高中英語語法結構圖

A. 高中英語語法總結

分詞（participle）
現在分詞一般式 否定式 完成式 被動式
Doing Not doing Having done Being done
Not having done Having been done
Not being done
現在分詞，過去分詞
現在分詞表示被動，表進行；及物動詞的過去分詞表被動，完成。
Boiling water 正在沸騰的水 boiled water 已經開過的水
The rising sun 正在升起的太陽 the risen sun 升起了的太陽
A developing country 發展中國家 a developed country 發達國家
*現在分詞和過去分詞都可以在句中作表語，定語，狀語和賓語補足語。
作表語
。現在分詞作表語一般表示主語的特徵和句中主語是主謂關系，主語一般是物，有時也可以是人。
。過去分詞做表語一般表示主語所處的狀態和句中主語是邏輯的動賓關系，主語一般是人，也可以是物。
（1） the film is moving we are moved
disappoint /surprise /move /frighten /inspire /interest
The boy is disappointing and his father is disappointed.
He tried be calm, but his voice sounded a bit surprised.
be covered /lined with
The door remained locked They remained listening.
2.做定語：
有些詞的過去分詞有兩種 learned /learned burned /burnt lighted/light
一般規則變化的做定語，不規則變化的不做定語
*單獨的一個分詞做定語通常放在被修飾詞的前邊，分詞短語做定語放在被修飾詞的後邊，相當於一個定語從句。
1（ 使動詞的用法
*a girl named Mary came to see me .
*a girl calling herself Mary came to see me .
a moved girl = a girl who was moved a moving film =a film which is moving
a surprised look /expression on his face
2) I read the book written (which was written) by lu xun
Tell the children playing the guitar not to make so much noise.
The building being built is our teaching building.
He lives in a room facing the south.
註：有些詞只能用定語從句表達而不能用過去分詞的形式。
The boy who came to see me is my brother.
There were accidents that always happened.
3) 現在分詞短語和過去分詞短語都可以做非限制性定語，相當於一個非限制性定語從句 . The book, written in 1980, tells of struggle.
2.作狀語： 時間狀語，原因狀語，條件狀語，伴隨狀語。
He went into the lab, following other students.
The teacher went into the lab, followed by a group of students.
Being a young people, he is always ready to help others.= as he is a young people ,…..
Given more time, he would do it even better. =if we were more time ,………..
Being ill, he didn』t go to school. = as he is ill ,he didn』t ……..
Not knowing what to do, went to ask marl.
Not having received her lessons well, she failed in the exam.
Having finished her work, she went home.
Getting up early, you』ll catch the bus. =if you get earlier ,……..
considering 就…而言 考慮到，各方面考慮起來
She seems very bright, considering.
Considering the distance, he arrived quickly.
The hall is still in good condition, considering that it was built almost 1000 years ago.
註：1) Generally speaking, he is a good person.
Judging from his skin, he is an African.
He left home, determined not to set his foot in his home.
但是 to tell the truth ,……. To be honest ………
regarding = about 關於…的問題
He spoke to me regarding his failure .
I must speak to you regarding this matter.
2) 分詞做狀語，分詞的邏輯主語必須與主句的主語一致。
While visiting a city, a guidebook is very useful.
While reading the letter, tears come to her eyes. (錯誤)
當分詞做狀語，分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不一致時， 分詞可以在自己的前 面加上自己的邏輯主語，這樣後構成的短語叫獨立主格結構，一般用逗號與主句分開。
It being Sunday .I don』t have to go to work.
He being a party member, his deeds are expected by all.
Our work having been finished, we went home.
They』re being no buses, we went home.
Weather permitting; we』ll start on Saturday.
Mr. smith is shy and doesn』t speak until spoken to.
4. 做賓語補足語。
see , watch , hear , notice , feel , find , get , have , leave , keep +n./+分詞
I』m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
When he woke up , he found himself lying on the ground .
Don』t have the medicine working all the time.
I won』t have you talking to your mother like this .否定表示不允許，不容忍。
* get sb. /sth . doing 使。。重新開始
get the clock going get the car going 跑/ start 啟動
It』s not hard to get the children speaking, but it』s hard to stop them.
I often hear the song sung in English.
he spoke loudly in order to make himself heard clearly .
I saw the boy beaten by tom.
The teacher found jack seated / sitting in the room.
The boy was last seen playing in the river.
註： dress ---- be dressed seat ------be seated fix ---one』s eye be fixed on
We found her dressed in red today.
The thief was caught stealing
Dressed in red, she went out.
We found him hidden behind the door.
We sat there silent, her eyes fixed on that army camp.
I didn』t hear a single word in his talk referring to your absence from the meeting.
Do you know the man referred to at the meeting?
He walked along the river, his hands folded across his shoulder.
Feel one』s heart beating fast. /his face exposed.
Compared with tom, he is an honest man.
Comparing what he had with tom, he is satisfied.

