Ⅰ 英語語法大全
初三英語總復習資料
介詞
I. 要點
1、介詞和種類
(1) 簡單介詞,常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。
(2) 復合介詞,如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。
2、介詞和其他詞類的習慣搭配關系
(1) 和動詞的搭配,如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。
(2) 和形容詞的搭配,如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at
(3) 和名詞的搭配,如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.
3、介詞短語可以有自己的修飾語,這種修飾語通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少數幾個副詞。如:
He came right after dinner.
He lives directly opposite the school.
4、 某些介詞的意義與用法舉例
(1) at, on, in(表時間)
表示時間點用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等;表示不確定的時間或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。
指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。
指長於或短於一天的時段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。
(2) between, among(表位置)
between僅用於二者之間,但說三者或三者以上中的每兩個之間的相互關系時,也用between, 如
I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.
The village lies between three hills.
among用於三者或三者以上之間。如:He is the best among the students.
(3) beside, besides
beside意為"在…旁邊",而besides意為"除…之外"。如:
He sat beside me.
What do you want besides this?
(4)in the tree, on the tree
in the tree 指動物或人在樹上,而on the tree 指果實、樹葉長在樹上
(5)on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way
on the way 指在路上 in the way 指擋道
by the way 指順便問一句 in this way 用這樣的方法
(6)in the corner, at the corner
in the corner 指在拐角內 at the corner 指在拐角外
(7)in the morning, on the morning
in the morning 是一般說法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨
(8)by bus, on the bus
by bus 是一般說法 on the bus 特指乘某一輛車
II. 例題
例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English?
A except B but C beside D besides
解析:A、B兩項except等於but,意為"除了…",C-beside意為"在…旁邊",不符合題意。而D-besides, 意為"除了…之外,還有"。所以該題正確答案為D。該題意為:除了英語外,你還知道別的語言嗎?
例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.
A on B at C in D ring
解析:我們均知道,at night這一短語,但如果night前有修飾詞,表具體的夜晚,則要用介詞on來修飾,故該題正確答案為A。
例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter.
A to B in C at D on
解析:該題正確答案為A。look forward to 為固定搭配,意為"期望、盼望"。
連詞
I. 要點
1、 連詞的種類
(1) 並列連詞用來連接並列關系的詞、短語或分句,如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。
(2) 從屬連詞用來引導從句,如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。
除了從屬連詞(引導狀語從句)外,還有其它可以用來引導從句的詞類。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞(引導名詞性從句),關系代詞和關系副詞(引導定語從句)。
2、 常用連詞舉例
(1)and 和,並且
They drank and sang all night.
(2) both…and 和, 既…也…
Both my parents and I went there.
(3) but 但是,而
I'm sad, but he is happy.
(4) either…or 或…或…, 要麼…要麼…
Either you're wrong, or I am.
(5) for因為
I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.
(6) however 然而,可是
Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.
(7) neither…nor 既不…也不
Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.
(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…
He not only sings well, but also dances well.
(9) or 或者,否則
Hurry up, or you'll be late.
Are you a worker or a doctor?
(10) so 因此,所以
It's getting late, so I must go.
(11) although 雖然
Although it was late, they went on working.
(12) as soon as 一 …就
I'll tell him as soon as I see him.
(13) because 因為
He didn't go to school, because he was ill.
(14)unless 除非,如果不
I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.
(15)until 直到…
He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬間動詞用於not… until 結構)
He stayed there until eleven.
(16)while 當…時候,而 (表示對比)
While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while後不可用瞬間動詞)
My pen is red while his is blue.
(17)for 因為
He was ill, for he didn't come. (結論是推斷出來的)
(18)since自從…
I have lived here since my uncle left.
(19)hardly… when 一… 就
I had hardly got to the station when the train left.
(20)as far as 就… 來說
As far as I know, that country is very small.
You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那裡)
II. 例題
例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David.
A as well B as well as C so well D so well as
解析:該題意為:John踢足球如果不比David好的話,那也踢得和David一樣好。 和…一樣好為as well as. 故該題正確答案為B.
