1. 講解一下英語語法「獨立主格」
834108119 所給的例句具有代表性，可以借用或幫助理解。
但他/她沒有觸及到這個語法點的關鍵。估計摟主或其他的讀者看完後依然抓不住要點，未必能真正理解。在她/他的例題的基礎上，筆者補充幾個關鍵點。
首先要明白，「分詞的獨立主格結構」是個什麼概念？是什麼意思？
所謂 「…獨立主格」= 獨立的（邏輯）主語， 主格即主語的形式。
「獨立的」 = 不同的，通俗地解釋就是：分詞有自己的（邏輯）主語，這個邏輯主語與句子的主語是不同的人/物。如果出現這種情況，就該用 「獨立主格結構了」。
這是有別於通常的情況下：
非謂語動詞的（省略的）邏輯主語必須是「句子的主語」，即是同一個人或物。（這種情況下是不用「獨立主格結構的」。
1、非謂語動詞作各種狀語，是很常見的表達，但通常情況下，都不是「獨立主格形式」。
2、通常的非謂語動詞作某種狀語時，都是相對應的狀語從句的簡化或縮略形式，也就是說，可以把做某種狀語的非謂語形式，還原成完整的對應的狀語從句。
3、做狀語的非謂語動詞（或短語）通常是沒有或省略了器（邏輯）「主語」的，因為，要遵循一個基本原則：即，非謂語動詞的（省略的）邏輯主語必須是「句子的主語」，即是 同一個人或物因此，還原時，很容易找到它的（邏輯）主語。
4、會不會出現 分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致的呢？ 會的：
下面2種情形下，就要使用所謂的 「分詞的獨立主格結構」了。
a. 習語，沒有特定的「邏輯主要」，分詞表達的觀點、評價是「公眾的，通行的」標准，不是特定的說話人的。這時，就無法也沒有必要，根據「主語一致原則」還原成對應的狀語從句了。
e.g. Generally speaking, Tom is a good student.
Frankly speaking, I don't know about it at all.
b. 分詞的邏輯主語是「另一人/物」，與句子主語不同的，需要加在分詞前。
e.g. There being too many cars, the drivers are often caught in traffic jams.
分詞的邏輯主語是「too many cars", 而句子的主句則是 the drivers.
不可說：There are too many cars, the drivers are....
但可以說：As/ Because/ Since there are too many cars, the drivers are....
另外，獨立主格結構，並不限於（現在/過去）分詞，不定式也有獨立主格結構的用法。
e.g. To be honest,....
To tell the truth,....
2. 高考獨立主格的語法
一、什麼是獨立主格結構
所謂獨立主格結構就是一個與句子相對獨立的帶有邏輯主語的結構。
由於這個邏輯主語與它所支配的行為狀態表達的是輔助主要句子的另一層獨立的意思，加之要用代詞和名詞的主格形式（現代英語中名詞的主格與賓格是一致的）表示，因此這種邏輯主語就稱作獨立主格。邏輯主語加上它所支配的行為狀態就構成了一種語法結構，這種語法結構稱為獨立主格結構。如下列例句中的括弧部分：
* (Everyone being ready), the teacher began his class. 每個人都准備好後，老師開始上課。
獨立主格（即邏輯主語）：Everyone
獨立主格的行為狀態：being ready
起到的輔助作用：表示 the teacher began his class 發生的時間
* (It being National Day today)，the streets are very crowded. 由於今天是國慶節,街上很擁擠。
獨立主格：It
獨立主格的行為狀態：being National Day today
起到的輔助作用：表示 the streets are very crowded 的原因
The manager looks relaxed, (many things settled). 由於許多事情已經處理好了，經理看上去很輕松。
獨立主格：many things
獨立主格的行為狀態：settled
起到的輔助作用：表示 The manager looks relaxed 的原因
二、獨立主格結構的構成
獨立主格由兩部分組成——
1、邏輯主語（即獨立主格）：由代詞的主格或名詞充當獨立主格
2、敘述語：用來陳述邏輯主語的行為狀態。
其中敘述語是獨立主格的重點。
三、能夠構成獨立主格結構中敘述語的詞語
1、現在分詞（-ing 非謂語動詞）
——用作時間狀語
The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated. 每個人坐好後，主席開始開會。（相當於一個時間狀語從句after everyone was seated）
——用作原因狀語
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 許多眼睛看著他，他感到有點兒緊張。（相當於一個原因狀語從句As many eyes were watching him）
——用作條件狀語
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 時間允許的話，我們下星期將進行一次野炊。（相當於一個條件狀語從句If time permits)
My health allowing, I will work far into the night. 我的健康許可的話，我願工作到深夜。（相當於一個條件狀語從句If my health allows）
——用作伴隨方式的狀語
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看著天空。（相當於一個並列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）
2、過去分詞（-ed非謂語動詞）
* The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. 該書是用簡單英語寫的，英語初學者也能看懂（原因狀語 ， = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read i）
* He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。（方式狀語，= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard. ）
* The task completed, he had two months' leave. 任務完成以後，他休了兩個月的假（時間狀語。=When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave. ）
3、不定式（to do）
* I send you 100 dollars today, the rest to follow in a year. 現寄給你100美元，其餘部分將在一年以後再寄。（方式狀語，= I send you 100 dollars today, and the rest is to follow in a year.）
* The manager looks worried，many things to be settled. 經理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。（原因狀語，= The manager looks worried because many things will be settled）
.
