有:advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, can』t stand, be used to, get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to等。如:
They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他們繼續走,說個不停。
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海灘上走真是樂事。
(2)作介詞的賓語
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我們正考慮為下學期制定新的計劃。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我們休息呢還是開始幹活?
(3)作形容詞的賓語
The music is well worth listening to more than once. 這種曲子很值得多聽幾遍。
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我們正為馬上到來的運動會忙著做准備。
3、作表語
動名詞作表語時句子主語常是表示無生命的事物的名詞或what引導的名詞性從句。表語動名詞與主語通常是對等的關系,表示主語的內容,主語、表語可互換位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任務就是擦窗戶。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被別人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
4、作定語
動名詞作定語往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途。如:
a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping
二、動名詞的邏輯主語
帶有邏輯主語的動名詞稱為動名詞的復合結構。當動名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時,要在動名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格,這便構成了動名詞的復合結構。其中物主代詞(名詞所有格)是邏輯上的主語,動名詞是邏輯上的謂語。動名詞復合結構在句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,分別相當於一個主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句。如:
Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他來幫忙鼓舞了我。 (=That she came to help encouraged all of us.)
Jane』s being careless caused so much trouble. 簡這么粗心惹來了不少麻煩。 (=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)
What』s troubling them is their not having enough food. 煩擾他們的是食物不足。 (=What』s troubling them is that they have not enough food.)
在口語中,如果動名詞復合結構作賓語,其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞賓格,名詞所有格常用名詞普通格來代替,但在句首作主語時不能這樣來代替。如:
Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的電腦介意嗎?
The father insisted on his son』s/his son going to college. 爸爸堅決要求兒子上大學。
Mary』s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 瑪麗病了,使她媽媽很著急。
His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽煙使他一家人非常生氣。
在下列情況下動名詞的邏輯主語必須用名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓語:
a.無命名詞
The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 這個嬰兒被猛烈的關門聲吵醒。
b. 有生命名詞但表示泛指意義
Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你聽說過婦女練拳擊嗎?
c. 兩個以上的有生命名詞並列
Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你記得你父母和我都告訴過你這事嗎?
三、動名詞的時態和語態
動名詞的時態和語態如下:
時態
主動語態
被動語態
一般式
writing
being written
完成式
having written
having been written
其否定形式是在doing前加上not
1、動名詞一般式表示的動作通常是一般性動作,即不是明確地發生在過去、現在或將來的動作,或是與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生的動作。如:
I hate talking with such people. 我討厭與這樣的人說話。
Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一個好習慣。
2、動名詞的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前。如:
I don』t remember having met him before. 我記不得以前見過他。
Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 謝謝你費力幫忙。
3、動名詞的邏輯主語同時也是動名詞動作的承受者,動名詞用被動語態。
(1)它的一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生,或在其前發生。如:
I don』t like being laughed at in public. 在公共場合下,我不喜歡被別人嘲笑。
(2)它的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞之前。如:
I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高興你能獲得這樣的獎牌。
(3)在某些動詞,我們常用動名詞的一般式表示完成式,盡管動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前,這似乎是一種強大的習慣。如:
Excuse me for being late. 我來晚了請你原諒。
I don』t remember ever meeting somewhere. 我記不得原來在什麼地方見過。
Thank you for giving us so much help. 謝謝給我們這么大的幫助。
(4)在多數情況下都避免使用動名詞被動語態完成式,而用一般式代替,以免句子顯得累贅,尤其是在口語中。如:
I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我曾被帶到過這個動物園,可我忘了。
(5)動名詞被動語態一般式與現在分詞被動語態一般式同形,但無進行意義,being不可省略。如:
She is afraid of being taken to the public. 她怕被領到大眾面前。
四、常見題型:
1) 動名詞做主語時,謂語動詞為單數
2) 在動名詞和不定式中,作為介詞的賓語是動名詞
3) 動名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語
例:
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.