例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A when B where C which D while
解析:該處意為"然而",只有while有此意思,故選D。
例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
解析:該處意為"或者",正確答案為C。
動詞時態、語態
I. 要點
1、 一般現在時
(1) 表示經常發生的動作或現在存在的狀態,常與sometimes, always, often, every day等時間狀語連用。如:Sometimes, we go swimming after school.
(2) 表示客觀真理、科學事實等。如:The earth goes round the sun.
2、 現在進行時
(1) 表示說話時或現階段正在進行的動作,常與now, at present等時間狀語連用。如:
What are you doing now?
(2) 和always, continually等連用,表一種經常反復的動作,常含有某種情感。如:
He is always doing good deeds.
3、 現在完成時
主要表示動作發生在過去,對現在仍有影響,或動作一直延續到現在,或可能還要繼續下去,常與just, already, so far, once, never 等詞連用。如:Have you ever been to Beijing?
4、一般將來時
表示將來某一時間要發生的動作或存在的狀態,常與tomorrow, next year等連用。如:
I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.
We're going to see a film next Monday.
5、一般過去時
表示在過去某一時間或某一階段內發生的動作或存在的狀態,常與yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等詞連用。如:It happened many years ago.
6、過去進行時
表示過去某一時刻或某一時期正在發生的動作。如:
What were you doing this time yesterday?
7、 過去完成時
表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經發生或完成了的動作。如:
The train had already left before we arrived.
8、一般過去將來時
表示說話人從過去的角度來看將來發生的動作。如:
He said he would come, but he didn't.
9、被動語態 被動語態的時態,以give為例。
時/式 一般 進行 完成
現在 am is given are am is being are has been given have
過去 was given were was being given were had been given
將來 shall be given will shall have been given will
過去將來 should be given would should have been given would
II.例題
例1 I learned that her father ____ in 1950.
A had died B died C dead D is dead
解析:該題正確答案為B。從句中的謂語動詞動作雖然發生在主句謂語動詞的動作之前,但因從句中有明確的過去時間狀語in 1950, 所以不用過去完成時態,而用一般過去時態。
例2 The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents.
A is looked B has looked for
C is being looked for D has been looked
解析:該題正確答案為C。在帶有介詞的動詞短語用於被動語態句中,介詞不能省,否則就變成了不及物動詞短語,而不能用於被動語態的句子中。
短語動詞
I. 要點
英語中有許多短語動詞在意義上是一個整體,其用法有的相當於及物動詞,有的相當於不及物動詞,有的兼有及物動詞和不及物動詞的特徵。英語短語動詞的構成主要有以下六種:
(1) 動詞+介詞
常見的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞後。如:
Don't laugh at others.
I didn't care about it.
(2) 動詞+副詞
常見的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞,既可放在副詞前邊,又可放在副詞後邊;賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞,則要放在副詞前邊。如:You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.
Please don't forget to hand it in.
(3) 動詞+副詞+介詞
常見的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞後邊。如:
All his money added up to no more than $100.
After a short rest, he went on with his research work.
(4) 動詞+名詞+介詞
常見的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞後邊。如:You should pay attention to your handwriting.
We should make full use of our time.
(5) 動詞+形容詞
常見的有leave open, set free, cut open等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞,則賓語可放在形容詞的前邊,也可放在後邊;賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞,則必須放在形容詞前邊。如:
The prisoners were set free.
He cut it open.
(6) 動詞+名詞
常見的有take place, make friends等。這類短語動詞用作不及物動詞。如:
This story took place three years ago.
I make friends with a lot of people.
(7)辨析
give away(讓給,暴露) 和 give up(放棄,停止)
put away(放起,收起) 和 put out (撲滅)
turn up(出席,放大) 和 turn on (打開)
keep out(阻止) 和 keep off (不讓靠近)
make up(編造,補上) 和 make out(辨認)
take off(脫,起飛) 和 take out(拿出)
II. 例題
例1 It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.
