Ⅰ 高中英語語法。。非謂語動詞
judging by/from 是現在分詞作狀語 這是固定用法 屬於可允許的 分詞垂懸 現象
再如Generally speaking, 其邏輯主語是說話內人。
這與獨立主格結構不容相干
加上邏輯主語構成 獨立主格結構時 根據與邏輯主語的關系可以是judging或judged
Ⅱ 高中英語非謂語動詞講解
一、非謂語動詞種類及句法功能
(一)概述:
在英語中,不作句子謂語,而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞,叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有動詞不定式(the Infinitive);動名詞(the Gerund);現在分詞(the Present Participle);過去分詞(the Past Participle)。
1.非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的相同點有:
(1)如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用,例如:
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
(2)都可以被狀語修飾:
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
(3)都有主動與被動, 「體」式(一般式;進行式;完成式)的變化。例如:
He was punished by his parents.(謂語動詞被動語態)
He avoided being punished by his parents.(動名詞的被動式)
We have written the composition.(謂語動詞的完成時)
Having written the composition, we handed it in.(現在分詞的完成式)
(4)都可以有邏輯主語
They started the work at once.(謂語動詞的邏輯主語)
The boss ordered them to start the work.(動詞不定式的邏輯主語)
We are League members.(謂語動詞的主語)
We being League member, the work was well done.
(現在分詞的邏輯主語)
2、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點有:
(1)非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用(如動詞不定式和動名詞),在句中做主語、賓語、表語。
(2)非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞),在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。
(3)非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞),在句中作狀語。
(二)非謂語動詞的句法功能:
二、非謂語動詞用法:
(一)動詞不定式:(to)+do,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特徵。
1.不定式的形式:(以動詞write為例)
否定式:not + (to) do
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之後,
例如:
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
(2)進行式:不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前,例如:
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2.不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
動詞不定式短語作主語時,常用it作形式主語,例如上面兩句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
(2)作表語:
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
(3)作賓語:
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語)後面有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,真正的賓語(不
定式)後置,放在賓語補足語後面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語,如:
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
(4)作賓語補足語:
在復合賓語中,動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語,如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用,但改為被動語態時,不定式要加to, 如:
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
(5)作定語:
動詞不定式作定語,放在所修飾的名詞或代詞後。與所修飾名詞有如下關系:
①動賓關系:
I have a meeting to attend.
注意:不定式為不及物動詞時,所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等,應有必要的介詞,如:
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way,可以省略介詞:
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者,不定式可用主動式也可用被動式:
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②說明所修飾名詞的內容:
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語:
He is the first to get here.
(6)作狀語:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時,邏輯主語與句子主語要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
right:To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表結果:
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強調:
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因:
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
(7)作獨立成分:
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do動詞。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
(9)不定式的並列:第二個不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
(二)動名詞:
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有名詞的句法功能。
1.動名詞的形式:
否定式:not + 動名詞
(1)一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
(2)被動式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。
(3)完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
(4)完成被動式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
(5)否定式:not + 動名詞
I regret not following his advice. 我後悔沒聽他的勸告。
(6)復合結構:物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+ 動名詞
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
2.動名詞的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。
It's no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
(2)作表語:
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在螞蟻王國,蟻後的工作是產卵。
(3)作賓語:
They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語,如上面兩個例句。此外,動名詞作賓語時,若跟有賓語補足語,則常用形式賓語it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承認),deny(否認), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒險), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定語:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學校有游泳池嗎?
