⑴ 英語語法之從句 求大神指教
1、He is no longer the man that he was fifteen years ago.
〔解來析〕that 和 who(m) 都可以指源代人。who(m) 指代具體的人,that 指代抽象或物化的人。
2、He's what is known as a 「bellyacher」——he's always complaining about something
〔解析〕what is known as a 「bellyacher" 是表語從句,what 屬於關系代詞型連詞,相當於 「先行詞+關系代詞」,即 He's such a person that/who is known as a 「bellyacher" (他是大家都知道的那種大聲抱怨的人)
⑵ 英語語法:從句
簡單地說,就是一個句號只能帶一個句子,如果你想兩個句子用一個句號,就必版須加一個連詞權,將其中一個句子變成從句(連詞後面緊跟的就是從句)。
具體是什麼從句就根據連詞的含義和詞性,比如where是地點狀語,它可以引導地點狀語從句,當然了,它還可以引導定語從句,修飾表示地點的名詞。
而從句在整個句子中做什麼成分我們就叫它什麼從句,比如還是where引導的地點狀語從句,它就在句子中做地點狀語。
⑶ 英語語法及從句分析
1.it is...that不定代詞作主語源
2.more and more越來越怎樣
3.for one thing...一方面
4.provide sth to do提供什麼以便於做什麼
5.it's a way to do做某事的方法
6.release one's pressure緩解壓力
7.But...轉折
8.hold the view that持有什麼樣的觀點
9.manage sth 做成某事
10,sth take time
11...,wihle...表轉折
⑷ 英語語法電子書txt全集下載
英語語法 txt全集小說附件已上傳到網路網盤,點擊免費下載:
內容預覽:
第一卷 第三章
?離太遠了
c. quite,rather與單數名詞連用,冠詞放在其後。但當rather,quite 前仍有形容詞,不定冠詞放其前後均可,如:rather a cold day/a rather cold day。
d. 在as,though 引導的讓步狀語從句中,當表語為形容詞修飾的名詞時,不定冠詞放形容詞後。例如:
Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他盡管勇敢,可見到蛇還是發抖。
2) 定冠詞位置
定冠詞通常位於名詞或名詞修飾語前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等詞之後,名詞之前。例如:
All the students in the class went out.班裡的所有學生都出去了。
2.6 數詞
表示數目多少或順序多少的詞叫數詞,數詞分為基數詞和序數詞。表示數目多少的數詞叫基數詞;表示順序的數詞叫序數詞。
一、基數詞
1)基數詞一般可寫成如345或three hundred and forty-five。
2)基數詞一般是單數形式,但遇下列情況,常用復數:
a. 與of 短語連用,表示概數,不能與具體數目連用,如scores of people 指許多人;
b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一組"的……
⑸ 求初中英語語法總結(word版),謝謝
11.1 一般現在時的用法
1) 經常性或習慣性的動作,常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點離開家。
2) 客觀真理,客觀存在,科學事實。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉動。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位於中國東部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
注意:此用法如果出現在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時,從句謂語也要用一般現在時。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實了地球是圓的。
4) 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那麼多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英語寫得不錯,講的可不行。
比較:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課。
第一句用一般現在時,用於操作演示或指導說明的示範性動作,表示言行的瞬間動作。第二句中的now是進行時的標志,表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況,所以後句用一般現在時。
11.2 一般過去時的用法
1)在確定的過去時間里所發生的動作或存在的狀態。例如:時間狀語有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了?
2)表示在過去一段時間內,經常性或習慣性的動作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是個孩子的時候,常在馬路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went ring their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那時,布朗一家無論什麼時候去,都受到熱烈歡迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時間了" "該……了"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "時間已遲了" "早該……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧願某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時,作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等,而一般過去時表示的動作或狀態都已成為過去,現已不復存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義:她已不在人間。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義:她現在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義:達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義:現在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)
注意: 用過去時表示現在,表示委婉語氣。
1)動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您還要些什麼嗎?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。
2)情態動詞 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車,能借用一些嗎?
