㈠ 八年級上英語語法總結全部誰知道
八年級上冊學的都比較簡單,形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級,句子成分,類型,簡單句的五種基本句型,賓語從句,各種時態包括一般現在時,現在進行時,一般過去時,一般將來時,情態動詞和動詞不定式等……具體內容如下——
一、形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級
1) 單音節形容詞的比較級和最高級形式是在詞尾加 -er 和 -est 構成。
great (原級) greater(比較級) greatest(最高級)
2) 以 -e 結尾的單音節形容詞的比較級和最高級是在詞尾加 -r 和 -st 構成。
wide (原級) wider (比較級) widest (最高級)
3)少數以-y, -er, -ow, -ble結尾的雙音節形容詞的比較級和最高級是在詞尾加 -er 和 -est 構成。
clever(原級) cleverer(比較級) cleverest(最高級)
4) 以 -y 結尾,但 -y 前是輔音字母的形容詞的比較級和最高級是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 構成.
happy (原形) happier (比較級) happiest (最高級)
5) 以一個輔音字母結尾其前面的母音字母發短母音的形容詞的比較級和最高級是雙寫該輔音字母然後再加 -er和-est。
big (原級) bigger (比較級) biggest (最高級)
6) 雙音節和多音節形容詞的比較級和最高級需用more 和 most 加在形容詞前面來構成。
beautiful (原級)? difficult (原級)
more beautiful (比較級) more difficult (比較級)
most beautiful (最高級) most difficult (最高級)
不規則變化
原級 比較級 最高級
good better best
many more most
much more most
bad worse worst
little less least
ill worse worst
far farther(further) farthest(furthest)
deep deeper deepest
tall taller tallest
形容詞比較級的用法:
形容詞的比較級用於兩個人或事物的比較,其結構形式如下:
主語+謂語(系動詞)+ 形容詞比較級+than+ 對比成分。 也就是, 含有形容詞比較級的主句+than+從句。注意從句常常省去意義上和主句相同的部分, 而只剩下對比的成分。
形容詞最高級的用法:
形容詞最高級用於兩個以上的人和物進行比較, 其結構形式為:
主語+謂語(系動詞)+the+形容詞最高級+名詞+表示範圍的短語或從句。
二、句子成分
1、主語
主語表示句子主要說明的人或事物,一般由名詞,代詞,數詞,不定式等充當。
2、謂語
謂語說明主語的動作,狀態或特徵。
一般可分為兩類:
1),簡單謂語
由動詞(或短語動詞)構成。
可以有不同的時態,語態和語氣。
2),復合謂語:情態動詞+不定式
3、表語
4、賓語
賓語表示動作行為的對象,跟在及物動詞之後,能作賓語的有名詞,代詞,數詞,動詞不定式等。
有些及物動詞可以帶兩個賓語,往往一個指人,一個指物,指人的叫間接賓語,指物的叫直接賓語。
有些及物動詞的賓語後面還需要有一個補足語,意思才完整,賓語和它的補足語構成復合賓語。
5、定語
在句中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫定語。
用作定語的主要是形容詞,代詞,數詞,名詞,副詞,動詞不定式,介詞短語等。形容詞,代詞,數詞,名詞等作定語時,通常放在被修飾的詞前面。
但副詞,動詞不定式,介詞短語等作定語時,則放在被修飾的詞之後。
6、狀語
修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞以及全句的句子成分,叫做狀語。用作狀語的通常是副詞,介詞短語,不定式和從句等。狀語一般放在被修飾的詞之後或放在句尾。副詞作狀語時可放在被修飾的詞前或句首。
三、句子類型:
1、簡單句的基本形式是由一個主語加一個謂語構成。
2、復合句(Complex Sentence)由一個主句(Principal Clause)和一個或一個以上的從句(Subordinate Clause)構成。
3、兩個或兩個以上的簡單句用並列連詞連在一起構成的句子,叫做並列句,其基本結構是「簡單句+並列連詞+簡單句」。
四、簡單句的五種基本句型
基本句型一: S V (主+謂)
基本句型二: S V P (主+謂+表)
基本句型三: S V O (主+謂+賓)
基本句型四: S V o O (主+謂+間賓+直賓)
基本句型五: S V O C (主+謂+賓+賓補)
五、賓語從句
在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句.賓語從句分為三類:動詞的賓語從句,介詞的賓語從句和形容詞的賓語從句.
1. 由that引導的賓語從句。That只有語法作用,沒有實在的意義,在口語
和非正式文體中可以省略。
2. 由連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which和連接副詞when, where, why, how引導的賓語從句。這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語從句中充當某個成分。if或whether引導的賓語從句。If和whether在句中的意思是「是否」。
初二上冊學的賓從就是這些。
六、時態:
一. 一般現在時: (1)表示現在的狀態, 例如:He』s twelve. (2)表示經常性的或習慣性的動作,例如:I go to school every day. (3)表示主語具備的性格和能力, 例如:She likes apple.常與often, usually, sometimes, always, every day等表示經常性的或習慣性的時間狀語連用.
1. 肯定句結構:
(1) 行為動詞:
a. 第一、二人稱,復數人稱: They/We/You+動詞原形... 例如:They go to school every day.
b.第三人稱單數: He/She/It+動詞-s/es… 例如:Lily often likes singing.
(2)系動詞(be): I am... They/We/You are… He/She/It is…
2.否定句結構:
(1) 行為動詞:
a. 第一、二人稱,復數人稱: They/We/You+don』t+動詞原形... 例如:They don』t go to school every day.
b.第三人稱單數:He/She/It+doesn』t +動詞原形… 例如:Lily doesn』t like singing.
(2)系動詞(be): 在is/am/are後加not 例如:I am not a worker.
3. 一般疑問句結構:
a. 第一、二人稱,復數人稱: Do+they/we/you+動詞原形...
例如:Do they go to school every day? (Yes, they do. No, they don』t.)
b.第三人稱單數: Does +he/she/iIt+動詞原形…
例如: Does Lily often like singing? (Yes, she does. No, she doesn』t.)
(2)系動詞(be):把is/am/are提在主語前.
例如:Are you a worker? (Yes, I am. No, I』m not.)
二.現在進行時: 表示現在正在進行的動作或發生的事情.常與now, look…, listen…等表示現在狀態的時間狀語連用.
1.肯定句結構: 主語+is/am/are+動詞-ing…
例如: The boys are playing football now.
2.否定句結構: 在is/am/are後加not
例如: The boys aren』t playing football now.
3. 一般疑問句結構: 把is/am/are提在主語前.
例如: Are the boys playing football now? (Yes, they are. No, they aren』t.)
三.一般過去時:表示過去某個時間發生的動作或存在的狀態.常與yesterday…, last…, …ago, in1990等表示過去狀態的時間狀語連用.
1. 肯定句結構:
(1) 行為動詞: 主語+動詞的過去式…
例如: The twins went to school two hours ago.
(2) 系動詞(be): I/ He/She/It+was… They/We/You+were…
例如: I was at home last night.
2.否定句結構:
(1) 行為動詞: 主語+didn』t+動詞原形…
例如: The twins didn』t go to school two hours ago.
(2)系動詞(be): 在was/were後加not
例如: I wasn』t at home last night.