A put away B kept up C given away D laid up
解析:該題正確uot;;give away意為"分發";lay up"貯藏"。例2 Here's my card. Let's keep in ____.
A touch B relation C connection D friendship
解析:該題正確答案為A. keep in touch為短語動詞,意為"保持聯系"。
例3 ____! There's a train coming.
A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on
解析:該題選A. look out 意為"小心"。
動詞不定式
I. 要點
1、 不定式的形式。以動詞write為例。
式|語態 主動語態 被動語態
一般式 to write to be written
完成式 to have written to have been written
進行式 to be writing
完成進行式 to have been writing
2、 不定式的句法功能
(1) 作主語
To hear from you is nice.
To be a good teacher is not easy.
不定式作主語時,為了保持句子的平衡,往往以it作形式主語,而不定式置於謂語動詞後。如:It's nice to hear from you.
It's not easy to be a good teacher.
(2) 作賓語
通常用於want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等詞後。如:
I forgot to lock the door.
Please remember to write to me.
(3) 作表語
My job is to pick up letters.
He seemed to have heard nothing.
(4) 作定語
不定式作定語時,須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞後。如:
I have two letters to write.
I have a lot of work to do.
(5) 作賓補
通常用於want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等詞後。如:
He ordered her to leave at once.
He was forced to obey his order.
(6) 作狀語
He got up early to catch the first bus.
He worked hard to catch up with the other students.
(7) 作獨立成分
To tell you the truth, I told a lie.
(8) "疑問詞+不定式"結構。 如:
I don't know how to choose them.
I cannot decide where to go.
(9)不定式的否定式。如:
I decided not to go.
(10)不定式的完成式。如:
He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.
The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.
(11)too…to 結構。如:
He was too excited to go to sleep.
He was only too glad to go. (他太高興了,樂意去)
(12)主動表被動。如:
The book is easy to read.
I have a book to read.
II.例題
例1 I haven't got a chair ____.
A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting
解析:該題選C。不定式to sit on在句中作定語,修飾名詞chair. 因為不定式和它所修飾的名詞間是"動賓關系",所以不定式必須是及物動詞,故此處on不能省略。
例2 He was made ____. A go B gone C going D to go
解析:該題選D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被動形式,不定式do前的to不能省略。
例3 A new factory is ____ very soon.
A to be built B built
C to build D to building
解析:該題選A。is to be built意為"將要被建"。
Ⅱ 英語幾大語法
主語
1.名詞
2.代詞
定語
3.冠詞和數詞
4.形容詞和副詞
謂語
5.動詞
6.動名詞
7.動詞不定式
其他
8.分詞
9.獨立主格專
10.動詞的時態屬
11.動詞的語態
12.句子的種類
13.倒裝
14.主謂一致
15.虛擬語氣
16.名詞性從句
17.定語從句
18.狀語從句
Ⅲ 英語共計多少種語法全部的,多少種詞。
一共16個時態,分別是:
1、一般現在時 。
2、一般過去時 。
3、一般將來時。
4、一般過去將來時。
5、現在進行時 。