A.you to call B.you call C.you calling D.you』re calling(Key:C;換成your calling也對)
4) 有些詞後只能接動名詞
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can』t help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
5) 另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法
it』s no good; it』s no/little/hardly any/ use; it』s not/hardly/scarcely use; it』s worthwhile; spend money/time; there』s no; there』s no point in; there』s nothing worse than; what』s the use/point...
6) 有些詞後面加不定式和動名詞均可
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean後面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意義截然不容。
例:
remember to do/doing:
①I remembered to post the letters.(指未來/過去未來將要做的動作)
②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我記得做過這個動作)
forget與remember的用法類似。
regret的用法:
①I regret to inform you that…(我很遺憾地通知你……)
②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.(為了「二十年前的離開」而遺憾。)
try to(努力)與try +–ing(試驗):
①You really must try to overcome your shyness.
②Try practicing five hours a day.
五、動名詞與現在分詞的同與不同
動名詞它在形式上與現在分詞相同,都是在動詞原形的詞末加-ing。在現代語法中,這兩種形式同視為"-ing形式"。 這兩種形式的另一個相同之處是:它們都是由動詞變化而成的,它們都保留了動詞的某些特徵,它們都能帶自己的賓語、狀語,而構成動名詞短語或是現在分詞短語去擔當句子成分。例如:
Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .
(現在分詞短語,作狀語)他在公眾場所講話時總是興高采烈的。
She hates speaking in the public.
(動名詞短語,作賓語)她不喜歡在公眾場所講話。
區別:
1、動名詞和現在分詞都可以用於系動詞之後作表語,區別方法是:
①作表語的動名詞與主語指的是同一件事,此時系動詞相當於「是」,通常把主語和表語的位置互換,語法和意思不變,例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改為Swimming is my hobby.(可將原句中的主語與表語位置互換)
②現在分詞作表語主要用以說明主語的性質,不能與主語互換位置,例如:
The story is interesting .不可改為:Interesting is the story.
2、動名詞和現在分詞都可以用作定語來修飾名詞,兩者的區別在於:
動名詞修飾名詞時主要表示該名詞的用途,而現在分詞修飾名詞時性質、狀態或動作等。試比較:
①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是「一個正在游泳的男孩」,即a boy who is swimming ,現在分詞swimming 表示被修飾名詞boy的動作;而後者的意思是「游泳衣」,即a suit for swimming , 動名詞swimming表示suit 的用途。
②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
前者的意思是「一個正在睡覺的孩子」,即a child who is sleeping ,現在分詞sleeping 表示被修飾名詞 child 正處於的狀態;而後者的意思是「卧車(被用來睡覺的車廂)」,即 a car which is used for sleeping ,動名詞 sleeping 表示car 的用途。
被動語態
一、 被動語態的用法:
1. 一般現在時的被動語態構成:is / am / are + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2. 一般過去時的被動語態構成:was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞
A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3. 現在完成時的被動語態構成:has / have + been + 及物動詞的過去分詞
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4. 一般將來時的被動語態構成:will+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5. 含有情態動詞的被動語態構成:情態動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6. 現在進行時的被動語態構成:am / is / are + being + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7. 不定式的被動語態:to + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
There are two books to be read. →
There are twenty more trees to be planted.
二、 怎樣把主動語態改成被動語態?
把主動語態改為被動語態非常簡單,可以遵循以下幾個步驟:
1. 先找出謂語動詞;
2. 再找出謂語動詞後的賓語;
3. 把賓語用作被動語態中的主語;
4. 注意人稱、時態和數的變化。
例:1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.
3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.
4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.
5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.
6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.
三、 使用被動語態應注意的幾個問題:
1. 不及物動詞無被動語態。
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式,主動語態中不帶to ,但變為被動語態時,須加上to 。
例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態時,直接賓語(物)作主語,那麼動詞後要用介詞,這個介詞是由與其搭配的動詞決定,或是間接賓語加被動語態再加只接賓語。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. 或是I was given a book by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. 或是i was shown a ticket by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 或是Lwas bought a new bike by my father.