4、形容詞短語
* He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地轉向我。（= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.）
* He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那裡，嘴張得大大的。（= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.）
5、小品副詞 .
* School over, we all went home. 放學了，我們都回家了。（= School was over, and we all went home.）
* He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在課桌旁，沒穿鞋子。（ = He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.）
6、介詞短語
* He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前，背對著我們。（ = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.）
* The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老師面帶微笑走了進來。（ = The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.）
* The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand. 老師走進教室，手裡拿著一把直尺。（ = The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.）
3. 高中英語 講講獨立主格結構是怎麼回事，最好舉例子
獨立主格結構（Independent Genitive）
獨立主格結構有兩部分組成，前一部份是名詞或者代詞，後一部分是非謂語動詞或其他的一些詞。前後兩部分具有邏輯主謂關系。獨立主格結構在句中做狀語，多用於書面語。
獨立主格結構本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語，表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨等。
獨立主格結構的功能
獨立主格結構主要用於描繪性文字中，其作用相當於一個狀語從句，常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如：
1) 表示時間
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會後我們都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她幹完了活，坐下來喝茶。
2） 表示條件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若條件有利，他或許能成功。
3） 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有計程車，我們只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得嚴嚴實實的。
4） 表示伴隨情況
Almost all metals are good conctors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體，而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almost all metals are good conctors, and silver is the best of all.)
常見的獨立主格結構有如下幾種：
1. 名詞/主格代詞+現在分詞。名詞/主格代詞與現在分詞之間主謂關系。如：
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn」t know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什麼好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊遊。
2. 名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞。名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間的動賓關系。如：
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決，質量已經提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn」t see the words on the blackboard. 由於眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。
3. 名詞/主格代詞+不定式。名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關系，且強調的是一次具體性的動作。如：
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 藉助於一些舊零件，他要做一個飛機模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別後，一個回了家，一個去了書店。
4. 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞。如：
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飛機遭遇了空難，無一人生還。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會議不得不取消。
5. 名詞/主格代詞+副詞。如：
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結束，他們就都回家了。
6. 名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語。如：
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手裡拿著書去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。
7. There being +名詞（代詞）如：
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。
8. It being +名詞（代詞）如：
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由於聖誕節的緣故，政府機關都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由於今天是假日，所有商店都關門了。
獨立主格結構的特點：
1）獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。
2）名詞或代詞與後面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關系。
3）獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。
舉例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考試結束了，我們開始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
總統被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成後，我們才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
會議結束後，每個人都想早點回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館
註：獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞with。
如：Don』t sleep with the windows open. 別開著窗睡覺。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手裡拿著一本書走了進來。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。
I won』t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因為媽媽有病，我無法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個下午他都鎖著門在房裡工作。