6、過去進行時 。
7、將來進行時 。
8、過去將來進行時。
9、現在完成時 。
10、過去完成時 。
11、將來完成時 。
12、過去將來完成時。
13、現在完成進行時 。
14、過去完成進行時 。
15、將來完成進行時 。
16、過去將來完成進行時。
(3)英語5大語法擴展閱讀:
英語測試
英國:國際英語測試系統(IELTS,International English Language Testing System,雅思),劍橋英文認證(Cambridge Main Suit),劍橋商務英語(Cambridge Business EnglishCertificate)。
美國:托福(TOEFL),機考托福(CBT;逐漸廢除),網考托福(iBT),托業(TOEIC,商用英文考試),英語口語水平測試(TSE)。
中國大陸:,大學英語考試(CET),大學英語四級考試(CET-4),大學英語六級考試(CET-6),高等學校英語專業考試(TEM),英語專業四級考試(TEM-4),英語專業八級考試(TEM-8),英語等級考試(PETS)。
中國台灣:全民英語能力分級檢定測驗(GEPT)。
Ⅳ 英語語法大全
初一英語語法用法復習大全
時間: 2008年11月13日 作者: 來源:網路
1. 形容詞的用法:
形容詞用以修飾名詞,表示人或事物的特徵。在句中可以作定語、表語,用於限定被修飾語的特徵,如長短、大小、重量、顏色、高矮、胖瘦、新舊等,。
,「限定詞」包括:冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、或數詞,它位於各類形容詞前。它本身分為三位,即:前、中、後。前位限定詞有all、half、both、分數和倍數;中位限定詞有冠詞、指示代詞、物主代詞等;後位限定詞有基數詞和序數詞,但序數詞位於基數詞前。如:both my hands、all half his income等。「描繪」性形容詞如:beautiful、bad、cold、great等。「大長高」表示大小、長短、高低等一些詞。表示「形狀」的詞如:round square等。「國籍」指一個國家或地區的詞。「材料」的詞如:wooden, woolen, stone,silk等。「作用類別」的詞如:medical, college,writing desk,police car等。
The little girl is very pretty. 這個小女孩很好看。
--I want that one. 我想要那個。
--Which one? 哪一個?
--The new blue one. 那個藍色新的。
Can I have a look at the big nice one? 我能看一看那個大的漂亮的嗎?
2、人稱代詞:
是用來表示人的代詞,有單數和負數之分,有主格和賓格之分。人稱代詞的主格在句中作主語;人稱代詞的賓格在句中作賓語,是作動詞或介詞的賓語。
主格:I, we, you, he, she, it, they在句子中作主語
賓格:me, us, you, him, her, it, them在句子中作賓語
He and I are in the same class. 我和他在同一個班級。
Can you see them in the street? 你能看見他們在街上嗎?
3、可數名詞和不可數名詞
英語中名詞分為可數名詞和不可數名詞。凡是可數計數的名詞叫做可數名詞;凡是不可以計數的名詞叫做不可數名詞。
(1)可數名詞分為單數和復數兩種形式。可數名詞前可以用不定冠詞、數詞或some many等修飾。如:a man a desk an apple an orange some books some children tow pens
(2)不可數名詞沒有復數形式,前面不能用不定冠詞、數詞或many等詞語修飾,但可以用some a little much等詞語來修飾。有時可以與一些量詞短語搭配,這些量詞短語中的名詞一般是可數的,有單數形式,也可以有復數形式。如:some water a little milk much food a piece of bread tow bottles of ink some glasses of water
4、祈使句
祈使句用來表示請求、命令等,句中沒有主語,肯定形式由謂語或者謂語+賓語(+賓語補足語)構成,否定形式則在句前加Don』t.
Stand up, please. 請起立。
Don』t worry. 別擔心。
can的用法:
can是情態動詞,表示「能,會,可以,被允許等」,其後接動詞原形,否定形式為cannot,可縮寫為can』t.
She can speak Japanese. 她會講日語。
I can』t remember his name. 我不記得他的名字了。
Can you spell your name? 你會拼寫你的名字嗎?
5、現在進行時態:
概念:表示現在(說話瞬間)正在進行或發生的動作,也可以表示目前一段時間內或現階段正在進行的活動。
結構:由be動詞(am, is, are) + 動詞ing構成,其中be動詞要與主語保持性數一致。
Mary is flying a kite in the park. 瑪麗正在公園里放風箏。
--What are you doing now?你現在在干什麼?
--I』m reading English. 我正在讀英語。
Are they drawing the pictures now?他們正在畫畫嗎?