5. 一些動詞短語用於被動語態時,動詞短語應當看作一個整體,而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。
We can』t laugh him. →He can』t be laugh by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.</CA>
2. 初中英語所有的語法是什麼
感覺沒什麼語法,初中的時候。主格賓格,相關的詞性,大致這些吧。
再看看別人怎麼說的。
3. 初中的英語所有的語法,要具體內容
現在進行時 be dong
過去式 was/were + v.
一般現在時 主語+v.(主語為單三時,動詞版要變權)
現在完成時 主語+have/has+動詞的過去分詞
過去完成時 主語+had+動詞的過去分詞
過去進行時 主語+was/were+dong
4. 初中英語語法。
初中英語語法總結一覽表
語法項目 構 成 用 法 象 征 詞 規則變化 不規則變化 例 句
一般現在時 動詞用原形
三人稱單數-s / es 表示經常性的
動作或狀態 Every often always on 天 in月、季、節、年。 一般-s –es 輔音+y---ies have----has
He goes to school every day.
I often have lunch at home.
一般過去時 動詞用過去時
Be—was/ were 表過去某個、段時間內動作及狀態 ago/just now /In1998 last/yesterday 等 一般/去e 雙寫/輔+y結尾-ied go-went come-came
do-did leave-left等 He wrote a letter yesterday.
I studied hard last year.
一般將來時 be going to+V原
will / shall + V原 在將來某個時間或
某段時要做的事 tomorrow / after
next / tonight in 2010
Go come leave stay
fly等用進行表將來 Are you going to read ?
He is coming tomorrow .
現在進行時 be+doing 表此時此刻正進行的動作或狀態 listen look now
all the time Don』t… 一般去e 雙寫
+ing tie die lie –
變ie為y加ing Tom is writing now .
They are lying on the bed .
現在完成時
現在完成進行 have / has +PP
have/has been+doing 發生在過去影響在現在的動作或狀態等 含糊的頻率副詞 already just never ever 分詞規則的同過去式是一樣的 不規則的動詞的過去分詞需逐個記憶 I have been teaching for 8 years.
He has slept for two days.
.過去進行時 was / were +doing
多用於復合句中 表在過去某時間正在進行的動作 at this time yesterday
last Sunday evening 一般去e 雙寫
+ing tie die lie –
變ie為y加ing He was reading at that time
last Friday
過去完成時 had+動過去分詞
多用於復合句中 該動作發生在過去的過去 by the time+過去時
when after before 規則的分詞構成與過去時一樣的 需要逐個記憶
詳見不規則動詞表 We had learnt 2000 words
by the end of last year.
過去將來時 would + V 原形
多用賓語從句中 過去看來將要發生的動作或狀態 He said that he… the next day . He said that he would come here the next day .
比較級形式
形容副詞名詞 後--er 前加more
名詞比較用more 表示兩個人、物
之間進行比較時 than /much/ a little
far / in the two 等 一般/去e 雙寫/輔+y結尾-ier good/well —better
much/many—more She is the tall in the two.
He runs faster than Tom .
最高級形式
形容副詞名詞 後-est 前加most
名詞比較用most 大於等於三個人、物之間進行比較 in the +比較范圍
of the 具體的數字 一般/去e 雙寫/輔+y結尾-iest bad/ill/badly-worst
far-farther-farthest She is the most beautiful
in her class.(最高級加the)
動詞不定式
to do沒有人稱和數的變化 作主語
To read is helpful for anybody now . 作賓語
He wants to buy a dictionary. 作賓補
I hear him sing yesterday
Tom told me to open it. 作表語
His job is to take care of children . 作狀語
He』ll go to see a doctor tomorrow . 作定語
He has much homework
to do every day .
主從復合句 狀語從句
句子作狀語 (時間地點原因條件讓步比較)
He was writing a letter when I came in。 賓語從句
句子作賓語(語序、時態、引導詞、客觀事實)
He asked me if I had been to Beijing before. 定語從句
句子作定語(修飾名詞或代詞的句子、注意先行詞)
I saw the man who was stealing my bike yesterday
主動結構
與
被動結構
主動語態:主語(人、物)+ 謂語 + 賓語
動作執行者 + 及物動詞 + 動作承受者
被動語態:主語(人、物)+be PP + by賓語
動作承受者 + be PP + by動作執行者
在被動語態中沒有可以省to 的不定式 We speak English .
