Ⅰ 需要英語非謂語語法整理。
1.不定式
)l)作主語
To go to the palace without jewellery is to say 「I』m poor.」
不戴珠寶去宮廷就是說:「我很窮。」
To learn a foreingn language is not easy.
學習外語不是一件容易的事。
通常情況下,我們用it代替不定式作形式主語,而把不定式放到句子後邊。其句型為:
It is /was +形容詞(或名詞)+ of /for sb.to do…
It is difficult for the students to read the book.
學生們讀這本書有點難。
It is careless of him to break the cup.
他太粗心,把杯子打破了。
此句型中不定式的邏輯主語是由for引導
還是由of引 導,取決於of或for前的形容詞。如果形容詞可修飾人則用of,如果形容詞不能修飾人,則用for; 名詞後只能用for。
(2)作賓語
They hope to find new resources for mankind.
他們希望為人類找到新資源。
I didn』t dare to stop, so I ran quickly toward the school.
我不敢停下來,所以就飛快地朝學校跑去。
不定式作賓語,只能跟在某些動詞後,常見的動詞有:agree, arrange, ask, choose, dare, learn, demand, expect, hope, wish, manage, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse,decide等。
(3)作賓語補足語
1)可以用帶to的不定式作賓補的動詞有:ask, tell, order, invite, beg, force, forbid,get, allow, permit, wish, want, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, command, warn, cause 等。如:
He persuaded all the world-famous pop stars to come and sing at one of these concerts for free.
他說服了所有世界著名的歌星免費參加這些音樂會中的一場演出。
Marx was forced to leave his homeland for some political reasons. 由於一些政治原因,馬克思被迫離開自己的祖國。
2)think, consider ,believe, suppose, know, feel, find, understand, declare, take這類動詞的復合賓語,不定式多由「to be+形容詞」構成。如:
He doesn』t consider that to be important.
他認為那不重要。
They find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful. 他們發現中國人幸福快樂。
3)能用不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語的
動詞有:兩聽,五看,一感覺。即:hear, listen to, see, watch, look, at, notice, observe, feel等。如:
I often hear them sing this song.
我經常聽到他們唱這首歌。
Did you notice anyone take the book away?
你有沒有注意到誰拿走了那本書?
4)使役動詞make,let,have後,用不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語。如:
The teacher makes us read English every day.
老師讓我們每天讀英語。
The soldiers had him stand with his back to his father. 士兵們讓他背對他父親站著。
(4)作定語
1)不定式作定語通常放在所修飾的名詞或代詞之後。如:
Do you have anything more to say?
你還有什麼要說的嗎?
I have a lot of work to do today.
今天我有很多事要做。
2)作定語用的不定式為不及物動詞時,不定式後應有必要的介詞。如:
There is nothing to worry about.
沒有什麼可擔心的。
She has many important things to attend to.
她有很多重要的事情要處理。
(5)作狀語
不定式作狀語,可表示目的、結果或原因。
Ⅱ 高中英語中的非謂語動詞的語法有
高中英語之難點 ---非謂語動詞的復習
語法教學材料:非謂語動詞
動詞的非謂語形式有三種:不定式、動名詞和分詞. (一)不定式
不定式由「 to十動詞原形」構成,其否定形式是「 not to do」.不定式可以帶賓語或狀語構成不定式短語,沒有人稱和數的變化,但有時態和語態的變化.不定式可作主語、賓語、狀語、表語和定語,但不能單獨作謂語.不定式的邏輯主語有時用「 for十名詞或代詞賓格」構成.
1.不定式的用法:
l)作主語.不定式短語作主語時,往往放在謂語之後,用 it作形式主語.例如:
To see is to believe.
It is right to give up smoking.
2)作賓語.不定式短語作賓語時,如果還帶有賓語補足語。往往把不定式賓語放在賓語補足語之後,而用 it作形式賓語.例如:
He wanted to go.
I find it interesting to study work with him.
3)作賓語補足語.例如:
He asked me to do the work with him.