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do:"過去常常"表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態,但如今已不存在。例如:
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老媽過去沒那麼健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫過去常常散步。
be used to + doing: 對……已感到習慣,或"習慣於",to是介詞,後需加名詞或動名詞。例如:
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫現在已習慣於散步了。
典型例題
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語,但從語意上看出,在聽的時候沒有聽懂這個動作發生在過去,因此應用過去時。
11.4 一般將來時
1) shall用於第一人稱,常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用於各人稱,在徵求意見時常用於第二人稱。例如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點回家好嗎?
2) be going to +不定式,表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖,即將做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什麼呢?
b. 計劃,安排要發生的事。例如:The play is going to be proced next month。這出戲下月開播。
c. 有跡象要發生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏雲,快要下雨了。
3) be +不定式表將來,按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報告。
4) be about to +不定式,意為馬上做某事。例如:
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。
11.5 be going to / will 用於條件句時,be going to表將來,will表意願。例如:
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客觀安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主觀安排)
11.7 一般現在時表將來
1)下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現在時可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點開。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什麼時候開?十分鍾後。
2)以here, there等開始的倒裝句,表示動作正在進行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。
3)在時間或條件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比爾來後,讓他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那裡,就寫信給你。
4)在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如:
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間前,務必把窗戶關了。
11.8 用現在進行時表示將來
下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現在進行時可以表示將來。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會在這兒呆到下周嗎?
11.9 現在完成時
現在完成時用來表示之前已發生或完成的動作或狀態,其結果的影響現在還存在;也可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態。其構成:have (has) +過去分詞。
11.10 比較一般過去時與現在完成時
1)一般過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情,強調動作;現在完成時為過去發生的,強調過去的事情對現在的影響,強調的是影響。
2)一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用,而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用,或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆為具體的時間狀語。
現在完成時的時間狀語:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不確定的時間狀語。
共同的時間狀語:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態,動詞一般是延續性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (強調看的動作發生過了)
I have seen this film. (強調對現在的影響,電影的內容已經知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (強調起床的動作已發生過了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (強調有卷子未交,疑為不公平競爭)
He has been in the League for three years. (在團內的狀態可延續)
He has been a League member for three years. (是團員的狀態可持續)
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時,不能使用現在完成時,要用過去時。
(錯)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用於現在完成時的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…結構中的從句部分,用現在完成時。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容詞最高級+that…結構,that 從句要用現在完成時。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。
典型例題
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 後面所加從句應為現在完成時,故選B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經或無論何時,反意詞為never,此兩詞常用於完成時。
注意:非延續性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續時間的狀語連用。即動作不發生的狀態是可以持續的。
(錯)I have received his letter for a month.
(對)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比較since和for
Since 用來說明動作起始時間,for用來說明動作延續時間長度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。
注意:並非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現在已不在這里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(現在我仍在這里工作。)
注意:用句型轉換的方法,很容易排除非延續動詞在有for/since結構的完成時中的誤用。
1)(對) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(錯) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然,第二句不對,它應改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四種用法
1) since +過去一個時間點(如具體的年、月、日期、鍾點、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:
I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在這兒。
2) since +一段時間+ ago。例如:
I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒,已經有五個月了。
3) since +從句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走後,變化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走後,變化可大了。