3. 一般疑問句結構:
(1) 行為動詞: Did+主語+動詞原形…?
例如: Did the twins go to school two hours ago?
(Yes, they did. No, they didn』t.)
(2)系動詞(be): 把was/were提在主語前.
例如: Were you at home last night? (Yes, I was. No, I was』t.)
四.一般將來時: 表示將來某時將要發生的動作或存在的狀態,也表示將來經常或反復發生的動作.常與tomorrow…, next…等表示將來狀態的時間狀語連用.
1. 肯定句結構:
(1)用於書面語: 主語+will+動詞…
例如: We will come to see you tomorrow
(2)用於口語: 主語+am/is/are going to+動詞…
例如: Tom is going to see his uncle next Sunday.
2.否定句結構:
(1)用於書面語: 在will後加not
例如: We won』t come to see you tomorrow. (will not=won』t)
(2)用於口語: 在is/am/are後加not.
例如: Tom isn』 going to see his uncle next Sunday.
3. 一般疑問句結構:
(1)用於書面語: 把will提在主語前.
例如: Will you come to see you tomorrow? (Yes, we will. No, we won』t.)
(2)用於口語: 把is/am/are提在主語前.
例如: Is Tom going to see his uncle next Sunday?
(Yes, he is. No, he isn』t.)
五.情態動詞: can(能,會), may(可以,可能,也許), must(必須,一定,應該)
have to(必須,不得不)
1. 肯定句結構: 主語+can/may/must+動詞…
例如: I must go now.
2.否定句結構: 在can/may/must後加not. 例如: I mustn』t go now.
3. 一般疑問句結構: 把can/may/must提在主語前.
Must you go now? (Yes, I must. No, I needn』t.)
May I open the window? (Yes, you may. No, you needn』t.)
六.had better+動詞原形,表示「最好乾……」,變否定句時在had better後加not.
例如:You had better catch a bus.
You』d better not catch a bus. (You had= You』d )
七.動詞不定式:want /forget /remember /would like /go + to + 動詞原形…
例如: I want to get back my book..
Lucy went to see his mother last night.
九.特殊疑問句的變換:對劃線部分提問時,將劃線部分去掉,剩下部分變一般疑問句語序。(對主語提問例外)
例如: My name is Lily. What』s your name?
The river is 500 kilometres. Hong long is the river?
同學,這可是我結合課本與網路「嘔心瀝血」總結出來的,希望對你有所幫助,如果還不行,建議到人教網把電子課本翻到後面也還有。
㈡ 初中八年級英語所有語法
現在完成時
1.構成
現在完成時是由助動詞 have(has)+動詞的過去分詞構成。助動詞說明該謂語是屬於現在時范圍。它和主語的人稱、數要保持一致。過去分詞是主要的謂語動詞,說明句子的意義。
2.用法
(1)表示動作發生在過去某個不確定的時間,但對現在留下了某種影響和結果。常被just, already, yet 等副詞修飾。常與非延續性動詞連用。 如:
-Have you had lunch yet? -Yes, I have. I've just had it. 你(已經)吃午飯了嗎? 我剛剛吃過。(現在我不餓了)
(2)表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續到現在的動作或狀態。這個動作可能剛停止,可能仍然在進行。常用延續性動詞,常帶有for和since(自從)等表示一段時間的狀語。
如:He has taught here since 1981. 他自1981年就在這兒教書。(可能還要繼續教)
I haven't seen her for four years. 我有四年沒見到她了。
(3)表示說話前發生過一次或多次的動作,現在成為一種經驗,一般譯為漢語「過」,常帶有twice, ever, never, three times等時間狀語。
如: I have been to Beijing twice. 我去過北京二次。
3.結構
1)陳述句結構:主語+have( has)(not)+過去分詞+其它。have not=haven』t has not= hasn』t.
2) 一般疑問句結構:Have( Has )+主語+過去分詞+其它?
3) 特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+have(has) +主語+ 過去分詞+其它?
e.g. He has already finished his homework.
He hasn』t finished his homework yet.
Has he finished his homework yet? --Yes, he has. / No, he hasn』t. / No, not yet.
4.現在完成時的時間狀語
1)現在完成時屬於現在時范圍,故不能和過去的時間狀語連用。如: yesterday, last Sunday, in1990, three years ago等。但是,在強調動作產生的後果和影響時,可以和一些表示不確定的時間狀語連用。
a. 用副詞already和yet。already一般用於肯定句中,yet一般用於否定句和 疑問句中。如:We have already finished our homework.我們已完成作業了。
They haven't finished their homework yet.他們還沒有完成作業。
b. 用ever 和never。多用於否定或疑問句中,表示「曾經」或「從未「等。 如:-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾經去過長城嗎?
-I have never been to the Great Wall.我從未去過長城。 c. 用表示到說話為止的過去時間狀語,如just(剛剛), before(以前), up to now(直到現在)/ until now, in the past (few years/ three days 等), so far (迄今為止) recently 等。 例如:I have seen her before, but I can not remember where. 我以前見過她,但記不起在哪裡見過。
He has been there three times the last few days. 近幾年他去過那裡三次了。 d.用包括「現在」在內的時間狀語,如:today, this morning (month ,year, term等.例如:-Have you met him today? - No, I haven't. 今天你見過他嗎?我沒有。
How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去過那裡多少次?
2) 現在完成時可以和帶有since或for等表示「一段時間」的狀語連用,表示動作或狀態從某一時刻開始,一直持續到現在。如:I haven't seen him for two years. 但是,像come, arrive, buy等終止性動詞不能與表示「一段時間」的狀語連用。要用,必須改為「be(在)」等延續性動詞來表述。現歸納總結一下由非延續性動詞到延續性動詞的轉換:
arrive → be here begin (start) → be on die →be dead come back → be back leave → be away fall ill (sick, asleep) → be ill (sick, asleep) go out →be out finish →be over put on →wear 或be on get up →be up join →be in / be a member of… open → be open close →be closed go to school→ be a student borrow →keep buy →have catch(a cold)→ have(a cold) get to know →know begin to study → study come to work→ work
如:He has been a soldier for three years.他參軍三年了。或He has been in the army for there years. 不可以說He has joined the army for there years.
His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世二年了。(不可以說has died)
The film has been on for ten minutes.電影已開始十分鍾了。(不可以說has begun)
We have studied English for three years. (不可以說have begun) 我們(開始)學英語已三年了。
5. 現在完成時和一般過去時的區別
現在完成時和一般過去時都表示在過去完成的動作。但現在完成時強調的是這一動作與現在的關系。如對現在產生的結果或影響等,而一般過去時只表示動作在過去某一時刻發生,不表示和現在的關系。試比較:
I have lost my new book. 我把新書丟了。(現在還未找到)
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新書丟了。(昨天丟的,現在找到與否沒說明)
6.幾點注意事項 (1)have been(to)與have gone( to)的區別:have been(to) 表示「去過某地(現在已經回來了)」,可用於各人稱;have gone(to) 表示「去某地了(說話時某人不在當地)」,常用於第 三人稱,前者可與once ,never, several times等連用,後者則不能。如:They have been to Beijing twice.他們去過北京兩次。 He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。 (2)「It is或has been + 一段時間+ since引導的時間狀語從句」表示「某人干某事已經多長時間了」。since從句的謂語要用非延續性動詞 若動詞延續,則譯成相反的意思。如:It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世已有三年了。 It is two years since his father lived here. 他爸爸不住這兒已有三年了。 (3)終止性動詞現在完成時的否定式,已變成一種可以延續的狀態,因此可以和表示一段時間的狀語連用。如:I haven't left here since 1997.自從1997年以來,我一直沒有離開過這兒。 (4).提問for短語或since狀語用how long。
(5).完成時的否定形式與比較級連用表達最高級含義。如:
I have never seen a better film.我從未看過一部更好的電影。(這部最好)
註:否定式與比較級連用表示最高級含義不一定用於完成時態。如:
--- What about going fishing? --- I can』t agree more.(我再同意不過了哦)
.語法—直接引語變間接引語(多數情況下變為賓語 從句)
(1). 直接引語如果是陳述句,變為間接引語時,用連詞that 引導(口語中可以省略引導詞)賓語從句。把下列句子變為間接引語或直接引語:
a. 「I』ll visit my aunt tomorrow.」 Lily said. ____________________________.