I can』t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服，我無法出去了。
使用獨立主格五點注意：
1.獨立主格與狀語從句的轉換當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課後，學生很快離開了課室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結構中的being（或having been）不能省略。
(1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天，我們去了做禮拜。
(2)在There being＋名詞的結構中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代詞或冠詞在「名詞（或代詞）＋介詞短語」構成的獨立主格結構中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走進了課室，手裡拿著一本書。比較with的復合結構。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來主編來了，我們開始開會。(比較動名詞復合結構。)
獨立主格結構的用法
獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當於一個狀語從句或並列句。
1. 用作時間狀語：The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成後，我們就回家了。
2. 用作條件狀語：Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。
3. 用作原因狀語：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴隨狀語：He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦後。
5.表示補充說明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。
*註：獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時，相當於一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當於一個並列句，通常放於句末。
獨立主格結構妙題賞析
請看下面一道題：
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
【分析】此題很容易誤選B，許多同學會認為句中逗號後是一個非限制性的定語從句，whose 在定語從句中用作定語修飾其後的名詞 owner。此分析從表面上看，似乎天衣無縫，但實質上是錯的，原因是空格後根本不是一個句子，因為沒有謂語。盡管句中有兩個動詞，但它們都是非謂語動詞。也許有的同學認為，其中的 seated 可視為謂語動詞，但是注意，seat 用作動詞時，它總是及物的，其後要麼接賓語，要麼它就用於被動語態，所以若在 seated 前加上助動詞 is，則可以選擇B（當然若將 seated 改為sitting，也應選擇B）。所以此題最佳答案選A。
請再看一個類似的例子：
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. this D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)應選B，而不能選C，是因為句中的 translated 是過去分詞(非謂語動詞)，若選C，則該從句無謂語；第(2)應選C，因為句中有謂語 were translatedC。
再請看下面一例：
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
【分析】此題與上面的第(2)題不同，兩句間多了一個並列連詞and，說明這是一個並列句，故應選B，則不能選C。
請做做以下三題(答案均為B)：
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
4. 高中語法(獨立主格)
一
1:The weather being freezing cold...
2:having finished our work...
3:...following her little son.
4:his bike being wrong...或者and he has to...
5:...covered with snow
6:...having been stolen
二
1:C
2:A
3:A
4:A
5:B
6:B
7:A，但是最好是not having been finished
8:D
9:C
10:C
感想：中國人的確很無聊，你做過版的題目基本權上我也做過。
5. 求英語獨立主格語法說明
10.1 獨立主格
獨立主格結構的構成：名詞（代詞）+現在分詞、過去分詞；
名詞（代詞）+形容詞；
名詞（代詞）+副詞；
名詞（代詞）+不定式；
名詞（代詞） +介詞短語構成。
獨立主格結構的特點：1）獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。
2）名詞或代詞與後面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞等是主謂關系。
3）獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。
例如：
The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考試結束了，我們開始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天氣允許，我們明天去看你。
This done, we went home. 工作完成後，我們才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 會議結束後，每個人都想早點回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵凍得紅通通的。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館
6. 請大家幫忙 高中英語語法 給我講講獨立主格結構的意思及用法我還如下這么幾個問題 有勞了 謝謝謝謝謝謝謝
漢語都說不清楚，看你的問題好累。
where, when, which, who，whose,whom都可以引導非限制性定語從句內(只有that不可以）容
非限制性定語從句一般都應用逗號隔開，但這逗號不是唯一的標志，重要的是句子的意思和邏輯。
關系代詞who, whom,that ,which, whose在從句中分別充當主語、賓語、主賓語、主賓語和定語。
有不少定語從句中的關系代詞常用that不用which( 如先行詞為all, only，no，最高級，序數詞等修飾時). 關系代詞that, which如果在賓語從句中作賓語的話（which不是直接在介詞後,that不能用在介詞後）可以省略。
What不是關系代詞而是連詞，可以引導名詞性從句（包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句），作為疑問代詞可以提特殊疑問句，還可以是感嘆句（不是從句范圍了）。
7. 請幫我詳細講解一下英語語法中的「獨立主格結構」
獨立主格結構有兩部分組成，前一部份是名詞或者代詞，後一部分是非謂語動詞或其他的一些詞。前後兩部分具有邏輯主謂關系。獨立主格結構在句中做狀語，多用於書面語。
獨立主格結構本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語，表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨等。
獨立主格結構的功能
獨立主格結構主要用於描繪性文字中，其作用相當於一個狀語從句，常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如：
1) 表示時間
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會後我們都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她幹完了活，坐下來喝茶。
2） 表示條件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若條件有利，他或許能成功。
3） 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有計程車，我們只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得嚴嚴實實的。
4） 表示伴隨情況
Almost all metals are good conctors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體，而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almost all metals are good conctors, and silver is the best of all.)