動詞現在分詞是動詞原形變化而來的,規則變化如下:
動詞ing形式叫動詞現在分詞,其構成如下:
1) 直接在動詞後加ing
play—playing, do—doing, talk—talking, sing--singing
2) 以不發音的字母e結尾的動詞,先去e,再加ing
make—making, write—writing, have—having, take—taking
3) 以重讀閉音節結尾的動詞且詞尾只有一個輔音字母,應雙寫這個輔音字母,再加ing
run—running, stop—stopping, put—putting, swim—swimming
注意對現在進行時態的判斷。判斷一個英語句子用什麼時態,主要看句子的時間狀語,一般說來,每種時態都有與之相對應的時間狀語。現在進行時表示現在(說話瞬間)正在進行或發生的動作。因此,這個時態最常用的時間狀語是now;但有不少句子並沒有now,只能通過提示語如look、listen等或者通過上下文來確定用現在進行時。
She is cleaning her room now. 她正在打掃房間。
Look! The girl is dancing over there. 看!那個女孩在那裡跳舞。
--Can you go and play games with me? 你能和我們一起做游戲嗎?
--Can』t you see I am doing my homework? 你沒看見我正在做作業嗎?
6、have/ has的用法:
1) 謂語動詞have表示「有」,有兩種形式:have和has,前者用於第一人稱(I, we),第二人稱(you)和第三人稱復數(they),後者用於第三人稱單數(he, she, it)或單數名詞。
I have an apple and he has two bananas. 我有一個蘋果,他有兩個香蕉。
You have a new English teacher. 你們有了一個新的英語老師。
It has two big eyes. 它有一雙大眼睛。
Julie and Jack have a nice car. 朱莉和傑克有一輛好看的車。
2) have/has句型與there be句型的比較:兩者都表示「有」,但用法不同。前者表示所屬關系,即表示「某人或某物有什麼」,而後者表示存在,表示「某地有什麼」。
They have some new books. 他們有一些新書。
There are some new books on their desks. 他們桌子上有一些新書。
She has a lot of pretty skirts. 她有很多漂亮的裙子。
Ⅳ 英語語法五感都包括什麼
感覺動詞:look,sound,taste,smell,feel
這些動詞要滿足s+v+c 結構,eg
he looks young
it souds like a great idea
the soup tastes terrible
Ⅵ 英語語法有多少種
英語一共有多少種時態?
答;英語共16種時態.
http://www.cnite.com/wxf/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=39&BigClassName=%D1%A7%CF%B0%D4%B0%B5%D8&SmallClassName=%D3%A2%D3%EF&SpecialID=0
http://lunwen.zhupao.com/Article/2005-10-25/20070.shtml
English Grammar:動詞的時態
英語共有16種時態,根據近幾年曝光的四、六級考卷分析, 時態測試重點主要有:完成時態——現在完成時、過去完成時、將來完成時;進行時態——現在進行時、過去進行時、將來進行時、完成進行時;一般時態。
一、一般時態
1、一般現在時
(1)一般現在時表示沒有時限的持久存在的動作或狀態或現階段反復發生的動作或狀態,常和副詞 usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week 等連用。例如:
1)The moon moves round the earth..
2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
(2)在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment 以及 if,unless 等引導的時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中,通常用一般現在時代替將來時。例如:
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
(3)某些表示起始的動詞,可用一般現在時表示按規定、計劃或安排要發生的動作,這類動詞有:be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave 等。例如:
1)The plane leaves at three sharp.
2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
(4)在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as 等引導的從句中,也常用一般現在時代替將來時。例如:
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2)You』ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
2.一般過去時
(1)表示過去某一特定時間所發生的、可完成的動作或狀態,常與表示確切過去時間的詞、短語或從句連用。例如:
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2)表示過去習慣性動作。例如:
1)He always went to class last.
2)I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意與be used to doing短語的區別)
3.一般將來時
1)表示將來打算進行或期待發生的動作或狀態。例如:
I shall graate next year.
2)幾種替代形式:
1)be going to +v在口語中廣泛使用,表示准備做或將發生的事情。例如:
I』m going to buy a house when we』ve saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示計劃安排要做的事,具有「必要」的強制性意義。例如:
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to +v表示即將發生的事情。例如:
He was about to start.
4)be e to +v表示預先確定了的事, 必定發生的事。例如:
The train is e to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing 強調即將發生的某種事態。例如:
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.