The Gerund 動名詞

—。 構成。
語態/形式 一般式 完成式 復合結構
主動 Doing Having done One』s doing
被動 Being done Having been done
否定形式一律在其前加not

II .用途： 定語，賓語，主語，表語
做主語：動名詞做主語，謂語動詞用單數。
Smoking does harm to your health.
Tom』s coming made us happy.
Her not coming back made her father angry.
His being punished by the teacher is known to us.
Looking after children is her job.
Seeing is believing （前後對應）眼見為實。
Teaching is learning 教學相長。
My falling ill worried him greatly.
注意下列結構: It is no use / good / useful doing
It is no good quarrelling with them.
It is no use regretting what you have done.
2. 定語
動名詞做定語表示用途。（即 ving 做定語有兩個意思 1）表動作在進行 2）表用途）

a walking stick / a changing room 更衣室／ a hiding place / an operating table
a collecting tin / a weight machine / building material / drinking water / swimming pool
a washing machine / a sleeping car / a smoking room / sowing machine 播種機
booking office 售票處 ／ training class 訓練班 ／translating machine 翻譯機
3．作表語，可以與主語互相轉換。
His worst habit is eating too fast.
Our job is playing all kinds of instruments.
Their job is making model planes.
The real problem is getting all the materials ready before the end of the month.
The problem is his son』s having taken the other』s money.
4. 做賓語。
動名詞既可以做動詞賓語，也可以作介詞賓語。
He has finished reading the book.
We could hear the noise of the desk』s being opened. and closed.
He came to attend the concert without being invited.
He suggested the text』s being translated into Chinese.
You should practise listening to English.
She looked forward to receiving her mother』s letter.
注意：1)有些動詞或動詞短語後面， 必須用動名詞做賓語，而不用不定式。
enjoy , finish , mind , risk , avoid , forbid , excuse , practise , imagine , suggest , delay , miss , escape , can』t help , consider ,
be worth doing / be busy doing / give up doing / put off doing / insist on doing
keep / prevent /stop from doing feel like doing / prefer doing to doing
be afraid of / be tired of / be fond of / be proud of /succeed in
. the wounded solider escaped being killed in the fighting .
do you mind my smoking here ?
Don』t be afraid of asking for help.
The boy insisted on being severed with cake.
2)要特別注意以下幾個片語
pay attention to / look forward to / devote oneself to / make contribution to
stick to / be /get used to / object to / refer to / get down to / see to （ 處理）
He objected to being treated as a child.
The scientist devoted himself to inventing this new machine.
有些動詞跟to do 和doing 均可，但意思不同。
forget to do 忘記做/去做一件事 （沒有做）
forget doing 忘記過去做過某事 。
I forget to close the window when I left my office.
Don』t forget to post the letter for me.
I forget meeting you in the street the other day.
remember to do 記住去做某事
remember doing 記得做過某事
please remember to close the window when you leave .
I remember having given the book to you.
regret to do 對現在要發生的事情表示遺憾，抱歉。
Regret doing 對已經發生的事情表示後悔。
I regret to say / to tell you that I can』t go with you.
He regretted having told you about it.
mean to do 打算，想要做，有做某事的意圖。
Mean doing 意味著
I mean to go with you.
He didn』t mean to hurt you.
It means finishing in time.
Giving him such books to read means waste his time .
e. try to do 試圖於，設法干，盡力於
try doing 試著干
The boy tried to open the door.
He tried driving a bus.
stop to do /doing
go on to do / doing
be sure to do 肯定會 ，講會者肯定
be sure of doing 主語自己會
He is sure to come
I am sure of his coming.
H. like /hate to do
Like hate doing
Nobody likes being laughed at.
4. 注意： need, want require +doing = need, want, require to be done
The room wants cleaning / to be cleaned
The child needs looking after / to be looked after
5. 有些 介詞加doing 表示時間
on /upon doing = as soon as
in doing = when /while
On hearing the news, he jumped with joy.
In working in shanghai, he made a lot of friends.
=While working in shanghai, he made a lot of friends.

B. 高中英語語法知識

非謂語動詞
在英語中，動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞（包括現在分詞和過去分詞）可以出現在句子中除謂語以外的任何一個位置上，充當句子的主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補語等成分，這些動詞形式稱為非謂語動詞。
非謂語動詞主要的句法功能一覽表：
非謂語動詞 功能
主語 賓語 表語 定語 狀語 補語
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
動名詞 √ √ √ √
分詞 √ √ √ √

Ⅰ). 作主語----doing/ to do：
⒈ 沒有多大區別。動詞原形不能在句中作主語
To see is to believe 百聞不如一見。=Seeing is believing.

⒉ doing抽象籠統的一般行為
to do具體的特別是將來的動作
Smoking is bad for health. 吸煙對人身體有害。 （籠統地談吸煙問題）
To finish the job in two days is impossible. 要在兩天之內完成這項工作是不可能的。（具體地談這項工作）

⒊ it用形式主語於句首常用不定式置於句尾
* It is /was + adj./ n. /-ed +to do
* It is no use/good/a waste of time + doing sth.
It is impossible to finish the job in two days.
It is no good/ use having a car if you can』t drive.如果你不會開車，有車也沒用。
It is a waste of time watching TV. 看電視是浪費時間。

⒋ There is no…句型中，常用doing作主語。
There is no saying what will happen. 無法估計將會發生什麼事。
There is no use making an excuse for this.為這事編造借口沒用。

Ⅱ). 作賓語-------doing/ to do：
⒈ 有些及物動詞後面只能接doing作賓語，不能接不定式，常見的有：
void 避免/ miss錯過/ postpone 推遲/ suggest 建議/ finish 完成/ practise練習/ enjoy 喜歡/ imagine 想像/ can』t help禁不住/ admit 承認/ deny 否認/ envy 嫉妒/escape 逃脫/ risk 冒險/ forgive 原諒/ stand 忍受/ keep保持/ mind 介意/ appreciate 感激,贊賞/ consider 認為/ delay 耽誤/ detest 討厭/ miss 想念/ resist 抵抗/ understand 理解/ feel like想要
I』m sorry I missed seeing you while in Shanghai.很遺憾，我在上海時沒看到你。
He suggested discussing the problem at the class meeting. 他建議在班會上討論這個問題。
Would you mind closing the window? 你介意把窗戶關上嗎？
Will you admit having broken the window?你承不承認打破了窗戶了？
He avoided giving us a definite answer.他避免給我們一個肯定的回答。
I was afraid to let the boy risk climbing the tree.我不敢讓這個男孩冒險爬那棵樹。
I couldn』t help crying when I heard the news.聽到這個消息我不禁哭起來。