常見的獨立主格結構有如下幾種：
1. 名詞/主格代詞+現在分詞。名詞/主格代詞與現在分詞之間主謂關系。如：
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn」t know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什麼好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊遊。
2. 名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞。名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間的動賓關系。如：
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決，質量已經提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn」t see the words on the blackboard. 由於眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。
3. 名詞/主格代詞+不定式。名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關系，且強調的是一次具體性的動作。如：
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 藉助於一些舊零件，他要做一個飛機模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別後，一個回了家，一個去了書店。
4. 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞。如：
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飛機遭遇了空難，無一人生還。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會議不得不取消。
5. 名詞/主格代詞+副詞。如：
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結束，他們就都回家了。
6. 名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語。如：
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手裡拿著書去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。
7. There being +名詞（代詞）如：
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。
8. It being +名詞（代詞）如：
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由於聖誕節的緣故，政府機關都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由於今天是假日，所有商店都關門了。
獨立主格結構的特點：
1）獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。
2）名詞或代詞與後面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關系。
3）獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。
舉例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考試結束了，我們開始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
總統被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成後，我們才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
會議結束後，每個人都想早點回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館
註：獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞with。
如：Don』t sleep with the windows open. 別開著窗睡覺。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手裡拿著一本書走了進來。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。
I won』t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因為媽媽有病，我無法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個下午他都鎖著門在房裡工作。
I can』t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服，我無法出去了。
使用獨立主格四點注意：
1.獨立主格與狀語從句的轉換當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課後，學生很快離開了課室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結構中的being（或having been）不能省略。
(1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天，我們去了做禮拜。
(2)在There being＋名詞的結構中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代詞或冠詞在「名詞（或代詞）＋介詞短語」構成的獨立主格結構中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走進了課室，手裡拿著一本書。比較with的復合結構。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了，我們開始開會。(比較動名詞復合結構。)
獨立主格結構的用法
獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當於一個狀語從句或並列句。
1. 用作時間狀語：The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成後，我們就回家了。
2. 用作條件狀語：Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。
3. 用作原因狀語：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴隨狀語：He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦後。
5.表示補充說明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。
*註：獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時，相當於一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當於一個並列句，通常放於句末。
獨立主格結構妙題賞析
請看下面一道題：
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
【分析】此題很容易誤選B，許多同學會認為句中逗號後是一個非限制性的定語從句，whose 在定語從句中用作定語修飾其後的名詞 owner。此分析從表面上看，似乎天衣無縫，但實質上是錯的，原因是空格後根本不是一個句子，因為沒有謂語。盡管句中有兩個動詞，但它們都是非謂語動詞。也許有的同學認為，其中的 seated 可視為謂語動詞，但是注意，seat 用作動詞時，它總是及物的，其後要麼接賓語，要麼它就用於被動語態，所以若在 seated 前加上助動詞 is，則可以選擇B（當然若將 seated 改為sitting，也應選擇B）。所以此題最佳答案選A。
請再看一個類似的例子：
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. this D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)應選B，而不能選C，是因為句中的 translated 是過去分詞(非謂語動詞)，若選C，則該從句無謂語；第(2)應選D，因為句中有謂語 were translatedD。
再請看下面一例：
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
【分析】此題與上面的第(2)題不同，兩句間多了一個並列連詞and，說明這是一個並列句，故應選B，則不能選C。
請做做以下三題(答案均為B)：
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
8. 英語「獨立主格」的詳細用法
獨立主格結構是由一個相當於主語的名詞或代詞加上非謂語動詞、形容詞（副）詞、或介詞短語構成的一種獨立成分。該結構不是句子，也不是從句，所以它內部的動詞不能考慮其時態、人稱和數的變化，它與其主句之間既不能通過並列連詞連接也不能有從句引導詞引導，常用逗號與其主句隔開。獨立主格結構在很多情況下可以轉化為相應的狀語從句或其他狀語形式，但很多時候不能轉化為分詞形式，因為它內部動詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致。在做這類題目時一定要小心判斷，不能粗心大意。
一、獨立主格結構的構成形式
獨立主格結構的構成方式為：名詞普通格或代詞主格＋現在分詞／過去分詞／不定式／名詞／形容詞／副詞／介詞短語等。使用獨立主格結構是因為出現了與句子主語不一致的情況。
1． 名詞或代詞＋現在分詞
現在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動進行的動作或狀態。如：
The man lay there, his hands trembling.