注意 :在 feel,hear,listen to,look at,notice, observe,see,watch,have,let,make等詞後的補足語中,不定式不帶 to.但是這些句子如果變成被動結構時,就必須帶 to.例如
I often hear him sing the song.
He is often heard to sing the song.
注意:不定式動詞在介詞 but,except,besides後面時,如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞 do的各種形式,那麼,這些介詞後的不定式不帶 to,否則要帶 to.如:
She could do nothing but cry.
What do you like to do besides swim?
I have no choice but to go.
4)作定語.例如:
I have some books for you to read. 注①作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等,不定式後面須有相應的介詞.例如:
He is looking for a room to live in.
There is nothing to worry about.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
但是,不定式所修飾的名詞如果是 time,place或 way,不定式後面的介詞習慣上要省去.例如:
He had no money and no place to live.
注②當作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的承受者時,不定式既可以用主動語態,也可用被動語態,但其含義有所不同.試比較:
A) Have you anything to send?
你有什麼東西要寄嗎?
(不走式 to send的動作執行者是 you)
B) Have you anything to be sent?
你有什麼要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎?(不定式 to be sent的動作執行者是已被省略的 me或 someone else)
5)作狀語,表示目的、原因、結果或條件.例如:
I came here to see you.(目的)
We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)
He hurried to the school to find nobody there.(結果)
To look at him, you would like him.(條件)
目的狀語還可以用 in order to或 so as to來表示.如:
In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard.
We ran all the way so as not to be late.
不定式也可在作表語用的形容詞後面作狀語.例如:
I am very glad to hear it.
The question is difficult to answer.
「 too十形容詞或副詞十不定式」作狀語.例如:
He is too old to do that.
另外句子中有 enough這個詞時,常用不定式作狀語.例如:
The room is big enough to hold us.
6)作表語.例如:
My job is to help the patient.
7)作獨立成分.例如:
To tell the truth, I don』t agree with you.
8)不定式與疑問詞 who,which,when,where,how,what等連用,在句中起名詞作用,可充當主語、表語、賓語等.例如:
He didn』t know what to say.(賓語)
How to solve the problem is very important.(主語)
My question is when to start. (表語)
注意:在與 why連用時,只用於 why或 why not開頭的簡短疑問句中,後面緊跟的動詞不定式不帶 to.例如:
Why not have a rest?
9)不定式在句中用主動式還是被動式。多數情況下是容易判別的,但有時的確比較復雜,請注意以-下幾點:
A)不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構成主謂關系時,不定式往往用主動形式.
Have you got a key to unlock the door?
(A key unlocks the door.)
B)不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構成邏輯上的動賓關系,又和該句主語構成邏輯上的主謂關系時,不定式常用主動形式.
I have got a letter to write.( I write letter.)
He needs a room to live in.( He lives in a room.)
I know what to do.( I do what.)但這句如改為下列形式,不定式就得用被動形式: I know what is to be done.
這是因為 what is to be done是賓語從句,從句中的主語 what是動詞 do的動作對象
C)不定式作表語形容詞的狀語,和句中主語構成邏輯上的動賓關系時,不定式多用主動形式,這是因為人們往往認為形容詞後者去了 for one或 for people.例如:
He is hard to talk to.( to talk to him.)
The book is difficult to understand.( to understand the book.)
但如果強調句中的受事者時,亦可用不定式被動式,例如:
The handwriting is very difficult to be read.
The box is too heavy to be lifted.
D)在 there十 be的結構中,當說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時,不定式用主動形式,如果說話人強調的是事情本身必須完成,則用被動形式.
There is a lot of work to do.( Somebody has to do the work.)
There is a lot of work to be done. ( The work has to be done.)
請注意下面兩個句子的含義是不同的:
There is nothing to do.意為無事可做,感到十分乏味.
There is nothing to be done.意為某東西壞了,無法使之恢復正常.
2.不定式的時態
l)不定式的一般形式所表示的動作,通常與謂語的動作(狀態)同時(或幾乎同時)發生,或是在它之後發生.例如:
I saw him go out.