⒉有些動詞後面只能跟to do作賓語，不能接動名詞，如：wish, hope, expect, offer, manage, decide, refuse, agree, pretend, promise, seem, fail
I don』t wish to be disturbed in my work.我不願在工作中被打攪。
We managed to get there in time.我們設法及時到了那裡。
He pretended to be reading a book.他假裝在讀書。
They promised to get up early.他們答應早起床。
He refused to do that job.他拒絕做那工作。

⒊ 有些動詞後面既可以接動名詞，也可以接不定式作賓語，其意義基本一樣，如： begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, can』t stand, 但like, love 和would 或should 連用時，接不定式作賓語。
例 句 解 析
1. It began to rain. It began raining.
2. It was beginning to snow.
3. I love lying (to lie)on my back.
4. I like listening to music, but today I don』t like to.
5. I don』 t prefer to swim in the river now.
1. 意思無差別，但謂語動詞用進行時，後面只跟不定式。
2. 表示一種傾向多接動名詞作賓語，如果表示某一特定的或具體的行動，多接不定式。

⒋有些動詞後面既可接動名詞又可接不定式作賓語，但意義不同。如：
⑴mean to do sth. 打算干某事mean doing 意味著…
I didn』t mean to hurt you.我沒打算傷害你。
Missing the bus means waiting for an hour.誤了車就意味著等一個小時。

⑵stop to do sth.停下來去做某事stop doing sth. 停止做某事
I was lost and had to stop to ask the way.我迷路了只好停下來問路。
They stopped talking.他們停止了談話。

⑶go on to do sth. （做完一件事之後）接著做（另一件事）go on doing sth.繼續做某事
After learning history, we went on to learn geography.學完歷史之後，我們接著學地理。
You shouldn』t go on living this way.你不應當繼續過這樣的生活了。

⑷try to do sth. 試圖做某事try doing sth.試試做某事（往往表示某種方法或方式）
Let』s try knocking at the back door.咱們敲敲後邊的門試試。
We tried to solve the problem.我們努力想解決這個問題。

⑸forget, regret, remember後接to do表示尚未發生的動作，接doing表示已經發生動作。
I forgot to write him a letter.我忘了給他寫信。（ 以前沒寫信）
I forgot writing him a letter.我忘了以前曾寫信給他。 （曾寫過信）
I remember seeing you before. 我記得以前見過你。（ 曾見過）
Please remember to write to me.請記住要給我寫信。 （目前還沒寫）
I regretted speaking to them about it.我後悔跟他們講過那件事。 （以前講過）
I regret to tell you that you didn』t pass the exam.我遺憾地告訴你，你考試沒及格。 （以前沒告訴過你）

⑹be used to do sth. 被用來做…be used to doing sth. 習慣於做…
We are used to going to bed early.我們習慣於早睡。
Wood can be used to make paper.木材可以用來造紙。

⑺can』t help（to）do sth. 不能幫助做某事can』t help doing sth. 不禁…
We can』t help to solve the problem.我們不能幫助解決這個問題。
On hearing the news, we couldn』t help laughing. 一聽到這個消息，我們忍不住大笑起來。

⑻allow, permit, advise, forbid, consider + doing /+ sb to do
We don』t allow smoking here.我們這里不允許吸煙。
We don』t allow them to smoke.我們不允許他們吸煙。
He advised having a rest.他建議休息。
He advised me to have a rest.他建議我休息。
I considered going to Canada.我考慮去加拿大。
I consider him to be honest.我認為他誠實。

⑼need, require, want + to be done/ doing 「需要（被作某種處置）」
The bridge needs/ requires/ wants repairing.
=The bridge needs/ requires/ wants to be repaired. 這個橋梁需要修一修了。

⒌介詞（除but以外）後面的動詞賓語一律用doing形式。
They are interested in singing.
他們愛好唱歌。（ 動名詞singing作介詞in的賓語）
* but 與no, not any, all 等詞連用時為介詞，但其後面的動詞用to do，
如果but前面有實義動詞do 的任何形式，則but 後面用動詞原形do
He did nothing but cry.
他什麼也沒做，只是哭。（but 前面有實義動詞did, 所以but後面要接動詞原形）
I had no choice but to cry.
我別無辦法，只好哭。（but前面沒有實義動詞do,所以but後面要跟不定式形式）

⒍ 「wh- + to do，這一結構可轉換成該疑問詞引導的從句。
It hasn』t been decided where to go. 還沒決定到哪裡去。（主語）
I found out where to buy fruit cheaper.我找到了廉價買水果的地方。（賓語）
The question is what to write about.問題是應寫什麼。（表語）

Ⅲ. 作表語---doing/ to do/ done：
⒈ doing比較抽象籠統的一般行為
to do具體某次動作，特別是將來動作
有時兩者都可以用，在意思上沒多大區別。
My job is typing letters and papers.
我的工作就是打信件和文件。（打信件和文件是我日常的工作）
The next step is to discuss the suggestion raised by him.
下一步將是討論他提出的問題。

⒉ 主表一致
當主語是doing形式時，表語一般也用doing，如主語是to do，表語一般也用to do
Saving is having. =To save is to have. 節約即是收入。
（不能說Saving is to have.或To save is having.）
Teaching is learning.=To teach is to learn. 教書是學習。
(不能說Teaching is to learn.或To teach is learning.)