b. Our teacher often say to us,」 It』s important to finish your homework.」
_______________________________________________________
c. They said they would meet at 9:00 p.m. that night.
「_______________________________________.」they said.
d. Lana said that she wasn』t mad at Marcia anymore.
Lana said』」_______________________________.」
(2). 直接引語如果是一般疑問句,變為間接引語時,變為由連詞if 或whether引導的賓語從句。把下列句子變為間接引語或直接引語:
a. 「Will you have a surprise party for me?」 he asked me.
_______________________________________________
b. She asked Tom,」 Can you help me?」 ___________________________ c. He asked me if I knew who killed the cat.
He asked ,」__________________________________?」
(3). 直接引語如果是特殊疑問句,變為間接引語時,疑問詞不變,賓語從句用陳述語序。把下列句子變為間接引語或直接引語:
a. The teacher asked,」 Why are all the windows open?」
______________________________________________.
b. 「When will you find out the time?」 she asked me.
______________________________________________.
c. 「What』s the matter with you, Alice?」 he asked.
_____________________________________
d. They asked me where my friends were.
____________________________________________
(4).直接引語如果是肯定型祈使句,變為間接引語時,謂語變為tell sb. to do 或ask sb. to do 等句式。把下列句子變為間接引語或直接引語:
a. 「Make sure the door is closed,」 she said to her little son.
____________________________________________________.
b. 「Tell me the news, please.」 Li Hui said to me.
____________________________________________________.
c. He asked me to take care of his pet dog.
「_______________________________,」 he said to me.
(5).直接引語如果是否定型祈使句,變為間接引語時,謂語變為tell sb.not to do 或ask sb. not to do等。把下列句子變為間接引語或直接引語:a. 「Don』t smoke in the room,」 he said to me.
________________________________________________.
b. 「Don』t shout at the old man,」 I said to him.________________________
c. Our teacher told us not to talk in class.
「____________________________, 「 our teacher said to us.
d. My mother told me ___ others when they are in trouble.
A. not to laugh at B. don』t laugh at C. not laugh at D. never laugh at
2. if 條件句 在一般將來時的句子里(指主句),時間狀語從句、條件狀語從句等的謂語動詞用一般現在時代替將來時。當主句含有情態動詞或主句為祈使句時,從句也用一般現在時。如:You must pay for it if you lose it.
附加疑問句
附加疑問句由「陳述句 + 附加疑問句」兩部分構成。一般有兩種形式:前肯後否或前否後肯。對附加疑問部分應注意以下幾點: 1)主語只能用人稱代詞;2)附加疑問句的not必須與(be /助/情)縮寫;3)附加疑問句的時態必須與陳述部分的時態一致。
Tom is a worker, isn』t Tom? (改錯) _______ You can swim, can not you? ( 改錯) ______
特別注意以下幾種反意疑問句
1.陳述部分含否定意味的詞如few,little,never,nothing,nobody,no,hardly,none,seldom等時,附加疑問句應使用肯定形式;但如果陳述句部分含有un-, in-, im-, dis-等否定前綴構成的派生詞時,該陳述句部分仍做肯定處理,疑問部分用否定形式。
He hardly speaks English, does he? They are unhappy, aren』t they?
2. this/that作主語時,無論是否指人,疑問部分用it;these/those用they。
This is your brother, isn』t it? Those are books,_______________?
3.陳述部分的主語如果是one, 疑問部分主語用one或he。One can』t be always young, can one/ he?
4.陳述部分的主語是everything, something, nothing, anything時,附加疑問句的主語應用it;陳述部分的主語是everybody, somebody, nobody, everyone, no one時,附加疑問句的主語應用they或he。
Everything is ready, ___________? Everyone is here, ____________?
5.陳述部分是祈使句時,附加疑問句一般用:will you? 但注意:
Let』s…(包括聽者在內), 附加疑問句一般用shall we? Let us/him/me …(不包括聽者在內), 附加疑問句一般用will you? Let』s go for a walk, shall we? Let him come in, will you?
6.陳述部分是there be結構時,應用be there?結構來完成。 There』s little water, _________?
7..陳述部分含that引導的賓語從句時,疑問部分通常與主句一致。但當主句陳述部分是」I / We think (believe, suppose) +賓語從句」時,附加問句應與從句一致。I』m sure + 賓語從句也是如此
1).She said I did it, _________? 2)We don』t think you are right,________?
3) I』m sure you』ll help me, ____________?
8.如果陳述部分是I am… , 附加疑問部分為aren』t I? I am older than you, __________?
9.陳述部分含had better, would like時, 疑問部分分別用hadn』t…?和wouldn』t…? You』d better go out , _______________? You』d like to go there, ____________________?
10.陳述部分是感嘆句,附加問句的人稱代詞應與主語一致,疑問部分用否定形式。 What a kind girl, isn』t she? What a fine day, ___________?
11.the+形容詞表示一類人,其附加疑問句主語用復數代詞。 The poor had no right to speak at that time, did they?
12. 由neither…nor,either… or , not only…but also , both…and , not…but,…or…, …and…等連接的並列主語,附加疑問部分用復數。
Neither you nor I am wrong, are we? Both Jack and Tom went there, didn』t they?
13.當陳述部分含有have to時,附加疑問部分的助動詞應根據have 的變化,分別用don』t, doesn』t, didn』t。 He has to take your advice, doesn』t he?
14.當陳述部分的主語是從句、不定式、動名詞或片語時,附加疑問部分的主語通常用it。 What he said at the meeting is very important, isn』t it? Swimming in rivers is a good sport, _____________?
15.當陳述部分含有wish時,附加疑問部分的助動詞用may。I wish to use your computer, may I?
16. 當陳述部分的謂語是「used to+動詞原形(過去常常干某事)」時,疑問部分用「didn』t+主語」或「usedn』t +主語」。 He used to live in London, didn』t he? / usedn』t he?
㈢ 八年級上學期的英語語法總結(全部)!
一、只能修飾可數名詞的詞語有:
many, many a(n), a good / great many, a (great / large) number of, scores of, dozens of等。例如:
Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening.
開張後的頭幾天,很多人去了那兒。
I have been there dozens of times.
我已去過那兒很多次了。
There』re a number of students reading English in the classroom.