二、進行時態
1.現在進行時
(1)表示現在正在進行的動作,常與now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等連用。例如:
Don』t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示現階段經常發生的動作, 常與always,continually,forever,constantly等連用。例如:
My father is forever criticizing me.
(3)表示根據計劃或安排在最近要進行的事情。具有這種語法功能的動詞僅限於過渡性動詞。即表示從一個狀態或位置轉移到另一個狀態或位置上去的動詞。常用的有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return等。例如:
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
(4)有些動詞不能用進行時,這是一類表示「感覺,感情,存在,從屬」等的動詞。如:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感覺的詞);hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的動詞);be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在狀態的動詞);have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form(表示佔有與從屬的動詞);understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember(表示思考理解的動詞)。但是如果它們詞義改變,便也可用進行時態。例如:
1)Tom looks pale. What』s wrong with him?
(look 在此為聯系動詞,意為「顯得,看上去」)
2)Tom is looking for his books.
(look 在此為實義動詞,意為「尋找」)
2. 過去進行時
過去進行時表示一個過去的動作發生時或發生後,另一個過去的動作正在進行,或表示過去反復的習慣,常與always,continually,constantly等動詞連用。例如:
1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3. 將來進行時
將來進行時主要表示將來某一時刻正在進行的動作,或表示要在將來某一時刻開始,並繼續下去的動作。常用來表示禮貌的詢問、請求等。例如:
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4. 完成進行時
(現在、過去、將來)完成進行時是(現在、過去、將來)完成時的強調形式,將放在完成時態部分講述。
三、完成時態
完成時態通常表示已完成或從事的動作。它可分為:
1. 現在完成時
(1)現在完成時用來表示對目前狀況仍有影響的,剛剛完成的動作(常與yet,already,just連用),或者過去某一時刻發生的,持續到現在的情況(常與for,since連用)。例如:
1)I have just finished my homework.
2)Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)常與現在完成時連用的時間狀語有:since, for, ring, over等引導出的短語;副詞already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;狀語片語this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如:
1)I haven』t been there for five years.
2)So far, she hasn』t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成時態可用在下列結構中:
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定語從句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定語從句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級+ n +定語從句。如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現在時,從句的謂語動詞通常用現在完成時;如果主句謂語動詞是一般過去時,從句謂語動詞通常用過去完成時。例如:
(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2. 過去完成時
(1)表示過去某時間前已經發生的動作或情況,這個過去的時間可以用by,before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示;或者表示一個動作在另一個過去動作之前已經完成。例如:
1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)動詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過去完成時,表示過去的希望、預期、意圖或願望等沒有實現。例如:
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn』t able to get away.
另外兩種表示「過去想做而未做的事」的表達方式是:
1)was / were + to have done sth, 例如:
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn』t.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如:
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)過去完成時常用於以下固定句型:
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 過去完成時+ when + 過去時。例如:
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +過去完成時+ than +過去時。例如:
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +過去時間,主句中謂語動詞用過去完成時。例如:
The experiment had been finished by 4 o』clock yesterday afternoon.
3. 將來完成時
將來完成時表示在將來某一時刻將完成或在另一個未來的動作發生之前已經完成的動作;也可以用來表示一種猜測。常與將來完成時連用的時間狀語有:by (the time / the end of ) + 表示將來時間的短語和句子;before (the end of ) + 表示將來時間的詞語或句子;when, after等加上表示將來動作的句子等。例如:
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o』clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4. 完成進行時
完成進行時是完成時的強調形式,有現在完成進行時,過去完成進行時,將來完成進行時。
(1)現在完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態一直延續到過去某一時刻。例如:
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven』t found it.