(5)作同位語:
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收聽收音機新聞節目的習慣仍未改變。
(三)現在分詞:
現在分詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現在分詞的形式:
否定式:not + 現在分詞
(1)現在分詞的主動語態:現在分詞主動語態的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生,完成
式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生,常作狀語。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業,他開始打籃球。
(2)現在分詞的被動語態:一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發生的被動的動作,完成式表示發生在謂語動
詞之前的被動的動作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍,這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。
2.現在分詞的句法功能:
(1)作定語:現在分詞作定語,當分詞單獨做定語時,放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語做定語
放在名詞後。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在後來的幾年中,他學習更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。
現在分詞作定語相當於一個定語從句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)現在分詞作表語:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現在進行時,也可能是現在分詞做表語,它們的區別在於be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時,而表示特徵時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。
(3)作賓語補足語:
如下動詞後可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
(4)現在分詞作狀語:
①作時間狀語:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工廠工作時,他是一名先進工人。
②作原因狀語:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由於是共青團員,他經常幫助他人。
③作方式狀語,表示伴隨:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家裡,又擦又洗。
④作條件狀語:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就會浪費寶貴的時間。
⑤作結果狀語:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,結果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的狀語:
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
⑦作讓步狀語:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
雖然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧與邏輯主語構成獨立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.
我等汽車時,一隻鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已經賣光了,他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果時間允許,我們將做另兩個練習。
有時也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。
⑨作獨立成分:
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
從外表看,他一定是個演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來,女孩子更細心。
(四)過去分詞:
過去分詞只有一種形式:規則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成。不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的規則要求,要一一記住。
過去分詞的句法功能:
1.過去分詞作定語:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。
注意當過去分詞是單詞時,一般用於名詞前,如果是過去分詞短語,就放在名詞的後面。過去分詞做定語相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
2.過去分詞作表語:
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 過去分詞,如果表示狀態是系表結構,如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被動)
有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的,不表示被動,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(開水) fallen leaves(落葉)
newly arrived goods(新到的貨) the risen sun(升起的太陽)
the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過去分詞有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.過去分詞作賓語補足語:
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語:
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了。
4.過去分詞作狀語:
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚,他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了。(表示時間)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果給予更多的時間,我能做得更好。(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life
Ⅲ 高中英語語法,非謂語動詞
幫忙分析一下這個句子的成分(比如說being made to do做什麼成分,it指代什麼,so that是什麼詞性之專類),書上說這是強屬調句型,(但我有點疑問)因為不是說假如是強調句式的話去掉it was和that句子仍然成立么……這顯然不是么……
It was him being made to do so that made Jim very angry.
答:原句是His being made to do so made Jim very angry.
譯:他(的)被迫這樣做事(這事)使得吉姆很生氣。
析:這是人工考句,不僅翻譯成漢語意思難懂,英語句子本身也不是一個什麼好句子。純為出題而編,加上你又打錯了字。動名詞的邏輯主語用物主代詞引出,只有少數句型中可以用賓格代替如:Do you mind his/ him opening the door?
這句話我再用主動句來翻譯一下:強迫他這樣做,吉姆很生氣。
對此句的主語-動名詞短語進行強調,就是:
It was his being made to do so that made jim very angry.
Ⅳ 高中英語語法題 非謂語動詞
呵呵 這道題我高三的時候做了很多遍
很經典的一個版語法點
因為權這題因為有with 那麼必須填faced 因為be faced with 表示面對。。。。固定短語
但是如果句子沒有when 沒有with 直接是填face的某種形式 那麼就是facing喔 做伴隨狀語
希望對你有所幫助 祝樓主進步哈
親~!新年快樂哈
如果滿意~親 記得採納~\(≧▽≦)/~啦啦啦
Ⅳ 高中英語語法非謂語動詞和時態語態的要點
不定式的時態和語態
主動語態
一般式 to write
進行式 to be writing
完成式 to have written
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被動語態
一般式 to be written
進行式 -
完成式 to have been written
不定式被動態的句法功能
做主語
To be obeyed is natural to her.
她生性要別人聽命於她。
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做外置主語
外置主語又稱真實主語
It』s great honor to be invited to the banquet.
承蒙受邀赴宴,倍感榮幸。
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做賓語
This room needs to be cleaned at once.
這房間需要立刻打掃。
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做表語
A lot of work remains to be done in the office.
許多工作留到辦公室去做。
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做定語
The large building to be built here is a library.
將在這兒建一座圖書館。
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做狀語
She felt angry to be left alone.(原因狀語)
被單獨留下,她感到氣憤。
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做主補
The book intended to be read and not to be torn.