教室里有許多學生在讀英語。
Many a student has(=many students have)visited the Great Wall.(謂語動詞用單數)
很多學生都游覽過長城。
In winter, a good many animals sleep under the snow.
冬天很多動物在雪下冬眠。
注意: many所修飾的復數名詞前若有限定詞,many 後面要接of, 表示「……中的很多」。 例如:
A great many(of the) graates have found jobs.
畢業生中很多人已經找到了工作。
二、只能修飾不可數名詞的詞語有:
much, a great deal of, a great / large amount of等。例如:
Is there much water in the bucket?
桶里有很多水嗎?
He always has a great amount of work to do.
他總是有很多工作要做。
三、既能修飾可數名詞又能修飾不可數名詞的詞語有:
a lot of, lots of, plenty of (以上三個詞語後謂語動詞的數依of 後的名詞的單復數而定),a great / large quantity of (其後謂語用單數),quantities of (其後謂語用復數)。例如:
There is still lots of snow in the garden.
花園里還有許多雪。
There is plenty of rain here.
這兒的雨水很多。
A great quantity of flowers was placed in the hall.
大廳里放了很多鮮花。
There are large quantities of food in the cupboard.
櫥櫃里有許多食物。
在所有這些表示「很多」的詞語中many, much 是最常用的詞,它們既可以用於肯定句,也可以用於疑問句和否定句。例如:
Are there many people in the street?
街上有很多人嗎?
There isn』t much time left.
剩下的時間不多了。
其它的詞語都用於肯定句,日常會話中常用lots of, a lot of 或plenty of; 正式文體中常用 a great many, a (large) number of, a great deal of, scores of 或 dozens of 等。但若肯定句中有too, so, as, very或how 等詞修飾時,則必須使用 many, much。例如:
The number of the people who lost their homes reached as many as 250,000.
無家可歸的人數多達250,000人。
There is too much work to do.
要做的工作太多了。
或者是這樣的,你自己看下,哪Unit 1 How often do you exercise?
Grammar: 特殊疑問句:wh-questions: what, who, where, when, which, whose, why, whom等。
特殊疑問句的構成及用法:
結構:特殊疑問詞+ 一般疑問句, 即:特殊疑問詞+be/助動詞/情態動詞+主語+謂語/表語(+其他)
疑問代詞:
1) Who:誰。做主語,用來指人 Who is the boy under the tree?
2)Whom 誰,做賓語,用來指人 Whom are you writing to?
3) Whose 誰的,用來指所屬關系,如果做定語,一般後接名詞 Whose pen is this?
4) Which 哪個,哪些,用來指對人或物在一定范圍之內進行選擇 Which grils will in the sports meeting? Which pen is Lily』s?
5)What什麼,通常指物,也可指人,一般用在沒有指出范圍的情況下 What can you see in the picture? What are you doing now?
疑問副詞:
When:何時,詢問時間 When will she come back?
Where何地,詢問地點, Where do you come from?
Why為什麼,詢問原因, Why are you late for school?
How 如何,詢問手段、方式、工具以及程度等 How do you usually go to school?
How old多大,詢問年齡,How old is Jim』s little brother?
How many/much多少,詢問數量 How many birds are there in the tree?
How far多遠,詢問距離, How far is it form your home to school?
How long多長,多久,詢問時間的長度或距離 How long will you stay in Beijing?
How often多長時間按一次,詢問頻率 How often do you go to see your grandparents?
How soon多久,詢問時間 How soon will you come back?
頻率副詞:表示動作發生的頻率,never, sometimes, often, usually, always.
Unit 2 What』s the matter with you?
Grammar:
1. 用have 來描述身體不適 have/have got a +疾病名字;得了……病
2.情態動詞should,情態動詞should,can, may, must沒有人稱和時態的變化,後接動詞原形
Unit 3 What are you doing for vacation?
Grammar:現在進行時表將來 一般將來時
表示將要做某事或計劃打算做某事要用到句型「be+doing」其中be是助動詞,它有人稱和單復數的變化。Be: am, is, are. be + v.ing是現在進行時的形式,但用於表示將來。用進行時表將來,常用於表示即將來臨的未來預定要做的事情,一般指個人計劃要做的事。用於此情況的動詞一般是表示位置轉移的動詞,如,go, come, leave, start, arrive, move等。
一.肯定句中,結構為「be+doing.」
I am going shopping this afternoon.
二.否定句是在be之後加not. I』m not going to shopping this afternoon.
三.一般疑問句是將be置於句首 Are you going shopping this afternoon?—Yes, I am/ we are. No, I』m not./ We aren』t.
四.特殊疑問句「疑問詞+一般疑問句語序。」
What are you doing for vacation? When is he going camping?
Who are you going there with? Where is she going?
Unit 4 How do you get to school?
Grammar: How引導的特殊疑問句:是指以How, how far, how long, how old,how many, how much等詞開頭的疑問句。
How does he get to shool?---- He takes the train to get to shool.
How long does it take to walk? ----It takes about 35 minutes to walk.
How far is it from your home to school? It』s four miles from my home to school.
How old is he now? She is twelve years old now.
How many storybooks do you have? I have five storybooks.
How much is this coat? This coat is 200 yuan.
特殊疑問句的簡略結構:how about…?+ 名詞或動詞-ing形式,用於提出建議、請求或徵求意見、詢問消息等。如:How about playing tennis?
Unit 5 Can you come to my party?
Grammar:情態動詞can及邀請句式及其問答
情態動詞can的用法:
Can 是最長用的情態動詞,其後跟動詞原形,can的否定形式為cannot,can』t.
can表「能力」,意思是:能,會 I can paly basketball,but I can』t swim.
can表示能力時可和be able to 互換,be able to有更多的時態,常被用來表示can所 不能表示的將來或完成的概念。E.g. They will be able to run this machine on their own in three months.
表示「可能性」,意思是:可以,可能。That big cinema can seat 5,000 people.
表示允許,意思是可以能夠 You can have the book when I have finished it.
表示「驚訝、不相信等(用於疑問句、否定句或感嘆句中」。意思是「會、可能。」
This can』t be true. Can it be true?
如何發出、接受和謝絕別人的邀請
表達邀請的常用句型:
Can you come to…?
Could you come to…?
Would you like to come to…?
Do you want to come to…?
接受邀請的常用句型:
Sure. Certainly. OK. I』d love to.
謝絕邀請的常用句型:
I』m sorry, I can』t. I have to…
I』m afraid I can』t. I have to…
I don』t think I can. I have to…
Unit 6 I』m more outgoing than my sister.
Grammar:形容詞的比較級
規則變化、不規則變化(課本P93)
than 是比較級中最常見的標志詞,意思是「比」。用於引出比較的對象。1.He draws better than me.2.You』re older than I am. You are older than me.
形容詞比較級前,有時可以用much,far, a little,a bit, even, three times等詞來修飾。Much 和far表示「……得多」,much better好得多,a little, a bit表示稍微,一些,一點。a little shorter, 稍微矮點;even表示「甚至,更加,還要……」even bigger還要大些,three times表示 「…三倍」,如three times bigger than 比……大三倍
Very絕不可以用來修飾比較級,very,so,too, quite 修飾原級
Unit 7 How do you make banana milk shake?