⒊ doing作表語多表示主語所具有的特徵，有時可譯為「令人…的」；
done作表語多表示主語所處的狀態，有時可譯為「感到…的」。
interesting 令人有興趣的，有趣的 interested 感興趣的
tiring 令人疲勞的 tired 感到疲倦的
moving 令人感動的 moved 受到感動的
exciting 令人激動的 excited 感到激動的
puzzling 令人迷惑的 puzzled 感到迷惑的
disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的
She felt a bit disappointed. 她感到有點失望。
The result is disappointing. 結果令人失望。
The news is exciting. 消息令人興奮。
I was excited at the news. 聽到這個消息我很興奮。

**⒋ 過去分詞作表語與被動語態的區別：(be + p.p)
被動語態表示一個動作，過去分詞作表語表示主語的特點或所處的狀態。如：
The window is broken.
窗戶打破了。（分詞作表語，表示現在窗戶處於破碎的狀態）
The window was broken by the boy.
窗戶是被那個小男孩打破的。（被動語態，表窗戶是被誰打破的，表動作）
The book is well written.
這本書寫得不錯。（分詞作表語，表狀態）
The book was written by her.
這本書是她寫的。（被動語態，表動作）
The tree is fallen.
樹倒了。（分詞作表語，表狀態）

Ⅳ. 作定語----to do/ doing/ done：
⒈ to do 做後置定語，與中心詞構成邏輯上的動賓關系，表示將要發生的動作或狀態
I have something important to tell you. (something important 是tell you的邏輯賓語)
我有重要的事情要告訴你。
I want to get something to read ring the winter vacation. （something 是read的邏輯賓語）
我想找點書在寒假讀。
** 若to do是不及物動詞介詞不可省略
We are looking for a paper to write on.
我們正在找寫字用的紙。
I』m not sure which restaurant to eat at.
我對在哪家餐館吃飯沒有把握。
It would be a comfortable room to live in.
這房間住起來會很舒適。
** 常用to do作定語的情況
1)名詞前有序數詞、最高級所修飾This is the first building to be designed by him.
這是由他設計的第一棟樓房。
They are the first to come, and the last to leave.
他們是最先來而最後離開。
He is the oldest athlete ever to win an Olympic gold medal.
他贏得奧運金牌的年齡最大的運動員。
2) 只能接to do 做賓語的動詞轉化的名詞

⒉ 動名詞作定語表示該名詞的用途，
現在分詞作定語表示該名詞正在進行的動作或存在的狀態。
a reading room (=a room for reading ) 閱覽室（動名詞）
a swimming pool (=a pool for swimming)游泳池（動名詞）
a swimming girl (=a girl who is swimming)在游泳的女孩（現在分詞）
a sleeping car (=a car for sleeping)一節卧車 （動名詞）
a sleeping girl (=a girl who is sleeping)在睡覺的女孩（現在分詞）

⒊ doing作定語，多表示動作正在進行/與謂語動詞同時進行/經常性的動作或狀態；
done作定語，則多表示分詞動作「先於謂語動詞表示的動作」，表「被動」
⑴Did you see the boy dancing with the girl?
= the boy who was dancing with the girl (表正在進行)
⑵There were 50 children returning from school.
= 50 children who were returning from school（表正在進行）
⑶The factory making the cars is a small one.
= The factory which makes the cars (表示經常性)
⑷I live in a house facing the north.
=a house that faces the north (表狀態)
⑸It is the problem left over by history.
= which have been left over by history. (先於謂語動詞的動作、表被動)
⑹He is a leader respected by the people.
= who is respected by the people. (表被動)

⒋ being +done作定語時，表示一個正在進行的、被動的動作
The freeway being built will lead to Xingang Seaport.= which is being built (表正在被修建的)

⒌having + done不能作定語，此時可以用一個定於從句代替
完成作業的那些人現在可以回家了。
誤：Those having finished their homework can go home now.
正：Those who have finished their homework can go home now.
Ⅴ. 作狀語---- to do/ doing/ done：
⒈ doing作狀語往往和邏輯主語之間存在主動關系，表示時間、原因、方式、結果、條件、伴隨情況
Walking down the street, I met an old friend of mine.(時間狀語，walk 和meet 同時發生)
Hearing the cry for help, they all rushed out.(原因狀語，hear 和rush out 幾乎同時發生)
We sat by the window, talking about what had happened.(伴隨狀語，talk 和sit同時發生)
Having brushed my teeth, I came downstairs for breakfast.(時間狀語，brush teeth 在come downstairs 之前發生)`
Thinking it over, you will not take the job.= If you think it over (條件狀語)
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.(原因狀語，be there在offer之前發生)

⒉ done作狀語表示被動或完成的動作，表示原因、時間、條件、伴隨等。
⑴Encouraged by the teacher, we worked still harder than ever.
( = As we were encouraged by the teacher)
受到老師的鼓勵，我們比以前更努力地學習。（原因狀語）
⑵Considered from this point of view, the question will be of great importance.
( = If it is considered from the point of view)
若從這個角度考慮，那個問題很重要。（條件狀語）
⑶Seen from the hill, the town looks nice.
(= When the town is seen from the hill) (時間狀語)
⑷He turned away disappointed.
( = and he was disappointed) (伴隨狀語)