書是供人閱讀而不是讓人撕毀的。
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做賓補
The commander ordered the bridge to be burnt.
指揮員命令把橋燒掉。
不定式的句法功能
一、不定式作主語
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
學外語不容易。
Is it necessary to complete the design before National Day?
有必要在國慶節之前完成這個設計嗎?
二、不定式作賓語
I forgot to turn the oven on.
我忘記打開爐子。
三、不定式作賓補
Will you help me plant this tree, please?
請您幫我種這棵樹好嗎?
四、不定式作定語
He has a lot of questions to ask.
他有許多問題要問。
五、不定式作表語
Disney』s greatest wish was to be a famous artist.
迪斯尼最大的願望就是成為一個著名的藝術家。
六、不定式作狀語
She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big
rock by the side of the path.
她搜查了山頂上,然後在路邊的一塊大石頭上停下來休息。
不定式作主語(1)
不定式作主語有以下三種句型:
句型(1) 不定式短語 + 謂語動詞
句型(2) It's + 形容詞 + for/of 邏輯主語 + 不定式短語
句型(3) It's + 名詞 + for 邏輯主語 + 不定式短語
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在這一條目中,只講述句型(1),例外兩個結構在以下條目中講述。
To know oneself is difficult.
了解自己很困難。
在英語句子的表述中傾向主語短小一些,謂語部分長一些,以保持句子的結構平衡。故上句可以改寫如下:
It's difficult to know oneself.
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To go to school on foot every day takes me half an hour.
It takes me half an hour to go to school on foot every day.
我每天步行上學花費半個小時。
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To read this book through will require time and patience.
It will require time and patience to read this book through.
讀完這本書需要時間與耐心。
不定式作定語(1)
不定式短語作定語時,必須放在名詞中心詞的後面,作後置定語
Do you have anything more to say?
你還有什麼話要說嗎?
It's time to start spring sewing.
春播的時間到了。
That's the best way to solve the problem.
這是解決這個問題的最好辦法。
You have no right to talk like that.
你沒有權利那樣說話。
Perhaps in years to come we shall meet again.
或許在未來的歲月中我們還會見面。
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如果不定式短語作前置定語,則要採用「帶連字元的復合詞」
定式作表語
作表語的不定式短語通常是說明主語的內容,這時主語通常是如下名詞:
hope, idea, job, plan, wish, aim, purpose, thing, business
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The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
新技術的目的是使生活更便利,而不是更繁瑣。
Her wish is to become a singer.
她的願望是當一名歌手。
Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.
我們的計劃就是在兩星期內完成這項工作。
Ⅵ 高中英語非謂語動詞的講解,最好是能結合高考題的,謝謝啦
非謂語動詞是高中語法較難的一部分,建議你先看一點書,了解非謂語動詞的結構及使用方法。下面所舉的例子都是10年的高考題,如果看不懂可以給我留言。
1. ____________the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.
A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached
解析:考察現在分詞作狀語,表示正在進行或主動的動作。此時分詞的邏輯主語就是主句的主語,因此要注意人稱、時態和語態的一致性。
2. Listen! Do you hear someone___________for help?
A. calling B. call C. to call D. called
解析:該空在句中為非謂語動詞作賓補,根據 someone與call的主動關系排除D項。Hear
後接不定式作賓補時應省略to,由此排除C項。由Listen可判斷此處表示正在求救,故
選A項。
3. Dina, ___________ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.
A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle
解析:該空,分詞短語作時間狀語,其邏輯主語Dina與struggle為主動關系,故排除B項。由劇中的finally可知非謂語動詞表示的動作發生在句中謂語took a position之前,故用現在分詞的完成主動式。
4.So far nobody has claimed the money _________ in the library.
A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered
解析:該空在句中作後置定語修飾the money,根據the money與discover的被動關系,排除C、D兩項。B項表示的是「將要被發現」的意思,根據句意「到目前為止還沒有人來認領在圖書館被發現的錢」可判斷選A項。