Grammar: 可數名詞與不可數名詞
一.可數名詞
英語中的物質名詞大體上可分為可數名詞和不可數名詞。可數名詞指物體的數量可數。其單數形式可在名詞前加a或an,表示一個,如a pear. 其負數形式要在詞尾加-s,或-es(特殊情況除外),如two bananas, three tomatoes. Many many apples a few students few bags
二.不可數名詞
1.不可數名詞指物體的數量不可數。不可數名詞沒有單復數之分,也不能在詞前直接加冠詞a 或an.表示不可數名詞的數量時可在不可數名詞前加相應的由量詞構成的短語。如a bag of… 2.常見的量詞短語有:
a piece of… a cup of… a teaspoon of… a bottle of…
3.不可數名詞還可以用下面的詞表示數量:much much rain a little little
4.既可以修飾不可數名詞又可以修飾不可數名詞的詞有:
Lots of= a lot of許多,大量 some一些(用於肯定句)any一些(用於否定句和一般疑問句)
Unit 8 How was your school trip?
Grammar:
一般過去時:指在過去某一時間內發生的動作或存在的狀態,常和表示過去意義的時間狀語連用。如:yesterday, last year(week,month…),two years ago, in2006等。有時也可用when,after,before, as soon as引導的時間狀語從句。該時態在句中的體現是謂語動詞用過去式。謂語be動詞→was/were 否定:wasn』t /weren』t
Be動詞句型
一般疑問句:was/were +主語…
特殊疑問句:疑問詞+was/were+主語
陳述句:主語+was/were+…(肯定句) 否定句:主語+wasn』t/weren』t+…
行為動詞句型(當句中的動詞為行為動詞時,要藉助動詞did構成一般疑問句和否定句)
肯定式:主語+動詞過去式
否定式:主語+didn』t+動詞原形
一般疑問句:Did +主語+動詞原形
特殊疑問句:Did+主語+動詞原形
Unit 9 When was he born?
Grammar: 一般過去時的特殊疑問句
一般過去時的特殊疑問句的變法同一般現在時一樣,不同之處在於須將be動詞或助動詞改為過去時態,即「特殊疑問詞+were或was(第三人稱單數)+主語+(表語)+其他成分」或「特殊疑問詞+助動詞did+主語+實義動詞+其他成分。」
以when引導的特殊疑問句,對某人的出生年月進行提問,句型是:
When was/were…born? … was/were born in +時間
When was David beckham born? 大衛.貝克漢姆是什麼時候出生的?He was born in 1975.
二.以how long 引導的特殊疑問句,對表示某一短時間的狀語進行提問。句型是:
How long did + 主語+動詞?
How long did Charles Smith hiccup? He hiccupped for 69 years and 5 months.
三.When did he start hiccupping? 他什麼時候開始打嗝?When +did+主語+動詞?
Unit 10 I』m going to be a basketball player.
Grammar:一般將來時
表示將來某個時間要發生的動作或存在的狀態,也表示將來經常或反復發生的動作,常與表示將來的時間狀語連用。
1. be going to + 動詞原形 What are you going to do next Sunday?
2. will/shall + 動詞原形 I will go to my hometown next week.
3.be +v.ing The Greens are moving to another city the day after tomorrow.
4. be +動詞不定式 You are to be back by 10 o』clock.
5. be + about + 動詞不定式 The meeting is about to begin.
Unit 11 Could you please clean your room?
Grammar:情態動詞
情態動詞,表示說話者對某一動作的看法和態度,包括可能、懷疑、允許、願望、必要、猜測等。Can(能、會),may( 可以),must( 必須、一定)等。
情態動詞的特點:(1)情態動詞有一定詞義,但不能單獨作謂語,必須和另一個動詞原形一起構成謂語,且沒有人稱和數的變化。1. I can speak English. 2. She must be a teacher. 3. We may go home now.
(2)變否定句時,直接在情態動詞後面加not,無需加助動詞。He can』t play the guitar well.
He can』t answer the question. You mustn』t be late.
(3)含有情態動詞的句子變一般疑問句時,須將情態動詞提前。Can you help me? Must I go there at once?
(4)can 可表示能力、允許、可能性、懷疑猜測,意為「能,會,可以。」can』t, 意為「不能,不會,不可以。」,還有「不可能」之意。
--Can you drive? – Sorry, I can』t. It can』t be true.
(5)can 也可表示請求與邀請
Can you please sweep the floor?
Unit12 What』s the best radio station?
Grammar:形容詞/副詞的最高級,用於三者或三者以上的人或事物之間的比較,表示在一群人或事物中,其中一個 「最……」見課本p93語法
the +最高級 She is the tallest of all her classmates.
最高級可被序數詞以及much, by far,nearly,almost, by no means, not quite,not really, nothing like等修飾。This hat is by far the biggest.
表示最高程度的形容詞,excellent, extreme, prefect等沒有最高級也不能用比較級。He is an excellent teacher.
形容詞最高級間修飾做表語或介詞並與的名詞代詞是,被修飾的詞往往省略。
He is the youngest (boy) in his class.
Who/Which +be+最高級,A,B,or C? Who is the most useful, a bicycle, a motorcycle,or a car?
the +序數詞+最高級 He is the second tallest student in our class.
One of the +最高級+復數名詞 The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China.個完整你選擇哪個吧!
㈣ 初二上學期英語語法 蘇教版
用所給詞的適當形式填空
1. I decide to learn French just for (fun).
2. (eat) too much id bad for your health.
3. I』m much (health) than before.
4. He looks (happy). What』s the matter with him?
5. You cried (sad) last night. What (make) you so sad?
6. It』s much too (noise) here. There』s too much everywhere.
7. He is (bore) at this film.
8. She is fond of (study) hard.
9. He always says to (he) 「I am the best.」
10. Spring is coming. The weather gets and (warm).
11. He decided (go) skiing for there.
12.There (be) a number of books in our school library.
13. I want my aunt to stop (wear) furs.
14.It takes me 20 minutes (clean) my bedroom.
15. Please try (not be) late next time.
16. He left without (say) a word.
17. My teacher encourages me (listen) to English news.
18. Of all the girls, she made (few) mistakes.
㈤ 八年級全部英語短語及語法總結 記住一定要全部、而且要全、有重賞
不夠的話寫下郵箱我發給你,記得評最佳答案啊。。。新目標八年級英語下全冊短語歸納
Unit 1 Will people have robots?
1. in the future 在將來
2. live to (be) … years old 活到……歲
3. in 100 years 一百年後
4. free time 空閑時間
5. talk about 談論,談及,談到
6. high school 高中
7. computer programmer 電腦程序員
8. space station 太空站
9. fall in love with… 愛上……
10. go skating 去滑冰
11. be able to 能,會
12. on vacation 度假
13. the World Cup 世界盃
14. keep a pet pig 飼養一頭寵物豬
15. job interview 工作面試
16. fly to 飛往
17. come true 實現,成為現實
18. see sb. do sth. 看見某人做了某事
19. one』s own … 某人自己的……
20. science fiction movies 科幻影片
21. help (sb.) with sth. 幫助(某人)做某事
22. hundreds of 數百,成百上千的
23. the same as 和……相同
24. wake up 醒來;喚醒
25. talk to/with 和……交談
26. try to do sth. 試圖做某事,盡力做某事
27. get bored 變得厭倦
28. over and over (again) 一次又一次,再三地
Unit 2 What should I do?