⒊ to do/ in order to do /so as to do(不於句首)用不定式作目的狀語
I studied hard to pass the exam.為了通過這次考試我努力讀書。
為了強調目的，有時可把不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加。如：
In order to /To be there on time, we got up early.為了按時到那兒，我們起的很早。
He sold them so as to /in order to/ to have money to buy some food.他把它們賣掉是為了有錢買食物。

⒋ (only/ never) to do 表示出人意料的結果。
I came in only to find nobody here.
我走進來，卻發現這兒一個人都沒有。（表意外結果,加only用來強調意外）
He hurried to the station to find the train had gone.
他匆忙趕往車站，結果發現火車開走了。（表意外結果）
The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song.
= and made it the most popular song
全國到處在傳唱這首歌曲，使它成了一首最受人歡迎的歌曲。（沒有意外結果的意思）

⒌ 獨立主格
1) 「名詞（主格代詞）+doing」相當於一個狀語從句，表示條件、原因、結果、伴隨等。
⑴The bus being very crowded, he had to stand.
=As the bus was very crowded…
公共汽車很擠，他只好站著。（表原因）(分詞的邏輯主語是the bus，句子的主語是he)
⑵All the guests having left, we began cleaning up the room.
= After all the guests had left…
所有的客人走了之後，我們開始打掃房間。（表時間）（分詞的邏輯主語是all the guests,句子的主語是we）
⑶ 「Mama！」 she cried suddenly, tears rolling down her cheeks.
= …，and tears rolled down her cheeks.
「媽媽」，她突然哭了，眼淚順著臉頰流下來。(表伴隨)（分詞的邏輯主語是tears,句子的主語是she）
2) 分詞的獨立結構作狀語
assuming
admitting
according to /owing to/judging by/from
considering/seeing/given/allowing for
concerning/regarding
generally speaking
saving/expecting
supposing/providing/provided
talking to/about

Ⅵ. 作補足語----to do/ doing/ done：
⒈ to do作補足語表主動的動作，
doing作補足語表正在進行的動作，
done/to be done作補足語表被動的動作。
Would you like us to go with you?你願意我們和你一起去嗎？ （我們去）
She could fell her heart beating violently.她可以感到自己的心跳得很厲害。（心正在跳動）
Please get your baby examined.請讓你的孩子檢查一下。（孩子被檢查）

⒉
感官動詞 do→做了某事 (被動還原 to have/ let 除外)
S．+ + 賓語 + doing→正在做某事 (being done 被動)
使役動詞 done→被動 完成
I saw him crossing the road.
我看到他正在過馬路。（指在馬路中間或過馬路的途中）
I saw him cross the road.
我看見他過了馬路。（指看見他過了馬路這個過程）
I saw him beaten black and blue.
我看到他被打得青一塊紫一塊。（指看見他被打）
**巧記感官動詞和使役動詞----「一感二聽三讓五看」
feel,/ hear, listen to, / let, make, have, /look at, see, , watch, notice, observe
*①以上動詞接to do作賓補時不帶to。被動語態時要還原to
help 後面的to do 做賓補 to 可帶可不帶 *They were made to pay back the money.他們被迫還錢。
He was noticed to leave the office.有人注意到他離開了辦公室。

*②* have +賓語+doing
常和will/would not連用，表示「不允許某人總是或反復地做某事」
I won』t have him speaking to me like that.我不允許他那樣對我講話。

⒊ 要求接帶to 的不定式作其賓補的動詞有：
force, tell, invite, expect, wish, advise, warn, cause, order, encourage, persuade, beg, permit, allow等
He advised me to give up smoking.他建議我戒煙。
We encouraged him to try again.我們鼓勵他再試試。
At the meeting they invited me to speak.在會議上他們邀請我發言。

4. with 復合結構
with + 賓語 + to do (將來， 主動表被動)
with + 賓語 + doing (現在或過去主動， 現在被動：being done)
with + 賓語 + done (過去，被動)

