A. 英語語法,定語從句
不是省略先行詞 而是省略關系代詞,關系代詞在從句中作間接賓語,一般應該用介詞to/for加關系代詞表達 即相當於間接賓語。如果關系代詞前面有介詞,則關系代詞不能省略,如果介詞在定從末尾,則關系代詞可以省略。
如he is the man to whom I gave the book.
He is the man (who/whom)i gave the book to。
B. 英語語法中的定語從句的用法請講解下。
定語從句
(一)定語從句一般由關系代詞和關系副詞引導
1、關系代詞:who, whom, whose, which, that, as
2、關系副詞:when, where, why
關系代詞和關系副詞必須位於從句之首,主句先行詞之後,起著連接先行詞和從句的作用,同時在從句中又充當句子成分。
e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.(關系代詞who在從句中作主語)
The comrade with whom I came knows French.(whom在從句中作介詞with的賓語)
3、關系代詞和關系副詞的用法:1)當先行詞為人時用who 作主語,whom作賓語;2)當先行詞為物或整個句子時用which ,可作主語或賓語;3)先行詞為人、物時用that ,可作主語或賓語;4)whose用作定語,可指人或物;5)關系副詞when(指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語,where(指地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語),why(指原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語)。
(二)限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句
1、限制性定語從句:從句與主句關系密切,去掉從句,主句意義不完整,甚至不合邏輯。
e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定語從句,意思就不完整)
2、非限制性定語從句:從句對先行詞關系不密切,去掉定從句,意思仍然完整。形式上用逗號隔開,不能that用引導。
e.g. Tom』s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(who引導非限制性定語從句,整個句子可分成兩句來翻譯)
(三)使用定語從句時特別注意的幾個問題
1、that與which的區別。
1)用that而不用 which的情況:①先行詞為不定代詞all, anything, nothing, …;②先行詞有最高級修飾,有序數詞修飾;③先行詞有only, very, any等詞修飾;④先行詞既有人又有物時。
e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 沒有什麼能阻止他不幹那件事。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他們所參觀的第一個地方是象鼻山。
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這部電影是我看過的最好的一部。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他認識的唯一的外國人。
2)用which而不用 that的情況:①引導非限制性定語從句;②代表整個主句的意思;③介詞 + 關系代詞。
e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他數學考試沒有及格,這使他的父親很生氣。
This is the room in which my father lived last year. 這是父親去年居住過的房子。
3)as引導定語從句時的用法
①as引導限制性定語從句通常用於the same … as, such … as結構中。
e.g. I want the same shirt as my friend』s. 我要一件跟我朋友一樣的襯衫。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我們車間使用的這種機器是中國製造的。
②as引導非限制性定語從句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之後,用來修飾整個句子。通常用下列句型:as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。
e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所預料的那樣,他在這次期中考試中又獲得了第一名。
3)as 引導非限制性定語從句時與which的區別
①當主句和從句語義一致時,用as;反之,用which來引導非限制性定語從句。
e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.
He made a long speech, which was unexpected.
②當非限制定語從句為否定時,常用which引導。
e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn』t like at all.
2. 關系代詞在從句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞單數還是用復數應由先行詞決定。
e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在樓下的那個人英語說得很流利。
The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
3. 定語從句有時不直接緊靠先行詞,中間由一個定語、狀語或謂語隔開。
e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I can』t understand.
4. 引導定語從句的關系副詞有時可以用「介詞 + which」來代替。
e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the People』s Republic of China was founded.
5. 當定語從句中謂語動詞是帶介詞或副詞的固定短語動詞時,短語動詞的各個固定部分不要拆開。
e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.
6. 介詞在關系代詞前,只能用which和whom,且不能省略;介詞在句尾,關系代詞可有which, that, whom, 口語中也可用who,且可省略。
e.g. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.
C. 英語-語法-定語從句
兩種,1.限制性定語從句由that.介詞+which.who.whom.the one引導,2.非限制性定語從句由as.which.who.whom等引導「,」是非限制性定語從句的標志回。
非限制性定語從句引導詞代替的是前面的句子做從句的成分,限答制性定語從句中沒逗號,明白?