(2)過去完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態一直延續到過去某一時刻。例如:
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)將來完成進行時表示在將來某一時刻之前開始的一個動作或狀態一直延續到將來某一時刻。例如:
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四:時態一致
時態一致是英語四、六級考試的一個重要內容。通常應由主句謂語的時態決定從句的謂語時態。一般原則是:
1、當主句謂語使用現在時或將來時,從句的謂語根據具體情況使用任何時態
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
「Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?」 「Yes, but I don』t know who bought it.」
「There』s a lot of excitement on the street.」
「There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?」
2、當主句謂語使用過去時的時候,從句的謂語必須使用過去范圍的時態
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、當從句是表示沒有時間概念的真理時,從句的謂語應使用一般現在時。例如:
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
註:在此種情況下,即使主句謂語用了過去式的各種時態,從句謂語也應用一般現在時。
4、從句謂語只能用虛擬語氣的情況
利用時態一致原則確定從句動詞時態時,還應注意,若主語動詞是表示命令、請求、要求、建議、勸告等的動詞,從句謂語只能用虛擬語氣,不能遵循時態一致原則。例如:
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
動詞的語態
語態也是動詞的一種形式,英語有兩種語態:主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者,而被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者。
1)We use electricity to run machines. (主動語態)
2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被動語態)
1. 不能用於被動語態的動詞和短語
(1)在英語中,不及物動詞不能用於被動語態,但有些不及物動詞(包括短語)容易引起誤用。如:appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。
(2)某些表示狀態或特徵的及物動詞,如:become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也沒有被動語態。
2. 被動語態的時態形式
常用的被動語態有表1 所列的幾種時態形式。
表1
時間 一般時 進行時 完成時
現在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
過去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
將來 shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
過去 should be asked should have been asked
將來 would be asked would have been asked
3. 短語動詞的被動語態
短語動詞轉換為被動語態時,通常被看作是一個動詞,後面的介詞或副詞不能拆開或省略。例如:
1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4.「get + -ed分詞」的被動語態
「get + -ed分詞」結構強調動作的結果,而非動作本身,常用來表示突發性的,出乎意料的偶然事件。例如:
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外,「get + -ed分詞」還可用於談論為自己做的事,是主動的行為而不是被動的行為。例如:
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(離婚)
get engaged(訂婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗臉)
get married(結婚)
5. 能帶兩個賓語和復合賓語的動詞改為被動語態
(1) 能帶兩個賓語的動詞改為被動語態時,一次只能由一個賓語作主語,另一個賓語被保留下來。例如:
1)We showed the visitors our new procts.(主動語態)
2)The visitors were shown our new procts.(被動語態)
3)Our new procts were shown to the visitors.(被動語態)
(2)能帶復合賓語的動詞改為被動語態時,原來的賓語補足語變為主語補足語。例如:
1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主動語態)
2)He was appointed League secretary.(被動語態)
6. 被動語態與系表結構的區別
(1)The novel was well written.(系表結構)
(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被動語態)
7. 少數動詞的主動語態有時有被動的意思
例1:The book is selling remarkably well.
例2:The song sounds very beautiful.
能這樣用的動詞還有read(讀起來),clean(擦起來),wash(洗起來),write(寫起來)。
例3:My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need這樣用的動詞還有:want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
例4:The meat is cooking.
例 5:The book written by the professor is printing.
Ⅶ 英語的幾大語法是什麼
這個內容很來廣啊!
英語語自法是針對英語語言的語法進行的研究,指英語中語言的結構規律。包括詞法和句法。英語的語法既可以是規范性的,也可以是描述性的。
內容很多,你自己看看吧,詞法,句法不是幾句話可以講完的!
http://ke..com/view/328219.htm#4
Ⅷ 五大基本句型和英語語法
英語簡單句自5種基本基本句型:
主
+
謂(不及物動詞)
S+V
eg
the
birds
are
f
lying
主
+
謂(及物動詞)賓
S+V
+O
eg.dogs
like
bones
主
+
謂(及物動詞)賓
+
賓補
S+V
+O
+OC
he
makes
me
laugh
.
主
+
謂(及物動詞)直接賓
+
間接
賓
S+V
+DO
+IO
eg
mum
bought
me
a
book
主
+
謂(聯系動詞)
+表語
S+V
+P
英語語法涉及的知識點太多,此處就不列出來了。