C. 高中英語語法

分詞（participle）
現在分詞一般式 否定式 完成式 被動式
Doing Not doing Having done Being done
Not having done Having been done
Not being done
現在分詞，過去分詞
現在分詞表示被動，表進行；及物動詞的過去分詞表被動，完成。
Boiling water 正在沸騰的水 boiled water 已經開過的水
The rising sun 正在升起的太陽 the risen sun 升起了的太陽
A developing country 發展中國家 a developed country 發達國家
*現在分詞和過去分詞都可以在句中作表語，定語，狀語和賓語補足語。
作表語
。現在分詞作表語一般表示主語的特徵和句中主語是主謂關系，主語一般是物，有時也可以是人。
。過去分詞做表語一般表示主語所處的狀態和句中主語是邏輯的動賓關系，主語一般是人，也可以是物。
（1） the film is moving we are moved
disappoint /surprise /move /frighten /inspire /interest
The boy is disappointing and his father is disappointed.
He tried be calm, but his voice sounded a bit surprised.
be covered /lined with
The door remained locked They remained listening.
2.做定語：
有些詞的過去分詞有兩種 learned /learned burned /burnt lighted/light
一般規則變化的做定語，不規則變化的不做定語
*單獨的一個分詞做定語通常放在被修飾詞的前邊，分詞短語做定語放在被修飾詞的後邊，相當於一個定語從句。
1（ 使動詞的用法
*a girl named Mary came to see me .
*a girl calling herself Mary came to see me .
a moved girl = a girl who was moved a moving film =a film which is moving
a surprised look /expression on his face
2) I read the book written (which was written) by lu xun
Tell the children playing the guitar not to make so much noise.
The building being built is our teaching building.
He lives in a room facing the south.
註：有些詞只能用定語從句表達而不能用過去分詞的形式。
The boy who came to see me is my brother.
There were accidents that always happened.
3) 現在分詞短語和過去分詞短語都可以做非限制性定語，相當於一個非限制性定語從句 . The book, written in 1980, tells of struggle.
2.作狀語： 時間狀語，原因狀語，條件狀語，伴隨狀語。
He went into the lab, following other students.
The teacher went into the lab, followed by a group of students.
Being a young people, he is always ready to help others.= as he is a young people ,…..
Given more time, he would do it even better. =if we were more time ,………..
Being ill, he didn』t go to school. = as he is ill ,he didn』t ……..
Not knowing what to do, went to ask marl.
Not having received her lessons well, she failed in the exam.
Having finished her work, she went home.
Getting up early, you』ll catch the bus. =if you get earlier ,……..
considering 就…而言 考慮到，各方面考慮起來
She seems very bright, considering.
Considering the distance, he arrived quickly.
The hall is still in good condition, considering that it was built almost 1000 years ago.
註：1) Generally speaking, he is a good person.
Judging from his skin, he is an African.
He left home, determined not to set his foot in his home.
但是 to tell the truth ,……. To be honest ………
regarding = about 關於…的問題
He spoke to me regarding his failure .
I must speak to you regarding this matter.
2) 分詞做狀語，分詞的邏輯主語必須與主句的主語一致。
While visiting a city, a guidebook is very useful.
While reading the letter, tears come to her eyes. (錯誤)
當分詞做狀語，分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不一致時， 分詞可以在自己的前 面加上自己的邏輯主語，這樣後構成的短語叫獨立主格結構，一般用逗號與主句分開。
It being Sunday .I don』t have to go to work.
He being a party member, his deeds are expected by all.
Our work having been finished, we went home.
They』re being no buses, we went home.
Weather permitting; we』ll start on Saturday.
Mr. smith is shy and doesn』t speak until spoken to.
4. 做賓語補足語。
see , watch , hear , notice , feel , find , get , have , leave , keep n./ 分詞
I』m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
When he woke up , he found himself lying on the ground .
Don』t have the medicine working all the time.
I won』t have you talking to your mother like this .否定表示不允許，不容忍。
* get sb. /sth . doing 使。。重新開始
get the clock going get the car going 跑/ start 啟動
It』s not hard to get the children speaking, but it』s hard to stop them.
I often hear the song sung in English.
he spoke loudly in order to make himself heard clearly .
I saw the boy beaten by tom.
The teacher found jack seated / sitting in the room.
The boy was last seen playing in the river.
註： dress ---- be dressed seat ------be seated fix ---one』s eye be fixed on
We found her dressed in red today.
The thief was caught stealing
Dressed in red, she went out.
We found him hidden behind the door.
We sat there silent, her eyes fixed on that army camp.
I didn』t hear a single word in his talk referring to your absence from the meeting.
Do you know the man referred to at the meeting?
He walked along the river, his hands folded across his shoulder.
Feel one』s heart beating fast. /his face exposed.
Compared with tom, he is an honest man.
Comparing what he had with tom, he is satisfied.

The Gerund 動名詞

—。 構成。
語態/形式 一般式 完成式 復合結構
主動 Doing Having done One』s doing
被動 Being done Having been done
否定形式一律在其前加not

II .用途： 定語，賓語，主語，表語
做主語：動名詞做主語，謂語動詞用單數。
Smoking does harm to your health.
Tom』s coming made us happy.
Her not coming back made her father angry.
His being punished by the teacher is known to us.
Looking after children is her job.
Seeing is believing （前後對應）眼見為實。
Teaching is learning 教學相長。
My falling ill worried him greatly.
注意下列結構: It is no use / good / useful doing
It is no good quarrelling with them.
It is no use regretting what you have done.
2. 定語
動名詞做定語表示用途。（即 ving 做定語有兩個意思 1）表動作在進行 2）表用途）