主語 謂語 賓語
English is spoken by us
賓改主 謂語動詞 be PP 主by 賓 主動變被動,先找主、謂、賓,賓改主、主by賓,代詞變格要細心,謂語動詞be pp,時態隨主、數隨被
PP 是及物動詞的過去分詞加ed 或不規則詳見表
被動句的時態(be)隨主動句的時態(do)人稱和數應隨被動句的主語(am、is、are、was、were等 )
5. 將幾句中文翻譯成英語。初中語法即可..
I am interested in English
I can sing some English songs
I can get good grades in every exam.
【希望幫助到你來,若有疑問,自可以追問~~~
祝你學習進步,更上一層樓!(*^__^*)】
6. 初中英語語法如何用英語表達
常用語法術語表
句法 syntax
詞法 morphology
結構 structure
層次 rank
詞類 part of speech
實詞 notional word
虛詞 structrural word
名詞 noun
專有名詞 proper noun
普通名詞 common noun
可數名詞 countable noun
不可數名詞 uncountable noun
抽象名詞 abstract noun
具體名詞 concret moun
物質名詞 material noun
集體名詞 collective noun
個體名詞 indivial noun
介詞 preposition
連詞 conjunction
動詞 verb
主動詞 main verb
及物動詞 transitive verb
不及物動詞 intransitive verb
系動詞 link verb
助動詞 auxiliary verb
情態動詞 modal verb
規則動詞 regular verb
不規則動詞 irregular verb
短語動詞 phrasal verb
限定動詞 finite verb
非限定動詞 infinite verb
使役動詞 causative verb
感官動詞 verb of senses
動態動詞 event verb
靜態動詞 state verb感嘆詞 exclamation
副詞 adverb
方式副詞 adverb of manner
程度副詞 adverb of degree
時間副詞 adverb of time
地點副詞 adverb of place
修飾性副詞 adjunct
連接性副詞 conjunct
疑問副詞 interogative adverb
關系副詞 relative adverb
代詞 pronoun
人稱代詞 personal pronoun
物主代詞 possesive pronoun
反身代詞 reflexive pronoun
相互代詞 reciprocal pronoun
指示代詞 demonstrative pronoun
疑問代詞 interrogative pronoun
關系代詞 relative pronoun
不定代詞 indefinite pronoun
物主代詞 possecive pronoun
名詞性物主代詞 nominal possesive prnoun
形容詞性物主代詞 adjectival possesive pronoun
冠詞 article
定冠詞 definite article
不定冠詞 indefinite article
數詞 numeral
基數詞 cardinal numeral
序數詞 ordinal numeral
分數詞 fractional numeral
形式 form
單數形式 singular form
復數形式 plural form
限定動詞 finite verb form
非限定動詞 non-finite verb form
原形 base form
從句 clause
從屬句 subordinate clause
並列句 coordinate clause
名詞從句 nominal clause
定語從句 attributive clause
狀語從句 adverbial clause
賓語從句 object clause
主語從句 subject clause
同位語從句 appositive clause
時間狀語從句 adverbial clause of time
地點狀語從句 adverbial clause of place
方式狀語從句 adverbial clause of manner
讓步狀語從句 adverbial clause of concession
原因狀語從句 adverbial clause of cause
結果狀語從句 adverbial clause of result
目的狀語從句 adverbial clause of purpose
條件狀語從句 adverbial clause of condition
真實條件狀語從句 adverbial clause of real condition
非真實條件狀語從句 adverbial clause of unreal condition
含蓄條件句 adverbial clause of implied condition
錯綜條件句 adverbial clause of mixed condition
句子 sentence
簡單句 simple sentence
並列句 compound sentence
復合句 complex sentence
並列復合句 compound complex sentence
陳述句 declarative sentence
疑問句 interrogative sentence
一般疑問句 general question
特殊疑問句 special question
選擇疑問句 alternative question
附加疑問句 tag question
反義疑問句 disjunctive question
修辭疑問句 rhetorical question
感嘆疑問句 exclamatory question
存在句 existential sentence
肯定句 positive sentwence
否定句 negative sentence