只能用「that」的情況:
1.the only+sth.(sth.為先行詞)
2.all作先行詞(1)指人用who(2)指物用that
3.若先行詞和引導詞間隔了一個單詞或成分用that
只能用「who」的情況:
1.先行詞為one、ones、anyone
2.先行詞為those
3.先行詞有較長的後置定語
4.句子中有兩個定語從句後一個的引導詞用who
5.there be開頭的句子
這都是長時間的積累,希望對你有用
D. 英語語法定語從句
1.定語從句的定義:用作定語的從句叫定語從句。
2.先行詞:被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。
3.定語從句的位置:緊跟先行詞(名詞或代詞)之後。
4.引導詞:引導定語從句的詞(包括關系代詞和關系副詞)。
﹙1﹚關系代詞:that/who/whom/which/as
﹙2﹚關系副詞:when/where/why
5.引導詞的位置:位於定語從句之前(先行詞之後)。【as除外】
6.引導詞的功能(作用):
﹙1﹚連接先行詞和定語從句。
﹙2﹚在定語從句中充當一定的成分(關系代詞充當主語或賓語,關系副詞充當狀語)。
7.定語從句的類型:
﹙1﹚限定性定語從句(主句和定語從句之間無逗號)。
①
直接由引導詞引導定語從句
The
man
who
you』re
talking
to
is
my
friend.
②
由介詞+關系代詞(whom/which)引導
The
man
to
whom
you』re
talking
is
my
friend.
I
need
a
pen
with
which
I
can
write
a
letter.
=I
need
a
piece
of
paper
on
which
I
can
write
a
letter.
介詞的選用可根據從句中的相關片語確定,該介詞通常可以放在關系代詞之前,也可放在從句之尾。例如:
The
man
(who/whom/that)
I
talked
about
at
the
meeting
is
from
Beijing
University.
=The
man
about
whom
I
talked
at
the
meeting
is
from
Beijing
University.
The
palace
(which/that)
I
often
pay
a
visit
to
was
built
in
the
17th
century.
=The
palace
to
which
I
often
pay
a
visit
was
built
in
the
17th
century.
﹙2﹚非限定性定語從句(主句和定語從句之間用逗號隔開)。
①
直接由引導詞引導定語從句。
②
由介詞+關系代詞(whom/which)引導。
I
live
in
a
house
far
away
from
the
city,
in
front
of
which
is
a
big
tree.
There
is
an
apple
tree
standing
at
the
gate,
on
which
are
many
apples.
This
is
the
man
to
whom
I
gave
the
book.
③
由「代詞/名詞+of+whom/which」或「of
which/
whom
+名詞/代詞」(先行詞指
人用whom,指物用which)引導。One,
some,
any,
none,
all,
both,
several,
many,
most,
neither,
either等詞、數詞、分數或百分比與of
whom或of
which連用。
He
has
five
children,
two
of
whom
are
abroad.
(比較:He
has
five
children,
and
two
of
them
are
abroad.)
We
have
three
books,
none
of
which
is/are
interesting.
(比較:We
have
three
books,
but
none
of
them
is/are
interesting.)
除why和that不能引導非限定性定語從句外,其餘引導詞都可以,用法同限定性定語從句一樣。但要注意以下區別。
1.在形式上非限定性定語從句與主句有逗號隔開。
2.非限定性定語從句的作用:它只是補充說明先行詞的情況,翻譯時可譯成兩個句子。
The
engineer,
whose
leg
was
badly
hurt,
was
quickly
sent
to
hospital.
(那位工程師被很快送往醫院,其腿部受了重傷)
The
engineer
whose
leg
was
badly
hurt
was
quickly
sent
to
hospital.
(那位腿部受了重傷的工程師被很快送往醫院)
3.在非限定性定語從句中,任何引導詞都不能省略(包括引導詞在此定語從句中充當賓語在內)。指人做主語時只能用who,
做賓語時用whom;
指物做主語,賓語都用which;
關系副詞用when或where,也不能省略。
E. 英語語法 定語從句
這明顯是語法錯誤,書中例句是有問題的,因為從句完整,所以應該用關系副詞when
F. 英語定語從句的主要語法
關系詞的選用是重點
一. 選准關系代詞和關系副詞
在定語從句中,關系代詞或關系副詞都代替先行詞在從句中充當一定的成分,如果該從句中缺少主語、表語、賓語或定語,就要用關系代詞來連接從句;如果從句中缺少狀語,就得用關系副詞來連接從句。例如:
(1)I still remember the days which / that we spent together .
(2)I still remember the days when we worked together .
二. 了解僅用that 引導限制性定語從句的幾種情況
that 在限制性定語從句中既可指人又可指事或物。在下列情況下,只能用that 來引導定語從句:
1. 先行詞是all , much , few , little , everything , anything , nothing 等不定代詞時。例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy ?
2. 先行詞被all , few , little , much , every , some , no 等詞修飾或被the only , the very , the same , the last 等限定詞修飾時。例如:
These are all the pictures that I have seen .
This is the very dictionary that is of great help .
3. 先行詞既指人又指物時。例如:
My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember .
4. 關系代詞在定語從句中作表語時。例如:
Our school is not the one that it used to be .