1. keep out 不準進,阻止進入
2. argue with sb. 和……爭吵
argue about sth. 為……爭吵
3. out of style 過時的,不時髦的
in style 流行的,時髦的
4. call sb up=ring sb.up=call/ring/phone sb. 給…..打電話
5. give sb. sth. = give sth. to sb.給某人某物
(bring, lend, pass, sell, send, show, take, write, read等與give一樣)
6. a ticket to a ball game 一張球賽的門票
(與ticket類似的名詞有:answer, key, visit, trip, journey, entrance, exit等)
7. on the phone 在電話中,用電話
8. pay for 付……的款
9. a part-time job 一份兼職工作
10. borrow …from 從……借( 進)……
11. lend…to 把……借(出去)給……
12. ask sb. for sth. 向……要……
13. bake sale 麵包或糕餅售買活動
14. Teen Talk 青少年論壇
15. buy sb. sth. = buy sth for sb買……給……
(類似的動詞還有:build, book, cook, get, keep, make, order,find等)
16. the same……as 和……一樣的……
17. tell sb (not) to do sth. 告訴某人(不要)做某事
18. want sb. to do sth.= would like sb. to do sth.想某人做某事
19. find out 發現;查明;核實
20. do sth. wrong 做錯某事
21. invite sb. to do sth. 邀請某人做某事
22. be angry with 生……的氣
23. fail the test 考試不及格
24. get on well/badly with 和……相處得好(差)
25. have a fight with sb.=fight with sb 與某人打架
26. fit… in/into… 抽空去做某事
27. not…until 直到……才……
28. as… as possible 盡可能……
29. complain about 抱怨,埋怨
30. take part in = join in 參加(某種活動/集會)
31. all kinds of 各種各樣的
32. compare…with… 拿……和……比較
33. on the one hand 一方面
34. on the other hand另一方面
35. by oneself = on one』s own 某人自己,獨自地
Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?
1. in front of 在……(范圍之外)的前面
in the front of 在……(范圍之內)的前面
2. barber shop 理發店
3. get out of 到……外,離開
4. walk down/along 沿……走
5. call the police 報警
6. take off (飛機)起飛;脫(衣帽)
7. an unusual experience 一次不尋常的經歷
8. the Museum of Flight 航空博物館
9. take photos 照相
10. a police officer 警官
11. run away跑開,逃跑
12. walk around 四處走走
13. think about 考慮,思考,回想
14. Beijing Iternational Airport 北京國際機場
15. at the doctor』s 在醫務室,在診所
16. in (the) hospital 在醫院,在住院
17. in history在歷史上
18. the city of ……城,……市
19. hear about/of 聽說,得知
20. ask sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人(不要)做某事
21. in silence沉默不語
22. take place發生
23. the World Trade Center 世貿中心(美國)
24. in space 在太空
25. a national hero 民族英雄
26. all over the world = around the world 全世界
Unit 4 He said I was hard-working
1. soap opera 泡沫劇,電視(連續)劇
2. on Friday night 在星期五晚上
3. be mad at 生……的氣
4. have a surprise party 舉行一個驚喜晚會
5. not… anmore 不再,再也不
not… any more
no more
not… any longer
no longer
6. Young Lives 《年輕的生命》
7. direct speech 直接引語
reported speech 間接引語
8. first of all 首先
9. do a homework project 設計作業計劃
10. pass on 傳遞
11. work on 從事,設計,演算,操作
12. be supposed to do sth.被期望(要求)做……,應該做……
13. be good at 擅長……
14. do well in 在……方面表現得好
15. report card 成績單
16. have a (bad) cold 患(重)感冒
17. in good health 身體健康
18. end-of-year exams = final exams 期末考試
19. have a big fight 大吵了一架
20. in/at school 在學校,上學
21. forget to do sth. 忘記要做某事
forget doing sth. 忘記做了某事
22. get over克服,恢復,原諒
23. a poor mountain village 一個貧窮的山村
24. sound like 聽起來像
25. the Peking University 北京大學
26. the Ministry of Ecation 教育部
27. the Chinese Young Pioneers 中國少年先鋒隊
28. China』s rural areas 中國的偏遠地區
29. sea level 海平面
30. the thin air 稀薄的空氣
31. agree with sb./sth. 同意, 與……相符(一致)
agree on/about sth. 同意,贊成
32. both…and………和……都
33. most of… 大多數……,大部分……
34. open up 打開,展開,開發,揭露
35. a good start 一個良好的開端
36. care for照料,照顧,計較,關心
37. in danger 處於危險之中
Unit 5 If you go to the party,you』ll have a great time!
1. have a great/good/nice/wonderful time 玩得高興
=have fun = enjoy oneself
2. at the party 在晚會上
3. end of year party 年終晚會
4. take …away拿走,取走
5. all the time=always一直,始終,總是
6. ID card 身份證
7. the old people』s home 老年之家
8. make money 賺錢
9. round the world = all over the world 全世界,世界各地
10. go to college上大學
11. work hard 努力工作(學習)
12. a professional athlete 職業運動員
13. a dream job 理想的職業
14. make a living謀生
15. play sports 進行體育運動
= get/do exercise
16. get injured 受傷
17. in fact事實上,實際上
18. mobile phone 行動電話
19. too much 太多
20. laugh at嘲笑,因……而發笑
Review of Units 1-5
1. watch out = be careful = look out = take care 小心,當心,注意
2. turn down (音量)放小,(光線)調暗
turn up (音量)放大,(光線)調亮
turn on 打開(開關、按鈕)
turn off 關(開關、按鈕)
3. would like to do sth. 想要做某事
= feel like doing sth. = want to do sth.
4. the dinning room 餐廳
5. make friends (with) (和……)交朋友
6. see sb. doing sth. 看見某人在做某事
see sb. do sth. 看見某人做了某事
7. make predictions 做預測
8. hope to do sth. 希望做某事
= wish to do sth.
9. in order to 為了
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?
1. how long 多長,多久
2. a skating marathon 滑冰馬拉松
3. a pair of 一雙,一副,一把,一條
4. raise money (for charity) (為慈善機構)募捐,籌錢
5. the whole five hours 整整五個小時
6. three and a half years 三年半
= three years and a half
7. thanks for 因……而表示感謝
8. run out of 用完,用盡
9. by the way 順便說一下,順便問一下
10. in Russian style 以俄羅斯的風格
11. fly kites 放風箏
12. a talent show 才藝表演
13. finish doing sth. 結束做某事
14. be interested in 對…感興趣
15. Chinese dynasty 中國的王朝
16. famous characters 著名人物
17. think of 考慮,想起
18. in Russian style 俄羅斯的風格
19. tell sb. about sth. 把……的情況告訴某人
20. enjoy doing sth. 喜愛做某事
21. the Olympic Games 奧運會
= the Olympics
22. far away 在遠處
Unit 7 Would you mind turning down the music ?