4) It is +一段時間+ since從句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。
11.14 延續動詞與瞬間動詞
1) 用於完成時的區別
延續動詞表示經驗、經歷; 瞬間動詞表示行為的結果,不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。例如:
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項工作。 (表結果)
I've known him since then. 我從那時起就認識他了。(表經歷)
2) 用於till / until從句的差異
延續動詞用於肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動詞用於否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 點才回來。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10點。
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題後句強調對現在的影響,我知道她的模樣,你不用描述。再次,several times告知為反復發生的動作,因此用現在完成時。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始,持續到現在,應用現在完成時。
11.15 過去完成時
1) 概念:表示過去的過去
其構成是had +過去分詞構成。
那時以前 那時 現在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞後的賓語從句。例如:
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中,發生在先,用過去完成時;發生在後,用一般過去時。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達時,小偷們早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時我們希望你能來,但是你沒有來。
3) 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學過一些英語。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年,愛迪生開始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了,因為他到達晚會時,大部分客人已經走了。
典型例題
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發生在"去取書"這一過去的動作之前,因此"忘了書"這一動作發生在過去的過去,用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點,表示在"同學們正忙於……"這一背景下,when所引導的動作發生。因此前一句應用過去進行時。
注意: had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我剛打開門,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車,轉眼又賣了。
11.16 用一般過去時代替過去完成時
1) 兩個動作如按順序發生,又不強調先後,或用then,and,but 等連詞時,多用一般過去時。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起來。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子,我把它丟了。
2 ) 兩個動作相繼發生,可用一般過去時;如第一個動作需要若干時間完成,用過去完成時。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 敘述歷史事實,可不用過去完成時,而只用一般過去時。例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.17 將來完成時
1) 構成will have done
2) 概念
a. 狀態完成:表示某事繼續到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時他們結婚將有二十年了。
b. 動作完成:表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前,已經完成的動作或獲得的經驗。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時,你已經到達上海了。
11.18 現在進行時
現在進行時的基本用法:
a. 表示現在(指說話人說話時)正在發生的事情。例如:
We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。
b. 習慣進行:表示長期的或重復性的動作,說話時動作未必正在進行。例如:
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部小說。(說話時並未在寫,只處於寫作的狀態。)
c. 表示漸變,這樣的動詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:
The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復發生的動作或持續存在的狀態,往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如:
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。
典型例題
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一個仍在持續的狀態,應用進行時,由於沒有找到,其影響仍然存在,應用完成時,瞬間動詞用於否定式時可用於完成時。
11.19 不用進行時的動詞
1)表示事實狀態的動詞,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有兩兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 這房子是我姐的。
2)表示心理狀態的動詞,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的幫助。
He loves her very much. 他愛她很深。
3)瞬間動詞,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:
I accept your advice. 我接受你的勸告。
4)系動詞,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有點累。
11.20 過去進行時
1)概念:表示過去某時正在進行的狀態或動作。
2)過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發生的背景;一個長動作延續的時候,另一個短動作發生。
3) 常用的時間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟騎車時摔了下來,受了傷。
It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時,正下著雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到達山頂時,陽光燦爛。
典型例題
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割傷手指是已發生的事情,應用過去時。同時,when表時間的同時性,"瑪麗在做衣服時"提供事情發生的背景,因此用過去進行時。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意為"當……之時"。描述一件事發生的背景時,用過去進行;一個長動作發生的時候,另一個短動作發生。句意為 "在她看報紙時,奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell(fall的過去時),是系動詞,後跟形容詞,如:fall sick。
⑹ 英語語法及從句知識
其實這些從句仔細說起來有點復雜,不是一兩句就能解釋得清的!而且從初中到高中,再到大學,從句一直是個很麻煩的問題!!在這里一兩句話是絕對解釋不清的!
簡單來講,英語的句子結構跟中文相近,唯一不同的是中文裡面的句子成分中沒有補語!
英文里的一句話,一般的成分是:主謂賓定狀補。這六個部分,而所謂的從句,簡單來講,就是靠一些能夠引起從句的詞,像what,where,that,whether,if,how……(這些詞要下來多看書,多積累)來引導一個句子,而這個句子在這整句話中則會充當一定的成分,它當什麼成分就是什麼從句。
給你舉個簡單的例子吧:I
don't
know
whether
you
like
it
or
not.
在這句話中,I是主語,謂語是don't
know
,know是一個動詞,後面必定會跟一個賓語,所以不管後面句子的引導詞是什麼,後面緊跟know的必定是一個賓語從句!!whether
you
like
it
or
not.這是一句話而不是一個單詞吧,所以是從句!!