2)如果謂語表示的動作(情況)發生時,不定式表示的動作正在進行,這時不定式就要用進行式.例如:
I am very glad to be working with you.
3)如果不定式的動作發生在謂語動詞之前,就要用完成式.例如:
I』m sorry to have kept you waiting.
3.不定式的語態
當不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動形式。例如: He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. It is possible for our hopes to be realized. (二)動名詞
1.動名詞由動詞十 ing構成;具有動詞和名詞的性質;在句中起名詞作用,可作主語、賓語、表語和定語.
1)作主語.例如:
Seeing is believing.
Laying eggs is the ant queen』s full- time job.
It is no use arguing with him.
注意:動名詞和不定式都可以作主語,動名詞作主語表示一般或抽象的多次性行為,不定式作主語往往表示具體的或一次性的動作.例如:
Playing with fire is dangerous.(泛指玩火)
To play with fire will be dangerous.(指一具體動作)
但在 It is no use/ good,not any use/ good,useless等後必需用動名詞。
2)作表語.例如:
Her job is teaching.
3)作賓語.例如:
He is fond of playing football.
I like swimming.
注① admit,appreciate,avoid,consider, delay, dislike,enjoy,escape, excuse,face,feel. like,finish,forgive,give up, imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,put off,resist, risk,suggest,can』t help,can』t stand(無法忍受)等動詞後可以用動名詞作賓語,但不能用不定式.
注② forget,go on,like,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等動詞可帶動名詞或不定式作賓語,但意義上有區別。
I remember doing the exercise. (我記得做過練習.)
I must remember to do it. (我必須記著做這事.)
I tried not to go there.(我沒法不去那裡.)
I tried doing it again. (我試著又幹了一次.)
Stop speaking. (不要講話。)
He stopped to talk. (他停下來講話.)
I mean to come early today. (我打算今早些來.)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
(誤了這趟火車意味著再等一個小時.)
注③在 allow,advise,forbid,permit等動詞後直接跟動詞作賓語時,要用動名詞形式,如果後面有名詞或代詞作賓語,然後再跟動詞作賓語補足語時,其賓語補足語用帶 to的不定式.例如:
We don』t allow smoking here.
We don' t allow students to smoke.
注④動詞 need,require,want作「需要」解,其後跟動詞作它的賓語時,必須用動名詞,或不定式的被動式.這時,動名詞的主動式表示被動意義.例如:
The window needs( requires,wants) cleaning( to be cleaned)
注⑤在短語 devote to,look forward to,stick to,to be used to,object to,thank you for,excuse me for,be( kept) busy,be worth,have difficulty/ trouble/ problem (in),have a good/ wonderful/ hard time(in),there』s no use/good/ need,feel/ look/seem/ like/get down to等後的動詞也必須用動名詞形式.例如:
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
注⑥在 love,hate,prefer等動詞後用動名詞或不定式無多大區別。
但說話人有所指的時候,通常用不定式。
注⑦start,begin,continue在書面語中多後接動名詞,在口語中多後接不定式。
注⑧在 should(would) like/ love等後須用不定式。
4)作定語.例如:
He has a reading room.
2.動名詞的復合結構
動名詞的復合結構由物主代詞或人稱代詞賓格,名詞所有格或普通格加動名詞構成.在句子開頭必須用名詞所有格或物主代詞.例如:
His coming made me very happy.
Mary』s crying annoyed him.
She didn』t mind his crying.
Is there any hope fo Xiao Wang』s winning.
3.動名詞的時態和語態.
l)動名詞的時態
動名詞的時態分一般式和完成式兩種,如果動名詞的動作沒有明確地表示出時間是與謂語動詞同時發生或在謂語動作以前發生,用動名詞的一般式.例如:
We are interested in playing chess.
His coming will be of great help to us.
如果動名詞的動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前,通常用動名詞的完成時態。例如:
I』m sorry for not having kept my promise.