那個男子躺在那兒，雙手在顫抖。
有時，現在分詞being或having been在獨立主格結構中可以省略。如：
The weather (being) fine,we decided to go swimming.
天氣晴朗，我們決定去游泳。
2． 名詞或代詞＋過去分詞
過去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞被動完成的動作。如：
The girl sat there silent,her head bent low.
這姑娘一聲不響，低著頭坐在那裡。
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
各方面考慮起來，她的論文比你的論文更要有價值一些。
3． 名詞或代詞＋不定式（短語）
不定式表示將來的動作。如：
He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food.
他建議去野餐，由瑪麗負責提供食物。
Time is pressing, two hours to go only.
時間緊迫，只剩兩個小時了。
4． 名詞或代詞＋名詞（短語） 如：
Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.
許多人參加了這項工作，其中一些人是婦女和兒童。
5． 名詞或代詞＋形容詞（短語）
形容詞（短語）說明前面名詞或代詞的性質或狀態。如：
The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.
地面很濕，我們只好在外面呆一會兒。
6． 名詞或代詞＋副詞
副詞也多是說明前面名詞或代詞的狀態。如：
The meeting over, we all went home.
會議結束了，我們都回家了。
7． 名詞或代詞＋介詞短語 如：
The teacher came in, a book in his hand.
老師進來了，手裡拿著一本書。
有時，獨立主格結構中名詞前面的定語可以省略。如：
The boy lay silently on the grass, (his) eyes closed.
A girl was walking in the street, (a) flower in (her) hand.
二 獨立主格結構的作用
1． 作狀語
1） 表示時間 如：
Her homework done (=After her homework was done),Lucy decided to go shopping.
2） 表示原因 如：
There being no buses (Because there were no buses),we had to walk home.
3） 表示條件 如：
Weather permitting (If weather permits), we will go to play football.
4） 表示方式或伴隨 如：
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.
2． 作同位語 如：
There are two doors, one leading to the bedroom, the other (leading) to the kitchen.
三 獨立主格前面有時可以加上介詞with或without，構成介詞的復合結構。這種結構在句中主要用作狀語，也可用作定語。如：
He stood on the deck with his hand waving to us.（狀語）
他站在甲板上向我們頻頻揮手。
He went out without a hat on his head.（狀語）
他頭上沒戴帽子就出去了。
Do you know the girl with a bag on her back?（定語）
你認識那個後背上背包的女孩嗎？
9. 英語獨立主格結構的詳解
獨立主格結構（Independent Genitive）有兩部分組成，前一部份是名詞或者代詞，後一部分是非謂語動詞(不定式、動名詞和分詞)或形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語。前後兩部分具有邏輯主謂關系。獨立主格結構在句中做狀語，多用於書面語。 獨立主格結構本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語，表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的等。
非謂語動詞作狀語，其邏輯主語須與主句主語保持一致。若不一致，非謂語動詞形式須另帶主語，從而構成復合結構的形式作狀語。這種結構稱為「獨立結構」。其中，非謂語動詞主動用現在分詞，被動用過去分詞。 非謂語動詞及其短語前面帶有邏輯主語，邏輯主語的代詞又是主格，故常稱為「獨立主格」。「獨立結構」在句中起狀語作用，相當於狀語從句，表示時間、原因、條件、方式或伴隨等情況。
編輯本段功能
獨立主格結構主要用於描繪性文字中，其作用相當於一個狀語從句，常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如：
表示時間
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會後我們都回家了。 Her work being done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她幹完了活，坐下來喝茶。
表示條件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若條件有利，他或許能成功。
表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有計程車，我們只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得嚴嚴實實的。
表示伴隨情況
Almost all metals are good conctors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體，而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almost all metals are good conctors, and silver is the best of all.)