5. 先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數詞修飾時。例如:
This is the best English film that I have ever seen .
The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities .
6. 主句是who 或which 引導的特殊問句時。例如:
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree ?
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday ?
三. 把握「介詞+關系代詞」結構中介詞的選用
介詞的選擇與主句中先行詞的搭配密切相關。例如:
That」s the reason for which he was late for school .
This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan .
注意:
1. 定語從句中謂語動詞是含有介詞的動詞短語時,介詞應放在動詞之後,不能拆開放在關系代詞前。例如:
This is the key which you are looking for .
This is the baby whom you will look after.
2. 該結構中,關系代詞指人時用whom,指物時用which .
四. 弄清as 和which 引導的非限制性定語從句指代整體時的區別
1. 位置上的區別:as 引導的非限制性定語從句的位置比較靈活,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句後,還可插在主句的中間;而which 引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之後。例如:
As is known to us all , the earth turns around the sun .
The earth , as is known to us all , turns around the sun .
The earth turns around the sun , as is known to us all .
The earth turns around the sun , which our parents once told us when we were very young .
2. 詞義與聯繫上的區別:as 引導的非限制性定語從句與主句之間有著較為密切的上下文聯系,as 本身含有「正如」之意;而which 引導的非限制性定語從句與主句之間在邏輯意義上近似並列句,which 本身表示「這」或「這一點」之意。例如:
Light travels faster than sound , as we all know .
Jack came late for school , which made his teacher angry .
五. 注意定語從句的主謂一致性
關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句的謂語必須與先行詞保持人稱和數的一致。例如:
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.
Tom is the only one of the the boys who is from the USA.
六. 保持主句的完整性並避免從句成分的重疊
1. 在定語從句中,不管出現任何情況,主句的結構必須完整,即主句必須有主語和謂語,缺一不可,否則,整個主從復合句就無法成立。試比較:
(1)Is this factory _____________ we visited last week ?
(2)Is this the factory ____________ we visited last week ?
A. which B. where C. what D. the one
分析:
第一題缺少表語,只有填D項才能保持主句的完整性,而其他的選項均為干擾項。
第二題主句本身完整,應填的關系代詞在從句中作visited 的賓語,故應選A項。
2. 從定語從句中,關系代詞或關系副詞已經代替先行詞獨立地或與相應的介詞一起在定語從句中充當了一定的成分,因此在定語從句中就不能再出現與關系代(副)詞重疊的成分。例如:
錯句:Is this the train that they took it last Sunday ?
分析:該題中that 已經代替先行詞the train 在定語從句中充當及物動詞took 的賓語,故重疊出現的賓語it必須刪去
G. 英語語法 定語從句
這些你還是自己看抄書吧,平時認真聽課。這里和你講也會很復雜的
定語從句大類分成限制性和非限制性。
其中限制性定語從句中又有對事物的修飾,對人的修飾以及對人和物共同的修飾。
如果事物作為修行詞且沒有序數詞,最高級的情況下,用that
或
which
,如果做狀語,則要用when,where或in
which
如果先行詞是一個原因,用why或者for
which
如果先行詞是一個人,用who
如果先行詞是不定代詞,序數詞,最高級,關聯詞只能用that
如果先行詞在定語從句中做賓語成分,關聯詞可以不需要。
H. 英語定語從句,語法
定語從句中,連接先行詞和定語的叫關系代詞或關系副詞。有一些情況下,關系代詞可以省略:
1、當關系代詞所代替的先行詞在定語從句中做賓語,關系詞可以省略。Whoistheman(that/who/whom)youweretalkingto? 剛才和你講話的人是誰?
2、當關系代詞that在定語從句中用作表語時,可以省略。
Chinaisnotthecountry(that)itwas. 中國已不是過去的中國了。
3、關系副詞when用於day,year,time少數詞後時可以省略(也可換成that)Thatwastheyear(that)Ifirstwentabroad. 就是那一年我第一次出國。
4、關系副詞where用於place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少數詞後時可以省略(也可換成that)。
Thisistheplace(where)theymetyesterday. 這就是他們昨天碰頭的地方。
5、當關系代詞that在定語從句中用作賓語補足時,可以省略。
I』mnotthemadman(that)youthoughtme. 我並不是你所認為的那個瘋子。
6、關系副詞why通常只用於the reason後引導定語從句,且通常可換成that或for which,這些連接詞都可以省略。
That』s the reason (why, for which, that) he came. 這就是他來的原因。
Give me one reason (why) we should help you. 給我舉出一個我們應當幫助你的理由。
如有疑問,請追問,滿意,請採納,謝謝。