但是在某些動詞或片語後,常用動名詞的一般形式,盡管其動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發生的.例如:主語是這個動名詞表示的動作的對象時,動名詞用被動語態.被動語態由「 being十過去分詞」或「 having been十過去分詞」構成。後一種一般避免使用.例如:
He likes being helped.
註:在 to be worth doing句型中,動名詞 doing表示的是被動意義.例如:
The book is worth reading.(三)分詞
1.分詞的時態和語態
l)分詞分為現在分詞和過去分詞。現在分詞有一般式和完成式.一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生的行為;完成式(having十過去分詞)表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生的動作.例如:
Being a student,he was interested in books.
2)現在分詞有一般式和完成式,且有主動語態和被動語態,當句子的主語是分詞動作的承受者時,分詞用被動語態,如果要強調分詞的動作先於謂語動作,就用分詞完成式的被動形式.例如:
The question being discussed is important:
過去分詞表示在謂語動詞之前發生的動作,本身有被動的含義,所以只有一般式沒有完成式.
2.分詞的用法
l)作定語
分詞短語做定語時,放在被修飾的名詞之後;單個分詞做定語時,放在被修飾的名詞之前.例如:
The man standing by the window is our teacher.
注意:現在分詞作定語時,它表示的動作是正在進行或與謂語動詞所表示的動作幾乎同時發生,如果兩個動作有先有後,一般不能用現在分詞作定語,而要用定語從句。例如:
The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.
現在分詞作定語的差異:
現在分詞在句中作定語時,不僅存在前置與後置的區別,而且存在狀態、時間與形式上的差異。為了幫助大家分清這些差異,更好地掌握現在分詞的用法,現在分別論述如下。
一、狀態差異
現在分詞作定語明顯存在狀態差異。一般來講,前置的現在分詞靜感強。而後置現在分詞動感強。學習時要注意體會這一點。
例:The labouring people are the wisest.
例:The farmers labouring here are not afraid of snakes.
能前置的現在分詞為數不太多,常見的大都是已被形容詞化了的現在分詞。這一點主要表現在有些現在分詞前常有程度副詞,有些現在分詞甚至還有比較等級。
例: I have brought very exciting news to you.
例:This is the most exciting story that I have ever read.
二、時間差異
時間差異指現在分詞表示的動作發生的時間差異。有些現在分詞作定語時表示正在的動作。這些現在分詞若改為定語從句宜用進行時態。
例:Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise?
noise?
例:The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.
有些現在分詞作定語時則表示經常性動作或現在(或當時)的狀態。此類現在分詞若改為定語從句宜用一般時態,而不宜用進行時態。若譯成漢語也應注意體現這一點。
例:They stayed at a hotel standing by the lake.
三、形式差異
從形式來看,前置現在分詞多為單個分詞,而後置現在分詞多為短語。換句話說,若用現在分詞作定語,單個分詞要前置,分詞短語要後置。但也不能絕對如此,要視情況而定。要是強調動感,即使是單個分詞也應後置。
例:Look! The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary.
從內容來講,前置現在分詞多為不及物動詞,沒有自己的賓語或狀語。後置現在分詞可帶賓語或狀語。有時前置現在分詞也可有自己的賓語或狀語,不過要置於分詞前,且中間要有連詞符號。當然,帶比較級時除外。
例Barking dogs seldom bite.
例 The person translating the songs can speak seven languages.
值得說明的是,現在分詞的完成式與被動式一般都不能用作前置定語,只能作後置定語,使用時應慎重。
例 We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
2)作狀語
分詞或分詞短語作狀語時,可以表示時間、原因、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。例如:
Being a student, I must study hard.(原因)
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.(時間)
The teacher stood there surrounded by the students.(方式) 註:①分詞短語作狀語時,其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致.
註:②表示時間關系的分詞短語有時可由連接詞 while或 when引出.
註:③有時「with( without)十名詞(或代詞賓格)十分詞」的結構,表示伴隨狀況.例如:
He lay half dead,with all his ribs broken. 註:④當分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時:分詞必須有自己的主語.例如:
Time permitting, I will finish another lesson.