祈使句 imperative sentence
省略句 elliptical sentence
感嘆句 exclamatory sentence
基本句型 basic sentence patern
句子成分 members of sentences
主語 subject
謂語 predicate
賓語 object
雙賓語 al object
直接賓語 direct object
間接賓語 indirect object
復合賓語 complex object
同源賓語 cognate object
補語 complement
主補 subject complement
賓補 object complement
表語 predicative
定語 attribute
同位語 appositive
狀語 adverbial
句法關系 syntatic relationship
並列 coordinate
從屬 subordination
修飾 modification
前置修飾 pre-modification
後置修飾 post-modification
限制 restriction
雙重限制 double-restriction
非限制 non-restriction
數 number
單數形式 singular form
復數形式 plural form
規則形式 regular form
不規則形式 irregular form
格 case
普通格 common case
所有格 possessive case
主格 nominative case
賓格 objective case
性 gender
陽性 masculine
陰性 feminine
通性 common
中性 neuter
人稱 person
第一人稱 first person
第二人稱 second person
第三人稱 third person
時態 tense
過去將來時 past future tense
過去將來進行時 past future continuous tense
過去將來完成時 past future perfect tense
一般現在時 present simple tense
一般過去時 past simple tense
一般將來時 future simple tense
現在完成時 past perfect tense
過去完成時 present perfect tense
將來完成時 future perfect tense
現在進行時 present continuous tense
過去進行時 past continuous tense
將來進行時 future continuous tense
過去將來進行時 past future continuous tense
現在完成進行時 present perfect continuous tense
過去完成進行時 past perfect continuous tense
語態 voice
主動語態 active voice
被動語態 passive voice
語氣 mood
陳述語氣 indicative mood
祈使語氣 imperative mood
虛擬語氣 subjunctive mood
否定 negation
否定范圍 scope of negation
全部否定 full negation
局部否定 partial negation
轉移否定 shift of negation
語序 order
自然語序 natural order
倒裝語序 inversion
全部倒裝 full inversion
部分倒裝 partial inversion
直接引語 direct speech
間接引語 indirect speech
自由直接引語 free direct speech
自由間接引語 free indirect speech
一致 agreement
主謂一致 subject-predicate agreement
語法一致 grammatical agreement
概念一致 notional agreement
就近原則 principle of proximity
強調 emphasis
重復 repetition
語音 pronunciation
語調 tone
升調 rising tone
降調 falling tone
降升調 falling-rising tone
文體 style
正式文體 formal
非正式文體 informal
口語 spoken/oral English
套語 formulistic expression
英國英語 British English
美國英語 American English
用法 usage
感情色彩 emotional coloring
褒義 commendatory
貶義 derogatory
幽默 humorous 諷刺 sarcastic
挖苦 ironic
7. 初中英語語法都有哪些
語法項目 構 成 用 法 象 征 詞 規則變化 不規則變化 例 句
一般現在時 動詞用原形
三人稱單數-s / es 表示經常性的
動作或狀態 Every often always on 天 in月、季、節、年.一般-s –es 輔音+y---ies have----has
He goes to school every day.
I often have lunch at home.
一般過去時 動詞用過去時
Be—was/ were 表過去某個、段時間內動作及狀態 ago/just now /In1998 last/yesterday 等 一般/去e 雙寫/輔+y結尾-ied go-went come-came
do-did leave-left等 He wrote a letter yesterday.
I studied hard last year.
一般將來時 be going to+V原
will / shall + V原 在將來某個時間或
某段時要做的事 tomorrow / after
next / tonight in 2010
Go come leave stay
fly等用進行表將來 Are you going to read
He is coming tomorrow .