1. turn down (音量)放小,(光線)調暗
turn up (音量)放大,(光線)調亮
turn on 打開(開關、按鈕)
turn off 關(開關、按鈕)
2. not at all 一點也不
3. right away = in a minute 立刻,馬上
4. do/wash the dishes 洗碗
5. put on 穿上(動作)
6. help sb. with sth. 幫助某人做某事
7. make posters 製作海報
8. have a long telephone conversation 煲電話粥
9. wait in line 排隊
10. cut in line 插隊
11. follow sb. around 跟在某人周圍
12. get mad = get annoy = get angry 生氣,感到惱火
13. try (not) to do sth. 盡力(不去)做某事
14. seem like 看上去像……
15. even if/though 盡管、即使
16. take care = be careful 小心
17. in public places 在公眾場合
18. in public 公開地,當眾地
19. break the rule 不遵守規則
20. put out 熄滅
21. pick up 撿起、拾起
Unit 8 Why don』t you get her a scarf?
1. photo album 相冊
2. leave school 畢業離校
3. take care of = look after 照顧,照看
4. too… to… 太……而不能……
5. these days 目前,現在
6. a pot-bellied pig 大肚豬
7. not … at all 根本不,一點也不
8. fall asleep 入睡
9. give away 分發,贈送
10. pay for 付……的款
11. rather than 而不是
12. in different ways 以不同的方式
13. as … as 與……一樣……
14. native speakers 說本族語的人
15. encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓勵某人做某事
16. make progress 取得進步
17. the Olympic Committee 奧委會
18. have fun with sth. 做某事有樂趣
= have fun doing sth.
19. hear of 聽說
20. take an interest in = be interested in 對……感興趣
21. make friends with 和……交朋友
Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement park?
1. have been to 到過某處
2. an amusement park 游樂園
3. a water park 水上公園
4. a roller coaster 過山車
5. see sb. doing sth. 看見某人正在做某事
see sb. do sth. 看見某人做了某事
6. walk around 四處走動
7. take a ride 兜風
8. on board 在船上
9. take different routes 走不同的路線
10. end up 結束
11. argue with sb. 與某人爭吵
12. an English-speaking country 說英語的國家
13. an exchange student 交換生
14. a flight attendant 一名機組乘務員
15. a tour guide 導游
16. such as 例如
17. listening skills 聽力技能
18. in Southeast Asia 在東南亞
19. take a holiday 度假
20. three quarters 四分之三
21. have problems (in) doing sth. 做某事很費勁
22. ring the daytime = in the day 在白天
23. all year round 全年,一年到頭
24. wake up 醒來,喚醒,叫醒
Unit 10 It』s a nice day, isn』t it?
1. small talk 閑聊
2. look through 瀏覽,快速查看
3. a thank-you note 一封感謝信
4. be friendly to sb. 對某人友好
5. feel like (doing) sth. 想要(做)……
6. have a hard/difficult time doing sth 費了很大的勁做某事
7. come along 到達,出現,跟著來,趕快
8. get along/ on 相處
at least 至少
㈥ 八年級上學期英語所有的重要語法+語言點(整理)
1. be absent from…. 缺席,不在 2. absence of mind(=being absent-minded) 心不在焉 3. absorb(=take up the attention of)吸引…的注意力(被動語態):be absorbed in 全神貫注於…近:be engrossed in ; be lost in ; be rapt in ;be concentrated on ; be focused on ; be centered on 4. (be) abundant in(be rich in; be well supplied with) 富於,富有 5. access(to) (不可數名詞) 能接近,進入,了解 6. by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外.Without accident(=safely) 安全地, 7. of one』s own accord(=without being asked; willingly; freely)自願地 ,主動地 8. in accord with 與…一致 . out of one』s accord with 同….不一致 9. with one accord (=with everybody agreeing)一致地 10. in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照,根據 11. on one』s own account 1) 為了某人的緣故, 為了某人自己的利益 2) (=at one』s own risk) 自行負責 3) (=by oneself)依靠自己 on account 賒賬; on account of 因為; on no account不論什麼原因也不;of …account 有…..重要性. 12. take…into account(=consider)把...考慮進去 13. give sb. an account of 說明, 解釋 (理由) 14. account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解釋, 說明. 15. on account of (=because of) 由於,因為. 16. on no account(=in no case, for no reason)絕不要,無論如何不要(放句首時句子要倒裝) 17. accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth. ; blame sth. on sb. ; complain about) 指控,控告 18. be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of) 了解; (=to have met socially) 熟悉 19. act on 奉行,按照…行動; act as 扮演; act for 代理 20. adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to) 使自己適應於 21. adapt…(for) (=make sth. Suitable for a new need) 改編, 改寫(以適應新的需要) 22. in addition (=besides) 此外, 又, 加之 23. in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外 24. adhere to (=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, persist in, observe, opinion, belief ) 粘附; 堅持, 遵循 25. adjacent(=next to, close to) 毗鄰的, 臨近的 26. adjust..(to) (=change slightly)調節; 適應; 27. admit of (=be capable of, leave room for) …的可能,留有…的餘地. 28. in advance (before in time) 預告, 事先. 29. to advantage 有利的,使優點更加突出地. 30. have an advantage over 勝過. have the advantage of 由於…處於有利條件 have the advantage of sb.知道某人所不知道的事 31. take advantage of (=make the best of, utilize, make use of, profit from, harness)利用. 32. agree with 贊同(某人意見) agree to 同意 33. in agreement (with) 同意, 一致 34. ahead of 在…之前, 超過…;……………. ahead of time 提前. 35. in the air 1)不肯定, 不具體. 2)在謠傳中. 36. above all (=especially, most important of all) 尤其是, 最重要的. 37. in all (=counting everyone or everything, altogether) 總共, 總計 38. after all 畢竟,到底; (not) at all 一點也不; all at once(=suddenly)突然; once and for all 只此一次; above all 最重要的; first of all 首先; all in all 大體上說; be all in 累極了; all but 幾乎. 39. allow for (=take into consideration, take into account) 考慮到, 估計到. 40. amount to (=to be equal to) 總計, 等於. 41. answer for (undertake responsibility for, be liable for, take charge for) 對…負責. 42. answer to (=conform to) 適合,符合. 43. be anxious about 為…焦急不安; 或anxious for 44. apologize to sb. for sth. 為…向…道歉 45. appeal to sb. for sth. 為某事向某人呼籲. appeal to sb. 對某人有吸引力 46. apply to sb. for sth. 為…向…申請 ; apply for申請; apply to 適用. 47. apply to 與…有關;適用 48. approve of (=consent to, be in favor of, favor, agree to, consider good, right) 贊成, approve vt. 批准 49. arise from(=be caused by) 由…引起. 50. arrange for sb./sth. to do sth. 安排…做… 51. arrive on 到達; arrive at 到達某地(小地方);得出,作出; arrive in 到達某地(大地方); 52. be ashamed of (=feel shame, guilt or sorrow because of sth. done) 以…為羞恥 53. assure sb. of sth. (=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.) 