3)作表語.例如:
The news is inspiring.
4)作賓語補足語.例如: We saw the teacher making the experiement. 注意:在 see,hear,watch,feel,observe,have,listen to,notice等動詞後,既可以用現在分詞構成復合賓語,也可以用不定式構成復合賓語,但兩者的含義是有差別的,用現在分詞,表示動作正在發生,(即處於發生的過程中,還沒有結束),用不定式表示動作發生了,(即動作全過程結束了)。例如:
I saw the girl getting on the tractor.
He had his clothes washed. (他叫別人洗了衣服)
注意:「 have十賓語十現在分詞」表示主體使客體處於某狀態或干什麼事;「 have十賓語十過去分詞」表示動作是別人做的或與主體意志無關
Ⅲ 英語語法,非謂語
不定式的一個習慣用法。見下圖。
Ⅳ 英語語法 非謂語
非謂語動詞由動詞不定式,分詞(現在、過去)和動名詞構成,它們的邏輯主語是與它們在句子中所作成分有關:1,作狀語時,其邏輯主語應該是句子的主語。如:Finishing his homework, he went out to play with his friends. ( Finishing... 作狀語,其邏輯主語是句子的主語he);Attracted by the interesting story, the students are all listening attentively. ( Attracted ... 作狀語,其邏輯主語是句子的主語the students) 。 2, 作定語時,其邏輯主語是被修飾的詞。如: The house to be built next year is our library. (to be built... 作定語,修飾the house, the house 是它邏輯主語。) 3, 作賓語補足語,賓語是其邏輯主語。如:The teacher made us do a lot of homework. ( do... 作賓語us的補足語,邏輯主語是賓語us)
Ⅳ 英語非謂語語法中having been done 與done的區別
1.兩者的確很難區分,主要區別有以下兩點.
1)having
been
done一般強調被動的動作,而且該動作必須版和主句動作之權間有著明顯的時間/邏輯上的先後/因果關系,且隱含having
been
done的動作不會再進行的意味.
2)done做狀語時更多時候強調的是一個可以延續的狀態,而且它所表示的情況可以和主句動作同時存在.
2.例如:
1)Having
been
kept
in
the
fridge
for
two
hours,the
food
has
gone
bad.
此題強調先有「be
kept
in
the
fridge」,才導致了後面的「go
bad」.
前後動詞有明顯的先後/因果關系,且隱含了「這食物不會再放在冰箱里保存」的含義了.
2)Frightened
by
the
news,he
felt
dizzy.
其實frighteded
by
the
news是由「he
was
frightened
by
the
news」變化而來的,強調的更多是一種狀態.
其實在「他感到眩暈」的同時,他還在「感到害怕」.
Ⅵ 英語語法之非謂語動詞
當主語就行了
Ⅶ 高中英語語法,非謂語動詞
幫忙分析一下這個句子的成分(比如說being made to do做什麼成分,it指代什麼,so that是什麼詞性之專類),書上說這是強屬調句型,(但我有點疑問)因為不是說假如是強調句式的話去掉it was和that句子仍然成立么……這顯然不是么……
It was him being made to do so that made Jim very angry.
答:原句是His being made to do so made Jim very angry.
譯:他(的)被迫這樣做事(這事)使得吉姆很生氣。
析:這是人工考句,不僅翻譯成漢語意思難懂,英語句子本身也不是一個什麼好句子。純為出題而編,加上你又打錯了字。動名詞的邏輯主語用物主代詞引出,只有少數句型中可以用賓格代替如:Do you mind his/ him opening the door?
這句話我再用主動句來翻譯一下:強迫他這樣做,吉姆很生氣。
對此句的主語-動名詞短語進行強調,就是:
It was his being made to do so that made jim very angry.
Ⅷ 英語語法非謂語
完整的一個句子必須有謂語動詞。但是分句就不一定了。
I like him.
HelloKitty is cute.
If time permitting, I will go shopping.
動詞後面可以跟專副詞和名詞,只是意屬義不同。