a walking stick / a changing room 更衣室／ a hiding place / an operating table
a collecting tin / a weight machine / building material / drinking water / swimming pool
a washing machine / a sleeping car / a smoking room / sowing machine 播種機
booking office 售票處 ／ training class 訓練班 ／translating machine 翻譯機
3．作表語，可以與主語互相轉換。
His worst habit is eating too fast.
Our job is playing all kinds of instruments.
Their job is making model planes.
The real problem is getting all the materials ready before the end of the month.
The problem is his son』s having taken the other』s money.
4. 做賓語。
動名詞既可以做動詞賓語，也可以作介詞賓語。
He has finished reading the book.
We could hear the noise of the desk』s being opened. and closed.
He came to attend the concert without being invited.
He suggested the text』s being translated into Chinese.
You should practise listening to English.
She looked forward to receiving her mother』s letter.
注意：1)有些動詞或動詞短語後面， 必須用動名詞做賓語，而不用不定式。
enjoy , finish , mind , risk , avoid , forbid , excuse , practise , imagine , suggest , delay , miss , escape , can』t help , consider ,
be worth doing / be busy doing / give up doing / put off doing / insist on doing
keep / prevent /stop from doing feel like doing / prefer doing to doing
be afraid of / be tired of / be fond of / be proud of /succeed in
. the wounded solider escaped being killed in the fighting .
do you mind my smoking here ?
Don』t be afraid of asking for help.
The boy insisted on being severed with cake.
2)要特別注意以下幾個片語
pay attention to / look forward to / devote oneself to / make contribution to
stick to / be /get used to / object to / refer to / get down to / see to （ 處理）
He objected to being treated as a child.
The scientist devoted himself to inventing this new machine.
有些動詞跟to do 和doing 均可，但意思不同。
forget to do 忘記做/去做一件事 （沒有做）
forget doing 忘記過去做過某事 。
I forget to close the window when I left my office.
Don』t forget to post the letter for me.
I forget meeting you in the street the other day.
remember to do 記住去做某事
remember doing 記得做過某事
please remember to close the window when you leave .
I remember having given the book to you.
regret to do 對現在要發生的事情表示遺憾，抱歉。
Regret doing 對已經發生的事情表示後悔。
I regret to say / to tell you that I can』t go with you.
He regretted having told you about it.
mean to do 打算，想要做，有做某事的意圖。
Mean doing 意味著
I mean to go with you.
He didn』t mean to hurt you.
It means finishing in time.
Giving him such books to read means waste his time .
e. try to do 試圖於，設法干，盡力於
try doing 試著干
The boy tried to open the door.
He tried driving a bus.
stop to do /doing
go on to do / doing
be sure to do 肯定會 ，講會者肯定
be sure of doing 主語自己會
He is sure to come
I am sure of his coming.
H. like /hate to do
Like hate doing
Nobody likes being laughed at.
4. 注意： need, want require doing = need, want, require to be done
The room wants cleaning / to be cleaned
The child needs looking after / to be looked after
5. 有些 介詞加doing 表示時間
on /upon doing = as soon as
in doing = when /while
On hearing the news, he jumped with joy.
In working in shanghai, he made a lot of friends.
=While working in shanghai, he made a lot of friends.

D. 高中英語語法。。。急~

看完我給您的回答，估計您就無需再往下看了。您問題的本質是定語從句和強調句型的問題。
1、結合前面提供的語境（你是在哪遇見那個明星的？），本句應該填where，用的是定語從句的用法，意思為：就是在我當天下榻的那家酒店裡（遇見的）。
對於本題，如果你把前面的語境去掉的話，填that或where都是可以的，但意思有區別：
（1）填that就是強調句，強調的是in the hotel，意思為：那天我就是呆在（或下榻在）那天酒店。這個時候對應的前提應該是「你那天真的是下榻在那家酒店嗎？」這樣的「確認性質」的疑問句。
（2）填where就是定語從句，沒有任何強調的意思，只是用後面的短句補充說明hotel這個中心詞，語法上理解成定語從句（後置定語的一種）。

2、本句明顯就是強調句型，強調的是it was ……that之間的部分，也就是in a quiz program。從本質上講，強調句就是主語從句的倒裝（一定要理解這一點，而不是死記強調句型），也就是說，it是後面Angela...這一句的形式主語，還原後應該是：Angela won the mystery prize in a quiz program，為和要倒裝，就是為了強調「地點狀語」，強調句的概念就是這么來的。

簡言之，上面2句的本質區別如下：
1、從語境看，該句空格後面的是定語從句，是用來修飾、說明、補充前面的中心詞hotel的，而且hotel是stay嚴格意義上的賓語（只不過在英語中stay當成不及物動詞看待，所以即便是定語從句也用where而不用which或that）
2、該句形式上是強調句，而所有的強調句在本質上是主語從句的倒裝形式，空格後面所引導從句的謂語動詞won的賓語是prize（獎項）而不是program（節目或項目）。所以，此句中雖然填that卻並不是定語從句，而是主語從句的倒裝。

最後給你提2個建議，供參考：
（1）高中階段的「主從復合句」是英語學習中的難點，一定要句子結構（主、謂、賓、定、狀、補）和詞類（名、動、形、副、介、連、嘆等）深刻地理解好，必須具備的語法分析能力是：無論碰到多麼長的句子，都能清晰地把句子的主幹找出來。這才是真正意義上的語法邏輯，其它的都是詞法（構詞法）和用法（用詞法）的問題。這個語法分析能力一旦掌握對你學習任何語言都是終身受用的，因為它能把所有的語言現象串起來，是語言的「根」，否則單詞記得再多，語法還是不行。
（2）英語的句法（遣詞造句）跟漢語是非常類似的，也最好對照起來學習，讓你用既有的漢語知識幫助你更好地理解英語。千萬不要死記，要融會貫通：學有餘力的時候一定要想想這個單詞或短語的意思是怎麼來的，而不是像某些人圖簡單所說的「這是成語、慣用語、習慣用法」。

E. 高中英語語法

你提了一個很抄好的問題襲。圖片例句里，have failed是完成時，表示已經完成的動作。這個例句沒有上下文，我個人認為不加have也是可以的，例如：She was ashamed of failing the examination.

F. 求高中英語語法思維大圖

[教學步驟]Teachingprocess

Step1Greetings

Step2Lead-in

BytheendofSeniorGrade2,.AndsincelastSeptember,.Inthisclasswe』.Asusual,we』llexplaingrammarinChinese.