總之,只要摸清了句子成分,做從句其實很容易的,畢竟從句在初中和高中里的限定很多,不會太深奧。只要平時下了功夫的,應該沒問題!建議你買本語法書,好好研讀一下,畢竟從句時重點!!書上會很詳細!
加油吧!
⑺ 哪有英語的從句和非謂語動詞這兩個語法知識下載嗎
高中英語非謂語動詞用法對比講解篇
知識要點:
一、不定式與動名詞做主語:
1、動名詞做主語往往表示普通的、一般的行為,不定式做主語常表示某次具體的行為。例如:
Collecting information about children』s health is his job. 收集有關兒童健康的信息是他的工作。
It』s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 與一位有經驗的老師討論這個問題是有必要的。
2常用不定式做主語的句型有:
(1)It』s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do
(2)It』s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.
3、常用動名詞做主語的句型有:
It』s no good (use, fun) doing.
It』s (a) waste of time one』s doing.
It』s worth while doing.
二、不定式、動名詞、分詞做表語:
1、不定式做表語常表示謂語動詞所表示動作之後發生的動作。
His teaching aim of this class is to train the students』 speaking ability. 他這節課的教學目的是要訓練學生說的能力。
2、動名詞做表語是對主語內容的解釋,這時主語與表語位置可以互換,動名詞常用於口語中。
Its full-time job is laying eggs. 它的(指蟻後)的專職工作是產卵。
3、現在分詞做表語表示主語的性質與特徵;進行時表示正在進行的動作。
The task of this class is practising the idioms. (現在分詞做表語)
With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. (現在進行時)
4、常用作表語的現在分詞有:interesting, amusing, disappointing, missing, puzzling, exciting, inspiring, following等。現在分詞表示進行與主動。
The joke is amusing .這笑話很逗人。
The problem is puzzling. 這個問題令人不解。
5、過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的被動狀態或完成某動作的狀態。而被動語態表示主語所承受的動作。
The village is surrounded by high mountains.(過去分詞做表語)
The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.(被動語態)
He is well ecated.(過去分詞做表語)
He has been ecated in this college for three years.(被動語態)
常用在句中做表語的過去分詞有:
used, closed, covered, interested, followed, satisfied, surrounded, done, lost, decided, prepared, saved, shut, won, completed, crowded, dressed, wasted, broken, married, unexpected等。
6、注意如下動詞的現在分詞與過去分詞用法不同:
interest(使…感興趣),surprise(使…吃驚),frighten(使…害怕),excite(使…興奮),tire(使…疲勞),please(使…滿意),puzzle(使…迷惑不解),satisfy(使…滿意),amuse(使…娛樂),disappoint(使…失望),inspire(使…歡欣鼓舞),worry(使…憂慮)
它們的現在分詞常修飾物(有時修飾人),表示主動,過去分詞常修飾人,表示被動(包括某人的look、voice等)。例如:
Climbing is tiring. 爬山很累人。
They are very tired. 他們很疲勞
After hearing the exciting news, he gave a speech in an excited voice.
三、不定式與動名詞做賓語:
1、下列動詞跟不定式做賓語:
want, wish, hope, expect, ask, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise等。
2、在下列動詞或動詞短語後用動名詞做賓語:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can』t stand, can』t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from), keep…from, stop…(from), protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。
3、在forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean等動詞後跟不定式與動名詞意義不同,不定式表示謂語動詞之後的動作,而動名詞表示的動作發生在謂語動詞之前,常用一般式doing代替完成式having done.