編輯本段用法
獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當於一個狀語從句或並列句。
用作時間狀語
The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成後，我們就回家了。
用作條件狀語
Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。
用作原因狀語
An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
用作伴隨狀語
He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦後。
表示補充說明
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。 *註：獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時，相當於一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當於一個並列句，通常放於句末。
編輯本段形式
1>一般獨立主格形式:與主句邏輯關系鬆散
形式為: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. + 不定式 ; n. + 介詞短語; n. + 形容詞; n. + 副詞. ;
名詞/主格代詞+現在分詞
名詞/主格代詞與現在分詞之間是主謂關系。 如： The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什麼好。 Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊遊。
名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞
名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間是動賓關系。 如： The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決，質量已經提高了。 Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由於眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。
名詞/主格代詞+不定式
名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關系，且強調的是一次具體性的動作。 如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 藉助於一些舊零件，他要做一個飛機模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別後，一個回了家，一個去了書店。
名詞/主格代詞+形容詞
如： An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飛機遭遇了空難，無一人生還。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會議不得不取消。
名詞/主格代詞+副詞
如： He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結束，他們就都回家了。
名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語
如： The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手裡拿著書去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。 2>with 引導的獨立主格:與主句邏輯關系緊密 形式為: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. + 介詞短語 3>each引導的強調型獨立主格:強調句尾的復數名詞 形式為:句子 + 復數名詞結尾 , each + 介詞短語/形容詞短語/名詞短語/-ing形式/-ed形式 如: Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive.（題源:《GMAT語法全解》白勇著，Page38） 4>其他形式
There being +名詞（代詞）
如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。
It being +名詞（代詞）
如： It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由於聖誕節的緣故，政府機關都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由於今天是假日，所有商店都關門了。
編輯本段特點
1）獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。 2）名詞或代詞與後面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關系。 3）獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。 舉例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考試結束了，我們開始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成後，我們才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 會議結束後，每個人都想早點回家。 He came into the room,his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館 註：獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞with。 如： Don』t sleep with the windows open.別開著窗睡覺。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手裡拿著一本書走了進來。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。 I won』t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因為媽媽有病，我無法去度假。 He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整個下午他都鎖著門在房裡工作。 I can』t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服，我無法出門了。
特殊
當獨立主格與主句主語不同時可有：eg:We walking through the garden,the flowers are beautiful.
1.獨立主格轉換成狀語從句，當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課後，學生很快離開了課室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結構中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天，我們去了做禮拜。 (2)在There being+名詞的結構中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。 3. 在「名詞（或代詞）+介詞短語」構成的獨立主格結構中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走進了課室，手裡拿著一本書。比較with的復合結構。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了，我們開始開會。(比較動名詞復合結構。)
編輯本段示例
請看下面一道題： Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】此題很容易誤選B，許多同學會認為句中逗號後是一個非限制性的定語從句，whose 在定語從句中用作定語修飾其後的名詞 owner。此分析從表面上看，似乎天衣無縫，但實質上是錯的，原因是空格後根本不是一個句子，因為沒有謂語。盡管句中有兩個動詞，但它們都是非謂語動詞。也許有的同學認為，其中的 seated 可視為謂語動詞，但是注意，seat 用作動詞時，它總是及物的，其後要麼接賓語，要麼它就用於被動語態，所以若在 seated 前加上助動詞 is，則可以選擇B（當然若將 seated 改為sitting，也應選擇A）。所以此題最佳答案選A。 請再看一個類似的例子： (1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C.which D. that (2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that 第(1)應選B，而不能選C，是因為句中的 translated 是過去分詞(非謂語動詞)，若選C，則該從句無謂語；第(2)應選C，該句是典型的非限制性定語從句，因為該句修飾的是前面的novels，即指物，所以只能用which做of的賓語，故本題選C。 再請看下面一例： (3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 【分析】此題與上面的第(2)題不同，兩句間多了一個並列連詞and，說明這是一個並列句，故應選B，則不能選C。 請做做以下三題(答案均為B)： (1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.（獨立主格結構） A. which B. them C. whom D. that (2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners. （非限制性定語從句） A. which B. whom C. who D. that (3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.（兩個句子） A. which B. them C. whom D. that