語法包括詞法和句法兩部分。

Step3Morphology詞法

1.復習十大詞類名稱。英語的實詞虛詞與漢語略有不同。

2.名詞：主要有名詞分類，單復數及所有格。理解名詞分類以後，對單復數就容易理解。名詞變復數的規則以及名詞所有格主要是初一所學，這里省略。

3.動詞：動詞知識是十大詞類當中最多的一個詞類，包括四種分類，五種形式，十六種時態，兩種語態，三種非謂語動詞，以及虛擬語氣。如果你願意按一二三四五六去記憶也行（一指虛擬語氣，六指十六種時態）。較為詳細復習。復習內容見課件以及後面的語法體系表。

4.代詞：共有八種不同的代詞。

5.數詞：包括基數詞，序數詞，分數詞，百分數，倍數等。對百分之多少的人或物要注意英漢表達方式上的差異。

6.形容詞：復習一下多個形容詞作定語的順序位置，但主要知識點是比較級與最高級。

7.副詞：主要知識點是比較級與最高級。數詞，形容詞與副詞比較級知識中都涉及到倍數的表達方式。要表示「甲物體是乙物體的三倍大」，有三個句型，一定要掌握。

AisthreetimesthesizeofB.

AisthreetimesasbigasB.

AistwicebiggerthanB.

8.冠詞：冠詞總共三個，a和an是不定冠詞，the是定冠詞，定冠詞最主要的用法就是「特指」。

這里特別提一下表示類指（即表示某一類人或物）的用法，以下三個句型意思一樣，但表達不同。

Ahorseisausefulanimal.（馬是有用的動物）

Thehorseisausefulanimal.

Horsesareusefulanimals.

9.連詞

連詞主要放在並列句或從句中學習，這里省略。

10.介詞

介詞有一些搭配可以分類理解但絕大多數介詞都是固定搭配或習慣用法，靠平時掌握。

11.感嘆詞，基本不考查。

12.構詞法（wordformation）

1)合成（compounding）如blackboard,classroom,basketball,等。

2)轉化（conversion），如Putupyourhand.（hand是名詞）

Pleasehandmesomepaper.（hand=pass，傳遞，動詞）

3)派生（derivation），即加前後綴，如appear→disappear,sad→sadness,expect→unexpected。

Step4Sentencestructures句法

1.句子成分（membersofthesentence）：英語的句子成分主要有：主語，謂語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語，賓語補足語，同位語，插入語。

2.簡單句的五種基本結構：

1)主語+謂語（SV）：Helaughed.Ileft.

2)主語+系動詞+表語（SVP）：WeareChinese.Helooksfine.

3)主語+謂語+賓語（SVO）：WestudyEnglish.LinTaolikesfootball.

4)主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語（SVOO）(間賓+直賓=雙賓)

Hegavemeabook..

5)主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語（SVOC）（賓語+賓補=復合賓語）

ThefathernamedthebabyTom..

從以上結構中可以看出，每個簡單句都一定有一個主語部分，一個謂語部分，用英語表示就是SV。

3.句子分類：英語句子按功能用途分有四類，按結構分有三類（見後表）。

4.句子分析

簡單句只有一個主謂結構，但可以是並列主語，也可以是並列謂語，並列賓語，如：.

並列句就是用並列連詞連接兩個或更多個簡單句，但每個簡單句是並列關系，如：.

,buthealsospokemoreeasily.

復合句就是用關聯詞把兩個或更多個句子連在一起，其中一個作主句，其它作從句。最簡單的復合句是用關聯詞把兩個簡單句連在一起，一個主句，一個從句。如何判斷從句，只要看從句在全句中的句子成分，如果一個句子作主語，我們就叫它為主語從句，一個句子作賓語就叫賓語從句，作表語就叫表語從句，其餘類推。例如：

Whenhewillcomeisunknown.（從句作主語，叫主語從句）

Idon』tknowwhenhewillcome.（從句作賓語，叫賓語從句）

Thequestioniswhenhewillcome.（從句作表語，叫表語從句）

Ihavenoideawhenhewillcome.（從句作同位語，叫同位語從句）

?（從句作定語，叫定語從句）

Whenhecomes,pleasecallme.（從句作時間狀語，叫時間狀語從句）

Asiswellknown,TaiwanispartofChina.（定語從句）

.（劃線部分是主句，後面that引導主語從句）

.（劃線部分是主句，後面that引導賓語從句）

.（主語從句）

有時，某些題要求把句子結構分析准確才好確定答案，例如：

There____nobus,wehadtowalkhome.

A.wasB.isC.tobeD.being（正確答案選D.）

wehadtowalkhome是一個主謂完整的句子，前面用逗號，但全句又沒有關聯詞或並列連詞，所以全句是一個簡單句，Therebeingnobus是獨立主格結構，作狀語。對比：

Therewasnobus；wehadtowalkhome.（並列句）

Therewasnobus,sowehadtowalkhome.（並列句）

Becausetherewasnobus,wehadtowalkhome.（because引導原因狀語從句）

5.其它句法專題：

直接引語和間接引語，倒裝句，強調句，主謂一致，therebe句型，it的用法，省略，固定句型。

在理解的基礎上，記住一些例句，對這些句法是比較容易掌握的，這里不詳細復習。

我還有一個課件，沒法在這里上傳，如果你需要，請留信箱。

G. 大神幫我做一份簡單的高中英語語法結構圖，請發[email protected],

搜外語下載中心 這個上面非常全

H. 有誰有這英語語法結構圖系列的完整版啊 沒有的話同樣是語法結構的也行。求幫助啊

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