He forgot to tell me to post the letter.(他忘了叫我發信。)
I shall never forget finding that rare stamp on an ordinary envelope. 我永遠也忘不了在一個普通信封上發現了那枚珍貴的郵票。
Remember to write to us when you get there. 到那裡,記得給我們寫信。
I don』t remember meeting him. 我不記得見過他。
I regret to tell you that I can』t go to your birth-day party. 我很遺憾告訴你我不能去參加你的生日晚會了。
They regretted agreeing to the plan. 他們後悔同意這個計劃。
He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend. 他盡力假裝與朋友分享歡樂。
She tried reading a novel, but that couldn』t make her forget her sorrow. 她試著看看小說,但也不能使她忘記傷心事。
I didn』t mean to hurt you. 我沒有企圖傷害你。
A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return. 真正的朋友意指不圖回報地幫助別人。
4、動名詞作need, want, require, be worth的賓語時,用主動式代替被動式。
The washing-machine needs repairing.(或用:needs to be repaired)這台洗衣機需要修理。
The point wants referring to. 這一點要提到。
This English novel is worth reading. 這本英文小說值得一讀。
The situation in Russian required studying. 俄國形式需要研究。
四、不定式與分詞在句中做賓語補足語:
1、以下動詞後跟不定式做賓語補足語:
ask, tell, beg, allow, want, like, hate, force, invite, persuade, advise, order, cause, encourage, wait for, call on, permit, forbid
The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. 醫生囑咐他再卧床休息幾天。
We wish him to remain and accept the post. 我們希望他留下來接受這個職位。(注意hope後不跟不定式做賓補。)
2、有些動詞後的復合賓語用不帶「to「的不定式,這些動詞有:see, watch, notice, hear, feel, make, let, have等。例如:
We noticed him enter the house. 我們留意到他進了那所房子。
The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 老闆讓他們一天干12小時工作。
注意當make、have不做「迫使、讓」講,而做「製造、有」解時,跟帶有to的不定式做狀語。
Mother made a cake to celebrate his birthday. 媽媽做了一個蛋糕給他慶賀生日。
He had a meeting to attend. 他有個會要開。
3、下列動詞後的復合賓語用分詞做賓補:see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, make, set, have, leave, keep, find等。用現在分詞還是用過去分詞做賓補,要看分詞與賓語的關系。例:
We heard him singing the song when we came in. 當我們進來的時候,聽見他正唱那首歌。
We have heard the song sung twice. 我們聽過這首歌唱過兩遍了。
五、非謂語動詞做定語:
1、不定式做定語放在所修飾的名詞後,表示在謂語動詞之後發生的動作或過去的某一特定動作。例如:
He had no house to live in but a lot of work to do. 他沒有房子住卻有好多活要干。
Our monitor is the first to arrive. 我們班長是第一個到的。
2、動名詞與現在分詞做定語的區別:
動名詞做定語說明所修飾名詞的用途;現在分詞做定語,表示所修飾名詞進行的動作。
a walking stick 拐杖(動名詞做定語,意為a stick for walking)
a sleeping car 卧鋪車廂(動名詞做定語,意為a car for sleeping)
the rising sun 正在升起的太陽(現在分詞做定語,意為the sun which was rising)
the changing world 變化中的世界(現在分詞做定語,意為the world which is changing)
3、現在分詞與過去分詞做定語的區別:過去分詞做定語表示完成或被動的動作,現在分詞做定語表示主動或進行的動作。如:
a piece of disappointing news 使人失望的消息(意同a piece of news which disappointed us)
in the following years 在後來的幾年中(意同in the years that followed)
a well dressed woman 衣著講究的女士(意同a woman who is dressed well)
a car parked at the gate 停在門口的小汽車(意同a car which was parked at the gate)
六、不定式與分詞做狀語:
1、不定式做狀語,只表示目的、結果或原因:
He hurried home only to find his money stolen. 他匆忙趕到家中,發現錢被盜了。(結果狀語)
To make himself heard, he raised his voice. 為了被聽清楚,他提高了嗓門。(目的狀語)
All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的進步,我們都很吃驚。(原因狀語)
2、分詞做狀語可表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨、讓步、方式:
Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful. 從山上看,這座城市很美。(條件狀語)
Coming into the room, he found his father angry. 當走進房間時,他發現父親生氣了。(時間狀語)
Being tired, they went on working. 雖然累了,但他們繼續工作。(讓步狀語)
Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. 由於被大孩子打了鼻子,那個小男孩哭了。(原因狀語)
He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. 他把一個手指放進嘴裡,嘗了嘗,笑了,看起來挺高興。(伴隨狀語)