現在進行時 be+doing 表此時此刻正進行的動作或狀態 listen look now
all the time Don』t… 一般去e 雙寫
+ing tie die lie –
變ie為y加ing Tom is writing now .
They are lying on the bed .
現在完成時
現在完成進行 have / has +PP
have/has
been+doing 發生在過去影響在現在的動作或狀態等 含糊的頻率副詞 already just never ever
分詞規則的同過去式是一樣的 不規則的動詞的過去分詞需逐個記憶 I have been teaching for 8 years.
He has slept for two days.
.過去進行時 was / were +doing
多用於復合句中 表在過去某時間正在進行的動作 at this time yesterday
last Sunday evening 一般去e 雙寫
+ing tie die lie –
變ie為y加ing He was reading at that time
last Friday
過去完成時 had+動過去分詞
多用於復合句中 該動作發生在過去的過去 by the time+過去時
when after before 規則的分詞構成與過去時一樣的 需要逐個記憶
詳見不規則動詞表 We had learnt 2000 words
by the end of last year.
過去將來時 would + V 原形
多用賓語從句中 過去看來將要發生的動作或狀態 He said that he… the next day .He said that he would come here the next day .
比較級形式
形容副詞名詞 後--er 前加more
名詞比較用more 表示兩個人、物
之間進行比較時 than /much/ a little
far / in the two 等 一般/去e 雙寫/輔+y結尾-ier good/well —better
much/many—more She is the tall in the two.
He runs faster than Tom .
最高級形式
形容副詞名詞 後-est 前加most
名詞比較用most 大於等於三個人、物之間進行比較 in the +比較范圍
of the 具體的數字 一般/去e 雙寫/輔+y結尾-iest bad/ill/badly-worst
far-farther-farthest She is the most beautiful
in her class.(最高級加the)
動詞不定式
to do沒有人稱和數的變化 作主語
To read is helpful for anybody now .作賓語
He wants to buy a dictionary.作賓補
I hear him sing yesterday
Tom told me to open it.作表語
His job is to take care of children .作狀語
He』ll go to see a doctor tomorrow .作定語
He has much homework
to do every day .
主從復合句 狀語從句
句子作狀語 (時間地點原因條件讓步比較)
He was writing a letter when I came in.賓語從句
句子作賓語(語序、時態、引導詞、客觀事實)
He asked me if I had been to Beijing before.定語從句
句子作定語(修飾名詞或代詞的句子、注意先行詞)
I saw the man who was stealing my bike yesterday
主動結構
與
被動結構
主動語態:主語(人、物)+ 謂語 + 賓語
動作執行者 + 及物動詞 + 動作承受者
被動語態:主語(人、物)+be PP + by賓語
動作承受者 + be PP + by動作執行者
在被動語態中沒有可以省to 的不定式 We speak English .
主語 謂語 賓語
English is spoken by us
賓改主 謂語動詞 be PP 主by 賓 主動變被動,先找主、謂、賓,賓改主、主by賓,代詞變格要細心,謂語動詞be pp,時態隨主、數隨被
PP 是及物動詞的過去分詞加ed 或不規則詳見表
被動句的時態(be)隨主動句的時態(do)人稱和數應隨被動句的主語(am、is、are、was、were等 )
8. 初中英語語法該怎麼講
語法課,說句實話,考的不是學生,而是老師。想想,以前我們讀書的回時候對語法也是一知半解的答。現在做老師了,什麼語法都幾乎弄明白了,在此,我講我的一點方法技巧。
先從感性認識 了解是必須的,但是,語法要比較來講,如,要講定語從句,就要和狀語從句,同位語從句,強調句等比較講解,如:
The factory that we visited last year is not far from here. 定從
The factory where we visited it last year is not far from here.狀從
The news that my father told me is very exciting. 定從
The news that Liu xiang will come to see us is very exciting.同位語
強調句就不舉例了。相信你已經有所啟發。
希望對你有用。
9. 初中英語各語法怎麼說
您指的是初中各個語法的專業術語吧,這個語法專用術語在每冊書的後面都是有的,您可以翻一下。望採納