向…保證, 使…確信. 54. attach(to) (=to fix, fasten; join) 縛, 系 ,結 55. make an attempt at doing sth. (to do sth.) 試圖做… 56. attend to (=give one』s attention, care and thought)注意,照顧;attend on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after) 侍候,照料 57. attitude to/ toward …對…的態度.看法 58. attribute…to…(=to believe sth. to be the result of…)把..歸因於.., 認為..是..的結果 59. on the average (=on average, on an average) 平均 60. (be) aware of (=be conscious of , having knowledge or consciousness)意識到,知道. 61. at the back of (=behind) 在…後面 62. in the back of 在…後部(裡面); on the back of 在…後部(外面); be on one』s back(=be ill in bed) 卧病不起. 63. at one』s back(=supporting or favoring sb.) 支持,維護; have sb. at one』s back 有…支持, 有…作後台 64. turn one』s back on sb. (=turn away from sb. in an impolite way) 不理睬(某人),背棄,拋棄 65. behind one』s back 背著某人(說壞話) 66. be based on / upon 基於 67. on the basis of 根據…, 在…基礎上 68. beat…at 在…運動項目上打贏 69. begin with 以…開始. to begin with (=first of all) 首先, 第一(經常用於開始語) 70. on behalf of (=as the representative of) 以…名義 71. believe in(=have faith or trust in; consider sth./sb. to be true) 相信,依賴,信仰. 72. benefit (from) 受益,得到好處. 73. for the benefit of 為了…的利益(好處) 74. for the better 好轉 75. get the better of (=defeat sb.) 打敗, 勝過. 76. by birth 在出生上,論出身,按血統 at birth 在出生時; give birth to 出生 77. blame sb. for sth. 因…責備某人 blame sth. on sb. 把…推在某人身上 78. in blossom開花(指樹木) be in blossom開花(強調狀態) come into blossom開花(強調動作) 79. on board 到船上, 在船上, 上火車或飛機 80. boast of (or about) 吹噓 81. out of breath 喘不過氣來 82. in brief(=in as few words as possible)簡言之 83. in bulk 成批地,不散裝的 84. take the floor 起立發言 85. on business 出差辦事. 86. be busy with sth.忙於某事 be busy doing sth. 忙於做某事 87. last but one 倒數第二. 88. last but not least最後一點但也是最重要的一點 89. but for (=without) 要不是. 表示假設 90. buy sth. for…money 用多少錢買 91. be capable of 能夠, 有能力 be capable of being +過去分詞:是能夠被…的 92. in any case(=for love or money, at any rate, at any price, at any cost, whatever happens; anyhow)無論如何 93. in case (=for fear that) 萬一; 94. in case of (=in the event of)如果發生…萬一 in the case of 至於…, 就…而言 95. in no case在任何情況下都不(放句首倒裝句) 96. be cautious of 謹防 97. center one』s attention on(=focus one』s attention on) 把某人的注意力集中在…上 98. be certain of (=be sure of) 有把握, 一定. 99. for certain of (=for sure )肯定地,有把握地 100. by chance(=accidentally, by accident)偶然 101. for a change換換環境(花樣等) 102. charge sb. with …控告某人犯有… 103. in charge of (=responsible for) 負責(某事) in the charge of …由…管 104. take charge of (=to be or become responsible for)負責管理(照顧) 105. charge…for 因…索取(費用) , charge sb. with sth. 控告某人犯有… 106. round the clock(=all day and all night, usually without stopping) 晝夜不停地 高考書面表達必背片語 (1) 首先,尤其重要的,最重要的 above all 偶然,無意中 by accident 對(於)…很積極 be active in 合計為 add up to 承讓錯誤 admit one』s mistake 接受某人的建議 take / follow one』s advice 就…提出建議 give advice on 建議某人做某事 advice sb. to do sth. 後天 the day after tomorrow 畢竟;終究 after all 違心 against one』s will 在…歲時 at the age of 實現目標 achieve one』s aim 在空中;懸而未決 in the air 在戶外,在露天里 in the open air 在機場 at the airport 火警 the fire alarm 滿腔怒火 be filled with anger 因某人之言行而生氣 be angry at sth. 生某人的氣 be angry with sb. 通知 make an announcement 相繼地,按順序地 one after another 相互,彼此(三者或三者以上之間)one another 相互(指兩者之間)each other 沒有回答 give no answer 為…而擔心 be anxious about 急於做某事 be anxious to do sth. 分開住 live apart 除了 apart from 因某事向某人認錯或道歉 make/offer an apology to sb for sth. 與某人爭論某事 argue with sb. about sth. 放在一邊 lay sth. aside 請某人指點 / 幫助 ask sb. for advice / help 驚訝於… be astonished at sth. 以前,曾經 at one time 注意 pay attention to 對…抱正確的態度 take a correct attitude towards sth. 引起(注意,興趣等)
㈦ 初二上冊英語語法總結
一. 賓語從句的種類
賓語從句是一種名詞性從句,在句中作及物動詞的賓語,或介詞的賓語,或形容詞的賓語。根據引導賓語從句的不同連詞,賓語從句可分為三類。
1. 由that引導的賓語從句。That只有語法作用,沒有實在的意義,在口語
和非正式文體中可以省略。例如:
He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.
2. 由連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which和連接副詞when, where, why, how引導的賓語從句。這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語從句中充當某個成分。例如:
Do you know who (whom) they are waiting foe?
3. 由if或whether引導的賓語從句。If和whether在句中的意思是「是否」。例如:
I want to know if (whether) he lives there.
He asked me whether (if) I could help him.
二. 賓語從句的語序
賓語從句的語序應為陳述句的語序。例如:
I hear (that) physics isn』t easy.
三. 賓語從句的時態
1. 如果主句的時態是一般現在時,賓語從句該用什麼時態就用什麼時態。
I don』t think (that) you are right.
2. 如果主句的時態是一般過去時,賓語從句只能用相應的過去時態(一般過去時, 過去進行時, 過去將來時,過去完成時)
He asked what time it was.
3. 如果賓從陳述的是客觀真理,時態常用一般現在時
Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.
Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.
語法定義:在復合句中用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。
I.語序的使用
分為以下五種句型結構:
1)連接詞+謂語。連接詞在從句中作主語。常見的連接詞有: who,what,which等。如:
Excuse me,could you tell me which is the way to restrooms,please?勞駕能告訴我去洗手間的路是哪一條?
He doesn't know who lives over there .他不知道誰住那邊
2)連接詞+名詞+謂語。連接詞在從句中作主語的定語。常見的連接詞有:whose,what,which,how many,how much等。如:
He asked whose bag this was .他問這是誰的書包。
I wonder how much water there is in the glass.我想知道杯里有多少水
3)連接詞+主語+謂語。連接詞在從句中作賓語、狀語或表語。常見的連接詞有:who(m),what,which,how many,how much, when,why,how,where,if(一般用於口語) /whether(與同音詞weather;「天氣」的拼寫區別,寫在句中不充當任何成分)等。如:
He couldn』t decide if he would buy them.他不能決定是否將買他們。
Could you tell me how I should come up with the problem ?你能告訴我我該怎樣解決這個問題?
4)連接詞+名詞+主語+謂語。連接詞在從句中作賓語或表語的定語。常見的連接詞有:what,which,how many,how much,how等。如:
I don』t know how many books he has?我不知道他有多少本書?
He didn』t understand which book I was looking for.他不明白我在找哪一本書。
5) 連接詞+動詞不定式(to+V 動詞原形)+... 連接詞可以是關系代詞和關系副詞,what, whose. Which,how long,whom ,who …etc.
Eg:I wonder how to use the computer.我期盼怎樣使用電腦